683:) where the cows could be confined their whole life while they were milked. One person could milk more cows this way, as many as 20 for a skilled worker. But having cows standing about in the yard and shed waiting to be milked is not good for the cow, as she needs as much time in the paddock grazing as is possible. It is usual to restrict the twice-daily milking to a maximum of an hour and a half each time. It makes no difference whether one milks 10 or 1000 cows, the milking time should not exceed a total of about three hours each day for any cow as they should be in stalls and laying down as long as possible to increase comfort which will in turn aid in milk production. A cow is physically milked for only about 10 minutes a day depending on her milk letdown time and the number of milkings per day.
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that one turn is the time for a cow to be milked completely. As an empty stall passes the entrance a cow steps on, facing the center, and rotates with the turntable. The next cow moves into the next vacant stall and so on. The operator, or milker, cleans the teats, attaches the cups and does any other feeding or whatever husbanding operations that are necessary. Cows are milked as the platform rotates. The milker, or an automatic device, removes the milking machine cups and the cow backs out and leaves at an exit just before the entrance. The rotary system is capable of milking very large herds—over a thousand cows.
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not move about excessively and the milker could expect not to be kicked or trampled while sitting on a (three-legged) stool and milking into a bucket. When each cow was finished, she backed out into the yard again. The UK bail, initially developed by
Wiltshire dairy farmer Arthur Hosier, was a six standing mobile shed with steps that the cow mounted, so the herdsman did not have to bend so low. The milking equipment was much as today, a vacuum from a pump, pulsators, a claw-piece with pipes leading to the four shells and liners that stimulate and suck the milk from the teat. The milk went into churns, via a cooler.
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1304:
BOD and total
Kjeldahl nitrogen for dairy wastewater range from 1200 to 5000 mg/L and 30 to 200 mg/L, respectively. Cheese whey is the liquid remaining after the formation of curds. It contains important amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lactic acid, fats, and salts and its BOD value can exceed 40,000 mg/L. Dairy wastewater management usually includes equalisation, neutralisation and physical separation followed by biological treatment, while cheese whey is treated in anaerobic digesters or passes through membranes for proteins recovery.
576:, tend to be located on the outskirts of urban centres close to consumer markets. Plants manufacturing items with longer shelf life, such as butter, milk powders, cheese and whey powders, tend to be situated in rural areas closer to the milk supply. Most large processing plants tend to specialise in a limited range of products. Exceptionally, however, large plants producing a wide range of products are still common in Eastern Europe, a holdover from the former centralised, supply-driven concept of the market under Communist governments.
247:, for example, an entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy". The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor", except in the case of smaller dairies, where cows are often put on pasture, and usually milked in "stanchion barns". The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house". Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant", also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of
135:
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752:(AI) is common in all high-production herds in order to improve the genetics of the female offspring which will be raised for replacements. AI also reduces the need for keeping potentially dangerous bulls on the farm. Male calves are sold to be raised for beef or veal, or slaughtered due to lack of profitability. A cow will calve or freshen about once a year, until she is culled because of declining production, infertility or other health problems. Then the cow will be sold, most often going to slaughter.
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1419:. According to Kathleen Stachowski, the animal–industrial complex "naturalizes the human as a consumer of other animals," whose enormity includes "its long reach into our lives, and how well it has done its job normalizing brutality toward the animals whose very existence is forgotten". She states that the corporate dairy industry, the government, and schools forms the animal–industrial complex troika of immense influence, which hides from the public's view the
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721:(giving no milk) and still consuming feed. However, once-a-day milking is now being practised more widely in New Zealand for profit and lifestyle reasons. This is effective because the fall in milk yield is at least partially offset by labour and cost savings from milking once per day. This compares to some intensive farm systems in the United States that milk three or more times per day due to higher milk yields per cow and lower marginal
1109:
attached to the cow. The vacuum applied to the teat causes congestion of teat tissues (accumulation of blood and other fluids). Atmospheric air is admitted into the pulsation chamber about once per second (the pulsation rate) to allow the liner to collapse around the end of teat and relieve congestion in the teat tissue. The ratio of the time that the liner is open (milking phase) and closed (rest phase) is called the pulsation ratio.
294:
38:
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1446:(BST or bovine growth hormone) would increase the yield of milk. Several pharmaceutical companies developed commercial rBST products and they have been approved for use in the U.S., Mexico, Brazil, India, Russia, and at least ten others. The World Health Organization, and others have stated that dairy products and meat from BST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. However, based on negative
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liners) long milk tube, long pulsation tube, and a pulsator. The claw is an assembly that connects the short pulse tubes and short milk tubes from the teatcups to the long pulse tube and long milk tube. (Cluster assembly) Claws are commonly made of stainless steel or plastic or both. Teatcups are composed of a rigid outer shell (stainless steel or plastic) that holds a soft inner liner or
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milked. A computer can read the eartag of each animal to ration the correct individual supplement. A close alternative is to use 'out-of-parlour-feeders', stalls that respond to a transponder around the cow's neck that is programmed to provide each cow with a supplementary feed, the quantity dependent on her production, stage in lactation, and the benefits of the main ration
1495:: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 200 g (0.44 lb), with the loss reaching 540 g (1.19 lb) for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F). Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%. In the
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through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time, any land-based application needs to be well managed and considered. Other waste milk disposal methods commonly employed include solidification and disposal at a solid waste landfill, disposal at a wastewater treatment plant, or discharge into a sanitary sewer.
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or sheds to large rotary structures in which the workflow (throughput of cows) is very efficiently handled. In some countries, especially those with small numbers of animals being milked, the farm may perform the functions of a dairy plant, processing their own milk into saleable dairy products, such as butter, cheese, or
608:, which permits member states to create a requirement for the supply of milk from a farmer to a raw milk processor to be backed by a written contract, or to ensure that the first purchaser of milk to make a written offer to the farmer, although in this case the farmer may not be required to enter into a contract.
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Swingover parlours are the same as herringbone parlours except they have only one set of milking cups to be shared between the two rows of cows, as one side is being milked the cows on the other side are moved out and replaced with unmilked ones. The advantage of this system is that it is less costly
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Milking machines keep the milk enclosed and safe from external contamination. The interior 'milk contact' surfaces of the machine are kept clean by a manual or automated washing procedures implemented after milking is completed. Milk contact surfaces must comply with regulations requiring food-grade
627:
published an analysis of the dairy supply chain and the application of mandatory written contracts across the
European Union in 2019, to evaluate the impact of the contracts where they have been adopted. In the UK, a voluntary code of best practice on contractual relationships in the dairy sector was
530:
As in many other branches of the food industry, dairy processing in the major dairy producing countries has become increasingly concentrated, with fewer but larger and more efficient plants operated by fewer workers. This is notably the case in the United States, Europe, Australia and New
Zealand. In
441:
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In the associated milk processing factories, most of the waste is washing water that is treated, usually by composting, and spread on farm fields in either liquid or solid form. This is much different from half a century ago, when the main products were butter, cheese and casein, and the rest of the
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as described below except that the cups are loaded on the udder from the side. As herd numbers increased it was easier to double-up the cup-sets and milk both cows simultaneously than to increase the number of bails. About 50 cows an hour can be milked in a shed with 8 bails by one person. Using the
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The photo to the right shows a bucket milking system with the stainless steel bucket visible on the far side of the cow. The two rigid stainless steel teatcup shells applied to the front two quarters of the udder are visible. The top of the flexible liner is visible at the top of the shells as are
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Milk is also processed by various drying processes into powders. Whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey products are dried into a powder form and used for human and animal consumption. The main difference between production of powders for human or for animal consumption is in the protection of
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In New
Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds". As in the United States, sometimes milking sheds are referred to by their type, such as "herring bone shed" or "pit parlour". Parlour design has evolved from simple barns
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In dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing of large quantities of milk. Large application rates of milk onto land, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from the decomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the water infiltration rate
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In the dairy industries, two are main types of wastewater produced; dairy wastewater and cheese whey. Dairy wastewater consists of material losses from the dairy products, effluents from the washing of tanks and equipment and sanitary wastewater from toilets and sinks. The typical concentrations of
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or 'robotic milking' sheds can be seen in
Australia, New Zealand, the U.S., Canada, and many European countries. Current automatic milking sheds use the voluntary milking (VM) method. These allow the cows to voluntarily present themselves for milking at any time of the day or night, although repeat
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Dairy plants process the raw milk they receive from farmers so as to extend its marketable life. Two main types of processes are employed: heat treatment to ensure the safety of milk for human consumption and to lengthen its shelf-life, and dehydrating dairy products such as butter, hard cheese and
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content. In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg (1.5 and 8.8 lb) in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg (16 lb)) due to climate change. Some researchers suggest that
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shed that was open along one long side. The cows were held in a yard at the open side and when they were about to be milked, they were positioned in one of the bails (stalls). Usually, the cows were restrained in the bail with a breech chain and a rope to restrain the outer back leg. The cow could
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sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s. In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighbourhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable
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In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there is little waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated waste is at the milking shed, where the animal waste may be liquefied (during the water-washing process) or left in a more solid form, either to be returned to be used on farm
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Rotary milking sheds (also known as Rotary milking parlor) consist of a turntable with about 12 to 100 individual stalls for cows around the outer edge. A "good" rotary will be operated with 24–32 (~48–50+) stalls by one (two) milkers. The turntable is turned by an electric-motor drive at a rate
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Milking machines are used to harvest milk from cows when manual milking becomes inefficient or labour-intensive. One early model was patented in 1907. The milking unit is the portion of a milking machine for removing milk from an udder. It is made up of a claw, four teatcups, (Shells and rubber
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As herd sizes increased a door was set into the front of each bail so that when the milking was done for any cow the milker could, after undoing the leg-rope and with a remote link, open the door and allow her to exit to the pasture. The door was closed, the next cow walked into the bail and was
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might contain 10% of the lactose found in whole milk. In addition, the ageing methods of traditional cheeses (sometimes over two years) reduce their lactose content to practically nothing. Commercial cheeses, however, are often manufactured by processes that do not have the same lactose-reducing
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Farmers soon realised that a milking shed was a good place to feed cows supplementary foods that overcame local dietary deficiencies or added to the cows' wellbeing and production. Each bail might have a box into which such feed is delivered as the cow arrives so that she is eating while being
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In herringbone milking sheds, or parlours, cows enter, in single file, and line up almost perpendicular to the central aisle of the milking parlour on both sides of a central pit in which the milker works (you can visualise a fishbone with the ribs representing the cows and the spine being the
521:
While most countries produce their own milk products, the structure of the dairy industry varies in different parts of the world. In major milk-producing countries most milk is distributed through whole sale markets. In
Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the
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The four streams of milk from the teatcups are usually combined in the claw and transported to the milkline, or the collection bucket (usually sized to the output of one cow) in a single milk hose. Milk is then transported (manually in buckets) or with a combination of airflow and mechanical
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Milking machines work in a way that is different from hand milking or calf suckling. Continuous vacuum is applied inside the soft liner to massage milk from the teat by creating a pressure difference across the teat canal (or opening at the end of the teat). Vacuum also helps keep the machine
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dairying systems allow for two months of no productivity because their systems are designed to take advantage of maximum grass and milk production in the spring and because the milk processing plants pay bonuses in the dry (winter) season to carry the farmers through the mid-winter break from
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Originally, milking and processing took place on the dairy farm itself. Later, cream was separated from the milk by machine on the farm, and transported to a factory to be made into butter. The skim milk was fed to pigs. This allowed for the high cost of transport (taking the smallest volume
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are able to eat certain types of cheese. This is because some traditionally made hard cheeses, and soft ripened cheeses may create less reaction than the equivalent amount of milk because of the processes involved. Fermentation and higher fat content contribute to lesser amounts of lactose.
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end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat. The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper) end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct
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so that the contracted number of cows are in milk the year round, or the required minimum milk output is maintained. This is done by mating cows outside their natural mating time so that the period when each cow in the herd is giving maximum production is in rotation throughout the year.
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This daily milking routine goes on for about 300 to 320 days per year that the cow stays in milk. Some small herds are milked once a day for about the last 20 days of the production cycle but this is not usual for large herds. If a cow is left unmilked just once she is likely to reduce
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milker's working area; the cows face outward). After washing the udder and teats the cups of the milking machine are applied to the cows, from the rear of their hind legs, on both sides of the working area. Large herringbone sheds can milk up to 600 cows efficiently with two people.
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Today, milk is separated by huge machines in bulk into cream and skim milk. The cream is processed to produce various consumer products, depending on its thickness, its suitability for culinary uses and consumer demand, which differs from place to place and country to country.
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the short milk tubes and short pulsation tubes extending from the bottom of the shells to the claw. The bottom of the claw is transparent to allow observation of milk flow. When milking is completed the vacuum to the milking unit is shut off and the teatcups are removed.
1849:
Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No
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as a youngster, and at the end of its useful life as meat). In this case, the animals were normally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so that all of the animals could be milked in less than an hour—about 10 per milker. These tasks were performed by a
856:(semi-skimmed) for human consumption. By varying the amount of cream returned, producers can make a variety of low-fat milks to suit their local market. Whole milk is also made by adding cream back to the skim to form a standardised product. Other products, such as
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effects, rBST has not been allowed in Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, Israel, or the European Union since 2000 – and in the U.S. has lost popularity due to consumer demands for rBST-free cows, with only about 17% of all cows in America now receiving rBST.
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secured. When milking machines were introduced bails were set in pairs so that a cow was being milked in one paired bail while the other could be prepared for milking. When one was finished the machine's cups are swapped to the other cow. This is the same as for
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713:(vet) full-time and share those services throughout the year. It was in the vet's interest to keep the animals healthy and reduce the number of calls from farmers, rather than to ensure that the farmer needed to call for service and pay regularly.
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As processing plants grow fewer and larger, they tend to acquire bigger, more automated and more efficient equipment. While this technological tendency keeps manufacturing costs lower, the need for long-distance transportation often increases the
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Milk coming from the cow is transported to a nearby storage vessel by the airflow leaking around the cups on the cow or by a special "air inlet" (5–10 L/min free air) in the claw. From there it is pumped by a mechanical pump and cooled by a
2198:
Flores-Mendoza AP, Hernández-GarcĂa H, Cocotle-RonzĂłn Y and
Hernandez-Martinez E, Methanogenesis of raw cheese whey: pH and substrate–inoculum ratio evaluation at mesophyll temperature range. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95:1946–1952 (2020),
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Water is a vital commodity on a dairy farm: cows drink about 20 gallons (80 litres) a day, sheds need water to cool and clean them. Pumps and reservoirs are common at milking facilities. Water can be warmed by heat transfer with milk.
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happening within the dairy industry. Stachowski also states that the troika "hijacks" schoolchildren by promoting milk in the K-12 nutrition education curriculum and making them "eat the products of industrial animal production".
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properties. Ageing of some cheeses is governed by regulations; in other cases there is no quantitative indication of degree of ageing and concomitant lactose reduction, and lactose content is not usually indicated on labels.
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arm is used to clean teats and apply milking equipment, while automated gates direct cow traffic, eliminating the need for the farmer to be present during the process. The entire process is computer controlled.
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Milk production is irregular, depending on cow biology. Producers must adjust the mix of milk which is sold in liquid form vs. processed foods (such as butter and cheese) depending on changing supply and demand.
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Stasinakis AS, Charalambous P and Vyrides I, Dairy wastewater management in EU: produced amounts, existing legislation, applied treatment processes and future challenges. J Environ Manage 303:114–152 (2021).
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Northern hemisphere farmers who keep cows in barns almost all the year usually manage their herds to give continuous production of milk so that they get paid all year round. In the southern hemisphere the
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high-value product), primitive trucks and the poor quality of roads. Only farms close to factories could afford to take whole milk, which was essential for cheesemaking in industrial quantities, to them.
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is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by dairy products and direct animal contact. Brucellosis has been eradicated from certain countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.
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foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of milk is growing rapidly in such countries and presents a major source of income growth for many farmers.
1324:
greatly decreases the amount of contaminated milk that reaches the consumer. Many countries have required government oversight and regulations regarding dairy production, including requirements for
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goes on to further processing. The butter is packaged (25 to 50 kg boxes) and chilled for storage and sale. At a later stage these packages are broken down into home-consumption sized packs.
917:, a wide range of cheeses can be made using the bacteria found naturally in the milk. In most other countries, the range of cheeses is smaller and the use of artificial cheese curing is greater.
266:
can also be a place that processes, distributes and sells dairy products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is stored and processed into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In
1255:
The holding yard at the entrance of the shed is important as a means of keeping cows moving into the shed. Most yards have a powered gate that ensures that the cows are kept close to the shed.
1191:
same teat cups for successive cows has the danger of transmitting infection, mastitis, from one cow to another. Some farmers have devised their own ways to disinfect the clusters between cows.
2925:Çaylı, Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions".
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the process and the product from contamination. Some people drink milk reconstituted from powdered milk, because milk is about 88% water and it is much cheaper to transport the dried product.
1830:, by COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners, United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, Denmark Miljøstyrelsen. Published by UNEP/Earthprint, 2000 (
1912:
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Establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007
2099:
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Farmers who are contracted to supply liquid milk for human consumption (as opposed to milk for processing into butter, cheese, and so on—see milk) often have to manage their
1483:
heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to
1869:
1371:
milk, and can affect some cheeses made in traditional ways. Careful observance of the traditional cheesemaking methods achieves reasonable protection for the consumer.
220:. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of dairy products. These establishments constitute the global dairy industry, part of the
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is a virus that today is rarely found in either cows or humans. It is a historically important disease, as it led to the first vaccination against the now eradicated
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1105:. Transparent sections in the shell may allow viewing of liner collapse and milk flow. The annular space between the shell and liner is called the pulse chamber.
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the cream until the fat globules coagulate and form a monolithic mass. This butter mass is washed and, sometimes, salted to improve keeping qualities. The residual
460:. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practised. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the
522:
large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196
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milking. It also means that cows have a rest from milk production when they are most heavily pregnant. Some year-round milk farms are penalised financially for
169:
are made, or a place where those products are sold. It may be a room, a building or a larger establishment. In the United States, the word may also describe a
3161:
Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:
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If the idea of an animal industrial complex seemed a bit outlandish—maybe even a little paranoid—to anyone a few paragraphs back, perhaps now? … not so much.
2535:
2183:
951:
was considered to be a waste product and it was, mostly, fed to pigs as a convenient means of disposal. Beginning about 1950, and mostly since about 1980,
632:
has undertaken a consultation exercise to determine which contractual measures, if any, would improve the resilience of the dairy industry for the future.
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1412:, and environmentally deleterious. They do not consume dairy products. They state that cattle suffer under conditions employed by the dairy industry.
488:
being squirted out the end into a bucket that is supported between the knees (or rests on the ground) of the milker, who usually sits on a low stool.
212:
describes milk-based products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production, for example dairyman, dairymaid,
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and better road transport, in the late 1950s, has meant that most farmers milk their cows and only temporarily store the milk in large refrigerated
2862:
Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes".
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to equip, however it operates at slightly better than half-speed and one would not normally try to milk more than about 100 cows with one person.
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engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a major part of the
1378:
1368:
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The product left after the cream is removed is called skim, or skimmed, milk. To make a consumable liquid a portion of cream is returned to the
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agreed by industry during 2012: this set out minimum standards of good practice for contracts between producers and purchasers. During 2020 the
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Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020).
2806:"Statement and Q&A-Starbucks Completes its Conversion – All U.S. Company-Operated Stores Use Dairy Sourced Without the Use of rBGH"
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829:) mixed with varying amounts of sugar and canned. Most cream from New Zealand and Australian factories is made into butter. This is done by
550:
2313:
2155:
Slavov AK, General characteristics and treatment possibilities of dairy wastewater – a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 53:237–242 (2017).
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is an infection that can be transmitted to people who work in dairy production through exposure to urine or to contaminated water or soil.
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3198:
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the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.
1471:; the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53 billion. As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern
1177:
This type of milking facility was the first development, after open-paddock milking, for many farmers. The building was a long, narrow,
990:'s milk, modern industrial variants may use cow's milk. In India, which produces 22% of global milk production (as at 2018), a range of
2005:
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violations have been made against major dairy industry players in the United States, which critics call "Big Milk". Another round of
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progressively to the tip to express the trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time.
1979:
1769:"Monthly Compact, Federal Order #1, and Over-Order Prices for Class I Milk Since the Compact Regulation Took Effect in July of 1997"
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2592:"Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR"
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that can be compressed, processed and stored to form cheese. In countries where milk is legally allowed to be processed without
3251:
2645:"Beyond the Law: Agribusiness and the Systemic Abuse of Animals Raised for Food or Food Production, 2 ANIMAL L. 123–154 (1996)"
2100:"Surface irrigation systems for treating milk house wastewater : Dairy Extension : University of Minnesota Extension"
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Dairy products manufactured under unsanitary or unsuitable conditions have an increased chance of containing bacteria. Proper
3336:
3271:
Scott, A., Reinhold, S., Hermes, T. et al. "Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes".
3011:"Analysis of the effects of thermal stress on milk production in a humid tropical climate using linear and non-linear models"
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in milk markets was common in the 20th century. A limited antitrust exemption was created for U.S. dairy cooperatives by the
3301:
Wolfson, D. J. (1996). "Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production".
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966:(or yoghurt) making is a process similar to cheese making, only the process is arrested before the curd becomes very hard.
3169:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012
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In the United States, a dairy cow produced about 5,300 pounds (2,400 kg) of milk per year in 1950, while the average
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499:, would have to be trained to remain still to be milked. In many countries, the cows were tethered to a post and milked.
3058:"Modeling heat stress under organic dairy farming conditions in warm temperate climates within the Mediterranean basin"
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In many European countries, particularly the United Kingdom, milk is then delivered direct to customers' homes by a
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of 1922. In the 1930s, some U.S. states adopted price controls, and Federal Milk Marketing Orders started under the
323:
102:
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694:), bulk-milk transport and shed cleaning capabilities and the means of getting cows from paddock to shed and back.
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have introduced laws on compulsory or mandatory written milk contracts (MWC's) between farmers and processors. The
3162:
1953:
74:
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430:
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1646:
1620:
1355:. The disease has been eradicated from many countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.
319:
59:
2222:
1848:
1416:
991:
81:
2388:"Epidemiological evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease"
2630:
Iacobbo, K., & Iacobbo, M. (2006). Vegetarians and vegans in America today. Greenwood Publishing Group.
259:. This on-site processing is a traditional method of producing specialist milk products, common in Europe.
705:(and the government regulation of the medicines) that the farmer could use. The other was the creation of
377:
owned dairy animals that they milked for domestic and local (village) consumption, a typical example of a
690:
sizes increased there was more need to have efficient milking machines, sheds, milk-storage facilities (
484:
action is repeated, using both hands for speed. Both methods result in the milk that was trapped in the
3285:; 2nd edition. Revised and Expanded. O. R. Fennema, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 791–827.
3192:
2778:
1932:
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1022:
879:
found in fresh milk. It has a very wide range of uses from being a filler for human foods, such as in
354:
Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they were part of the
88:
3237:
1499:
systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) during severe heat stress. In
3329:
1145:
1041:', a lidded bucket with a handle. These proved impractical for transport by road or rail, and so the
1002:
601:
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523:
426:
304:
2905:
2476:
Glubb DM; Gearry RB; Barclay ML; Roberts RL; Pearson J; Keenan JI; McKenzie J; Bentley RW (2011).
2437:"Debate on the lack of evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease"
1725:
280:. This usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products.
70:
3868:
3056:
Blanco-Penedo, Isabel; Velarde, Antonio; Kipling, Richard P.; Ruete, Alejandro (25 August 2020).
2287:
1053:
were introduced, enabling the transport of larger quantities of milk, and over longer distances.
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554:
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but, in case of electrical failure, there can be an alternative means of motive power, often an
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1364:
363:
315:
55:
26:
2065:
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Pramod, S.; Sahib, Lasna; Becha B, Bibin; Venkatachalapathy, R. Thirupathy (3 January 2021).
2565:
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636:
553:
of 1937 and continue in the 2000s. The Federal Milk Price Support Program began in 1949. The
422:
2337:"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease and the Doomsday scenario"
1695:. United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development. September 2005. Archived from
381:. The animals might serve multiple purposes (for example, as a draught animal for pulling a
3683:
3322:
3128:
3069:
2973:
2254:
2009:
2006:"Example of cheese regulations: "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar" must be aged for 9 months"
1468:
955:
and many other products, mainly food additives, are made from both casein and cheese whey.
620:
581:
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472:) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the fingers progressively, from the
8:
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1983:
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at any time in the year by being unable to sell their overproduction at current prices.
3671:
3568:
3281:
Swasigood, H. E. (1985). "Characteristics of Edible Fluids of Animal Origin: Milk". In
3144:
3097:
3038:
2991:
2962:"Temperature, productivity, and heat tolerance: Evidence from Swedish dairy production"
2942:
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2436:
2412:
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2336:
2138:
1409:
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701:. In New Zealand two approaches to this problem have been used. The first was improved
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As of 2009, there were 1.2 billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the
425:
and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialised
3802:
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2407:
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1038:
659:
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134:
95:
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1125:. Milk is refrigerated on the farm in most countries either by passing through a
3749:
3506:
3496:
3461:
3451:
3399:
2551:"NOD2 MEDIATES HOST RESISTANCE TO MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION"
2187:
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2037:
1919:
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1500:
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1007:
927:
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1064:, from where it is later transported by truck to central processing facilities.
433:
animals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon turned to
3863:
3824:
3481:
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3140:
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3057:
3026:
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2085:
1735:
by John Burnett. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 20 August 2009.
1447:
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248:
166:
147:
3224:
A Land of Milk and Butter: How Elites Created the Modern Danish Dairy Industry
3191:
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2403:
1487:
heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors. Even
3857:
3842:
3790:
3739:
3533:
3471:
3276:
2502:
1838:). Text at Agrifood Forum – Publications – Downloads – Sector Guides – Index.
1583:
1479:
heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while
1472:
1420:
1332:
1057:
698:
680:
671:
When it became necessary to milk larger cows, the cows would be brought to a
648:
629:
457:
434:
272:
244:
221:
182:
22:
3232:
March, M. D., et al. "Current trends in British dairy management regimens."
3092:
1216:
80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production
1078:
in 2019 produces more than 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) of milk per year.
986:
is produced commercially in Central Asia. Although traditionally made from
3770:
3548:
3543:
3523:
3501:
3359:
3034:
2883:
2840:
2617:
2521:
2462:
2421:
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1913:
Consultation: Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry, June 2020
1544:
1348:
1118:
1046:
722:
654:
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213:
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milk-production almost immediately and the rest of the season may see her
139:
3724:
3553:
3518:
3491:
3486:
3466:
3389:
3374:
1772:
1558:
1383:, which has been found in pasteurised retail milk in the UK and the USA.
1358:
826:
738:
573:
374:
3641:
2960:
Ahmed, Haseeb; Tamminen, Lena-Mari; Emanuelson, Ulf (22 November 2022).
2142:
909:
Cheese is another product made from milk. Whole milk is reacted to form
790:
3754:
3734:
3729:
3704:
3666:
3594:
3558:
3446:
3416:
3406:
3364:
3293:
1957:
1503:
systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk
1317:
1284:
1068:
1042:
1026:
914:
834:
795:
561:
217:
174:
170:
143:
16:
Place where milk is stored and where butter and cheese are made or sold
3166:
2589:
3785:
3656:
3624:
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3394:
3384:
3379:
2475:
1273:
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861:
846:
691:
532:
485:
440:
277:
2590:
Ellingson JL; Anderson JL; Koziczkowski JJ; et al. (May 2005).
2200:
1859:, Article 148 published 20 December 2013, accessed 25 September 2020
1796:
Scientific farm animal production: an introduction to animal science
293:
37:
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3629:
3538:
3411:
3008:
2737:
Report on Animal Welfare Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin
1593:
1492:
1401:
1342:
1141:
and special plastics and rubber compounds) and are easily cleaned.
900:
888:
816:
771:
507:
1351:
can be transmitted from cattle, mainly via milk products that are
1320:
practices help to reduce the rate of bacterial contamination, and
766:
557:
regulated wholesale milk prices in New England from 1997 to 2001.
3814:
3797:
3614:
3513:
3441:
3227:
1508:
1276:, which is usually refrigerated until collection for processing.
1238:
visits may be limited by the farmer through computer software. A
952:
857:
851:
449:
3055:
2743:. The Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare,
2639:
2253:. Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Archived from
1300:
milk had to be disposed of as waste (sometimes as animal feed).
3688:
3599:
3589:
1338:
1092:
963:
904:
872:
778:
565:
496:
359:
256:
178:
162:
158:
3246:; 5th Edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 279–315.
414:(female servant or dairymaid) and further back to Old English
3651:
3646:
3604:
3584:
3117:"Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?"
2129:
Bloodgood, Don E. (20 November 2017). "Milk Waste Disposal".
1239:
987:
983:
884:
569:
473:
202:
198:
194:
21:
For the descriptor of convenience stores in New Zealand, see
3219:; 4th edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 237–9.
2385:
1747:"Judge approves $ 50m settlement to Northeast dairy farmers"
1552:
1212:
3678:
3661:
3619:
3609:
3426:
3369:
3345:
2486:
polymorphisms affect monocyte responses in Crohn's disease"
1641:. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company.
1279:
1114:
944:
918:
910:
799:
729:
687:
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461:
382:
367:
186:
3167:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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2707:"The Animal-Industrial Complex: The Monster in Our Midst"
864:, and flavouring, are also added to appeal to consumers.
190:
3288:
Taylor, David. "The English dairy industry, 1860-1930."
2861:
2602:(5). Journal of Food Protection, United States: 966–72.
921:
is also the byproduct of this process. Some people with
600:, milk supply contracts are regulated by Article 148 of
3314:
2959:
2667:
2633:
1045:
was introduced, based on the tall conical shape of the
825:
Some milk is dried and powdered, some is condensed (by
639:
has also introduced a mandatory dairy code of conduct.
2766:
1954:"10 Dairy Facts the Industry Doesn't Want You to Know"
1454:
1288:
Manure spreader going to the field from a dairy farm,
177:
dedicated to milk for human consumption, whether from
3114:
1933:"What happens to bobby calves? – RSPCA Knowledgebase"
1879:, published 19 November 2019, accessed 7 October 2020
1415:
Animal rights scholars consider dairy as part of the
1246:
560:
Plants producing liquid milk and products with short
1771:. Northeast Dairy Compact Commission. Archived from
1520:
429:
being developed for dairy, as distinct from beef or
3163:
Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products
491:Traditionally the cow, or cows, would stand in the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2434:
1893:Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry
456:took place close together in space and time: on a
3212:(2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage
2700:
2698:
2696:
2534:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2386:Uzoigwe JC; Khaitsa ML; Gibbs PS (October 2007).
2082:"Robotic dairy at Winnindoo, Victoria, Australia"
1902:, published 24 June 2020, accessed 7 October 2020
1820:Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing
1798:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1615:, fourth edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers.
1096:The milking machine extracts milk from all teats.
697:As herd numbers increased so did the problems of
235:as historically milking was done by dairymaids.
3855:
3202:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 737–761.
2675:"Vache a lait Dix Mythes de lindustrie Laitiere"
2063:
1726:Independent Farmers Feel Squeezed By Milk Cartel
1377:has been linked to infection with the bacterium
3249:
1870:Dairy contracts in European countries: research
1462:Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle
1194:
276:almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or
2693:
2156:
1670:(5): 275. 15 May 1943 – via Papers Past.
1049:. Later large railway containers, such as the
243:Terminology differs between countries. In the
3330:
3242:Potter, N. N. & J. H. Hotchkiss. (1995).
2334:
2181:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114152
1689:Cooperative Information, Report 1, Section 16
1272:. The milk is then stored in a large vat, or
1203:
2728:
2548:
2428:
2379:
502:
495:or paddock while being milked. Young stock,
2924:
2284:National Animal Disease Information Service
2248:"Fact Sheet: Proper Disposal of Milk Waste"
2008:. Farmhousecheesemakers.com. Archived from
1793:
1744:
1408:, object to dairy production as unethical,
322:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3337:
3323:
3277:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6
2704:
1611:Agnes Margaret Macdonald (editor) (1972).
1507:suffers substantially, with lower fat and
1229:
798:parked in front of the Satamaito dairy in
437:with machines designed to do the milking.
157:is a place where milk is stored and where
3091:
3081:
2985:
2607:
2511:
2501:
2452:
2411:
2362:
2352:
2128:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1262:
883:, to the manufacture of products such as
807:milk powders so that they can be stored.
342:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2174:
2172:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1431:
1283:
1280:Waste disposal and wastewater management
1211:
1159:
1091:
1021:
1001:
789:
777:
765:
755:
658:
591:
506:
439:
133:
3300:
2864:International Journal of Biometeorology
2808:. Starbucks Corporation. Archived from
2030:
1605:
1400:A portion of the population, including
1367:is a bacterial disease associated with
1220:
1155:
709:where groups of farmers would employ a
3856:
3252:"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years"
2830:
2435:Naser SA; Collins MT (December 2005).
2215:Environmental Best Practice Guidelines
2033:"From Two Bulls, 9 Million Dairy Cows"
1794:Field, Thomas; Taylor, Robert (2008).
1686:"Cooperatives in the Dairy Industry".
1626:
1311:
978:
774:cooperative dairy factory in Australia
3318:
3189:
3015:Tropical Animal Health and Production
2774:"Safeway milk free of bovine hormone"
2705:Stachowski, Kathleen (12 June 2012).
2169:
1887:
1885:
1674:
1613:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
1166:Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School
1144:Most milking machines are powered by
2335:Hermon-Taylor, John (14 July 2009).
1757:from the original on 19 August 2016.
1567:Dairy industry in the United Kingdom
1491:heat stress can reduce the yield of
1037:Originally milk was distributed in '
551:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act
320:adding citations to reliable sources
287:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
1660:"The Construction of Milking Sheds"
1639:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
1572:Dairy industry in the United States
1455:Climate change and dairy production
1172:
1081:
810:
373:In the more recent past, people in
231:comes from an Old English word for
13:
3175:
2831:Foundation, GRACE Communications.
2454:10.1097/01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea
1882:
1719:
1664:New Zealand Journal of Agriculture
1247:Supplementary accessories in sheds
1010:three-axle Milk Tank Wagon at the
14:
3880:
3820:Milk quotas in the United Kingdom
3184:The United Kingdom Dairy Industry
2927:Journal of Biosystems Engineering
2490:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2201:https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6391
2031:O’Hagan, Maureen (19 June 2019).
1982:. Ilovecheese.com. Archived from
1152:, for the vacuum and milk pumps.
3838:
3837:
3425:
2906:"Number of cattle, 1961 to 2021"
2649:National Agricultural Law Center
2316:from the original on 12 May 2014
2312:. National Health Service (UK).
2070:. Hearst Magazines. p. 868.
2064:Hearst Magazines (August 1907).
1551:
1537:
1523:
1460:This section is an excerpt from
1395:
782:Interior of a cheese factory in
292:
36:
3222:Lampe, Markus, and Paul Sharp.
3193:"Dairy and Dairy-farming"
3108:
3049:
3002:
2953:
2918:
2898:
2837:GRACE Communications Foundation
2824:
2798:
2747:. 10 March 1999. Archived from
2624:
2583:
2542:
2469:
2328:
2302:
2272:
2240:
2205:
2192:
2149:
2122:
2092:
2074:
2057:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1946:
1925:
1922:, accessed 7 October 2020, p. 6
1905:
1862:
1841:
1812:
1531:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1051:British Railway Milk Tank Wagon
992:traditional milk-based products
969:
840:
402:harkens back to Middle English
47:needs additional citations for
3273:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3210:Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences
2506:(inactive 12 September 2024).
1787:
1761:
1738:
1706:
1652:
1296:ground as organic fertiliser.
1129:or in the bulk tank, or both.
238:
138:Old mountain pasture dairy in
1:
2221:. Dairy Catch. Archived from
1637:Henry Woolf (editor) (1980).
1599:
679:that was set up with stalls (
539:charges was settled in 2016.
270:the singular use of the word
2166:: 10.17113/ftb.55.01.17.4520
1195:Herringbone milking parlours
444:Farmer milking a cow by hand
366:between the animals and the
7:
3226:(U of Chicago Press, 2018)
1980:"DairyGood.org | Home"
1745:Lisa Rathke (8 June 2016).
1516:
1475:climate, cattle experience
1442:In 1937, it was found that
1387:causes a similar disorder,
994:are produced commercially.
10:
3885:
3141:10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4
3083:10.1007/s10584-020-02818-y
3027:10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x
2987:10.1007/s10584-022-03461-5
2939:10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6
2779:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2713:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
2609:10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.966
2347:(15). BioMed Central: 15.
1714:Milk for Health and Wealth
1459:
1435:
1204:Swingover milking parlours
1188:Swingover Milking Parlours
1150:internal combustion engine
1085:
997:
898:
814:
759:
652:
646:
642:
283:
20:
3833:
3763:
3697:
3577:
3434:
3423:
3352:
3236:97.12 (2014): 7985-7994.
2876:10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4
2404:10.1017/S0950268807008448
2310:"Causes of leptospirosis"
2280:"Leptospirosis in Cattle"
1918:24 September 2020 at the
1898:19 September 2020 at the
1417:animal–industrial complex
958:
894:
867:
503:Structure of the industry
3344:
3250:Reinemann, Doug (2018).
3234:Journal of dairy science
3217:Modern Food Microbiology
2503:10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2829
2186:28 December 2022 at the
1826:14 February 2009 at the
1589:Holstein Friesian cattle
3290:Economic History Review
3199:Encyclopædia Britannica
3190:Fream, William (1911).
1875:29 October 2020 at the
1230:Automatic milking sheds
938:
750:Artificial insemination
555:Northeast Dairy Compact
543:Government intervention
262:In the United States a
3781:Fidel Castro and dairy
3745:Plastic milk container
3292:29.4 (1976): 585-601.
3182:Crossley, Eric Lomax.
2354:10.1186/1757-4749-1-15
1292:
1263:Temporary milk storage
1217:
1169:
1097:
1030:
1019:
803:
787:
775:
668:
663:A cow being milked in
518:
445:
375:agricultural societies
364:symbiotic relationship
150:
27:Dairy (disambiguation)
25:. For other uses, see
2558:Paratuberculosos.info
2088:on 23 September 2007.
1868:Scottish Government,
1855:18 April 2021 at the
1731:11 March 2011 at the
1432:Bovine growth hormone
1287:
1215:
1163:
1137:materials (typically
1117:to a central storage
1095:
1029:on a railway platform
1025:
1012:Didcot Railway Centre
1005:
793:
781:
769:
756:Industrial processing
662:
637:Australian government
592:Milk supply contracts
524:farmers' cooperatives
510:
443:
137:
3208:Fuquay, John W. ed.
2681:on 21 September 2013
2549:Lalande JD; Behr M.
2286:(UK). Archived from
2260:on 24 September 2015
2212:"Waste Management".
2162:11 July 2013 at the
2131:Sewage Works Journal
2110:on 15 September 2017
1469:developing countries
1221:Rotary milking sheds
1156:Milking shed layouts
703:veterinary medicines
582:environmental impact
418:(kneader of bread).
316:improve this section
56:improve this article
3215:Jay, J. M. (1992).
3133:2020ClCh..161..637R
3074:2020ClCh..162.1269B
2978:2022ClCh..175...10A
2754:on 4 September 2008
2571:on 19 February 2013
2228:on 20 February 2011
1960:on 20 February 2018
1702:on 12 October 2010.
1444:bovine somatotropin
1438:Bovine somatotropin
1385:M. paratuberculosis
1380:M. paratuberculosis
1312:Associated diseases
1164:Milking parlour at
1056:The development of
979:Other milk products
926:Traditionally made
923:lactose intolerance
875:is the predominant
625:Scottish Government
547:Capper–Volstead Act
356:subsistence farming
268:New Zealand English
2972:(1–2): 1269–1285.
2843:on 25 January 2018
2441:Inflamm. Bowel Dis
1293:
1218:
1170:
1098:
1031:
1020:
943:In earlier times,
804:
788:
776:
669:
519:
464:(often pronounced
448:Historically, the
446:
151:
146:, Austria, in the
3851:
3850:
3710:Glass milk bottle
2911:Our World in Data
2786:. 22 January 2007
2562:McGill University
2392:Epidemiol. Infect
2104:Extension.umn.edu
2067:Popular Mechanics
1716:, FAO, Rome, 2009
1497:intensive farming
1235:Automatic milking
1088:Automatic milking
665:British Palestine
531:2009, charges of
423:industrialisation
352:
351:
344:
173:or the part of a
132:
131:
124:
106:
3876:
3841:
3840:
3429:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3256:pbswisconsin.org
3203:
3195:
3170:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3093:20.500.12327/909
3085:
3068:(3): 1269–1285.
3053:
3047:
3046:
3021:(1): 1269–1285.
3006:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2839:. Archived from
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2812:on 29 March 2008
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2784:Associated Press
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2677:. Archived from
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:on 10 March 2018
2651:. Archived from
2641:David J. Wolfson
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2564:. Archived from
2555:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2096:
2090:
2089:
2084:. Archived from
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1956:. Archived from
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1889:
1880:
1866:
1860:
1847:European Union,
1845:
1839:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1635:
1624:
1609:
1579:Dairy and health
1561:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1410:cruel to animals
1173:Bail-style sheds
1082:Milking machines
891:, and plastics.
811:Cream and butter
707:veterinary clubs
512:Wawa Dairy Farms
427:breeds of cattle
379:cottage industry
347:
340:
336:
333:
327:
296:
288:
208:The attributive
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3829:
3759:
3750:Square milk jug
3693:
3573:
3430:
3421:
3348:
3343:
3313:
3260:
3258:
3178:
3176:Further reading
3173:
3160:
3156:
3121:Climatic Change
3113:
3109:
3062:Climatic Change
3054:
3050:
3007:
3003:
2966:Climatic Change
2958:
2954:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2643:(4 June 2013).
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2527:
2526:
2496:(23): 2829–37.
2474:
2470:
2433:
2429:
2384:
2380:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2290:on 19 June 2014
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2188:Wayback Machine
2177:
2170:
2164:Wayback Machine
2154:
2150:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2045:on 19 June 2019
2038:Undark Magazine
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:on 11 July 2014
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1986:on 30 July 2013
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1910:
1906:
1900:Wayback Machine
1890:
1883:
1877:Wayback Machine
1867:
1863:
1857:Wayback Machine
1846:
1842:
1828:Wayback Machine
1817:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1751:Bostonglobe.com
1743:
1739:
1733:Wayback Machine
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1501:organic farming
1465:
1457:
1440:
1434:
1423:violations and
1398:
1391:, in livestock.
1389:Johne's disease
1375:Crohn's disease
1314:
1282:
1265:
1249:
1232:
1223:
1206:
1197:
1175:
1158:
1139:stainless steel
1090:
1084:
1008:Express Dairies
1000:
981:
972:
961:
941:
907:
899:Main articles:
897:
870:
843:
819:
813:
764:
758:
657:
651:
645:
594:
505:
348:
337:
331:
328:
313:
297:
286:
241:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3869:Dairy industry
3866:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3825:World Milk Day
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3283:Food Chemistry
3279:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3154:
3127:(4): 637–652.
3107:
3048:
3001:
2952:
2917:
2897:
2870:(6): 617–627.
2854:
2823:
2797:
2765:
2745:European Union
2727:
2711:Britannica.com
2692:
2666:
2632:
2623:
2582:
2541:
2468:
2427:
2398:(7): 1057–68.
2378:
2327:
2301:
2271:
2239:
2204:
2191:
2168:
2148:
2137:(4): 695–706.
2121:
2091:
2073:
2056:
2023:
1997:
1971:
1945:
1924:
1904:
1881:
1861:
1840:
1811:
1805:978-8120343986
1804:
1786:
1775:on 3 July 2009
1760:
1737:
1718:
1705:
1673:
1651:
1625:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1518:
1515:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1448:animal welfare
1436:Main article:
1433:
1430:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:pasteurisation
1322:pasteurisation
1313:
1310:
1290:Elba, New York
1281:
1278:
1270:heat exchanger
1264:
1261:
1248:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1174:
1171:
1157:
1154:
1127:heat-exchanger
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1014:, based on an
999:
996:
980:
977:
971:
968:
960:
957:
940:
937:
915:pasteurisation
896:
893:
877:phosphoprotein
869:
866:
842:
839:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
784:Seine-et-Marne
762:Dairy products
760:Main article:
757:
754:
744:overproduction
681:milking stalls
647:Main article:
644:
641:
598:European Union
593:
590:
504:
501:
350:
349:
300:
298:
291:
285:
282:
249:dairy products
240:
237:
233:female servant
167:dairy products
148:Bregenz Forest
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:Breastfeeding
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Milk delivery
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:Crème fraîche
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3569:Ultrafiltered
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:online review
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:Gut Pathogens
2338:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1836:9789280718423
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Dairy product
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Mediterranean
1470:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:animal rights
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:Animal rights
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:unpasteurised
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:unpasteurised
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:Leptospirosis
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:refrigeration
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1024:
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649:Dairy farming
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630:UK government
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67:Find sources:
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45:This article
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23:Dairy (store)
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2653:the original
2648:
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2596:J. Food Prot
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1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
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1936:. Retrieved
1927:
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1779:15 September
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
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1545:Drink portal
1504:
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1349:Tuberculosis
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1076:Holstein cow
1073:
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1047:butter churn
1036:
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970:Milk powders
962:
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908:
871:
850:
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841:Skimmed milk
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723:labour costs
718:
715:
711:veterinarian
706:
696:
685:
670:
655:Dairy cattle
634:
611:Thirteen EU
610:
605:
604:1308/2013 –
595:
586:
578:
574:soft cheeses
559:
541:
537:price fixing
529:
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516:Pennsylvania
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314:Please help
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214:dairy cattle
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112:January 2023
109:
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66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
18:
3725:Milk carton
3529:Pasteurized
2847:20 November
2575:20 November
2157:https://doi
2114:20 November
1964:19 February
1559:Food portal
1359:Brucellosis
1146:electricity
1027:Milk churns
827:evaporation
739:cooperative
398:. The word
239:Terminology
3858:Categories
3755:Tetra Brik
3735:Milk crate
3730:Milk churn
3705:Bag-in-box
3698:Containers
3667:Sour cream
3595:Buttermilk
3507:Watermelon
3497:Strawberry
3462:Evaporated
3452:Carbonated
3303:Animal Law
2758:16 January
1938:8 December
1647:0877793980
1621:055010206X
1600:References
1318:sanitation
1069:milk float
1062:bulk tanks
1043:milk churn
1006:Preserved
949:milk serum
835:buttermilk
796:tank truck
653:See also:
615:including
602:Regulation
564:, such as
562:shelf life
458:dairy farm
454:processing
392:dairywoman
218:dairy goat
175:mixed farm
171:dairy farm
165:and other
144:Vorarlberg
82:newspapers
3786:Lactation
3657:Milkshake
3625:Ice cream
3482:Chocolate
3457:Condensed
3395:Colostrum
3149:214783104
3102:221283658
3043:255113614
2996:253764271
2947:246655199
2933:: 39–47.
2717:10 August
2232:7 October
1850:1234/2007
1425:cruelties
1404:and many
1274:bulk tank
1123:bulk tank
1103:inflation
889:adhesives
881:ice cream
862:vitamin D
847:skim milk
802:, Finland
719:dried off
533:antitrust
486:milk duct
482:stripping
388:dairymaid
332:July 2024
303:does not
278:superette
227:The word
183:buffaloes
140:Schröcken
3843:Category
3810:Milkmaid
3803:Pipeline
3720:Milk bag
3642:Filmjölk
3630:Ice milk
3578:Products
3534:Powdered
3472:Flavored
3275:(2022).
3035:33392887
2892:10134761
2884:19458966
2659:13 March
2618:15895728
2522:21734790
2463:16306778
2422:17445316
2373:19602288
2314:Archived
2184:Archived
2160:Archived
2143:25030895
1916:Archived
1896:Archived
1873:Archived
1853:Archived
1824:Archived
1755:Archived
1729:Archived
1594:Milk car
1517:See also
1493:cow milk
1481:moderate
1365:Listeria
1343:smallpox
1168:, Israel
928:Emmental
901:Creamery
849:to make
831:churning
817:Creamery
786:, France
772:Fonterra
452:and the
396:dairyman
3815:Milkman
3798:Milking
3771:Allergy
3637:Jewelry
3615:Custard
3549:Skimmed
3544:Scalded
3524:Organic
3514:Haymilk
3502:Vanilla
3400:Newborn
3360:Buffalo
3261:10 June
3186:(1959).
3129:Bibcode
3070:Bibcode
2974:Bibcode
2816:4 April
2790:4 April
2513:3120942
2484:ATG16L1
2413:2870686
2364:2718892
2049:20 June
2016:17 July
1990:17 July
1911:DEFRA,
1891:DEFRA,
1509:protein
1505:quality
1179:lean-to
1018:chassis
998:Milking
953:lactose
932:Cheddar
858:calcium
852:low fat
643:Farming
596:In the
566:yogurts
497:heifers
450:milking
431:draught
410:, from
408:deyerie
404:dayerie
368:herders
324:removed
309:sources
284:History
96:scholar
71:"Dairy"
3764:Topics
3689:Yogurt
3600:Cheese
3590:Butter
3554:Soured
3519:Malted
3492:Papaya
3487:Coffee
3467:Filled
3375:Donkey
3353:Source
3309:: 123.
3294:online
3238:online
3147:
3100:
3041:
3033:
2994:
2945:
2890:
2882:
2833:"rBGH"
2685:19 May
2616:
2520:
2510:
2461:
2420:
2410:
2371:
2361:
2320:7 June
2294:7 June
2264:7 June
2141:
1834:
1802:
1645:
1619:
1485:severe
1402:vegans
1339:Cowpox
964:Yogurt
959:Yogurt
905:Cheese
895:Cheese
885:fabric
873:Casein
868:Casein
667:, 1936
617:France
570:creams
360:nomads
257:yogurt
203:camels
199:horses
163:cheese
159:butter
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
3864:Dairy
3776:Dairy
3652:Kumis
3647:Kefir
3605:Cream
3585:Ayran
3559:Toned
3477:Anise
3447:Baked
3435:Types
3417:Sheep
3407:Moose
3390:Human
3385:Horse
3365:Camel
3165:. In
3145:S2CID
3098:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2992:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2888:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2741:(PDF)
2569:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2258:(PDF)
2251:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
2219:(PDF)
2139:JSTOR
1712:FAO,
1700:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1406:Jains
1240:robot
1039:pails
984:Kumis
911:curds
621:Spain
493:field
474:udder
462:teats
421:With
400:dairy
394:) or
358:that
273:dairy
264:dairy
229:dairy
210:dairy
195:sheep
187:goats
155:dairy
103:JSTOR
89:books
3684:Ymer
3679:Whey
3662:Skyr
3620:Ghee
3610:Curd
3380:Goat
3346:Milk
3263:2021
3031:PMID
2880:PMID
2849:2017
2818:2008
2792:2008
2760:2008
2719:2021
2687:2014
2661:2020
2614:PMID
2577:2017
2536:link
2518:PMID
2482:and
2480:NOD2
2459:PMID
2418:PMID
2369:PMID
2322:2014
2296:2014
2266:2014
2234:2010
2116:2017
2051:2019
2018:2014
1992:2014
1966:2018
1940:2020
1832:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1781:2009
1643:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1489:mild
1477:mild
1115:pump
988:mare
945:whey
939:Whey
919:Whey
903:and
854:milk
800:Pori
730:herd
692:vats
688:herd
677:barn
673:shed
635:The
619:and
572:and
480:The
470:tits
416:dæge
412:deye
383:plow
307:any
305:cite
191:yaks
179:cows
75:news
3715:Jug
3564:UHT
3539:Raw
3412:Pig
3370:Cow
3137:doi
3125:161
3088:hdl
3078:doi
3066:162
3023:doi
2982:doi
2970:175
2935:doi
2872:doi
2604:doi
2508:PMC
2498:doi
2449:doi
2408:PMC
2400:doi
2396:135
2359:PMC
2349:doi
1121:or
1119:vat
947:or
930:or
686:As
675:or
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468:or
466:tit
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