Confederate States of America

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conscripts." Many men in otherwise "bombproof" positions were enlisted in one way or another, nearly 160,000 additional volunteers and conscripts in uniform. Still there was shirking. To administer the draft, a Bureau of Conscription was set up to use state officers, as state Governors would allow. It had a checkered career of "contention, opposition and futility". Armies appointed alternative military "recruiters" to bring in the out-of-uniform 17–50-year-old conscripts and deserters. Nearly 3,000 officers were tasked with the job. By late 1864, Lee was calling for more troops. "Our ranks are constantly diminishing by battle and disease, and few recruits are received; the consequences are inevitable." By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old. All exemptions were abolished. These regiments were assigned to recruit conscripts ages 17–50, recover deserters, and repel enemy cavalry raids. The service retained men who had lost but one arm or a leg in home guards. Ultimately, conscription was a failure, and its main value was in goading men to volunteer.

5666:

steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.

7249:"It had no existence, except as a conspiracy to overthrow lawful authority. Its foundation was treason against the existing Federal government. Its single purpose, so long as it lasted, was to make that treason successful. So far from being necessary to the organization of civil government, or to its maintenance and support, it was inimical to social order, destructive to the best interests of society, and its primary object was to overthrow the government on which these so largely depended. Its existence and temporary power were an enormous evil, which the whole force of the government and the people of the United States was engaged for years in destroying.When it was overthrown it perished totally. It left no laws, no statutes, no decrees, no authority which can give support to any contract, or any act done in its service, or in aid of its purpose, or which contributed to protract its existence." 5642: 9283:, p. 101. Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vice President Stephens. It had rail connections south along the east coast and into the interior, and laterally west into Tennessee, parallel the U.S. border, a navigable river to the Hampton Roads to menace ocean approaches to Washington DC, trade via the Atlantic Ocean, an interior canal to North Carolina sounds. It was a great storehouse of supplies, food, feed, raw materials, and infrastructure of ports, drydocks, armories and the established Tredegar Iron Works. Nevertheless, Virginia never permanently ceded land for the capital district. A local homeowner donated his home to the City of Richmond for use as the Confederate White House, which was in turn rented to the Confederate government for the Jefferson Davis presidential home and administration offices. 7670:. (1996) pp. 112–113. Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the 1863 Confederate mid-term election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy." 5549:

dollars that were minted either under the authority of the U.S. government, the State of Louisiana, or finally the Confederate States. Unlike the gold coins, this issue was produced in significant numbers (over 2.5 million) and is inexpensive in lower grades, although fakes have been made for sale to the public. However, before the New Orleans Mint ceased operation in May 1861, the Confederate government used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars. This made one of the great rarities of American numismatics. A lack of silver and gold precluded further coinage. The Confederacy apparently also experimented with issuing one cent coins, although only 12 were produced by a jeweler in Philadelphia, who was afraid to send them to the South. Like the half dollars, copies were later made as souvenirs.

3054:.) Rather than a universal draft, the first program was a selective one with physical, religious, professional, and industrial exemptions. These became narrower as the battle progressed. Initially substitutes were permitted, but by December 1863 these were disallowed. In September 1862 the age limit was increased from 35 to 45 and by February 1864, all men under 18 and over 45 were conscripted to form a reserve for state defense inside state borders. By March 1864, the Superintendent of Conscription reported that all across the Confederacy, every officer in constituted authority, man and woman, "engaged in opposing the enrolling officer in the execution of his duties". Although challenged in the state courts, the Confederate State Supreme Courts routinely rejected legal challenges to conscription. 2030:). Support for these three collectively, ranged from significant to outright majority, running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri. There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee. The first six signatory states establishing the Confederacy counted about one-fourth its population. They voted 43% for pro-Union candidates. The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53% for pro-Union candidates. The three big turnout states voted extremes; Texas, with 5% of the population, voted 20% for pro-Union candidates; Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the Confederate population, voted 68% for pro-Union. 3332: 251: 5721: 5653:

Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived. The number of people (as of 1860) who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's 1860 population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $ 81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, worth just $ 48 million. Many old tools had broken through heavy use; new tools were rarely available; even repairs were difficult.

5265:, an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863, changed the legal status of three million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". The long-term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force. Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, and became free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Over 200,000 freed slaves were hired by the federal army as teamsters, cooks, launderers and laborers, and eventually as soldiers. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. 5630: 5766: 4251:". During the debates on drafting the Confederate Constitution, one proposal would have allowed states to secede from the Confederacy. The proposal was tabled with only the South Carolina delegates voting in favor of considering the motion. The Confederate Constitution also explicitly denied States the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy. In contrast with the secular language of the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God's blessing ("... invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God ..."). 5736: 2783:...not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire the courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation. 125: 3563: 921: 824: 5793: 5676: 5780: 868: 5911: 7657:

partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. Indeed, some states, notably Georgia and North Carolina, remained political tinderboxes throughout the war. Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."

5751: 1047: 4006: 3844: 977: 838: 768: 5657:

fences and barns were in disrepair. Paskoff shows the loss of farm infrastructure was about the same whether or not fighting took place nearby. The loss of infrastructure and productive capacity meant that rural widows throughout the region faced not only the absence of able-bodied men, but a depleted stock of material resources that they could manage and operate themselves. During four years of warfare, disruption, and blockades, the South used up about half its capital stock. The North, by contrast, absorbed its material losses so effortlessly that it appeared richer at the end of the war than at the beginning.

4105: 3899: 5900:, and majority Mexican areas. Randolph B. Campbell states, "In spite of terrible losses and hardships, most Texans continued throughout the war to support the Confederacy as they had supported secession". Dale Baum in his analysis of Texas politics in the era counters: "This idea of a Confederate Texas united politically against northern adversaries was shaped more by nostalgic fantasies than by wartime realities." He characterizes Texas Civil War history as "a morose story of intragovernmental rivalries coupled with wide-ranging disaffection that prevented effective implementation of state wartime policies". 18294: 5394:", a failed strategy to coerce international support for the Confederacy through its cotton exports. When the blockade was announced, commercial shipping practically ended (the ships could not get insurance), and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners. The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South, rendering useless its most valuable properties, its plantations and their enslaved workers. Many planters kept growing cotton, which piled up everywhere, but most turned to food production. All across the region, the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets. 7009: 2480: 2648: 4045: 3878: 4934:

District Judges. Confederate district courts began reopening in early 1861, handling many of the same type cases as had been done before. Prize cases, in which Union ships were captured by the Confederate Navy or raiders and sold through court proceedings, were heard until the blockade of southern ports made this impossible. After a Sequestration Act was passed by the Confederate Congress, the Confederate district courts heard many cases in which enemy aliens (typically Northern absentee landlords owning property in the South) had their property sequestered (seized) by Confederate Receivers.

1061: 710: 1019: 726: 132: 5363:

produce wealth, while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market. Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before, but the thrust of the rest of the country's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads. The South was following the dominant currents of the American economic mainstream, but at a "great distance" as it lagged in the all-weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper, speedier freight shipment and forged new, expanding inter-regional markets.

3160: 1005: 810: 3067: 5599:

caused by direct military action, but most was caused by lack of repairs and upkeep, and by deliberately using up resources. Historians have recently estimated how much of the devastation was caused by military action. Paul Paskoff calculates that Union military operations were conducted in 56% of 645 counties in nine Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida). These counties contained 63% of the 1860 white population and 64% of the slaves. By the time the fighting took place, undoubtedly some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.

5484:, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. After 1863 the invading Union forces had a policy of shooting all the local horses and mules that they did not need, in order to keep them out of Confederate hands. The Confederate armies and farmers experienced a growing shortage of horses and mules, which hurt the Southern economy and the war effort. The South lost half of its 2.5 million horses and mules; many farmers ended the war with none left. Army horses were used up by hard work, malnourishment, disease and battle wounds; they had a life expectancy of about seven months. 5078: 5845: 935: 740: 4084: 3946: 3211: 156: 4071: 3831: 963: 782: 1033: 949: 907: 854: 796: 3110: 754: 4019: 3865: 2056: 3993: 3810: 18282: 17405: 13774:

partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. ... Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."

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combined with the vast difference in wealth between the slave-owning class and the small farmers created insolvable dilemmas when the Confederate survival presupposed a strong central government backed by a united populace. The prewar claim that white solidarity was necessary to provide a unified Southern voice in Washington no longer held. Davis failed to build a network of supporters who would speak up when he came under criticism, and he repeatedly alienated governors and other state-based leaders by demanding centralized control of the war effort.

991: 7219:", under the Constitution. This case settled the law that applied to all questions regarding state legislation during the war. Furthermore, it decided one of the "central constitutional questions" of the Civil War: The Union is perpetual and indestructible, as a matter of constitutional law. In declaring that no state could leave the Union, "except through revolution or through consent of the States", it was "explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate states that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states". 17021: 4058: 3912: 3390: 5130: 1922: 4867: 5433: 3141: 2876: 2068: 7911:

overseers working as plantation managers throughout the antebellum south. They were employed by the wealthiest of planters, planters who held multiple plantations and owned hundreds of enslaved Africans. By 1860, 85 percent of all cotton grown in the South was on plantations of 100 acres or more. On these plantations resided 91.2 percent of enslaved Africans. Planters came to own these Africans through the internal slave trade in the United States that moved to its cotton fields approximately one million enslaved laborers.

14062: 5345:" plantation areas (because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves). For decades, there had been widespread fear of slave revolts. During the war, extra men were assigned to "home guard" patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection. Historian William Barney reports, "no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War." Nevertheless, slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence, and when union forces were nearby, many ran off to join them. 5606: 3229: 5425: 4915: 3674: 5329: 5315: 2005:, and internal improvements, but above all, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over, way of life, merging love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. As the war approached, political parties split, and national churches and interstate families divided along sectional lines. According to historian John M. Coski: 6605: 4277: 4288:

Confederate armies, when elected, he assumed the office of Provisional President. Three candidates for provisional Vice President were under consideration the night before the February 9 election. All were from Georgia, and the various delegations meeting in different places determined two would not do, so Alexander H. Stephens was elected unanimously provisional Vice President, though with some privately held reservations. Stephens was inaugurated February 11, Davis February 18.

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parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."

5114: 4883: 2447: 2289:, voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession. In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%. The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict. Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war. 5094: 7315: 2660: 3688: 2464: 3118:

and under officers of their state. Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts, in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts. The cry of "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863. All principals benefiting earlier were made eligible for service. By February 1864, the age bracket was made 17 to 50, those under eighteen and over forty-five to be limited to in-state duty.

5618: 18070: 17637: 16726: 10258:, pp. 308–311. The patchwork recruitment was (a) with and without state militia enrolment, (b) state Governor sponsorship and direct service under Davis, (c) for under six months, one year, three years and the duration of the war. Davis proposed recruitment for some period of years or the duration. Congress and the states equivocated. Governor Brown of Georgia became "the first and most persistent critic" of Confederate centralized military and civil power. 7300: 2526:. The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for Southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia, but it also had the largest Southern military-aged white population, with infrastructure, resources, and supplies. The Davis Administration's policy was that "It must be held at all hazards." 4696: 1868: 4899: 1951: 2934:

resulted in the destruction of the opposing army. He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done. Lee explained, "More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them, and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat, because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy."

3314: 2930:'s river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers north–south and east–west. Overseas blockade running then came to be of "outstanding importance". On April 17, President Davis called on privateer raiders, the "militia of the sea", to wage war on U.S. seaborne commerce. Despite noteworthy effort, over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship, materials and marine construction. 16736: 8099:, the Confederate States Constitution did not grant anyone (including the President) the power to dissolve the country. However, May 5, 1865, was the last day anyone holding a Confederate office recognized by the secessionist governments attempted to exercise executive, legislative, or judicial power under the C.S. Constitution. For this reason, that date is generally recognized to be the day the Confederate States of America formally dissolved. 3369:

Confederacy's shores, Union forces had closed ports and made garrisoned lodgments on every coastal Confederate state except Alabama and Texas. Although scholars sometimes assess the Union blockade as ineffectual under international law until the last few months of the war, from the first months it disrupted Confederate privateers, making it "almost impossible to bring their prizes into Confederate ports". British firms developed small fleets of

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the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. Still dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure, it remained dominated by the planter elite into the next century. Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy, and Democrat-dominated legislatures passed new constitutions and amendments

2308:. Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces. Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens". 10389:, pp. 313–314. Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee, advocated conscription. In the circumstances they persuaded Congressmen and newspaper editors. Some editors advocating conscription in early 1862 later became "savage critics of conscription and of Davis for his enforcement of it: Yancey of Alabama, Rhett of the Charleston 'Mercury', Pollard of the Richmond 'Examiner', and Senator Wigfall of Texas". 5907:, 150 suspected Unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent, many of the latter leaving for Mexico. Confederate officials attempted to hunt down and kill potential draftees who had gone into hiding. Over 4,000 suspected Unionists were imprisoned in the Confederate States without trial. 3058:

defense, not combat". Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. In early 1865, the Confederate Congress, influenced by the public support by General Lee, approved the recruitment of black infantry units. Contrary to Lee's and Davis's recommendations, the Congress refused "to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers". No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised.

2331: 4032: 3933: 7880:

the southern slave economy or, more commonly, the plantation economy... Slaveholders' demand for labor increased apace. The number of southern slaves jumped from under one million in 1790 to roughly four million by 1860. By the middle decades of the antebellum period, the Old South had matured into a slave society whose plantation economy affected virtually every social and economic relation within the South.

17649: 5960: 10861:, p. 303. French shipyards built four corvettes, and two ironclad rams for the Confederacy, but the American minister prevented their delivery. British firms contracted to build two additional ironclad rams, but under threat from the U.S., the British government bought them for their own navy. Two of the converted blockade runners effectively raided up and down the Atlantic coast until the end of the war. 5410:

government in its entire history collected only $ 3.5 million in tariff revenue. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation. The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization, but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids.

3280:) in Missouri. At all three, Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes. Following each battle, Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington, DC; Fort Monroe, Virginia; and Springfield, Missouri. Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year. Union General 5379: 49: 11192: 4299:

referred to their "Revolution", it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents. In Davis' inauguration speech, he explained the Confederacy was not a French-like revolution, but a transfer of rule. The Montgomery Convention had assumed all the laws of the United States until superseded by the Confederate Congress.

5445:

to market. Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable, lowered costs and increased profits. In the event of invasion, the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union. Wherever Union armies invaded, they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines.

5822:. This flag too had its problems when used in military operations as, on a windless day, it could easily be mistaken for a flag of truce or surrender. Thus, in 1865, a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted. This final national flag of the Confederacy kept the Battle Flag canton, but shortened the white field and added a vertical red bar to the fly end. 5700:" was an embarrassment to the woman and her family, but after the war, it became almost a norm. Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry. Divorce, while never fully accepted, became more common. The concept of the "New Woman" emerged – she was self-sufficient and independent, and stood in sharp contrast to the "Southern Belle" of antebellum lore. 10647:"A bill supplemental to the act entitled 'An act for the Admission of the State of 'West Virginia' into the Union, and for other purposes' which would include the counties of "Boone, Logan, Wyoming, Mercer, McDowell, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Greenbrier, Monroe, Pendleton, Fayette, Nicholas, and Clay, now in the possession of the so-called confederate government". 5177:

army. Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons. Because of the Union blockade, basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy. Volumes of material have been written about the

2149:. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri. 10308:. Most preliminary officer training was had from Hardee's "Tactics", and thereafter by observation and experience in battle. The Confederacy had no officers training camps or military academies, although early on, cadets of the Virginia Military Institute and other military schools drilled enlisted troops in battlefield evolutions. 3606:, Tennessee, the gateway to the lower south. For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. In early 1864, the Confederacy still controlled 53% of its population, but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions. Union offensives continued with 2505:. Six states created the Confederacy there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession "operative". The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861. 10676:, controlling the upper Mississippi River, fell to a combined Army and Naval gunboat siege of three weeks. Federal occupation of Confederate territory expanded to include northwestern Arkansas, south down the Mississippi River and east up the Tennessee River. The Confederate River Defense fleet sank two Union ships at 2034:

sympathizers with the North. Once fighting began, many who voted to remain in the Union accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy. Many writers have evaluated the War as an American tragedy—a "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree".

5370:, nor the habits of thrift that marked the rest of the country. It had access to the tools of capitalism, but it did not adopt its culture. The Southern Cause as a national economy in the Confederacy was grounded in "slavery and race, planters and patricians, plain folk and folk culture, cotton and plantations". 4942:

filing appeals. This prevented their clients' property from being sold until a supreme court could be constituted to hear the appeal, which never occurred. Where Federal troops gained control over parts of the Confederacy and re-established civilian government, US district courts sometimes resumed jurisdiction.

2158:

cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence.

10900:(1960) pp. 289–290. Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in contrast to improved organization in Washington. With another 10,000 men Lee and Bragg might have prevailed in the border states, but the local populations did not respond to their pleas to recruit additional soldiers. 7352:

became mere expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction. According to historian David M. Potter, the lack of a functioning two-party system caused "real and direct damage" to the Confederate war effort since it prevented the formulation of any effective alternatives to the conduct of the war

7328:

Vice President Alexander H. Stephens feared losing the very form of republican government. Allowing President Davis to threaten "arbitrary arrests" to draft hundreds of governor-appointed "bomb-proof" bureaucrats conferred "more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. History

7176:

ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, where conservative white Democrats had already regained political control of state governments, often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting. The prewar South had many rich areas;

7127:

in May 1872 lifting those restrictions. There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials, especially against Jefferson Davis. There was no consensus in President Johnson's cabinet, and no one was charged with treason. An acquittal of Davis would have been humiliating for the

5943:

The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline, thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground. Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland, though much was also hilly and mountainous, and

5589:

The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the inadequate transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863, the poor women of Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops and warehouses

5466:

control of the military. In contrast, the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union-controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862, imposed a standard gauge, and built railroads into the South using that gauge. Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could

5444:

In peacetime, the South's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products. The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all-weather shipment of cash crops

5176:

With the chaos of the war, a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy. The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an

5160:

When the war began, the US Post Office briefly delivered mail from the secessionist states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing US postage was still delivered. After this time, private express companies still managed to

4712:

The Permanent Confederate Congress was elected and began its first session February 18, 1862. The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature. The Senate had two per state, twenty-six Senators. The House numbered 106 representatives apportioned

4246:

The second Confederate Constitution was finally adopted on February 22, 1862, one year into the American Civil War, and did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of

3304:

The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862. To restore the Union by military force, the Federal strategy was to (1) secure the Mississippi River, (2) seize or close Confederate ports, and (3) march on Richmond. To secure independence, the Confederate intent

3295:

Meanwhile, the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina. It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves. Federals there began a war-long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy. The Union Navy

3181:

The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting, and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although

3133:

that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves. Backpedaling six months later, Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act. The number of officials under state exemptions

3117:

The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units

3082:

Anticipating the need for more "duration" men, in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months, but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February. Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from

2859:

wrote that for those who would secure its independence, "The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war". Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration. Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally minded governors. The

2797:

to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice is too great, save that of honor". The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all,

11319:

Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers

10533:

I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun, though no blow had been struck, when the hostile fleet, styled the 'Relief Squadron', with eleven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was sent out from New York and Norfolk, with orders from the authorities

5527:

The Confederate government initially wanted to finance its war mostly through tariffs on imports, export taxes, and voluntary donations of gold. After the spontaneous imposition of an embargo on cotton sales to Europe in 1861, these sources of revenue dried up and the Confederacy increasingly turned

4708:

The only two "formal, national, functioning, civilian administrative bodies" in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses. The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery, Alabama on February 28, 1861. The Provisional

3736:

sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March; on making Havana, Cuba, it surrendered. Some high officials escaped to Europe, but President Davis was captured May 10; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865. The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without

3125:

of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation, communication, industry, ministers, teaching and physical fitness. The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry, agriculture and conscientious objection. Exemption fraud proliferated in medical examinations,

3002:

The total population of the Confederate Army is unknowable due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records but estimates are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of slaves pressed into army tasks, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or

2845:

Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's

2638:

all spent years in Britain, where fugitive slaves were safe and, as Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies". Most British public opinion was against the practice, with Liverpool seen as the primary base of

2547:

During its four years, the Confederacy asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were recognized by a foreign government. The US government regarded the Southern states as being in rebellion or insurrection and so refused any formal recognition of their status.

7879:

Antebellum southern society was defined in no small part by the shaping and working of large tracts of land whose soil was tilled and staples tended by enslaved African-American laborers. This was, in short, a society dependent on what historians have variously referred to as the plantation system,

7643:

The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the

5452:

as well as lack of interchange. Locomotives and freight cars had fixed axles and could not use tracks of different gauges (widths). Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off-loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station, where it had

5401:

such as turpentine. The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville and St. Louis, that were never under Confederate control. The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South. Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners,

5215:

The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen – and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was

3267:

for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property. This emboldened secessionists in Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states. In May, Federal troops crossed into Confederate

3259:

that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice, but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed. Confederate President Davis, in cabinet, decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived, and on April 12,

3074:

The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the "Provisional" or "Volunteer Army". State governors resisted concentrating a national effort. Several wanted a strong state army for self-defense. Others feared large "Provisional" armies answering only to Davis. When filling the Confederate

2920:

Rangers in twenty to fifty-man units were awarded 50% valuation for property destroyed behind Union lines, regardless of location or loyalty. As Federals occupied the South, objections by loyal Confederate concerning Ranger horse-stealing and indiscriminate scorched earth tactics behind Union lines

2157:

As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious

1908:

The Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860–61 to remove U.S. government presence. This included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. After the Confederate

13790:

Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are

9243:

The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery, Alabama, (1) First Session February 4 – March 10, and (2) Second Session April 29 – May 21, 1861. The Capital was moved to Richmond May 30. The (3) Third Session was held July 20 – August 31. The (4) Fourth Session called for September 3

9229:

The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2, 1861. It is generally counted as an "original state" of the Confederacy. Four upper south states declared secession following Lincoln's call for volunteers: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee

5805:

The first official flag of the Confederate States of America—called the "Stars and Bars"—originally had seven stars, representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. As more states joined, more stars were added, until the total was 13 (two stars were added for the divided

5656:

The economic losses affected everyone. Banks and insurance companies were mostly bankrupt. Confederate currency and bonds were worthless. The billions of dollars invested in slaves vanished. Most debts were also left behind. Most farms were intact, but most had lost their horses, mules and cattle;

5598:

By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread. The number of civilian deaths is unknown. Every Confederate state was affected, but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, while Texas and Florida saw the least military action. Much of the damage was

5470:

In the last year before the end of the war, the Confederate railroad system stood permanently on the verge of collapse. There was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges, as well as locomotives and freight cars. Spare parts were cannibalized; feeder lines were

5457:

before proceeding. Centers requiring off-loading included Vicksburg, New Orleans, Montgomery, Wilmington and Richmond. In addition, most rail lines led from coastal or river ports to inland cities, with few lateral railroads. Because of this design limitation, the relatively primitive railroads of

5272:

of the Union hierarchy during and immediately following the war, no program of reparations for freed slaves was ever attempted. Unlike other Western countries, such as Britain and France, the U.S. government never paid compensation to Southern slave owners for their "lost property". The only place

4929:

The Confederate Constitution outlined a judicial branch of the government, but the ongoing war and resistance from states-rights advocates, particularly on the question of whether it would have appellate jurisdiction over the state courts, prevented the creation or seating of the "Supreme Court of

3086:

The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve-month volunteers with terms about to expire. Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months. Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist, but a majority did not. Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose

2900:

in October 1862, generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north. Nothing came of it. Again in mid-1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania, Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas. But the troops

2529:

The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held there. As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price

2100:

declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in, the state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10,

2033:

Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861; when they did, none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean individuals were

11689:

Neely (1999) p. 172. Neely notes that. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them, despite the Confederacy's vaunted lack of political parties. Such arrests were more common

7394:

According to Coulter, Davis was not an efficient administrator as he attended to too many details, protected his friends after their failures were obvious, and spent too much time on military affairs versus his civic responsibilities. Coulter concludes he was not the ideal leader for the Southern

7378:

E. Merton Coulter, viewed by historians as a Confederate apologist, says Davis was heroic, but his "tenacity, determination, and will power" stirred up lasting opposition from enemies. He failed to overcome "petty leaders of the states" who made the term "Confederacy" into a label for tyranny and

5585:

State governments requested that planters grow less cotton and more food, but most refused. When cotton prices soared in Europe, expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich, but Europe remained neutral. The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas,

5581:

As women were the ones who remained at home, they had to make do with the lack of food and supplies. They cut back on purchases, used old materials, and planted more flax and peas to provide clothing and food. They used ersatz substitutes when possible, but there was no real coffee, only okra and

5532:

and printing money to pay for war expenses. The Confederate States politicians were worried about angering the general population with hard taxes. A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners, so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money. As a result, inflation increased and remained a

5479:

The Confederate army experienced a persistent shortage of horses and mules and requisitioned them with dubious promissory notes given to local farmers and breeders. Union forces paid in real money and found ready sellers in the South. Both armies needed horses for cavalry and for artillery. Mules

5358:

in the North. The Southern economy was "pre-capitalist" in that slaves were put to work in the largest revenue-producing enterprises, not free labor markets. That labor system as practiced in the American South encompassed paternalism, whether abusive or indulgent, and that meant labor management

5258:, the 11 states that seceded had the highest percentage of slaves as a proportion of their population, representing 39% of their total population. The proportions ranged from a majority in South Carolina (57.2%) and Mississippi (55.2%) to about a quarter in Arkansas (25.5%) and Tennessee (24.8%). 4941:

between Union and Confederate forces. Thus, the District Attorney won the case by default, the property was typically sold, and the money used to further the Southern war effort. Eventually, because there was no Confederate Supreme Court, sharp attorneys like South Carolina's Edward McCrady began

4298:

Coulter stated, "No president of the U.S. ever had a more difficult task." Washington was inaugurated in peacetime. Lincoln inherited an established government of long standing. The creation of the Confederacy was accomplished by men who saw themselves as fundamentally conservative. Although they

3700:

The Confederacy controlled no ports, harbors or navigable rivers. Railroads were captured or had ceased operating. Its major food-producing regions had been war-ravaged or occupied. Its administration survived in only three pockets of territory holding only one-third of its population. Its armies

3461:

placed his hopes in a European-built ironclad fleet, but they were never realized. On the other hand, four new English-built commerce raiders served the Confederacy, and several fast blockade runners were sold in Confederate ports. They were converted into commerce-raiding cruisers, and manned by

2735:

and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. In his report to Richmond, Mann claimed a great diplomatic achievement for himself, but Confederate Secretary of State

2699:

and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities. The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high: the immediate loss of American grain-shipments, the end of British exports to the U.S., and seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities. War

12575:

at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Society. Second National Flag, "the stainless banner" references, Devereaux D. Cannon, Jr., The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History (St. Lukes Press, 1988), 22–24. Section Heading "Second and Third National Flags". Retrieved

5652:

The eleven Confederate States in the 1860 United States Census had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600),

5548:

in Louisiana. During 1861 all of these facilities produced small amounts of gold coinage, and the latter half dollars as well. Since the mints used the current dies on hand, all appear to be U.S. issues. However, by comparing slight differences in the dies specialists can distinguish 1861-O half

5409:

or tax on imports of 15%, and imposed it on all imports from other countries, including the United States. The tariff mattered little; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy's ports, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North. The Confederate

4716:

The political influences of the civilian, soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South. These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption, the war impact on the local economy, and the course of the war. Without

4272:

The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4, 1861. Each state as a sovereignty had one vote, with the same delegation size as it held in the U.S. Congress, and generally 41 to 50 members attended. Offices were "provisional", limited to a term not to

3368:

Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere, as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72% of its population. Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas; they had broken through in western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Louisiana. Along the

3078:

It was important to raise troops; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them. With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers. Efficiency in the lower officers was "greater than could have been reasonably expected". As with the Federals, political

3045:

Most soldiers were white males aged between 16 and 28. The median year of birth was 1838, so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861. The Confederate Army was permitted to disband for two months in early 1862 after its short-term enlistments expired. The majority of those in uniform would not

2925:

The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials. The first came from trade with the enemy. "Vast amounts of war supplies" came through Kentucky, and thereafter, western armies were "to a very considerable extent" provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private

2792:

and John A. Lindsay. Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament supporting joint Anglo-French recognition of the Confederacy. "Southerners had a right to be optimistic, or at least hopeful, that their revolution would prevail, or at least endure." Following the disasters at

2534:

progressed, Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's

2042:

Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both

1962:

was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned without consultation and each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861, while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave

11107:

Sherman was closing in on Raleigh, whose occupation tomorrow would make it the ninth of the eleven seceded state capitals to feel the tread of the invader. All, that is, but Austin and Tallahassee, whose survival was less the result of their ability to resist than it was of Federal oversight or

10097:

seeded defensive water-borne mines in principal harbors and rivers to compromise the Union naval superiority. These "torpedoes" were said to have caused more loss in U.S. naval ships and transports than by any other cause. Despite a rage for Congressional appropriations and public "subscription

7347:

Though political differences were within the Confederacy, no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate. "Anti-partyism became an article of political faith." Without a system of political parties building alternate sets of national leaders, electoral protests

7122:

When the war ended over 14,000 Confederates petitioned President Johnson for a pardon; he was generous in giving them out. He issued a general amnesty to all Confederate participants in the "late Civil War" in 1868. Congress passed additional Amnesty Acts in May 1866 with restrictions on office

5362:

Approximately 85% of both the North and South white populations lived on family farms, both regions were predominantly agricultural, and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic. But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to

4933:

Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III, Section 1, of the Confederate Constitution, and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America. In many cases, the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States

2867:

As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign, it was said that "the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible". The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the

4213:

In certain areas, the second Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states (or curtailed the powers of the central government more) than the U.S. Constitution of the time did, but in other areas, the states lost rights they had under the U.S. Constitution. Although the Confederate

3759:

concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed "organized southern military resistance". The Confederacy's population, soldier and civilian, had suffered material hardship and social disruption. Jefferson Davis' assessment in 1890 determined, "With the

3177:

The Conscription Act of February 1864 "radically changed the whole system" of selection. It abolished industrial exemptions, placing detail authority in President Davis. As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction, the system brought in "about as many volunteers as it did

3057:

Many thousands of slaves served as personal servants to their owner, or were hired as laborers, cooks, and pioneers. Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but their officers deployed them for "local

12596:

at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Socie ty. Third National Flag, "the bloodstained banner" references 19. Southern Historical Society Papers (cited hereafter as SHSP, volume number, date for the first entry, and page number), 24, 118. Section Heading "Second and Third

9230:

and North Carolina. "The founders of the Confederacy desired and ideally envisioned a peaceful creation of a new union of all slave-holding states, including the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri." Kentucky and Missouri were seated in December 1861. Kenneth C. Martis,

7390:

Escott argues that Davis was unable to mobilize Confederate nationalism in support of his government effectively, and especially failed to appeal to the small farmers who made up the bulk of the population. Escott also emphasizes that the widespread opposition to any strong central government

5817:

Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government, the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863. This new standard—known as the

5461:

The Confederacy had no plan to expand, protect or encourage its railroads. Southerners' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income. Many lines had to lay off employees; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to

4720:

The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important, as the Confederate "freedom of roll-call voting unprecedented in American legislative history." Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to (1) suspension of habeas corpus, (2) military

4287:

Jefferson Davis was elected provisional president. His U.S. Senate resignation speech greatly impressed with its clear rationale for secession and his pleading for a peaceful departure from the Union to independence. Although he had made it known that he wanted to be commander-in-chief of the

3705:

with Lincoln, senior Confederate officials rejected his invitation to restore the Union with compensation for emancipated slaves. The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern Virginia—North Carolina, central Alabama—Florida, and Texas, the latter two areas less from any notion of

2933:

An inescapable obstacle to success in the warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy's lack of manpower, and sufficient numbers of disciplined, equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy. During the winter of 1862–63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had

10363:, pp. 313, 332. Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October was followed immediately by 1,300 "resignations". Some officers who resigned then served honorably as enlisted for the duration or until they were made casualties, others resigned and returned home until conscription. 7910:

The plantation as the vehicle to wealth was tied to the primacy of cotton in the growth of global capitalism. The large-scale cultivation and harvest of cot ton required new forms of labor organization, as well as labor management, Enter the overseer. By 1860, there were approximately 38,000

7333:, to control elections and to suppress the peace meetings there. As Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights" without considerations of military necessity, pragmatism or compromise. 5665:

One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill: levees were broken, channels were blocked, the few

4197:

of "sovereign and independent states", guaranteeing states the right to a republican form of government. Prior to adopting to the first Confederate constitution, the independent states were sovereign republics, e.g. "Republic of Louisiana", "Republic of Mississippi", "Republic of Texas" etc.

2793:

Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863, the Confederates "suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves" and withdrew into an interior defensive position. By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent

1917:

to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a

1858:

wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a

4201:

A second Confederate constitution was written in March, 1861, which sought to replace the confederation with a federal government; much of this constitution replicated the United States Constitution verbatim, but contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery including

2846:

home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.

2551:

The US government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and

13773:

Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate

7656:

2605:

had been held in 1840. Black abolitionist speakers toured England, Scotland, and Ireland, exposing the reality of America's chattel slavery and rebutting the Confederate position that blacks were "unintellectual, timid, and dependent", and "not equal to the white man...the superior race."

4302:

The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America, elected to serve a six-year term but without the possibility of re-election. Unlike the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution gave the president the ability to subject a bill to a

3621:

In April 1863, the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy, many of whom were British. The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce-destroying cruisers, which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900%. Commodore Tattnall again

3029:

The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave-owning and non-slave-owning families. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, some colleges (such as

5895:

Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the Texas population actively supported the Confederacy. Many Unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began, but many others clung to their Unionism throughout the war, especially in the northern counties, German districts in the

2166:

The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary

5500:. Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless. The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money, adding to the runaway inflation. Many bills still exist, although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated. 2820:

slaves were cheap. The Captain–General of Cuba declared in writing that Confederate ships were welcome, and would be protected in Cuban ports. Historians speculate that if the Confederacy had achieved independence, it probably would have tried to acquire Cuba as a base of expansion.

3501:

of the Confederacy. The failures of the two invasions were attributed to the same irrecoverable shortcomings: lack of manpower at the front, lack of supplies including serviceable shoes, and exhaustion after long marches without adequate food. Also in September Confederate General

5156:

in 1861. This made him the first Postmaster General of the Confederate Post Office, and a member of Davis's presidential cabinet. Writing in 1906, historian Walter Flavius McCaleb praised Reagan's "energy and intelligence... in a degree scarcely matched by any of his associates".

1776:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's 10428:, p. 320. One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation, the May 1863 reform required previous occupation and that the plantation of 20 slaves (or group of plantations within a five-mile area) had not been subdivided after the first exemption of April 1862. 7131:

Davis was indicted for treason but never tried; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867. The amnesty of December 25, 1868, by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis (or anyone else associated with the Confederacy) standing trial for treason.

2125:

from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government. The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in

205: 204: 5462:

military service. In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. Railroads came under the

9058:, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56% with Bell 20,997, Douglas 5,742, and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908. But the "deeply divided sentiment" point remains. 10991:, pp. 297–298. They were required to supply their own ships and equipment, but they received 90% of their captures at auction, 25% of any U.S. warships or transports captured or destroyed. Confederate cruisers raided merchant ship commerce but for one exception in 1864. 10321:, pp. 310–311. Early 1862 "dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer" due to the impact of victory's battle casualties, the humiliation of defeats and the dislike of camp life with its monotony, confinement and mortal diseases. Immediately following the great victory at the 1271:, effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body on March 18. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865. The most significant capitulation was Confederate general 2432:

aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and the tribes lost some of their lands.

4717:

political parties, key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln's call for volunteers to retake Federal property. Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection, predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig.

3760:

capture of the capital, the dispersion of the civil authorities, the surrender of the armies in the field, and the arrest of the President, the Confederate States of America disappeared ... their history henceforth became a part of the history of the United States."

5829:

The "Confederate Flag" has a color scheme similar to that of the most common Battle Flag design, but is rectangular, not square. The "Confederate Flag" is a highly recognizable symbol of the South in the United States today and continues to be a controversial icon.

2597:", that is, that Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over a year and been developing alternative sources. The United Kingdom took pride leading the end of transatlantic enslavement of Africans; by 2860:

controlling philosophy evolved into a combination "dispersal with a defensive concentration around Richmond". The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive, a "simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us". Historian

2895:

to the Confederacy. A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions. Davis did not countermand it. Following the Confederate incursion into Maryland halted at the

5296:

The plantations of the South, with white ownership and an enslaved labor force, produced substantial wealth from cash crops. It supplied two-thirds of the world's cotton, which was in high demand for textiles, along with tobacco, sugar, and naval stores (such as

2813:

until the 1880s and the abolitionist movement was small. Confederate ships were welcome in Brazilian ports. After the war, Brazil was the primary destination of those Southerners who wanted to continue living in a slave society, where, as one immigrant remarked,

4721:

concerns such as control of state militia, conscription and exemption, (3) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves, goods and scorched earth, and (4) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace.

3344:

Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control. In February and March, most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union "occupied, consolidated, and used as staging areas for advances further South". Following the repulse of a Confederate counterattack at the

7210:, the United States Supreme Court ruled—by a 5–3 majority—that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States of America. In this case, the court held that the Constitution did not permit 5402:

the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons. The soldiers suffered from reduced rations, lack of medicines, and the growing shortages of uniforms, shoes and boots. Shortages were much worse for civilians, and the prices of necessities steadily rose.

2723:. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army. Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories. The Confederacy appointed 7237:

and held that the Confederate States of America was little more than a briefly-existing breakaway state. Specifically, the opinion would condemn the Confederacy as treasonous and as totally perishing upon being overthrown. Writing for the court's majority,

8387:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011, reported by David A. Walsh "Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas" 7267:

argued that the Confederacy "died of states' rights". The central government was denied requisitioned soldiers and money by governors and state legislatures because they feared that Richmond would encroach on the rights of the states. Georgia's governor

3003:

driving wagons. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, estimated at 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. One incomplete estimate is 194,026.

9362:

Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerrilla war, units in cross-racial combat and captives held in prisoner of war camps, brutal, tragic accounts against both soldiers and civilian

5800:

pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag. It is one of many used by the Confederate armed forces. Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee, and as the Confederate Naval

5660:

The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war. Outside investment was essential, especially in railroads. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery:

5353:

living in small cabins, using self-made tools and outfitted with one suit of work clothes each year of inferior fabric, did not generate consumer demand to sustain local manufactures of any description in the same way as did a mechanized family farm of

3532:), both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war. It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces. The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863, repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at 2387:

after the US evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the

5695:

More than 250,000 Confederate soldiers died during the war. Some widows abandoned their family farms and merged into the households of relatives, or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death. In the Old South, being an

2046:

Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession.

5825:

Because of its depiction in the 20th-century and popular media, many people consider the rectangular battle flag with the dark blue bars as being synonymous with "the Confederate Flag", but this flag was never adopted as a Confederate national flag.

11348:, p. 23. While the Texas delegation was seated, and is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy, its referendum to ratify secession had not taken place, so its delegates did not yet vote on instructions from their state legislature. 5305:

were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast. Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land, as cotton and tobacco depleted the soil. There was little manufacturing or mining; shipping was controlled by non-southerners.

203: 10774:, pp. 294, 296–297. Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be sold for the privateers 95% share, so through 1862, Confederate privateering disappeared. The CSA Congress authorized a Volunteer Navy to man cruisers the following year. 219: 10098:

ironclads", armored platforms constructed in blockaded ports lacked the requisite marine engines to become ironclad warships. The armored platforms intended to become ironclads were employed instead as floating batteries for port city defense.

8504: 10874:, pp. 354–356. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederates to destroy their winter camp to mobilize against the threat to their Capital. They burned "a vast amount of supplies" to keep them from falling into enemy hands. 5181:

who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol, usually at night, and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war. Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is

1201:. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These states seceded in the first of two waves of secession. They adopted a new constitution establishing a 2908:

The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four-to-one in military manpower. It was overmatched far more in military equipment, industrial facilities, railroads for transport, and wagons supplying the front.

10284:, pp. 328, 330–332. About 90% of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy. Notably, of Virginia's West Pointers, not 90% but 70% resigned for the Confederacy. Exemplary officers without military training included 5246:

were stepped up. The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections. In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than was loyalty to the old master;

3706:

resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them. The Davis policy was independence or nothing, while Lee's army was wracked by disease and desertion, barely holding the trenches defending Jefferson Davis' capital.

3484:

In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprove, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. Both

3079:

appointees could be indifferent. Otherwise, the officer corps was governor-appointed or elected by unit enlisted. Promotion to fill vacancies was made internally regardless of merit, even if better officers were immediately available.

2403:

never formally joined the Confederacy, but did receive representation in the Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863, the tribal governments sent representatives to the

5348:

Slave labor was applied in industry in a limited way in the Upper South and in a few port cities. One reason for the regional lag in industrial development was top-heavy income distribution. Mass production requires mass markets, and

7272:

warned of a secret conspiracy by Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. The first conscription act in North America, authorizing Davis to draft soldiers, was said to be the "essence of military despotism".

17686: 3640:

Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.

2167:

evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact....Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery".

7383:" from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice. Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration, he rarely courted public opinion, assuming an aloofness, "almost like an 4206:, though it made the ban's application explicit to "Negroes of the African race" in contrast to the U.S. Constitution's reference to "such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit". It protected the 3182:

enthusiastic in 1861–62, seem to have lost faith in the future of the Confederacy by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities. As Rable explains, "This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed

5210:

found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total. The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North. Neely argues:

2152:

Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading:

10787:, pp. 288–291. As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British nationals serving as officers and crew. Confederate regulations required one-third, then one-half of the cargoes to be munitions, food and medicine. 2840:

Most soldiers who joined Confederate national or state military units joined voluntarily. Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of soldiers seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:

2021:

as their candidate during the 1860 presidential election, but in no Southern state was support for him unanimous, as they recorded at least some popular vote for at least one of the other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln,

7214:

to unilaterally secede from the United States. Further, that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within the eleven seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely

221: 4242:

that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point.

3445:

was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat. Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities, CSA naval forces were unable to break the Union blockade. Attempts were made by Commodore

2787:

French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make "direct proposition" to Britain for joint recognition. The Emperor made the same assurance to British Members of Parliament

10639:, Univ. of North Carolina, 1937, p. 419, note 36. Letter of Adjutant General Henry L. Samuels, August 22, 1862, to Gov. Francis Pierpont listing 22 of 48 counties under sufficient control for soldier recruitment. 3090:

In early 1862, the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms. But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting, and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war. One

2105:

relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy.

10350:, p. 312. The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns, $ 2,000,000 for recruitment in Kentucky alone. With a state-enacted draft, Governor Brown with a quota of 12,000 raised 22,000 Georgia militia. 1810:

in March 1861. Nationalists in the North and "Unionists" in the South refused to accept the declarations of secession. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government, under President

239: 1937:

had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. Red represents seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were territories, with the exception of the

7329:

proved the dangers of such unchecked authority." The abolishment of draft exemptions for newspaper editors was interpreted as an attempt by the Confederate government to muzzle presses, such as the Raleigh NC

2718:

Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as

1275:'s surrender on April 9, after which any doubt about the war's outcome or the Confederacy's survival was extinguished. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5. 17679: 9824: 201: 4230:(but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue), and spoke of "carry on the Government of the Confederate States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". State legislatures had the power to 1806:, all of whose riverfront or coastal economies were based on cotton that was cultivated by slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected in November 1860 but before 2891:(the name used by Confederate forces). It drove the Confederate people "insane with joy"; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington, relocate the Confederate capital there, and admit 1753:

ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own

9486: 8972:

also operated. Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861. The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19, 1861.

5582:

chicory substitutes. The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items like flour, and the shortages of food, fodder for the animals, and medical supplies for the wounded.

3284:'s forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861, concentrating on towns and roads; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity. General 2740:

told Mann it was "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.

1854:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian 7157:

which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. The priorities were: to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were ended, to ratify and enforce the

5533:

problem for the southern states throughout the rest of the war. By April 1863, for example, the cost of flour in Richmond had risen to $ 100 (~$ 2,475 in 2023) a barrel and housewives were rioting.

2715:

in Britain; they were owned and operated by British financiers and shipowners; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy. The British investors' goal was to acquire highly profitable cotton.

2134:. The Confederate state government was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then 17672: 7344:

of North Carolina showed intense opposition to conscription, limiting recruitment success. Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into repeated, stubborn opposition to the Davis administration.

6596:

In 1860, the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate states (and including the future West Virginia) had 132,760 (2%) free blacks. Males made up 49% of the total population and females 51%.

5814:. To rectify the situation, a separate "Battle Flag" was designed for use by troops in the field. Also known as the "Southern Cross", many variations sprang from the original square configuration. 6629:

lay in Confederate territory. Only 13 Confederate-controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the

5144:

When the Confederacy was formed and its seceding states broke from the Union, it was at once confronted with the arduous task of providing its citizens with a mail delivery system, and, amid the

3087:

performance led to officer review boards in October. The boards caused a "rapid and widespread" thinning out of 1,700 incompetent officers. Troops thereafter would elect only second lieutenants.

10572: 17153: 5428:

Main railroads of Confederacy, 1861; colors show the different gauges (track width); the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio, which was at all times a Union railroad

4560: 3129:

Rich men's sons were appointed to the socially outcast "overseer" occupation, but the measure was received in the country with "universal odium". The legislative vehicle was the controversial

8616: 5397:

The eleven states had produced $ 155 million (~$ 4.29 billion in 2023) in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local gristmills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and

7380: 5184: 1893:

issued a call for 100,000 men from the states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy. All Federal property was seized, including gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in

202: 7340:

of Texas determined that state troops were required for defense against Plains Indians and Union forces that might attack from Kansas. He refused to send his soldiers to the East. Governor

5104: 4314:. In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress. The only person to serve as president was 2508:

The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a 100 square mile district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted

5390:. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of " 9734:

Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard's book as "more propaganda than anything else, but Girard caught one essential truth", the quote referenced. "Thomas1979" p. 220

8968:. Virginia took two steps toward secession, first by secession convention vote on April 17, 1861, and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23, 1861. A Unionist 237: 14040:

has over 4000 Confederate imprints, including rare books, pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, serials, broadsides, maps, and sheet music that have been conserved and digitized.

2530:

regulation. A movement in Congress argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, the government's archives were readied for removal. As the

3365:, and the Confederacy lost control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. It had to concede extensive agricultural resources that had supported the Union's sea-supplied logistics base. 3075:

government's call for 100,000 men, another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted "for the duration" or twelve-month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses.

218: 7540:

NYC 1856, slaveholding Washington is pictured in his uniform of the Revolution securing American independence. Though armed, he does not have his sword drawn as he is depicted in the

6651: 5190: 5178: 3599:, Pennsylvania despite Pickett's famous charge and other acts of valor. Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as "The Confederates did not gain a victory, neither did the enemy." 1688: 2983:

established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,

5590:

to seize food, as they were angry at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, and merchants. As wives and widows of soldiers, they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.

1760:

The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially

13636:

Brown declaimed against Davis Administration policies: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session."

11278:

he slaveholding elites' project of Confederate nation building—very likely believing the idea that the Confederacy was a 'herrenvolk democracy' or 'democracy of the white race'....

1742:

on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the

16772: 16384: 7079: 10883:

Nevin's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra-distinction to the conventional "last chance" battlefield imagery of the

16703: 16530: 14245: 12613: 9012:. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861. 10626:, p. xiv. Inflicting intolerable casualties on invading Federal armies was a Confederate strategy to make the northern Unionists relent in their pursuit of restoring the Union. 5162: 2743:

Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers to assess whether there had been a

2368:

and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital. The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14, 1862, north to the

3305:

was to (1) repel the invader on all fronts, costing him blood and treasure, and (2) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections.

10537:

After the war, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln's attempt to resupply Sumter was a disguised reinforcement and had provoked the war.

9965:, p. 348. "The enemy could not hold territory, a hostile people would close in behind. The Confederacy still existed wherever there was an army under her unfurled banners." 238: 18354: 12552:

Retrieved 2012-06-13, published in LSU's History of the South series, on p. 118 notes that beginning in March 1861, the Stars-and-Bars was used "all over the Confederacy".

5293:, about 31% of free households in the eleven states that would join the Confederacy owned slaves. Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally. 2775:

testified "this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really a normal government, the expression of popular will". Fremantle went on to write in his book

1905:. The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861. On February 22, 1862, Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years. 10672:, Tennessee was the first conquered Confederate state capital. On April 6–7, Federals turned back the Confederate offensive at the Battle of Shiloh, and three days later 7239: 5926:

or pro-Union guerilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant pre-war

5148:, the newly formed Confederacy created and established the Confederate Post Office. One of the first undertakings in establishing the Post Office was the appointment of 5069: 3774: 3741:

against them, but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence, feuding and revenge killings. The last confederate military unit, the commerce raider

2586:. The diplomats were eventually released and continued their voyage. However, their mission was unsuccessful; historians judge their diplomacy as poor. Neither secured 7349: 4930:

the Confederate States". Thus, the state courts generally continued to operate as they had done, simply recognizing the Confederate States as the national government.

893: 2101:

1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter

7420: 3469:

of Virginia. Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east, then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run (

12589: 12568: 10815:, the Navy's bravery and fighting skill was compromised in combat by mechanical failure in the engines or steering. The joint combined Army-Navy defense by General 18106: 9184: 5918:, a 22-year-old cavalry colonel from Knoxville, and his regiment of Southern Unionist "mountaineers", were called "damned Tennessee Yankees" by Confederate troops. 5720: 5578:

By mid-1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods. Food that formerly came overland was cut off.

2957: 3159: 16213: 11481: 11294: 9487:"British Support During the U.S. Civil War · Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative" 5641: 4431: 1112: 5320:

New Orleans, the South's largest port city and the only pre-war population over 100,000. The port and region's agriculture were lost to the Union in April 1862.

18384: 18253: 15668: 15663: 7162: 7158: 3510:, and the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia, but lacking reinforcements Loring abandoned his position and by November the region was back in Federal control. 1681: 5735: 15673: 7472: 7166: 2700:

would have meant higher taxes in Britain, another invasion of Canada, and attacks on the British merchant fleet. In mid-1862, fears of a race war (like the

16765: 16434: 16323: 16308: 14152: 10052: 7012: 6989: 3199: 1713: 1354: 18389: 17001: 16100: 16020: 14548: 8661: 5949: 4369: 2601:, the Royal Navy patrolled middle passage waters to prevent additional slave ships from reaching the Western Hemisphere. It was in London that the first 1997:

Its establishment flowed from and deepened Southern nationalism, which prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause". This "Cause" included support for

1986:

that had proclaimed their secession. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (

462: 7150:, was tried and convicted by a military court, and executed on November 10, 1865. The charges against him involved conspiracy and cruelty, not treason. 5880:

in 1863. Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia, but never effectively held more than half of the counties that formed the new state of

5797: 3653:, devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland. The "breadbasket of the Confederacy" in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by 2999:

garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.

14282: 550: 526: 10669: 9077:"No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes." 3140: 2868:

South. Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, endemic diseases such as malaria and typhoid would match the destructive effectiveness of the Moscow winter on the

16128: 12939: 11542: 5750: 5278: 3622:

unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad in 1863. Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad

3095:, newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by four million northerners who were said to be cowards. 1674: 18319: 14543: 13545: 5552:

US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation. U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $ 10, as were British sovereigns,

2114: 1886:

in Alabama on February 4, 1861. A provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America.

220: 124: 12125: 10080:

to protect privateers from outlaw status. Some of the early raiders were converted merchantmen seized in Southern ports at the outbreak of the war

7997: 5467:

not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced. The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865.

18329: 17640: 16758: 16318: 16293: 16095: 16003: 14553: 14287: 5419: 3726: 3579:

Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats, river transport and supply, the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of

12913: 2278: 18364: 18349: 16989: 16145: 15788: 15177: 15056: 6017:

gives a picture of the population for the areas that had joined the Confederacy. The population numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes.

4787: 4350: 4292: 4267: 2321: 1253: 432: 421: 5386:

The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and

5194:

as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities. The postal history of the Confederacy along with

3349:, Tennessee, permanent Federal occupation expanded west, south and east. Confederate forces repositioned south along the Mississippi River to 18399: 18314: 16672: 16030: 15783: 15778: 15204: 12776:

Browning, Judkin (2005). "Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865".

10326: 5779: 5251:

says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines.

2117:

was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861. The governor maneuvered to take control of the

1331: 13997: 11042: 10804: 7536:

The cash crops circling the Seal are wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. Like Washington's equestrian statue honoring him at

2380:

to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas.

18099: 17652: 17060: 16985: 15036: 14106: 12741:

Zimring, David R. (2009). "'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War".

11655: 11320:

fought.... Herrenvolk democracy—the equality of all who belonged to the master race—was a powerful motivator for many Confederate soldiers.

11146: 10742: 8206:"What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature" 7410: 5232: 4620: 4327: 3730: 2498: 1918:

firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, with soldiers rushing to their colors in the hundreds of thousands.

155: 7097:

The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army.

5765: 18369: 17020: 16593: 16123: 15172: 14931: 11226: 11202: 10720:, p. 27. Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia, and their control of the Mississippi extended south to Nashville, Tennessee. 10038:, p. 306. Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying torpedo mines and loosing barrages from shoreline batteries. 8337: 7467: 5888:, and at first were largely welcomed by local unionists. The occupiers became perceived as oppressive, callous, radical and favorable to 3122: 3104: 2916:

in the roads, and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines (called "torpedoes" at the time). Coulter reports:

2560: 2297: 2013:

as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate.

1261: 13063: 12218: 16687: 16550: 16535: 14966: 14582: 10022: 7569: 5811: 5709: 3370: 2712: 2384: 2325: 1784:

nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on

137: 12624: 5852:

definition. Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes, while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions.

5629: 5165:

and was allowed to pass at only two specific points. Mail sent from the Confederacy to the U.S. was received, opened and inspected at

2883:

Early in the war, both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict; the Confederates won a surprise victory at the

18394: 18339: 18073: 16540: 16303: 16273: 15911: 15840: 14538: 14533: 7462: 7441: 7178: 3438:

were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea. After some success against the Union blockade, in March the ironclad

3268:

territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico. The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel (

2943: 2731:

in September 1863, but the Holy See never released a statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy. In November 1863, Mann met

35: 13281:"Proclamation 179 – Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War" 7537: 18374: 18015: 18010: 17424: 17296: 17134: 16834: 16829: 16454: 16389: 15091: 15066: 14302: 14277: 14227: 14207: 7541: 7091: 7063: 4541: 4108: 4061: 3915: 3902: 3264: 2266: 2234: 2176: 1795: 1738:) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century 1660: 1486: 1335: 1245: 1187: 1176: 1136: 843: 715: 11239:. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012. 5198:

has helped historians document the various people, places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded.

4937:

When the matter came before the Confederate court, the property owner could not appear because he was unable to travel across the

4310:

The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds votes required in the

1815:, refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when 18222: 18092: 18035: 17232: 16859: 16854: 16657: 16632: 16348: 16045: 15941: 15793: 15126: 15006: 14217: 7477: 7415: 4686: 2286: 1283: 1210: 17664: 15016: 11455: 5077: 4207: 18359: 18334: 17700: 16598: 16343: 15086: 15081: 14756: 13958: 10641: 10059:, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia for supplies from Europe via Bermuda and Nassau. On the Gulf were Galveston, Texas and 7457: 4188: 2711:

and other French capitalists for ironclad warships and military supplies. The British government did allow the construction of

1773: 579: 303: 14926: 12416:

Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".

12362:

Williams, Teresa Crisp; Williams, David (2002). "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women".

9070: 5496:

as paper currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $ 1.5 billion. Much of it was signed by Treasurer

5341:

The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth. Most were concentrated in "

4273:

exceed one year. One name was placed in nomination for president, one for vice president. Both were elected unanimously, 6–0.

2509: 18379: 18227: 18139: 18000: 17348: 17029: 16824: 16170: 15162: 15157: 15021: 14921: 14172: 13450: 13061:

All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library, Historical Census Browser, Census Data for Year 1860

12923: 12533: 11236: 11170: 10623: 10060: 10056: 9676: 9157: 9142: 8331: 8120: 8072: 7903: 7872: 7779: 7718:...between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. 7680: 7447: 6683: 4388: 4203: 4048: 3881: 2912:

Confederates slowed the Yankee invaders, at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure. The Confederates burned bridges, laid

2681: 2224: 2183: 1807: 1570: 1140: 731: 14008: 12961: 10325:, many believed the war was won and there was no need for more troops. Then the new year brought defeat over February 6–23: 3331: 18169: 16429: 16133: 16105: 15344: 15152: 15121: 15051: 14911: 14485: 12662:

McKenzie, Robert Tracy (2002). "Contesting Secession: Parson Brownlow and the Rhetoric of Proslavery Unionism, 1860–1861".

9865:

Robert E. May, "The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood."

8929: 8690: 6849: 6709: 5493: 2084: 1859:

fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."

1373: 678: 619: 380: 13283: 11987:. "The Confederacy underwent a government-led industrial revolution during the war, but its economy was slowly strangled." 7895:

Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy

5382:

The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union

5334:

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond VA. South's largest factory. Ended locomotive production in 1860 to make arms and munitions.

2708: 18243: 18020: 17995: 17508: 17464: 17241: 17172: 17091: 16976: 16839: 16819: 16419: 16409: 16060: 15768: 15131: 15096: 14991: 14569: 12586: 12565: 7644:

Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes

5242:

Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection.

4579: 4474: 4116: 4022: 3923: 3868: 3296:

began a blockade of the major southern ports and prepared an invasion of Louisiana to capture New Orleans in early 1862.

2259: 2211: 1323: 1295: 1241: 1205:

of "sovereign and independent states". Some Northerners reacted by saying "Let the Confederacy go in peace!", while some

1172: 1156: 859: 787: 17404: 15046: 9025: 9005: 8985: 8961: 8909: 8889: 8869: 8849: 8829: 8795: 5458:

the Confederacy were unable to overcome the Union naval blockade of the South's crucial intra-coastal and river routes.

5366:

A third count of the pre-capitalist Southern economy relates to the cultural setting. White southerners did not adopt a

5169:

on the Virginia coast before being passed on into the U.S. mail stream. Mail sent from the North to the South passed at

5093: 2835: 18030: 18005: 17990: 17975: 17444: 17368: 17328: 17292: 17272: 17198: 16905: 16900: 16893: 16888: 16849: 16804: 16570: 16560: 16545: 16313: 16138: 15167: 15116: 15061: 15026: 15011: 15001: 14986: 14961: 14916: 14901: 14836: 14713: 14162: 13708: 13663: 13348: 12708: 12202: 12148: 11948: 11890: 11863: 11735: 11312: 11271: 10884: 10337:, Nashville—the first capital to fall. Among some not yet in uniform, the less victorious "Cause" seemed less glorious. 10221: 9946: 9893: 9753: 9525: 9438: 9415: 9330: 8745: 8718: 8514: 8447: 8095:

The constitutionality of the Confederacy's dissolution is open to interpretation at least to the extent that, like the

7812: 7094:. Catholics included an Irish working-class element in coastal cities and an old French element in southern Louisiana. 5881: 4914: 4132: 4124: 4095: 4087: 3949: 3889: 3855: 3821: 3718: 3662: 2798:

the Confederacy would consent to such terms. European leaders all saw that the Confederacy was on the verge of defeat.

2519: 2405: 2301: 2252: 2245: 2110: 2102: 2097: 1926: 1257: 1237: 1233: 1168: 1164: 829: 815: 495: 418: 83: 16871: 10094: 5129: 4866: 3493:

of Maryland were decisively repulsed, leaving Confederates in control of but 63% of its population. Civil War scholar

2273:

In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a

17985: 17980: 17965: 17316: 17284: 17260: 16814: 16809: 16799: 16682: 16565: 16555: 16283: 15879: 15773: 15650: 15147: 15111: 15031: 14971: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14896: 14327: 14319: 14197: 14141: 14053: 13945: 13931: 13878: 13504: 13475: 12896: 12867: 12508: 11984: 11778: 11400: 11100: 10925: 9432: 8096: 7744: 7075: 6963: 6633:. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864. 5440:. The two were hanged by Confederate authorities near the railroad tracks so passing train passengers could see them. 5342: 4772: 4074: 4009: 3996: 3847: 3834: 3813: 2559:

Once war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by the

2204: 2197: 2190: 1959: 1835: 1831: 1777: 1707: 1559: 1401: 1152: 1148: 1144: 773: 759: 745: 17830: 14043: 12301:

Coulter, E. Merton (1927). "The Movement for Agricultural Reorganization in the Cotton South during the Civil War".

7299: 2879:

The Seal has symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington, sword encased.

18184: 18048: 17929: 17848: 15076: 15041: 14981: 14936: 14099: 13081:"U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860, Internet Release date: June 15, 1998" 8295: 7169:, which made it illegal to deny the right to vote because of race; and repeal each state's ordinance of secession. 4735: 4700: 4234:

officials of the Confederate government in some cases. On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a

4218:, the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding 3633:

by sea-based amphibious assault in August, ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River. In December, the

3046:

re-enlist after their one-year commitment, thus on April 16, 1862, the Confederate Congress imposed the first mass

2980: 2864:

is a critic of Lee's offensive strategy: "Lee pursued a faulty military strategy that ensured Confederate defeat".

2027: 1534: 593: 510: 14022: 1730:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the 18212: 18025: 17520: 16844: 16642: 16627: 16509: 16469: 16368: 16353: 16338: 16333: 16165: 16070: 15101: 14996: 14956: 14677: 14513: 13396:

Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".

13375:

Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".

8969: 7487: 7405: 5849: 4898: 4797: 4792: 4405: 4193:

In February, 1861, Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama to adopt their first constitution, establishing a

4159: 4035: 3936: 3378: 2973: 2282: 2218: 1979: 1160: 801: 10160:

Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee

9602:

Lebergott, Stanley (1981). "Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861–1865".

8391: 7070:. Baptists and Methodists both broke off from their Northern coreligionists over the slavery issue, forming the 4202:

provisions for the recognition and protection of slavery in any territory of the Confederacy. It maintained the

2987:. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at 2809:. Militarily this meant little. Brazil represented the "peoples most identical to us in Institutions", in which 18344: 18115: 16667: 15986: 15750: 15106: 15071: 14976: 14682: 14212: 13833:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Revised, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996, p. xii 9781:

A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy: including the diplomatic correspondence, 1861–1865

7314: 7048: 5556:

and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange. Confederate money was paper and postage stamps.

4882: 3031: 3023: 2673: 2429: 1839: 1799: 1198: 1190: 1128: 161: 13978: 9372:

Francis M. Carroll, "The American Civil War and British Intervention: The Threat of Anglo-American Conflict."

8665: 2707:

John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, succeeded in negotiating a loan of $ 15,000,000 from

2138:, before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at 18154: 17953: 16025: 15946: 15763: 15229: 14687: 10574:

The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Series 1

9407: 8165:"Pride or Prejudice?: Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag" 8049: 7361:

The enemies of President Davis proposed that the Confederacy "died of Davis". He was unfavorably compared to

7181:

most blacks and many poor whites. This exclusion and a weakened Republican Party remained the norm until the

7106: 5206:

The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. Historian

4311: 3607: 2602: 1750: 1565: 1287: 16750: 13987: 10757:. In May retreating Confederates burned their two pre-war Navy yards at Norfolk and Pensacola. See Coulter, 8138:"Pride or Prejudice? Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag" 5605: 3562: 2552:

rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the

18159: 16298: 16040: 15830: 15805: 15517: 14592: 14297: 14237: 13970: 10840:. It made two sorties, was captured by Union forces, repaired, and returned to service as the ironclad USS 10076:, pp. 296, 304. Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade, declaring them pirates. Davis responded with 9471: 7986: 7452: 7395:

Revolution, but he showed "fewer weaknesses than any other" contemporary character available for the role.

5195: 2768: 1780:

had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of

1765: 1723: 1600: 1299: 28: 11546: 10192:'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases" 9850: 5113: 4713:

by free and slave populations within each state. Two Congresses sat in six sessions until March 18, 1865.

3357:, its River Defense Fleet was sunk. Confederates withdrew from northern Mississippi and northern Alabama. 3038:) maintained cadet corps that trained Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was established at 3014:

who had resigned their Federal commissions and were appointed to senior positions. Many had served in the

2285:, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of 2121:

and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and the

250: 18324: 17947: 17885: 17488: 17460: 17225: 16729: 16477: 16228: 16065: 16055: 16050: 16008: 15432: 14731: 14182: 14092: 14037: 13080: 13018: 12778: 11811: 10673: 9511: 8636:

Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861

8210: 7117: 7071: 5792: 5675: 4690: 4235: 3277: 3035: 2691:

attempted unsuccessfully to convince Palmerston to intervene. By September 1862 the Union victory at the

2685: 1481: 1265: 17867: 17726: 9456: 8946: 8023: 3255:, but Confederate artillery drove it away. In March, President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor 2360:

formed a secession convention, which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Dr.

18272: 18129: 17923: 17595: 17312: 16620: 16208: 16035: 15918: 15896: 15825: 15740: 14801: 14602: 14480: 14462: 13302: 11456:""Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School" 11263: 9833: 7165:

which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all native-born residents, regardless of race; the

7003: 6973: 6693: 5892:. Occupiers pillaged, freed slaves, and evicted those who refused to swear loyalty oaths to the Union. 3710: 3533: 3525: 3481:

VA in December. Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring.

3424: 2988: 2598: 2512:, Georgia, as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did 1975: 1820: 1743: 1735: 1461: 1426: 1218: 12549: 11504: 9200: 9101:

The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members

7836: 5910: 1302:. Intense periods of Lost Cause activity developed around the turn of the 20th century and during the 279: 18286: 18174: 18042: 17905: 17555: 17452: 17392: 16739: 16652: 16608: 16414: 16196: 15998: 15971: 15951: 15852: 15658: 15563: 14861: 14776: 14692: 14342: 14267: 13923: 11568:

McCaleb, Walter Flavius (1906). "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy".

10677: 9934: 9461: 8779: 7587: 7430: 7182: 7028: 6735: 6609: 6014: 5968: 5508: 5290: 5262: 5255: 3722: 3592: 3507: 3470: 2892: 2869: 2806: 2696: 2653:

Lord John Russell, British foreign secretary and later PM, considered mediation in the 'American War'

2305: 2146: 2122: 1971: 1967: 1894: 1540: 1524: 673: 13008:

Calculated by dividing the number of owners (obtained via the census) by the number of free persons.

12236: 10737:, North Carolina along with a large garrison in February. In March, Confederates abandoned forts at 10534:

at Washington, to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably, if permitted 'but forcibly if they must' ...

10018: 8244:

Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks",

3050:

on North American territory. (A year later, on March 3, 1863, the United States Congress passed the

2767:. European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication. Importantly in 1862, the Frenchman 1982:), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the 17836: 17824: 17818: 17420: 17304: 16954: 16615: 16499: 16424: 16399: 16394: 16358: 16278: 15976: 15961: 15542: 14826: 14791: 14726: 14667: 14662: 14392: 12164:

Burdekin, Richard; Langdana, Farrokh (1993). "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861–1865".

10734: 10528: 10330: 10322: 9555:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

5807: 5274: 4809: 4760: 3702: 3498: 3478: 3273: 3235: 3083:

each governor to supply the volunteer shortfall. States responded by passing their own draft laws.

3015: 2884: 2409: 2334: 1588: 1501: 1476: 1441: 1416: 11189:, United States Naval War Records Office, United States Office of Naval Records and Library, 1894 9938:

Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War: Reflections on the American Civil War

9785: 9697: 9349:

Abraham Lincoln; Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings

8617:"Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong" 5856:

Unionism—opposition to the Confederacy—was strong in certain areas within the Confederate States.

5617: 3629:

engaged Union gunboats for six months on the Roanoke River in North Carolina. The Federals closed

3587:

in July, ending Southern access to the trans-Mississippi West. July brought short-lived counters,

3292:

in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year.

1248:—then seceded, in the second wave of secession, and joined the Confederacy. On February 22, 1862, 17694: 17539: 17496: 16969: 16603: 16223: 16191: 16186: 15884: 15857: 15249: 14746: 14736: 14508: 14503: 14357: 13994: 11626:

Garrison, L. R. (1916). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, II".

11304: 11050: 10828: 10665: 10660:, p. 27. In the Mississippi River Valley, during the first half of February, central Tennessee's 10196: 8260:"Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War" 7831: 7435: 4999: 3551: 3400: 3354: 2969: 2965: 2688: 2365: 1466: 1249: 75: 11659: 11605:

Garrison, L. R. (1915). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, I".

11335:, p. 22. The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress, seven in the Montgomery Convention. 10917: 10911: 10188: 7544:. The plates for the Seal were engraved in England but never received due to the Union Blockade. 7008: 5586:

making it a crime to grow an excess. But food shortages only worsened, especially in the towns.

5471:

torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines, and rolling stock wore out through heavy use.

5448:

At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in

3465:

In the east, Union forces could not close on Richmond. General McClellan landed his army on the

3381:

while the Ordnance Department secured its own blockade runners for dedicated munitions cargoes.

2479: 18248: 17619: 17280: 17218: 16588: 16288: 15862: 15452: 15289: 15264: 14796: 14697: 14612: 14352: 14261: 13438: 12072:

Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War",

11751: 10754: 10750: 10681: 8308:

Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.

7147: 7083: 5903:

In Texas, local officials harassed and murdered Unionists and Germans during the Civil War. In

5885: 5269: 5221: 4818: 4766: 4223: 3529: 3358: 2623: 2587: 2523: 2516:, noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and deposits of coal and iron. 2417: 2304:

did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's

1761: 1754: 1727: 1629: 1622: 1421: 1264:

on April 16, 1862. By 1865, the Confederacy's federal government dissolved into chaos, and the

1120: 350: 59: 24: 13700: 13492: 12500: 12494: 12138: 11938: 11880: 11853: 9936: 9883: 9515: 9347: 9320: 8437: 8321: 8110: 7860: 4005: 3843: 3186:; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment." 2009:

The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of

17899: 17800: 17756: 17547: 17504: 17068: 17009: 16504: 16404: 16218: 15867: 15820: 15730: 15698: 15405: 15395: 14841: 14831: 14816: 14766: 14721: 14377: 14362: 14255: 13338: 13060: 12698: 12192: 11725: 11525:

Walter Flavius McCaleb, "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy."

10293: 10211: 9680: 9653: 8735: 8708: 7893: 7573: 7366: 7264: 7242: 7067: 5520: 5048: 4920: 4840: 4663: 4654: 4646: 4436: 4374: 4104: 3898: 3778: 3217: 3195: 3066: 2748: 2611: 2502: 2230: 1883: 1816: 1655: 1610: 1529: 1491: 1343: 1303: 1225: 481: 10941: 9120: 8530: 5844: 5161:

carry some of the mail across enemy lines. Later, mail that crossed lines had to be sent by

18298: 17782: 17750: 17563: 17384: 17123: 16662: 16514: 16487: 15956: 15735: 15718: 15375: 14871: 14856: 14851: 14821: 14806: 14786: 14404: 14308: 14192: 11019: 10661: 10519: 9403: 9043:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

7425: 7211: 7058:

Most large denominations experienced a North–South split in the prewar era on the issue of

6881: 6833: 6811: 6621:

The CSA was overwhelmingly rural. Few towns had populations of more than 1,000—the typical

5684: 5565: 5437: 5350: 5170: 4527: 4255: 4219: 3714: 3630: 3603: 3596: 3584: 3269: 2631: 2619: 2564: 2483: 2357: 2018: 1785: 1769: 1594: 1547: 1451: 1411: 1290:, an idealized view of the Confederacy valiantly fighting for a just cause, emerged in the 1268: 1123:

that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy was composed of eleven

1040: 231: 12860:

The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era

12389:

Chesson, Michael B. (1984). "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot".

10021:, TN became a major source of supply for Confederate armies, comparable to Nassau and its 4044: 3877: 2647: 8: 18207: 17970: 17935: 17893: 17873: 17770: 17738: 17571: 17336: 17324: 17043: 16925: 16880: 16647: 16439: 16328: 16202: 15847: 15800: 15547: 15507: 15492: 15385: 15234: 14906: 14866: 14741: 14702: 14672: 14627: 14587: 14187: 14177: 12618: 12086:

Sharrer, G. Terry (1995). "The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861–1866: A Civil War Legacy".

11392: 11046: 10845: 10820: 10808: 10746: 8621: 7804: 7524: 7189:

of the early 20th century did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after

7044: 7016: 5971:

with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate and terrain varied from vast

5904: 5516: 5041: 4964: 4831: 4170: 4140: 3957: 3634: 3615: 3447: 3281: 3109: 2902: 2724: 2615: 2501:, served as capital of the Confederate States from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the 2453: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2349: 2317: 2274: 2145:

Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's

2135: 1876: 1827: 1739: 1406: 1396: 873: 316: 71: 9779: 8360:

The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860

3536:, but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay. 131: 18217: 18054: 17603: 17587: 17579: 17376: 17356: 17268: 17256: 17111: 16962: 16493: 16363: 15889: 15874: 15755: 15713: 15685: 15522: 15487: 15334: 15294: 14811: 14781: 14771: 14647: 14642: 14622: 14617: 14597: 14347: 14250: 14167: 14115: 13741: 13611: 13520: 13405: 13384: 13319: 13262: 13215: 13181:

Edgar Legare Pennington, "The Confederate Episcopal Church and the Southern Soldiers."

12987: 12885: 12825: 12795: 12758: 12679: 12433: 12398: 12371: 12310: 12095: 12033: 11840:

Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South

11809:

Kolchin, Peter (2015). "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective".

11635: 11614: 11585: 11482:

Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library

11290: 10834: 10515: 10134: 9829: 9627: 9619: 9584: 8384: 8287: 7482: 7173: 7154: 6767: 6719: 6625:

had a population under 500. Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, only

5987:

to flourish; on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat.

5984: 5897: 5207: 5145: 4992: 4673: 4503: 4222:

in another state. The Confederate Constitution's equivalent to the U.S. Constitution's

4083: 3945: 3650: 3580: 3490: 3466: 3451: 3350: 3320: 3256: 3210: 3011: 3007: 2996: 2927: 2897: 2861: 2701: 2692: 2607: 2536: 2487: 2470: 2131: 2023: 1898: 1719: 1456: 1359: 1347: 1291: 1279: 1194: 1132: 606: 564: 537: 330: 323: 194: 79: 65: 15467: 11389:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865

7702: 7062:. The creation of a new country necessitated independent structures. For example, the 5553: 4070: 3830: 2684:, showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war. 2376:

served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. In 1862, the Confederate

1882:

The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to the

18179: 18164: 18144: 17917: 17812: 17794: 17440: 17180: 17105: 17099: 17049: 16735: 15991: 15593: 15527: 15462: 15365: 15284: 15244: 14846: 14652: 14607: 14222: 13941: 13938:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865

13927: 13874: 13745: 13704: 13693: 13630:

Beringer, Richard E.; Still, William N. Jr.; Jones, Archer; Hattaway, Herman (1986).

13500: 13471: 13446: 13344: 12919: 12892: 12863: 12762: 12704: 12683: 12529: 12504: 12437: 12198: 12144: 12103: 11980: 11944: 11886: 11859: 11774: 11731: 11459: 11396: 11308: 11267: 11232: 11166: 11096: 10921: 10823:, repelled amphibious assault of Savannah for the duration of the war. Union General 10619: 10289: 10217: 10077: 9942: 9889: 9749: 9684: 9672: 9631: 9521: 9411: 9326: 9244:

was never held. The (5) Fifth Session was held November 18, 1861 – February 17, 1862.

9232:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865

9138: 8741: 8714: 8510: 8443: 8327: 8279: 8227: 8186: 8116: 7899: 7868: 7808: 7775: 7750: 7740: 7371: 7362: 7052: 6925: 6859: 6789: 6000: 5996: 5945: 5915: 5857: 5839: 5135: 5028: 5021: 5017: 4667: 4638: 4584: 4491: 4479: 4417: 4227: 3738: 3729:, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. "The Surrender" marked the end of the Confederacy. The 3611: 3503: 3039: 2856: 2810: 2752: 2737: 2531: 2118: 2080: 1998: 1914: 1781: 1315: 1206: 1054: 399: 11011:

had ranged the Atlantic for two years, sinking 58 vessels worth $ 6,54,000 [

9567:

Gentry, Judith Fenner (1970). "A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan".

7039:

together formed majorities of both the white and the slave population, becoming the

5536:

The Confederate government took over the three national mints in its territory: the

5492:

Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed

5454: 4018: 3864: 2704:

of 1791–1804) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons.

2055: 1294:

among former Confederate generals and politicians, and in organizations such as the

18149: 18134: 17941: 17911: 17879: 17806: 17788: 17480: 17472: 17364: 17344: 15603: 15472: 15442: 15437: 15370: 15309: 15304: 15259: 14761: 14751: 14657: 14637: 14632: 14382: 14372: 14332: 14066: 13733: 13603: 13311: 13254: 13231:

W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy".

12787: 12750: 12671: 12425: 12173: 12025: 11577: 11039: 10827:

captured Savannah from the land side in December 1864. The British blockade runner

10824: 10801: 10527:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: National Pub. Co.; Chicago: Zeigler, McCurdy. p. 10297: 10184: 10063:, Louisiana for those from Havana, Cuba and Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz. 9611: 9576: 9452: 9067: 8804: 8271: 8219: 8176: 7337: 7320: 7286: 7274: 6903: 6614: 5545: 5497: 5432: 4985: 4888: 4239: 3588: 3474: 3435: 3389: 3346: 3251: 3166: 3147: 3130: 3113:

Southern Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the 1862 conscription

2802: 2794: 2760: 2635: 2556:

predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict.

2513: 2400: 2396:

Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory.

2338: 2127: 1939: 1851: 1843: 1649: 1506: 1471: 1436: 1431: 384: 372: 12887:

Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism

12725: 11963: 11159:

hauled down the last Confederate flag at Liverpool in the UK on November 5, 1865.

11152:

had been purchased from Denmark and set sail from Spain in March. The crew of the

9154: 8373:

North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

7684: 3992: 3809: 1921: 1746:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the 18084: 17861: 17842: 17776: 17762: 17696: 17432: 17192: 17142: 17074: 16992: 16791: 16677: 15966: 15815: 15708: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15568: 15537: 15447: 15390: 15380: 15339: 14367: 14337: 14157: 14012: 14005: 14001: 13287: 13067: 12965: 12593: 12572: 9666: 9395: 9161: 9074: 9029: 9009: 8989: 8965: 8933: 8913: 8893: 8873: 8853: 8833: 8799: 8694: 8395: 7797: 7769: 7305: 7269: 7143: 6745: 5869: 5818:"Stainless Banner"—consisted of a lengthened white field area with a Battle Flag 5529: 5166: 5153: 5099: 4978: 4872: 4650: 4642: 4608: 4546: 4448: 4355: 4315: 4280: 4215: 3654: 3458: 3374: 3194:

The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the

2984: 2875: 2789: 2491: 2361: 2353: 2139: 1890: 1872: 1855: 1791: 1553: 1311: 1282:, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the 1214: 1183: 451: 14048: 12700:

A House Divided, Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

12267:

Kidd, Jessica Fordham (2006). "Privation and Pride: Life in Blockaded Alabama".

11187:

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion

10546: 8926: 8687: 8551: 4057: 3911: 3528:

campaign was ended January 2, 1863, at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River (

17611: 17161: 17080: 15745: 15693: 15532: 15497: 15457: 15349: 15329: 15324: 15279: 14558: 14399: 14387: 13724:

Moretta, John (1999). "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas".

13280: 12561: 12496:

Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War

11153: 10637:

Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia

10498: 10285: 9466: 7282: 7206: 6630: 5980: 5976: 5953: 5877: 5873: 5541: 5537: 5424: 5149: 5119: 5083: 4822: 4565: 4460: 4304: 3756: 3742: 3569: 3362: 3289: 3246: 3183: 3092: 3051: 2888: 2568: 2293: 2088: 1812: 1446: 984: 970: 17210: 13300:

Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".

12288:

Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront

9935:

James M. McPherson Professor of American History Princeton University (1996).

9870: 9615: 8181: 8164: 5963:

Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America

4709:

Confederate Congress was a unicameral assembly; each state received one vote.

3228: 3042:, Virginia in 1863, but no midshipmen graduated before the Confederacy's end. 2067: 1925:

Blue indicates the Union states and light blue Union-supporting slave states (

18308: 17855: 17732: 17704: 17516: 17037: 16939: 16780: 16013: 15613: 15608: 15598: 15573: 15482: 15477: 15319: 15314: 15299: 15269: 15239: 14577: 14202: 13831:

Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction

12016:

Ramsdell, Charles W. (1917). "The Confederate Government and the Railroads".

11300: 11198: 10816: 10738: 10334: 10305: 9687:

in Bermuda, where a Confederate agent openly worked to help blockade runners.

9022: 9002: 8982: 8958: 8906: 8886: 8866: 8846: 8826: 8792: 8283: 8231: 8190: 7754: 7341: 7290: 7087: 5927: 5819: 5480:

pulled the wagons. The supply was undermined by an unprecedented epidemic of

5248: 4658: 4393: 4194: 3623: 3519: 3486: 3285: 3019: 2953: 2764: 2627: 2383:

Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west claimed portions of the

1847: 1747: 1731: 1616: 1378: 1319: 1272: 1202: 1079: 886: 412: 20: 14071: 9714:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

8275: 8223: 6604: 5328: 5314: 4276: 3673: 3121:

Confederate conscription was not universal; it was a selective service. The

17744: 17186: 17117: 16482: 16459: 16449: 16444: 15981: 15923: 15835: 15810: 15723: 15703: 15502: 15400: 14044:

Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

13871:

After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism

13820:, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001, p. 46). 12177: 12107: 10301: 7925:

Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation

7190: 7040: 5922:

Up to 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control served in the

5810:) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the 5398: 5302: 5243: 4971: 4596: 4515: 3494: 3439: 3047: 2816: 2732: 2677: 2580: 2572: 211: 13737: 12675: 12429: 11004:, pp. 305–306. The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863–1864, 7734: 7279:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

7233:, the Supreme Court ruled—by a 8–1 majority—to reaffirm its conclusion in 2755:, who entered the Confederacy via Mexico, Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian 2665:

French Emperor Napoleon III sought joint French–British recognition of CSA

2575:

to Paris. On their way in 1861, the U.S. Navy intercepted their ship, the

2446: 17720: 15254: 14292: 14272: 12957: 11005: 8388: 7613: 7506:

Slaves are included in the above population according to the 1860 census.

7186: 7124: 6667: 6626: 6622: 5688: 5449: 5391: 4747: 4231: 3658: 3417: 2992: 2720: 2594: 2553: 1983: 1910: 1902: 1307: 1229: 1012: 519: 504: 345: 179: 13409: 13388: 13186: 13144: 12829: 12799: 12375: 11639: 11618: 8291: 8259: 8205: 5948:

bisected the country, and the western half was often referred to as the

5848:

Map of the county secession votes of 1860–1861 in Appalachia within the

5806:

states of Kentucky and Missouri). During the First Battle of Bull Run, (

4291:

Davis and Stephens were elected president and vice president, unopposed

3687: 3070:

Recruitment poster: "Do not wait to be drafted". Under half re-enlisted.

2659: 2463: 16637: 15512: 15274: 14475: 14470: 13615: 13323: 13266: 13219: 13114: 12754: 12402: 12314: 12099: 12037: 11589: 11530: 11260:

Civil War and Agrarian Unrest: The Confederate South and Southern Italy

9623: 9588: 7384: 7281:(2022) that the Confederacy's failure to raise adequate revenue led to 7216: 7139: 7135: 7036: 7024: 5923: 5861: 5367: 5355: 5298: 4938: 4695: 4248: 2964:

The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches:

1954:

Evolution of the Confederate States between December 1860 and July 1870

1950: 1867: 1803: 1124: 19:"Confederate States" redirects here. For the system of government, see 13199:

The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America

12940:

Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line

12063:

Ramsdell, "The Confederate Government and the Railroads", pp. 809–810.

11756:

History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online

7348:

tended to be narrowly state-based, "negative, carping and petty". The

7019:. The Secession Convention of Southern Churches was held here in 1861. 5944:

the far western territories were deserts. The southern reaches of the

5173:, also in Virginia, where it was also inspected before being sent on. 17715: 16917: 15901: 14084: 14030: 13594:

Owsley (1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy".

12791: 12614:"How the Confederate battle flag became an enduring symbol of racism" 11690:

before 1863 while memories of the votes on secession remained fresh."

9855:. New York and Washington, The Neale publishing company. p. 203. 5680: 5570: 5387: 5006: 4904: 4835: 4631: 4318:, as the Confederacy was defeated before the completion of his term. 4166: 3749: 3313: 2913: 2393: 1339: 956: 900: 376: 16984: 13818:

Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations

13628:

Rable (1994) 257. For a detailed criticism of Owsley's argument see

13607: 13315: 13258: 12915:

Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign

12029: 11581: 11535: 11505:"Records of District Courts of the United States, National Archives" 9580: 8137: 7973:

Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc

5503: 3544: 3411: 3006:

The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the

2948: 2926:

traders. But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by

1994:) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress. 15906: 14049:

Confederate States of America Collection at the Library of Congress

10547:

Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states

9838:. September 12, 1861. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com. 7520: 7516: 7369:, editor of the most influential newspaper in the Confederacy, the 7032: 5889: 5697: 5481: 4826: 4813: 2728: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2342: 1991: 1987: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1327: 1116: 998: 914: 364: 13245:

Dorris, J. T. (1928). "Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy".

12499:. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9784:. Volume II. Nashville: United States Publishing Company. p. 9668:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

9650:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

9457:"Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]" 2330: 270: Territorial claims made and under partial control for a time 13139:

W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy."

9113: 7940:

Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization

7059: 6947: 4844: 3473:). Lee's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD, then Union 2756: 2672:

Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary

2389: 2010: 1318:

would continue to support white supremacist policies such as the

942: 928: 392: 13155:

W. Harrison Daniel, "The Southern Baptists in the Confederacy."

12330:

Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872

11163:

Last Flag Down: The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship

10645:

37th Congress, 3rd Session, Senate Bill S.531, February 14, 1863

9881: 7080:

Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America

6636:

The cities of the Confederacy included (by size of population):

4031: 3932: 3126:

army furloughs, churches, schools, apothecaries and newspapers.

3018:(including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but some such as 2337:, a Cherokee secessionist and Confederate Representative in the 1193:

in 1860, the southern states were convinced their slavery-based

16704:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

13210:

Sidney J. Romero, "Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army".

11648: 9852:

The public life and diplomatic correspondence of James M. Mason

9103:, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia, 1978, pp. 478–493 7826: 7824: 7570:"Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–65" 5959: 5865: 5406: 3721:

fell immediately. Lee surrendered a remnant of 50,000 from the

2579:

and took them to Boston, an international episode known as the

2002: 12816:

Elliott, Claude (1947). "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861–1865".

11018:], but she was trapped and sunk in June by the chain-clad 7922: 7375:. Beyond the early honeymoon period, Davis was never popular. 4254:

Some historians have referred to the Confederacy as a form of

4165:

or being admitted to the Confederacy (for subsequent states);

3783: 3134:

appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly.

2921:

led to Congress abolishing the Ranger service two years later.

2773:

Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War

11796:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

9088:

West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free

7542:

equestrian statue at the Virginia Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

7055:

was very high and chaplains played a major role in the Army.

5972: 5378: 2801:

The Confederacy's biggest foreign policy successes were with

1026: 14426: 13126:

Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army."

13109:

Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan, eds.

12449: 12447: 10549:(bottom of page); Department of War details to States (top). 9385:

Blumenthal (1966) p. 151; Jones (2009) p. 321; Owsley (1959)

8506:

The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem

8163:

Ogorzalek, Thomas; Piston, Spencer; Strother, Logan (2017).

7821: 3026:

but did not serve in the Army) had little or no experience.

14016: 11727:

Blacks in the United States Army: Portraits Through History

5952:. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was 5512: 5070:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

3775:

List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy

3595:. Robert E. Lee's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at 3319:

General Burnside halted at the bridge. Battle of Antietam (

3249:

had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship,

2680:

of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister

13984:, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner 13664:"The Hidden Story of the North's Victory in the Civil War" 13629: 13168:

G. Clinton Prim. "Southern Methodism in the Confederacy".

8778:

Crofts pp. 337–338, quoting the North Carolina politician

7916: 3717:. When the Union broke through Lee's lines at Petersburg, 2281:

in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a

12444: 11964:

Tariff of the Confederate States of America, May 21, 1861

11493: 11491: 11013: 8947:

Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States

7421:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

7289:, despite the prowess of its military leadership such as 7153:

The U.S. government began a decade-long process known as

1718:

A consensus of historians who address the origins of the

13363:

Nichols, "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".

13340:

The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865 – December 1870

12955:

Two-thirds of soldiers' deaths occurred due to disease.

10521:

A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States

10051:, pp. 287–288. The principal ports on the Atlantic were 9542:

American foreign relations: A history, to 1920: Volume 1

9090:, History Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2011, p. 28 8319: 7958:

History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South, volume 1

7739:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 55. 7646:. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. p. 1,2. 5983:. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed 4775:

of Mississippi, December 23–24, 1861 and January 6, 1862

3709:

The Confederacy's last remaining blockade-running port,

2747:

establishment of independence. These observers included

13695:

The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics

13651:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 64–83, 424–457. 11296:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

10733:, p. 354. Federal sea-based amphibious forces captured 9910:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

8439:

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies

8162: 4769:

of Virginia, December 10–21, 1861 and January 7–8, 1862

3403:, (Monitor and Merrimac) nearby destroyed Union warship 2292:

Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by counties in

1826:

Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were

13183:

Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church

12219:"1861 O 50C MS Seated Liberty Half Dollars | NGC" 11488: 11160: 5436:

Passers-by abused the bodies of Union supporters near

4214:

Constitution, like the U.S. Constitution, contained a

18270: 14033:– numerous online text, image, and audio collections. 13989:

The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared

13799: 13797: 13563: 13042:

Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia

13019:"Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States" 10592:, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, 2nd ed., p. 130 8136:

Strother, Logan; Piston, Spencer; Ogorzalek, Thomas.

7473:

List of treaties of the Confederate States of America

7258: 7027:. Both free and enslaved populations identified with 3637:

ended Confederate operations in the western theater.

2836:

Confederate States Army § Morale and motivations

2539:, which served as their headquarters for eight days. 2162:

Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson:

13995:

Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution

13445:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. xix. 11658:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 11545:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 11228:

A Short History of the Confederate States of America

9777: 9322:

Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years

9164:, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 4, 2012. 7970: 6990:

Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War

4738:

functioned as the Confederacy's legislative branch.

2590:

for the Confederacy, much less military assistance.

1817:

Confederate forces bombarded the Union's Fort Sumter

1714:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

18355:

Former regions and territories of the United States

11771:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

9400:

James Murray Mason : defender of the old South

9121:"Background of the Confederate States Constitution" 8733: 8662:"Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States" 8135: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7066:split, with much of the new leadership provided by 6010:

Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.

2296:were checked by martial law. Although slaveholding 1314:. Advocates sought to ensure future generations of 1209:wanted to maintain their loyalty to the Union. The 18114: 13794: 13692: 12884: 12647:Noe, Kenneth W.; Wilson, Shannon H., eds. (1997). 12623: 11543:"U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy (1893)" 10916:(2nd ed.). Univ. of Kentucky Press. pp. 10540: 9885:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction 9683:. An example of agents working openly occurred in 8112:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 8074:Short History of the Confederate States of America 7964: 7885: 7799:This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War 7796: 4755:Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress 3701:were defeated or disbanding. At the February 1865 3602:September and November left Confederates yielding 3276:) in Virginia July and in August, Wilson's Creek ( 3171:military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston 2171:The order of secession resolutions and dates are: 11936: 11851: 10887:found at "The Angle" of the Battle of Gettysburg. 10668:fell with a small army. By the end of the month, 9882:Michael Perman; Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. (2010). 8313: 7927:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21,27. 7222: 3361:by a combined Army-Navy force under U.S. Admiral 2535:surrender. Davis and most of his cabinet fled to 2494:and dubbed the "last Capitol of the Confederacy". 1929:) that primarily stayed in Union control, though 1764:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, 18306: 16390:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 13972:Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms 13634:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 443–457. 12526:Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South 12361: 12163: 11977:American Civil War: Naval & Economic Warfare 11878: 11723: 8805:"South Carolina documents including signatories" 8544: 7951: 7949: 7937: 7696: 7694: 7557: 4750:of Georgia, February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862 4283:, President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865 3265:Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops 3152:Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863 1966:The Confederacy expanded in May–July 1861 (with 1224:The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the 1131:and warred against the United States during the 17240: 14063:Works by or about Confederate States of America 13336: 12528:. U of North Carolina Press. pp. 273–280. 11382: 11380: 9510: 9345: 9155:Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War 8740:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 42–43. 8614: 8169:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8108: 7960:. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 784. 7728: 7726: 5670: 5420:Confederate railroads in the American Civil War 5216:severely limited by a domestic passport system. 3693:Appomattox Courthouse, site of "The Surrender". 3649:The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal 3614:to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee's army at 3260:1861, General Beauregard forced its surrender. 1217:and states under its control were known as the 23:. For a list of confederate nation states, see 16:Unrecognized state in North America (1861–1865) 16214:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 12611: 12343:McCurry, Stephanie (2011). "Bread or Blood!". 11283: 10811:Web Archives. In both events, as with the CSS 10209: 9116:. Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas. 8435: 7955: 7891: 7253: 4804:Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress 4295:. They were inaugurated on February 22, 1862. 4268:President of the Confederate States of America 2991:, where South Carolina state militia besieged 2364:as the new territorial governor. They won the 2322:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War 18385:States and territories disestablished in 1865 18100: 17680: 17226: 16970: 16766: 14100: 14076: 13810: 13686: 13684: 13437: 13426:Interpreting American History: Reconstruction 12949: 11474: 11251: 10753:fell and Savannah, Georgia was closed by the 10616:General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse, 9748:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 124. 9318: 7946: 7931: 7691: 6599: 4321: 4307:, a power also held by some state governors. 1682: 1332:modern display of the Confederate battle flag 82:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 13969:Civil War Research & Discussion Group – 13761:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 13290:, December 25, 1868. Accessed July 18, 2014. 12964:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 12811: 12809: 12550:The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 11997:Hankey, John P. (2011). "The Railroad War". 11773:. New York: Knopf. pp. 30–36, 105–166. 11377: 11289: 10833:was purchased and converted to the ironclad 10712: 10710: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10173:The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865 10122:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 9325:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 151. 9218:Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War 9135:General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse 8706: 8590:The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848–1861 8531:"1860 Presidential General Election Results" 8509:. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–27. 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8129: 7723: 7411:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America 7356: 7111: 5233:Economy of the Confederate States of America 4635:Davis's cabinet in 1861, Montgomery, Alabama 4328:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America 4158:Statehood date is the date of ratifying the 3978: 3450:'s ironclads from Savannah in 1862 with the 2522:, was chosen for the interim capital at the 14004:and other Civil War documents owned by the 13574:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 12597:National Flags". Retrieved October 4, 2012. 11203:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 11095:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 967. 10680:(naval Fort Pillow), but they withdrew and 10213:The Black Experience in the Civil War South 9799: 9699:The American Catholic Historical Researches 9671:. University of South Carolina Press, 1991 9114:"Marx and Engels on the American Civil War" 8575:The Confederate States of America 1861–1865 8050:"Industry and Economy during the Civil War" 7640: 7468:List of Confederate monuments and memorials 5860:were widespread in the mountain regions of 5559: 5270:concept was promoted within certain circles 3796: 1768:. This had kept a sectional balance in the 1226:South Carolina militia attacked Fort Sumter 18390:States and territories established in 1861 18107: 18093: 17687: 17673: 17233: 17219: 16977: 16963: 16773: 16759: 14107: 14093: 13681: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12391:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 12237:"Confederate Coinage: A Short-lived Dream" 11185:United States Government Printing Office, 9648:(2001) vol. 1 p. 202 and Stephen R. Wise, 8102: 7761: 7618:Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History 7572:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 5715:Flags of the Confederate States of America 5710:Flags of the Confederate States of America 5152:to the position of Postmaster General, by 5034:Texas-East William Pinckney Hill 1861–1865 3785:State flags, statehood and territory dates 3763: 2829: 2326:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 1889:The new provisional Confederate President 1689: 1675: 249: 14006:Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library 13918:Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., 13699:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 12806: 12646: 11943:. U. of Georgia Press. pp. 105–109. 11793: 10910:Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1993). 10909: 10707: 10687: 9819: 9817: 9743: 9601: 9201:"The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory" 9153:Freedmen & Southern Society Project, 8413: 8180: 8115:. Harvard University Press. p. 259. 7923:Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007). 7852: 7794: 7788: 7636: 7634: 7463:List of Confederate arsenals and armories 7442:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America 5413: 3427:, location of the only cruiser engagement 2944:Military forces of the Confederate States 2469:The second Capitol of the Confederacy in 290: Contested Native American territory 36:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America 14303:Treatment of slaves in the United States 14031:DocSouth: Documenting the American South 13816:Fred A. Bailey, "E. Merton Coulter", in 13646: 13051:Rows may not add to 100% due to rounding 12918:. Indiana University Press. p. 28. 12775: 12723: 12661: 12327: 12015: 12005:(3). Kalmbach Publishing Company: 24–35. 11990: 11882:Encyclopedia of African American History 11855:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War 11625: 11604: 11257: 11197:This article incorporates text from the 10514: 9430: 9045:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, p. 49 8326:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 7700: 7196: 7100: 7092:Presbyterian Church in the United States 7064:Presbyterian Church in the United States 7051:were fully ensured by Confederate laws. 7007: 6603: 5958: 5909: 5843: 5791: 5674: 5569: 5502: 5487: 5431: 5423: 5377: 5359:considerations apart from productivity. 4694: 4630: 4275: 3572:ended trade with the Confederate states. 3108: 3065: 2947: 2874: 2593:The Confederates who had believed that " 2478: 2452:The first Capitol of the Confederacy in 2329: 1949: 1920: 1866: 1798:. His victory triggered declarations of 18320:1865 disestablishments in North America 18223:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 16046:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 14218:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 13723: 13647:Beringer, Richard; et al. (1986). 13546:"Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice" 13395: 13374: 13299: 12988:"1860 Census of Population and Housing" 12815: 12740: 12600: 12415: 12388: 12342: 12300: 12085: 12044: 11808: 11768: 11567: 11040:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage 10802:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage 9646:Encyclopedia of American foreign policy 9023:North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession 8793:South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession 8610: 8608: 8572: 8041: 8022:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). 7732: 7478:List of historical separatist movements 7416:Commemoration of the American Civil War 7082:, which had reluctantly split from the 5956:in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,670 m). 4687:Provisional Confederate States Congress 4173:was organized by the Confederate States 3661:in North Carolina, and Sherman finally 3550:Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. 3337:Burying Union dead. Antietam, Maryland. 3105:Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864 2130:and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an 1338:, when the battle flag was used by the 1284:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 18330:Anti-black racism in the United States 18307: 16031:Modern display of the Confederate flag 14114: 13959:Bibliography of the American Civil War 13868: 13783: 13593: 13569: 13497:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 13490: 13465: 13244: 12587:Brief History of the Confederate Flags 12566:Brief History of the Confederate Flags 12523: 12285: 12190: 12136: 11996: 11386: 9814: 9805: 9566: 9182: 8710:Sketches from the Five States of Texas 8340:from the original on September 5, 2015 8257: 8021: 7803:. Oxford University Press US. p. 7767: 7631: 7458:List of Confederate arms manufacturers 7078:. Elites in the southeast favored the 5593: 5373: 4189:Constitution of the Confederate States 3768: 3748:, surrendered on November 6, 1865, in 3513: 2995:in Charleston harbor, held by a small 18365:History of the Southern United States 18350:Former countries of the United States 18228:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 18088: 17948:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready 17668: 17214: 16958: 16754: 16249: 15638: 15202: 14425: 14228:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 14126: 14088: 14075: 14024:Photographic History of the Civil War 13758: 13690: 13661: 13470:. Stackpole Books. pp. 155–159. 12911: 12882: 12696: 12492: 12477: 12462: 11708: 11628:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 11607:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 11161:John Baldwin; Ron Powers (May 2008). 11090: 10017:, p. 286. After capture by Federals, 9848: 9451: 9394: 9388: 8638:, George Knapp & Co., 1861, p. 47 8502: 8203: 8070: 8047: 7942:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214. 7858: 7448:History of the Southern United States 6684:New Orleans in the American Civil War 5938: 5494:Confederate States of America dollars 5037:Texas-West Thomas J. Devine 1861–1865 4742:President of the Provisional Congress 4210:of slaves among slaveholding states. 3977: 3795: 2221:(February 1; referendum February 23) 1842:, Southern and Northern nationalism, 1661:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 18400:White supremacy in the United States 18315:1861 establishments in North America 17648: 13873:. Louisiana State University Press. 13596:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13428:(Kent State University Press, 2016). 13247:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12956: 12857: 12842: 12266: 11752:"African Americans In The Civil War" 10588:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, 9054:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, 8827:Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession 8713:. Texas A&M UP. pp. 27–28. 8605: 7774:. Harper Collins. pp. 256–257. 6710:Charleston in the American Civil War 5833: 5284: 4957: 4782:Sessions of the Confederate Congress 4724: 3568:Closing of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The 3477:offensive was disastrously ended at 3359:New Orleans was captured on April 29 2850: 1726:was the principal aim of the eleven 1322:through activities such as building 42: 18244:2012 U.S. state secession petitions 17716:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain 16385:Committee on the Conduct of the War 16061:United Daughters of the Confederacy 13784:Donald, David Herbert, ed. (1996). 13111:Religion and the American Civil War 12612:Erin Blakemore (January 12, 2021). 12197:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 41. 11165:. Three Rivers Press. p. 368. 11093:The Civil War, a narrative: Vol III 11049:Web Archives, in 1863 the ironclad 10942:"The Civil War Comes to Charleston" 9746:Three Months in the Southern States 7736:The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy 6850:Nashville in the American Civil War 5474: 4763:of South Carolina, February 4, 1861 4734:For the first year, the unicameral 3497:argues that 1862 was the strategic 3299: 2901:there remained in place during the 2777:Three Months in the Southern States 2248:(April 17; referendum May 23, 1861) 2043:houses of Congress to accept them. 1722:agree that the preservation of the 1296:United Daughters of the Confederacy 424:constitutional republic (1862–1865) 13: 18370:Politics of the American Civil War 16455:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 16250: 15794:impeachment managers investigation 14173:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 13952: 13343:. Louisiana State UP. p. 96. 12730:. New York, The Macmillan company. 12703:. Univ. of Pittsburgh. p. 8. 12478:Frank, Lisa Tendrich, ed. (2008). 10885:High-water mark of the Confederacy 10819:, and his successor and Commodore 10452:The Confederates States of America 9825:"Spain and the Confederate States" 9778:Richardson, James D., ed. (1905). 9439:University of North Carolina Press 9003:Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession 8907:Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession 8587: 8298:from the original on April 7, 2023 8003:from the original on April 1, 2010 7588:"Reaction to the Fall of Richmond" 6736:Richmond in the American Civil War 5201: 4662:Back row, standing left to right: 4204:ban on international slave-trading 3189: 2567:. The Confederate government sent 2103:Confederate government of Kentucky 1571:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1427:End of slavery in British colonies 14: 18411: 18254:List of state partition proposals 15880:Reconstruction military districts 14328:Abolitionism in the United States 14283:Plantations in the American South 14198:Origins of the American Civil War 13963: 13895:The Confederate States of America 13805:The Confederate States of America 13550:LII / Legal Information Institute 13525:LII / Legal Information Institute 12818:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 12255:The Confederate States of America 12124:, (February 2006) 45#1 pp. 30–36 11372:The Confederate States of America 11359:The Confederate States of America 11346:The Confederate States of America 11333:The Confederate States of America 11134:The Confederate States of America 11121:The Confederate States of America 11066:The Confederate States of America 11036:The Confederate States of America 11002:The Confederate States of America 10989:The Confederate States of America 10976:The Confederate States of America 10963:The Confederate States of America 10872:The Confederate States of America 10859:The Confederate States of America 10798:The Confederate States of America 10785:The Confederate States of America 10772:The Confederate States of America 10759:The Confederate States of America 10731:The Confederate States of America 10603:The Confederate States of America 10560:The Confederate States of America 10478:The Confederate States of America 10465:The Confederate States of America 10439:The Confederate States of America 10426:The Confederate States of America 10413:The Confederate States of America 10400:The Confederate States of America 10387:The Confederate States of America 10374:The Confederate States of America 10361:The Confederate States of America 10348:The Confederate States of America 10319:The Confederate States of America 10282:The Confederate States of America 10269:The Confederate States of America 10256:The Confederate States of America 10109:The Confederate States of America 10091:The Confederate States of America 10074:The Confederate States of America 10049:The Confederate States of America 10036:The Confederate States of America 10015:The Confederate States of America 10002:The Confederate States of America 9989:The Confederate States of America 9976:The Confederate States of America 9963:The Confederate States of America 9923:The Confederate States of America 9307:The Confederate States of America 9281:The Confederate States of America 9268:The Confederate States of America 8959:Virginia's Ordinance of Secession 8688:Missouri's Ordinance of Secession 7865:A Companion to the American South 7771:The Confederate Nation: 1861–1865 7515:Population values do not include 7076:Methodist Episcopal Church, South 6964:Atlanta in the American Civil War 5884:. Union forces captured parts of 5703: 4773:Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell 3644: 3061: 2225:Inauguration of President Lincoln 1913:in April 1861, Lincoln called up 1708:Origins of the American Civil War 1560:The Impending Crisis of the South 1402:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 415:of independent states (1861–1862) 18395:White supremacy in North America 18340:Federal constitutional republics 18292: 18280: 18185:Northwest Territorial Imperative 18069: 18068: 18049:Provisional Government of Hawaii 17930:Provisional Government of Oregon 17849:Provisional Government of Mexico 17647: 17636: 17635: 17403: 17019: 16870: 16734: 16725: 16724: 15863:Enforcement Act of February 1871 15836:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 13887: 13862: 13849: 13836: 13823: 13777: 13767: 13752: 13717: 13655: 13649:Why the South Lost the Civil War 13639: 13632:Why the South Lost the Civil War 13622: 13587: 13578: 13538: 13513: 13484: 13459: 13431: 13418: 13398:American Bar Association Journal 13377:American Bar Association Journal 13366: 13357: 13330: 13293: 13273: 13238: 13225: 13204: 13191: 13175: 13162: 13149: 13141:North Carolina Historical Review 13133: 13120: 13103: 13094: 13073: 13054: 13045: 13036: 13011: 13002: 12980: 12932: 12905: 12891:. University Press of Virginia. 12876: 12851: 12836: 12769: 12734: 12717: 12690: 12655: 12640: 12579: 12555: 12542: 12517: 12486: 12471: 12456: 12409: 12382: 12355: 12336: 12321: 12294: 12279: 12260: 12247: 12229: 12211: 12184: 12166:Explorations in Economic History 12157: 12143:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 378. 12130: 12120:Keith Miller, "Southern Horse", 12114: 12079: 12076:, (April 2010), 74#2 pp. 357–377 12066: 12057: 12009: 11969: 11957: 11930: 11921: 11908: 11899: 11872: 11845: 11832: 11823: 11802: 11794:Vorenberg, Michael, ed. (2010). 11787: 11762: 11744: 11717: 11702: 11693: 11683: 11674: 11656:"Confederate States Post Office" 11596: 11561: 11519: 11497: 11448: 11435: 11422: 11409: 11364: 11351: 11338: 11325: 11242: 11219: 11210: 11190: 11179: 11139: 11126: 11113: 11084: 11071: 11058: 11028: 10994: 10981: 10968: 10955: 10934: 10903: 10890: 10877: 10864: 10851: 10790: 10777: 10764: 10723: 10650: 10629: 10608: 10595: 10582: 10565: 10552: 10508: 10492: 10483: 10470: 10457: 10444: 10431: 10418: 10405: 10392: 10379: 10366: 10353: 10340: 10311: 10274: 10261: 10248: 10239: 10230: 10203: 10178: 10165: 10152: 10127: 10114: 10101: 10083: 10066: 10041: 10028: 10007: 9994: 9981: 9968: 9955: 9928: 9915: 9902: 9875: 9859: 9842: 9771: 9762: 9737: 9728: 9719: 9706: 9690: 9659: 9638: 9595: 9560: 9547: 9534: 8983:Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession 8887:Georgia's Ordinance of Secession 8867:Alabama's Ordinance of Secession 8847:Florida's Ordinance of Secession 8615:James W. Loewen (July 1, 2015). 8204:Woods, M. E. (August 20, 2012). 7892:McMurtry-Chubb, Teri A. (2021). 7530: 7313: 7298: 5778: 5764: 5749: 5734: 5719: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5327: 5313: 5128: 5112: 5092: 5076: 4988:1861, Edward J. Harden 1861–1865 4913: 4897: 4881: 4865: 4736:Provisional Confederate Congress 4103: 4082: 4069: 4056: 4043: 4030: 4017: 4004: 3991: 3944: 3931: 3910: 3897: 3876: 3863: 3842: 3829: 3808: 3686: 3672: 3561: 3543: 3475:Major General Ambrose Burnside's 3410: 3388: 3379:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company 3330: 3312: 3227: 3209: 3158: 3139: 2981:Provisional Confederate Congress 2658: 2646: 2462: 2445: 2066: 2054: 1059: 1045: 1031: 1017: 1003: 989: 975: 961: 947: 933: 919: 905: 891: 866: 852: 836: 822: 808: 794: 780: 766: 752: 738: 724: 708: 594:Battle of Appomattox Court House 235: 216: 199: 154: 130: 123: 62:to read and navigate comfortably 47: 18375:Separatism in the United States 18213:Mississippi Secession Ordinance 16648:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 16510:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 16071:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14017:University of Georgia Libraries 13786:Why the North Won the Civil War 13572:State Rights in the Confederacy 12962:"Statistics on the War's Costs" 12912:Evans, David (March 22, 1999). 12480:Women in the American Civil War 12286:Massey, Mary Elizabeth (1952). 11458:. Albanylaw.edu. Archived from 11079:Refugee Life in the Confederacy 9604:The Journal of Economic History 9569:The Journal of Southern History 9504: 9479: 9445: 9437:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 9424: 9379: 9366: 9356: 9339: 9312: 9299: 9286: 9273: 9260: 9247: 9237: 9223: 9210: 9193: 9176: 9167: 9147: 9127: 9106: 9093: 9080: 9061: 9048: 9035: 9015: 8995: 8975: 8970:Restored government of Virginia 8951: 8939: 8919: 8899: 8879: 8859: 8839: 8819: 8785: 8772: 8763: 8754: 8727: 8700: 8686:Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, 8680: 8654: 8641: 8629: 8596: 8581: 8566: 8523: 8496: 8487: 8478: 8469: 8464:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 8456: 8429: 8400: 8378: 8365: 8352: 8251: 8238: 8197: 8156: 8089: 8064: 8015: 7979: 7898:. Lexington Books. p. 31. 7832:"Confederate States of America" 7701:Tikkanen, Amy (June 17, 2020). 7668:Why the North Won the Civil War 7488:National Civil War Naval Museum 7406:American Civil War prison camps 5990: 5683:at Natchez City Cemetery is in 4182: 3663:took Charleston, South Carolina 3434:During the Civil War fleets of 3098: 2937: 2490:was the temporary residence of 1326:and influencing the authors of 1095:), commonly referred to as the 64:. When this tag was added, its 18116:Secession in the United States 15751:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 12946:. Retrieved December 27, 2022. 12018:The American Historical Review 11570:The American Historical Review 9808:The Fall of the House of Dixie 9520:. A&C Black. p. 144. 9431:Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933). 9216:Laurence M. Between Hauptman, 9068:The Civil War in West Virginia 7673: 7660: 7650: 7606: 7580: 7509: 7500: 7224:Sprott v. United States (1874) 7090:belonging to the 1861-founded 7049:separation of church and state 5063: 4680: 3657:. The Union Blockade captured 3238:), the North's "Big Skedaddle" 2311: 2017:Southern Democrats had chosen 1958:Secessionists argued that the 1496: 1191:President of the United States 1: 18360:Former unrecognized countries 18335:Confederate States of America 18203:Confederate States of America 17960:Confederate States of America 16166:Ladies' Memorial Associations 15868:Enforcement Act of April 1871 15764:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 15639: 13915:, New York: Bison Books, 1983 13759:Moore, Albert Burton (1924). 13662:Foner, Eric (March 8, 2022). 13466:Murray, Robert Bruce (2003). 13443:The American South: a history 12990:. Census.gov. January 7, 2009 12328:Thompson, C. Mildred (1915). 12194:The Language of the Civil War 10800:, pp. 287, 306, 302, 306 and 10175:, op. cit., pp. 313–315, 318. 9434:Plantation slavery in Georgia 9408:University of Tennessee Press 9183:Farish, Thomas Edwin (1915). 8927:Texas' Ordinance of Secession 8320:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 7971:Charles Daniel Drake (1864). 7550: 7353:by the Davis administration. 7107:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 6005: 3737:post-surrender insurgency or 3610:to take Savannah and Grant's 2603:World Anti-Slavery Convention 1915:75,000 of the states' militia 1802:by seven slave states of the 1334:primarily started during the 1199:secede from the United States 1197:was threatened, and began to 1089:Confederate States of America 109:Confederate States of America 18380:Slavery in the United States 17954:The Kingdom of Beaver Island 16299:Confederate revolving cannon 16041:Sons of Confederate Veterans 15912:South Carolina riots of 1876 15890:Indian Council at Fort Smith 15841:South Carolina riots of 1876 15806:Knights of the White Camelia 14298:Slavery in the United States 14056:Confederate Veteran Magazine 13468:Legal Cases of the Civil War 12364:Georgia Historical Quarterly 10749:, North Carolina. In April, 9810:. Random House. p. 248. 8734:Wilfred Buck Yearns (2010). 7795:McPherson, James M. (2007). 7453:Knights of the Golden Circle 7379:oppression, preventing the " 7372:Richmond (Virginia) Examiner 7161:which outlawed slavery; the 5933: 5671:Effect on women and families 5453:to await freight cars and a 4261: 3489:'s invasion of Kentucky and 3220:, Charleston, South Carolina 2542: 1862: 1535:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 1497:Secession of Southern states 1350:used it for demonstrations. 1300:Sons of Confederate Veterans 262: The Confederate States 29:Confederacy (disambiguation) 7: 17242:Confederate States senators 16945:Organized January 18, 1862. 16781:Political divisions of the 16653:New York City riots of 1863 16478:Battle Hymn of the Republic 16229:United Confederate Veterans 16066:Children of the Confederacy 16056:United Confederate Veterans 16051:Southern Historical Society 15203: 14683:Price's Missouri Expedition 14153:Timeline leading to the War 14127: 13499:. Bloomsbury. p. 649. 13128:Journal of Church and State 12883:Neely, Mark E. Jr. (1999). 12779:Journal of Southern History 12724:McGregor, James C. (1922). 12493:Faust, Drew Gilpin (1996). 12463:Ezell, John Samuel (1963). 12137:Cooper, William J. (2010). 12074:Journal of Military History 11812:Journal of Southern History 11711:Southern Negroes, 1861–1865 11387:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). 9941:. Oxford U.P. p. 152. 9867:Journal of Southern History 9517:Gladstone: God and Politics 9374:Canadian Journal of History 8573:Coulter, E. Merton (1950). 8211:Journal of American History 7863:. In Boles, John B. (ed.). 7398: 7254:Theories regarding downfall 7118:Pardons for ex-Confederates 7086:in 1861. Other elites were 7072:Southern Baptist Convention 7023:The CSA was overwhelmingly 7013:St. John's Episcopal Church 6997: 4858: 4691:Confederate States Congress 4236:Necessary and Proper Clause 3679:Armory, Richmond, Virginia. 3506:pushed Federal forces from 3036:Virginia Military Institute 2686:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2436: 2235:President Lincoln's call-up 1850:, and modernization in the 1530:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 1374:End of Atlantic slave trade 1266:Confederate States Congress 1228:. Four slave states of the 620:Debellation and dissolution 74:content into sub-articles, 10: 18416: 17924:Republic of the Rio Grande 16621:Confederate Secret Service 16209:Grand Army of the Republic 16101:Grand Army of the Republic 15919:Southern Claims Commission 13956: 13904: 13441:; Terrill, Tom E. (2009). 13303:American Historical Review 13286:November 22, 2017, at the 12727:The Disruption of Virginia 12697:Curry, Richard O. (1964). 12592:February 24, 2021, at the 12571:February 24, 2021, at the 12453:Paskoff, "Measures of War" 11937:Thomas Conn Bryan (2009). 11858:. Oxford Up. p. 291. 11852:William L. Barney (2011). 11709:Wiley, Bell Irvin (1938). 11527:American Historical Review 11264:Cambridge University Press 11145:The French-built ironclad 10577:. Vol. 5. p. 56. 9834:Charleston, South Carolina 9744:Fremantle, Arthur (1864). 8442:. Routledge. p. 150. 8097:United States Constitution 7975:. p. 219,220,222,241. 7666:David Herbert Donald, ed. 7592:American Battlefield Trust 7285:and being unable to win a 7115: 7104: 7004:Christian views on slavery 7001: 6600:Rural and urban population 6009: 5994: 5837: 5707: 5679:This Confederate memorial 5647:Rail bridge, Petersburg VA 5563: 5417: 5405:The Confederacy adopted a 5230: 5226: 5219: 5196:surviving Confederate mail 5067: 4684: 4637:Front row, left to right: 4325: 4322:Administration and cabinet 4265: 4186: 3772: 3711:Wilmington, North Carolina 3608:Sherman's March to the Sea 3517: 3102: 2989:Charleston, South Carolina 2979:On February 28, 1861, the 2941: 2833: 2315: 2262:(May 7; referendum June 8) 2231:Bombardment of Fort Sumter 1960:United States Constitution 1821:Charleston, South Carolina 1796:1860 presidential election 1711: 1705: 1701: 1617:Recapture of Anthony Burns 1487:1860 presidential election 1462:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1336:1948 presidential election 1306:of the 1950s and 1960s in 1278:After the war, during the 33: 18: 18236: 18195: 18122: 18064: 17906:Republic of Indian Stream 17711: 17630: 17531: 17412: 17401: 17248: 17171: 17152: 17133: 17090: 17061:Secretary of the Treasury 17059: 17028: 17017: 17000: 16934: 16916: 16879: 16868: 16790: 16720: 16696: 16609:Confederate States dollar 16581: 16523: 16468: 16420:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 16415:Emancipation Proclamation 16377: 16309:Medal of Honor recipients 16266: 16262: 16245: 16197:Confederate Memorial Hall 16179: 16158: 16116: 16088: 16079: 15999:Confederate Memorial Hall 15972:Confederate History Month 15952:Civil War Discovery Trail 15932: 15853:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 15684: 15659:Reconstruction Amendments 15649: 15645: 15634: 15556: 15425: 15418: 15358: 15222: 15215: 15211: 15198: 15140: 14887: 14880: 14711: 14567: 14526: 14494: 14461: 14454: 14450: 14421: 14318: 14268:Emancipation Proclamation 14236: 14137: 14133: 14122: 14082: 14077:Links to related articles 13924:Stanford University Press 13570:Owsley, Frank L. (1925). 13521:"SPROTT v. UNITED STATES" 13066:October 11, 2014, at the 12862:. LSU Press. p. 83. 12269:Alabama Heritage Magazine 12140:Jefferson Davis, American 12052:Ersatz in the Confederacy 11885:. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. 11879:Leslie Alexander (2010). 11769:Litwack, Leon F. (1979). 11730:. McFarland. p. 13. 11724:Martha S. Putney (2003). 11485:. Retrieved July 6, 2018. 11258:Dal Lago, Enrico (2018). 9616:10.1017/S0022050700044946 9472:Frederick Douglass' Paper 9160:October 11, 2007, at the 9099:Leonard, Cynthia Miller, 9073:October 15, 2004, at the 9028:October 12, 2007, at the 9008:October 12, 2007, at the 8988:October 12, 2007, at the 8964:October 12, 2007, at the 8932:October 12, 2007, at the 8912:October 12, 2007, at the 8892:October 12, 2007, at the 8872:October 12, 2007, at the 8852:October 12, 2007, at the 8832:October 12, 2007, at the 8798:October 12, 2007, at the 8693:October 12, 2007, at the 8394:December 4, 2011, at the 8258:Loewen, James W. (2011). 8182:10.1017/S1742058X17000017 8077:. Belford co. p. 503 8071:Davis, Jefferson (1890). 7987:"Learn – Civil War Trust" 7938:John T. Ishiyama (2011). 7867:. John Wiley & Sons. 7768:Thomas, Emory M. (1979). 7733:Hubbard, Charles (2000). 7431:Confederate Patent Office 7183:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7112:Amnesty and treason issue 7029:evangelical Protestantism 6969: 6943: 6921: 6899: 6877: 6855: 6829: 6807: 6785: 6763: 6741: 6715: 6689: 6663: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6610:A Home on the Mississippi 6578: 6564: 6550: 6536: 6522: 6508: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6442: 6410: 6378: 6346: 6314: 6282: 6250: 6218: 6186: 6154: 6122: 6090: 6081: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6015:1860 United States Census 5969:humid subtropical climate 5611:Potters House, Atlanta GA 5574:Richmond bread riot, 1863 5291:1860 United States census 5263:Emancipation Proclamation 5256:1860 United States census 5237: 4578: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4473: 4469: 4432:Secretary of the Treasury 4430: 4426: 4387: 4383: 4364: 4345: 4155: 3984: 3973: 3802: 3791: 3782: 3723:Army of Northern Virginia 3593:New York City draft riots 2824: 2697:Emancipation Proclamation 2306:Army of Northern Virginia 2147:Emancipation Proclamation 2115:constitutional convention 2037: 1566:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 1541:American Slavery As It Is 1075: 687: 674:Confederate States dollar 666: 662: 652: 642: 638: 633: 629: 616: 603: 590: 575: 560: 547: 543: 533: 516: 501: 491: 487: 475: 471: 461: 457: 445: 441: 431: 405: 391: 357: 341: 309: 299: 248: 189: 184:Under God, our Vindicator 174: 119: 114: 107: 17868:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 17843:Second Republic of Texas 17837:Republic of the Floridas 17825:Republic of East Florida 17819:Republic of West Florida 17783:United States of America 17727:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 17703:within the contemporary 16683:U.S. Sanitary Commission 16594:Battlefield preservation 16500:Marching Through Georgia 16425:Hampton Roads Conference 16400:Confiscation Act of 1862 16395:Confiscation Act of 1861 16171:U.S. national cemeteries 15977:Confederate Memorial Day 15962:Civil War Trails Program 15831:New Orleans riot of 1866 13491:Zuczek, Richard (2006). 13337:Jefferson Davis (2008). 12191:Wright, John D. (2001). 11699:Neely (1993) pp. 11, 16. 10913:West Virginia, A History 10590:West Virginia, A History 10216:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. 9888:. Cengage. p. 178. 9849:Mason, Virginia (1906). 9725:"Thomas1979" pp. 219–221 9540:Thomas Paterson, et al. 9465:. p. 4 – via 9346:Abraham Lincoln (1920). 9207:(2013) 59#3 pp. 279–319. 9056:West Virginia, A History 8737:The Confederate Congress 8647:Eugene Morrow Violette, 8552:"Reluctant Confederates" 8109:David W. Blight (2009). 7861:"The Plantation Economy" 7494: 7259:"Died of states' rights" 5560:Food shortages and riots 5277:was carried out was the 5275:compensated emancipation 4810:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 4761:Robert Woodward Barnwell 4671:Illustration printed in 3979:(listed chronologically) 3703:Hampton Roads Conference 3457:. Secretary of the Navy 2885:First Battle of Bull Run 2727:as special agent to the 2695:, Lincoln's preliminary 2410:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 2356:in the southern part of 1774:House of Representatives 1589:Trial of Reuben Crandall 1502:Peace Conference of 1861 1477:Caning of Charles Sumner 1260:, and enacted the first 1203:confederation government 551:Provisional constitution 527:House of Representatives 17831:First Republic of Texas 16604:Confederate war finance 16224:Southern Cross of Honor 16192:1938 Gettysburg reunion 16187:1913 Gettysburg reunion 15885:Reconstruction Treaties 15858:Enforcement Act of 1870 15741:Freedman's Savings Bank 14358:Lane Debates on Slavery 14183:Lincoln–Douglas debates 14011:April 29, 2012, at the 13920:Civil War High Commands 13493:"Texas v. White (1869)" 13115:excerpt and text search 12944:Warfare History Network 12649:Civil War in Appalachia 12548:Coulter, Ellis Merton. 12050:Mary Elizabeth Massey. 11529:12#1 (1906), pp. 66–74 11305:Oxford University Press 11077:Mary Elizabeth Massey, 10684:was captured downriver. 10210:Stephen V. Ash (2010). 10197:Mississippi Law Journal 9702:. 1901. pp. 27–28. 9644:Alexander DeConde, ed. 9352:. Century. p. 542. 8602:"Thomas1979" pp. 59, 81 8503:Coski, John M. (2005). 8436:John D. Wright (2013). 8264:OAH Magazine of History 8248:(2005) 51#3 pp. 317–324 8052:. National Park Service 8048:Arrington, Benjamin P. 7956:Dunbar Rowland (1925). 7859:Smith, Mark M. (2008). 7837:Encyclopædia Britannica 7707:Encyclopedia Britannica 7436:Confederate war finance 7350:1863 mid-term elections 7231:Sprott v. United States 6656:Return to U.S. control 5967:Much of the area had a 5798:Confederate Battle Flag 5540:in North Carolina, the 5000:Alexander Mosby Clayton 4924:South Carolina District 4908:North Carolina District 4208:existing internal trade 3797:(listed alphabetically) 3764:Government and politics 3375:John Fraser and Company 3270:Bethel Church, Virginia 2830:Motivations of soldiers 2091:portrait of Washington. 1942:, which is present-day 1482:Lincoln–Douglas debates 1310:to growing support for 1252:leaders re-installed a 1250:Confederate States Army 327:(until April 2–3, 1865) 34:For the 2004 film, see 18249:Ordinance of Secession 16663:Richmond riots of 1863 16589:Baltimore riot of 1861 16369:U.S. Military Railroad 16289:Confederate Home Guard 16021:Historiographic issues 15987:Historical reenactment 14486:Revenue Cutter Service 14353:William Lloyd Garrison 14262:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14000:March 3, 2012, at the 13911:Bowman, John S. (ed), 13424:John David Smith, ed. 13185:17.4 (1948): 356–383. 13143:44.3 (1967): 231–255. 12843:Campbell, Randolph B. 12178:10.1006/exeh.1993.1015 11916:The Confederate Nation 11905:"Thomas1979" pp. 12–15 11829:"Thomas1979" pp. 13–14 11091:Foote, Shelby (1974). 11045:April 7, 2010, at the 11025:off Cherbourg, France. 10807:April 7, 2010, at the 10755:Battle of Fort Pulaski 10614:Glatthaar, Joseph T., 10516:Stephens, Alexander H. 10503:Reveille in Washington 9806:Levine, Bruce (2013). 9376:(2012) 47#1 pp. 94–95. 9319:Carl Sandburg (1940). 9133:Glatthaar, Joseph T., 8323:Atlas of World History 7251: 7148:Andersonville, Georgia 7020: 6618: 5964: 5919: 5886:coastal North Carolina 5853: 5802: 5759:"Blood Stained Banner" 5692: 5668: 5623:Downtown Charleston SC 5575: 5524: 5511:depicts a vignette of 5441: 5429: 5414:Transportation systems 5383: 5222:Confederate patriotism 5218: 4819:Samuel Benton Callahan 4767:Thomas Stanhope Bocock 4705: 4677: 4284: 4224:general welfare clause 4160:permanent constitution 3727:Appomattox Court House 3245:In January, President 3123:First Conscription Act 3114: 3071: 2961: 2923: 2880: 2848: 2811:slavery remained legal 2785: 2624:James W. C. Pennington 2588:diplomatic recognition 2524:Virginia State Capitol 2495: 2418:Samuel Benton Callahan 2345: 2169: 2160: 2132:ordinance of secession 2015: 1955: 1947: 1909:attack and capture of 1879: 1766:one slave and one free 1724:institution of slavery 1630:Virginia v. John Brown 1623:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1525:Nat Turner's Rebellion 1348:racial segregationists 1121:Southern United States 580:Permanent constitution 334:(until April 10, 1865) 27:. For other uses, see 25:List of confederations 18345:Former confederations 17900:Republic of Madawaska 17801:Trans-Oconee Republic 17135:Secretary of the Navy 17010:Alexander H. Stephens 16628:Great Revival of 1863 16505:Maryland, My Maryland 16294:Confederate railroads 15957:Civil War Roundtables 15826:Meridian riot of 1871 15821:Memphis riots of 1866 14378:George Luther Stearns 14363:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 14256:Crittenden Compromise 14054:Religion in the CSA: 13913:The Civil War Almanac 13869:Escott, Paul (1992). 13738:10.1353/cwh.1999.0101 13233:Mississippi Quarterly 13214:2.3 (1961): 277–300. 13172:23.4 (1985): 240–249. 12743:West Virginia History 12676:10.1353/cwh.2002.0060 12524:Jabour, Anya (2007). 12430:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007 12332:. pp. 14–17, 22. 11713:. pp. 21, 66–69. 11307:. pp. 106, 109. 10200:(2000) 69: 1123–1180. 10158:Joseph T. Glatthaar, 10120:Albert Burton Moore, 9491:ldhi.library.cofc.edu 8707:A. C. Greene (1998). 8649:A History of Missouri 8276:10.1093/oahmag/oar002 8224:10.1093/jahist/jas272 8024:"Recounting the Dead" 7681:"1860 Census Results" 7367:Edward Alfred Pollard 7308:, governor of Georgia 7265:Frank Lawrence Owsley 7247: 7243:Samuel Freeman Miller 7101:Legacy and assessment 7068:Joseph Ruggles Wilson 7011: 6607: 5995:Further information: 5962: 5913: 5847: 5795: 5678: 5663: 5635:Navy Yard, Norfolk VA 5573: 5506: 5488:Financial instruments 5435: 5427: 5381: 5220:Further information: 5213: 5068:Further information: 5049:John W. Brockenbrough 4841:Robert McDonald Jones 4704:, Montgomery, Alabama 4698: 4664:Christopher Memminger 4655:John Henninger Reagan 4647:Alexander H. Stephens 4634: 4542:Secretary of the Navy 4437:Christopher Memminger 4375:Alexander H. Stephens 4279: 4220:internal improvements 4169:date is the date the 4162:(for the first seven) 3462:their British crews. 3353:, where at the naval 3196:Battle of Fort Sumter 3112: 3069: 2951: 2918: 2878: 2843: 2781: 2749:Arthur Lyon Fremantle 2612:Henry Highland Garnet 2503:Alabama State Capitol 2482: 2333: 2164: 2155: 2007: 1953: 1924: 1884:Montgomery Convention 1870: 1656:Battle of Fort Sumter 1611:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1492:Crittenden Compromise 1344:civil rights movement 1324:Confederate monuments 1304:civil rights movement 1292:decades after the war 482:Alexander H. Stephens 358:Common languages 214:(popular, unofficial) 17894:Republic of Fredonia 17124:John C. Breckinridge 16881:Governments in exile 16515:Daar kom die Alibama 16430:National Union Party 16106:memorials to Lincoln 16026:Lost Cause mythology 15731:Eufaula riot of 1874 15719:Confederate refugees 14932:District of Columbia 14559:Union naval blockade 14405:Underground Railroad 14193:Nullification crisis 13159:6.4 (1960): 389–401. 12628:on February 17, 2021 12465:The South since 1865 12303:Agricultural History 12088:Agricultural History 11393:Simon & Schuster 10643:Congressional Globe, 10489:Rable (1994) p. 265. 10171:Coulter, E. Merton, 9869:83.1 (2017): 69–106 9404:Knoxville, Tennessee 9041:Curry, Richard Orr, 8493:"Thomas1979" pp. 4–5 8484:"Thomas1979" pp. 3–4 8475:Potter, pp. 448–484. 8408:The Impending Crisis 7996:. October 29, 2013. 7703:"American Civil War" 7641:W. W. Gaunt (1864). 7426:Confederate colonies 7159:Thirteenth Amendment 5868:. Unionists, led by 5566:Southern bread riots 5544:in Georgia, and the 5438:Knoxville, Tennessee 5279:District of Columbia 5185:Prisoner of War mail 4788:Provisional Congress 4730:Provisional Congress 4701:Provisional Congress 4528:John C. Breckinridge 4256:Herrenvolk democracy 4138:Jan. 18, 1862: 4130:Dec. 10, 1861: 4122:Nov. 28, 1861: 4067:Apr. 22, 1861: 4041:Mar. 29, 1861: 4028:Mar. 23, 1861: 4015:Mar. 21, 1861: 4002:Mar. 16, 1861: 3989:Mar. 13, 1861: 3961:: Jan. 18, 1862 3940:: Mar. 23, 1861 3893:: Nov. 28, 1861 3885:: Mar. 29, 1861 3872:: Mar. 21, 1861 3859:: Dec. 10, 1861 3851:: Mar. 16, 1861 3838:: Apr. 22, 1861 3817:: Mar. 13, 1861 3508:Charleston, Virginia 3022:(who graduated from 3016:Mexican–American War 2855:Civil War historian 2632:Samuel Ringgold Ward 2620:Charles Lenox Remond 2484:William T. Sutherlin 2406:Confederate Congress 2358:New Mexico Territory 1871:The inauguration of 1786:American nationalism 1595:Commonwealth v. Aves 1452:Nashville Convention 1442:Mexican–American War 1412:Nullification crisis 1288:Lost Cause mythology 381:Indigenous languages 320:(until May 29, 1861) 232:The Bonnie Blue Flag 18208:Louisiana secession 18043:Free State of Jones 17936:California Republic 17771:Republic of Watauga 17739:Provincias Internas 17701:unrecognized states 17044:Robert M. T. Hunter 16673:Supreme Court cases 16440:Radical Republicans 16219:Old soldiers' homes 16203:Confederate Veteran 16129:artworks in Capitol 15848:Reconstruction acts 15709:Colfax riot of 1873 14673:Richmond-Petersburg 14278:Fugitive slave laws 14208:Popular sovereignty 14188:Missouri Compromise 14178:Kansas-Nebraska Act 13936:Martis, Kenneth C. 13897:, pp. 108, 113, 103 13844:Freedom's Lawmakers 13788:. pp. 112–113. 13584:"Thomas1979" p. 155 12858:Baum, Dale (1998). 12619:National Geographic 11940:Confederate Georgia 11462:on November 3, 2007 11291:M. McPherson, James 11123:, pp. 323–325, 327. 11047:Library of Congress 10846:Siege of Petersburg 10844:supporting Grant's 10821:Josiah Tattnall III 10809:Library of Congress 10761:, pp. 287, 306, 302 10480:, pp. 323–325, 327. 10467:, pp. 322–324, 326. 10402:, pp. 313–314, 319. 10245:Levine pp. 146–147. 10093:, pp. 299–302. The 9768:"Thomas1979" p. 243 9716:(2014) pp. 257–270. 9544:(2009) pp. 149–155. 9123:. Civilwarhome.com. 8651:(1918), pp. 393–395 8622:The Washington Post 8466:(1976) pp. 484–514. 7576:on August 28, 2013. 7365:by critics such as 7323:, governor of Texas 7245:would remark that: 7045:Freedom of religion 6565:Free black females 5985:infectious diseases 5905:Cooke County, Texas 5594:Devastation by 1865 5374:National production 5042:James D. Halyburton 4965:William Giles Jones 4948:– not established. 4832:Burton Allen Holder 4293:on November 6, 1861 4114:Jul. 2, 1861: 4101:May 20, 1861: 4093:May 18, 1861: 4054:Apr. 3, 1861: 3927:: Jul. 2, 1861 3919:: Apr. 3, 1861 3906:: May 20, 1861 3825:: May 18, 1861 3769:Political divisions 3635:Battle of Nashville 3612:Wilderness Campaign 3583:, Mississippi, and 3514:Anaconda: 1863–1864 3448:Josiah Tattnall III 3373:companies, such as 3282:George B. McClellan 3272:), First Bull Run ( 2903:Gettysburg Campaign 2725:Ambrose Dudley Mann 2616:Sarah Parker Remond 2532:Wilderness Campaign 2499:Montgomery, Alabama 2454:Montgomery, Alabama 2378:New Mexico campaign 2374:Marcus H. MacWillie 2318:Confederate Arizona 2179:(December 20, 1860) 2079:Both sides honored 1877:Montgomery, Alabama 1819:, in the harbor of 1755:secession documents 1467:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1407:Missouri Compromise 1397:Northwest Ordinance 1362: 1286:outlawing slavery. 317:Montgomery, Alabama 66:readable prose size 18325:American Civil War 18287:American Civil War 18218:Missouri secession 18150:Confederate States 18055:Republic of Hawaii 17751:Florida Occidental 17154:Postmaster-General 17143:Stephen R. Mallory 17112:George W. Randolph 17030:Secretary of State 16783:Confederate States 16494:A Lincoln Portrait 16435:Politicians killed 16359:U.S. Balloon Corps 16354:Union corps badges 16134:memorials to Davis 16004:Disenfranchisement 15875:Reconstruction era 15756:Timber Culture Act 15714:Compromise of 1877 14678:Franklin–Nashville 14348:Frederick Douglass 14251:Cornerstone Speech 14168:Compromise of 1850 14116:American Civil War 13668:The New York Times 13439:Cooper, William J. 13235:17.4 (1964): 179+. 13197:David T. Gleeson, 13100:Dabney 1990 p. 182 12938:Scott, E. Carele. 12755:10.1353/wvh.0.0060 12257:, pp. 127, 151–153 11927:"Thomas1979" p. 16 11225:Davis, Jefferson. 10745:Florida, and lost 10323:Battle of Manassas 10294:James J. Pettigrew 10162:(2011) p. 3, ch. 9 10055:, North Carolina, 9830:Charleston Mercury 9186:History of Arizona 8807:. Docsouth.unc.edu 8554:. Personal.tcu.edu 8406:Potter, David M., 8385:Elizabeth R. Varon 8371:Susan-Mary Grant, 7594:. December 9, 2008 7483:List of civil wars 7336:In 1863, Governor 7174:Compromise of 1877 7021: 6619: 6490:60 years and over 5965: 5939:Region and climate 5920: 5898:Texas Hill Country 5876:, took control of 5858:Southern Unionists 5854: 5803: 5744:"Stainless Banner" 5693: 5576: 5525: 5442: 5430: 5384: 5146:American Civil War 5087:Postmaster General 4993:Edwin Warren Moise 4706: 4678: 4561:Postmaster General 4504:George W. Randolph 4406:Robert M.T. Hunter 4389:Secretary of State 4285: 4249:federal government 4228:protective tariffs 4080:May 7, 1861: 3953:: May 7, 1861 3665:, by land attack. 3651:Carolinas Campaign 3591:into Ohio and the 3554:controlled rivers. 3524:The failed Middle 3351:Memphis, Tennessee 3263:Following Sumter, 3115: 3072: 3012:United States Navy 3008:United States Army 2962: 2898:Battle of Antietam 2881: 2862:James M. McPherson 2702:Haitian Revolution 2693:Battle of Antietam 2639:Southern support. 2608:Frederick Douglass 2537:Danville, Virginia 2520:Richmond, Virginia 2496: 2488:Danville, Virginia 2471:Richmond, Virginia 2346: 2087:and used the same 2024:Stephen A. Douglas 1956: 1948: 1897:, North Carolina; 1880: 1720:American Civil War 1457:Compromise of 1850 1360:American Civil War 1353: 1280:Reconstruction era 1258:Richmond, Virginia 1254:federal government 1211:Federal Government 1195:plantation economy 1135:. The states were 1133:American Civil War 1097:Confederate States 565:American Civil War 538:American Civil War 331:Danville, Virginia 324:Richmond, Virginia 304:Unrecognized state 195:God Save the South 18268: 18267: 18262: 18261: 18082: 18081: 17918:Republic of Texas 17813:State of Muskogee 17795:State of Franklin 17662: 17661: 17208: 17207: 17181:Judah P. Benjamin 17106:Judah P. Benjamin 17050:Judah P. Benjamin 16952: 16951: 16926:Arizona Territory 16748: 16747: 16716: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16546:Italian Americans 16531:African Americans 16488:John Brown's Body 16241: 16240: 16237: 16236: 16154: 16153: 15992:Robert E. Lee Day 15736:Freedmen's Bureau 15699:Brooks–Baxter War 15630: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15414: 15413: 15194: 15193: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15185: 14603:Northern Virginia 14549:Trans-Mississippi 14522: 14521: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14309:Uncle Tom's Cabin 14246:African Americans 14026:, 10 vols., 1912. 13859:, pp. 119–20, 180 13857:Black Legislators 13726:Civil War History 13452:978-0-7425-6095-6 13279:Johnson, Andrew. 13212:Louisiana History 13170:Methodist history 13157:Civil War History 13023:faculty.weber.edu 12960:(June 13, 2001). 12925:978-0-253-21319-8 12664:Civil War History 12535:978-0-8078-3101-4 12467:. pp. 27–28. 12418:Civil War History 12290:. pp. 71–73. 11838:R. Douglas Hurt, 11680:Neely (1999) p. 1 11549:on March 29, 2012 11237:978-1-175-82358-8 11172:978-0-307-23656-2 10898:War for the Union 10635:Ambler, Charles, 10624:978-0-684-82787-2 10618:Free Press 2008. 10290:Nathan B. Forrest 10139:navyandmarine.org 10078:letters of marque 9908:James McPherson, 9677:978-0-87249-799-3 9665:Wise, Stephen R. 9475:, August 5, 1853. 9455:(July 22, 1853). 9205:Civil War History 9143:978-0-684-82787-2 8588:Craven, Avery O. 8462:David M. Potter, 8426:Freehling, p. 503 8333:978-0-19-521921-0 8246:Civil War History 8122:978-0-674-02209-6 7905:978-1-4985-9907-8 7874:978-1-4051-3830-7 7781:978-0-06-206946-7 7525:Arizona Territory 7363:George Washington 7240:Associate Justice 7123:holding, and the 7053:Church attendance 6995: 6994: 6976:, North Carolina 6696:, South Carolina 6594: 6593: 6551:Free black males 6476: 6475: 6001:Black Southerners 5997:White Southerners 5950:Trans-Mississippi 5946:Mississippi River 5916:James P. Brownlow 5840:Southern Unionist 5834:Southern Unionism 5756:3rd National Flag 5741:2nd National Flag 5726:1st National Flag 5289:According to the 5285:Political economy 5254:According to the 5136:George Washington 5060: 5059: 5029:West H. Humphreys 5022:Benjamin F. Perry 5018:Andrew G. Magrath 4855: 4854: 4668:LeRoy Pope Walker 4639:Judah P. Benjamin 4629: 4628: 4585:Judah P. Benjamin 4492:Judah P. Benjamin 4480:Leroy Pope Walker 4418:Judah P. Benjamin 4179: 4178: 4171:Arizona Territory 4151: 4150: 4141:Arizona Territory 3969: 3968: 3958:Arizona Territory 3739:guerrilla warfare 3504:William W. Loring 3355:Battle of Memphis 2857:E. Merton Coulter 2851:Military strategy 2753:Coldstream Guards 2738:Judah P. Benjamin 2689:William Gladstone 2674:Lord John Russell 2420:representing the 2412:representing the 2366:Battle of Mesilla 2186:(January 9, 1861) 2119:St. Louis Arsenal 2081:George Washington 2073:20-cent C.S. 1863 2061:10-cent U.S. 1861 2019:John Breckinridge 1852:antebellum period 1828:partisan politics 1748:pseudo-historical 1699: 1698: 1548:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1355:Events leading to 1262:Confederate draft 1085: 1084: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1055:Arizona Territory 879: 878: 874:Arizona Territory 607:Military collapse 586:February 22, 1862 477:• 1861–1865 447:• 1861–1865 371:minor languages: 240: 222: 206: 101: 100: 68:was 16,000 words. 18407: 18297: 18296: 18295: 18285: 18284: 18283: 18276: 18123:Active movements 18109: 18102: 18095: 18086: 18085: 18072: 18071: 17942:State of Deseret 17912:Indian Territory 17880:Coahuila y Tejas 17874:Sonora y Sinaloa 17807:Hawaiian Kingdom 17789:Vermont Republic 17745:Florida Oriental 17689: 17682: 17675: 17666: 17665: 17655: 17651: 17650: 17643: 17639: 17638: 17623: 17615: 17607: 17599: 17591: 17583: 17575: 17567: 17559: 17551: 17543: 17524: 17512: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17468: 17456: 17448: 17436: 17428: 17407: 17396: 17388: 17380: 17372: 17360: 17352: 17340: 17332: 17320: 17308: 17300: 17288: 17276: 17264: 17235: 17228: 17221: 17212: 17211: 17173:Attorney-General 17092:Secretary of War 17023: 16979: 16972: 16965: 16956: 16955: 16938:Admitted to the 16874: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16752: 16751: 16738: 16728: 16727: 16551:Native Americans 16536:German Americans 16329:Partisan rangers 16324:Official Records 16264: 16263: 16247: 16246: 16139:memorials to Lee 16086: 16085: 15647: 15646: 15636: 15635: 15423: 15422: 15220: 15219: 15213: 15212: 15200: 15199: 15173:Washington, D.C. 14967:Indian Territory 14927:Dakota Territory 14885: 14884: 14802:Chancellorsville 14593:Jackson's Valley 14583:Blockade runners 14459: 14458: 14452: 14451: 14423: 14422: 14383:Thaddeus Stevens 14373:Lysander Spooner 14333:Susan B. Anthony 14135: 14134: 14124: 14123: 14109: 14102: 14095: 14086: 14085: 14073: 14072: 14067:Internet Archive 13898: 13891: 13885: 13884: 13866: 13860: 13853: 13847: 13840: 13834: 13827: 13821: 13814: 13808: 13801: 13792: 13789: 13781: 13775: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13721: 13715: 13714: 13698: 13688: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13643: 13637: 13635: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13591: 13585: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13488: 13482: 13481: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13435: 13429: 13422: 13416: 13413: 13392: 13370: 13364: 13361: 13355: 13354: 13334: 13328: 13327: 13297: 13291: 13277: 13271: 13270: 13242: 13236: 13229: 13223: 13208: 13202: 13195: 13189: 13179: 13173: 13166: 13160: 13153: 13147: 13137: 13131: 13130:33 (1991): 747+. 13124: 13118: 13107: 13101: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13077: 13071: 13058: 13052: 13049: 13043: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13015: 13009: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12984: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12968:on July 11, 2007 12953: 12947: 12936: 12930: 12929: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12890: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12855: 12849: 12848: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12813: 12804: 12803: 12792:10.2307/27648821 12773: 12767: 12766: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12694: 12688: 12687: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12627: 12622:. Archived from 12609: 12598: 12585:Sansing, David, 12583: 12577: 12576:October 4, 2012. 12559: 12553: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12460: 12454: 12451: 12442: 12441: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12386: 12380: 12379: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12298: 12292: 12291: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12264: 12258: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12134: 12128: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12083: 12077: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12055: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12013: 12007: 12006: 11994: 11988: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11934: 11928: 11925: 11919: 11912: 11906: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11830: 11827: 11821: 11820: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11706: 11700: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11662:on July 20, 2011 11652: 11646: 11643: 11622: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11539: 11533: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11501: 11495: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11452: 11446: 11443:Historical Atlas 11439: 11433: 11430:Historical Atlas 11426: 11420: 11417:Historical Atlas 11413: 11407: 11406: 11384: 11375: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11349: 11342: 11336: 11329: 11323: 11322: 11287: 11281: 11280: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11240: 11223: 11217: 11216:Gallagher p. 157 11214: 11208: 11194: 11193: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11143: 11137: 11130: 11124: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11069: 11062: 11056: 11032: 11026: 10998: 10992: 10985: 10979: 10972: 10966: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10907: 10901: 10894: 10888: 10881: 10875: 10868: 10862: 10855: 10849: 10825:Tecumseh Sherman 10794: 10788: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10762: 10727: 10721: 10718:Historical Atlas 10714: 10705: 10702:Historical Atlas 10698: 10685: 10674:Island Number 10 10658:Historical Atlas 10654: 10648: 10633: 10627: 10612: 10606: 10599: 10593: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10526: 10512: 10506: 10496: 10490: 10487: 10481: 10474: 10468: 10461: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10435: 10429: 10422: 10416: 10409: 10403: 10396: 10390: 10383: 10377: 10370: 10364: 10357: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10315: 10309: 10278: 10272: 10265: 10259: 10252: 10246: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10207: 10201: 10191: 10185:Alfred L. Brophy 10182: 10176: 10169: 10163: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10105: 10099: 10087: 10081: 10070: 10064: 10045: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10023:blockade runners 10011: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9985: 9979: 9972: 9966: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9879: 9873: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9821: 9812: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9717: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9694: 9688: 9663: 9657: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9564: 9558: 9551: 9545: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9396:Young, Robert W. 9392: 9386: 9383: 9377: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9316: 9310: 9303: 9297: 9294:Historical Atlas 9290: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9264: 9258: 9255:Historical Atlas 9251: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9165: 9151: 9145: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9086:Snell, Mark A., 9084: 9078: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9046: 9039: 9033: 9019: 9013: 8999: 8993: 8979: 8973: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8923: 8917: 8903: 8897: 8883: 8877: 8863: 8857: 8843: 8837: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8789: 8783: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8761: 8760:McPherson p. 278 8758: 8752: 8751: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8704: 8698: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8668:on March 8, 2017 8664:. Archived from 8658: 8652: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8612: 8603: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8382: 8376: 8369: 8363: 8358:John McCardell, 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8255: 8249: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8106: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8002: 7991: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7802: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7687:on June 4, 2004. 7683:. Archived from 7677: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7566: 7545: 7534: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7504: 7338:Pendleton Murrah 7321:Pendleton Murrah 7317: 7302: 7287:war of attrition 7275:Roger Lowenstein 7084:Episcopal Church 6648:1860 population 6639: 6638: 6615:Currier and Ives 6580:Total population 6478: 6477: 6020: 6019: 5787:"Southern Cross" 5782: 5768: 5753: 5738: 5729:"Stars and Bars" 5723: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5554:French Napoleons 5546:New Orleans Mint 5498:Edward C. Elmore 5475:Horses and mules 5331: 5317: 5179:Blockade runners 5132: 5116: 5096: 5080: 4986:Henry R. Jackson 4958: 4917: 4901: 4892:Georgia District 4889:Henry R. Jackson 4885: 4876:Florida District 4869: 4748:Howell Cobb, Sr. 4725: 4580:Attorney General 4475:Secretary of War 4332: 4331: 4240:Supremacy Clause 4174: 4163: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3995: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3793: 3792: 3780: 3779: 3690: 3676: 3565: 3552:Federal gunboats 3547: 3534:Chancellorsville 3436:armored warships 3414: 3392: 3371:blockade running 3347:Battle of Shiloh 3334: 3316: 3300:Incursions: 1862 3288:was defeated at 3252:Star of the West 3234:First Bull Run ( 3231: 3213: 3172: 3167:Gideon J. Pillow 3162: 3153: 3148:Gabriel J. Rains 3143: 3131:Twenty Negro Law 2958:General in Chief 2887:, also known as 2795:Duncan F. Kenner 2761:Justus Scheibert 2713:blockade runners 2662: 2650: 2636:William G. Allen 2514:Opelika, Alabama 2466: 2449: 2401:Indian Territory 2385:Indian Territory 2339:Indian Territory 2283:rump legislature 2123:General Assembly 2070: 2058: 1940:Indian Territory 1691: 1684: 1677: 1650:Star of the West 1507:Corwin Amendment 1472:Ostend Manifesto 1437:Texas annexation 1432:Texas Revolution 1363: 1352: 1063: 1062: 1049: 1048: 1035: 1034: 1021: 1020: 1007: 1006: 993: 992: 979: 978: 965: 964: 951: 950: 937: 936: 923: 922: 909: 908: 895: 894: 883: 882: 870: 869: 856: 855: 846: 840: 839: 826: 825: 812: 811: 798: 797: 784: 783: 770: 769: 756: 755: 742: 741: 728: 727: 718: 712: 711: 705: 704: 689: 688: 679:State currencies 582: 567: 556:February 8, 1861 529: 385:Indian territory 369: 289: 277: 269: 261: 253: 242: 241: 224: 223: 208: 207: 166: 158: 148: 142: 134: 127: 105: 104: 96: 93: 87: 51: 50: 43: 18415: 18414: 18410: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18405: 18404: 18305: 18304: 18303: 18293: 18291: 18281: 18279: 18271: 18269: 18264: 18263: 18258: 18232: 18191: 18118: 18113: 18083: 18078: 18060: 17886:Las Californias 17862:Alta California 17777:United Colonies 17763:Alta California 17707: 17693: 17663: 17658: 17646: 17634: 17626: 17618: 17610: 17602: 17594: 17586: 17578: 17570: 17562: 17554: 17546: 17538: 17527: 17515: 17503: 17495: 17487: 17479: 17471: 17459: 17451: 17439: 17431: 17419: 17408: 17399: 17391: 17383: 17375: 17363: 17355: 17343: 17335: 17323: 17311: 17303: 17291: 17279: 17267: 17255: 17244: 17239: 17209: 17204: 17193:Thomas H. Watts 17167: 17148: 17129: 17118:James A. Seddon 17100:Leroy P. Walker 17086: 17069:C. G. Memminger 17055: 17024: 17015: 16996: 16993:Jefferson Davis 16983: 16953: 16948: 16930: 16912: 16875: 16866: 16786: 16779: 16749: 16744: 16708: 16692: 16577: 16541:Irish Americans 16519: 16464: 16373: 16364:U.S. Home Guard 16304:Field artillery 16258: 16257: 16233: 16175: 16150: 16112: 16081: 16075: 15967:Civil War Trust 15934: 15928: 15816:Ethnic violence 15801:Kirk–Holden war 15680: 15641: 15618: 15552: 15410: 15354: 15207: 15182: 15136: 14889: 14876: 14707: 14688:Sherman's March 14668:Bermuda Hundred 14563: 14518: 14490: 14446: 14445: 14409: 14368:J. Sella Martin 14338:James G. Birney 14314: 14232: 14158:Bleeding Kansas 14146: 14129: 14118: 14113: 14078: 14038:Boston Athenæum 14013:Wayback Machine 14002:Wayback Machine 13966: 13961: 13955: 13953:Further reading 13950: 13907: 13902: 13901: 13892: 13888: 13881: 13867: 13863: 13854: 13850: 13841: 13837: 13828: 13824: 13815: 13811: 13802: 13795: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13768: 13757: 13753: 13722: 13718: 13711: 13689: 13682: 13672: 13670: 13660: 13656: 13644: 13640: 13627: 13623: 13608:10.2307/1895910 13592: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13568: 13564: 13554: 13552: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13529: 13527: 13519: 13518: 13514: 13507: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13464: 13460: 13453: 13436: 13432: 13423: 13419: 13371: 13367: 13362: 13358: 13351: 13335: 13331: 13316:10.2307/1838262 13298: 13294: 13288:Wayback Machine 13278: 13274: 13259:10.2307/1891664 13243: 13239: 13230: 13226: 13209: 13205: 13196: 13192: 13180: 13176: 13167: 13163: 13154: 13150: 13138: 13134: 13125: 13121: 13108: 13104: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13068:Wayback Machine 13059: 13055: 13050: 13046: 13041: 13037: 13027: 13025: 13017: 13016: 13012: 13007: 13003: 12993: 12991: 12986: 12985: 12981: 12971: 12969: 12954: 12950: 12937: 12933: 12926: 12910: 12906: 12899: 12881: 12877: 12870: 12856: 12852: 12841: 12837: 12814: 12807: 12774: 12770: 12739: 12735: 12722: 12718: 12711: 12695: 12691: 12660: 12656: 12645: 12641: 12631: 12629: 12610: 12601: 12594:Wayback Machine 12584: 12580: 12573:Wayback Machine 12560: 12556: 12547: 12543: 12536: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12491: 12487: 12476: 12472: 12461: 12457: 12452: 12445: 12414: 12410: 12387: 12383: 12360: 12356: 12345:Civil War Times 12341: 12337: 12326: 12322: 12299: 12295: 12284: 12280: 12265: 12261: 12252: 12248: 12235: 12234: 12230: 12223:www.ngccoin.com 12217: 12216: 12212: 12205: 12189: 12185: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12135: 12131: 12122:Civil War Times 12119: 12115: 12084: 12080: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12049: 12045: 12030:10.2307/1836241 12014: 12010: 11995: 11991: 11979:(2003) p. 138. 11975:Ian Drury, ed. 11974: 11970: 11962: 11958: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11926: 11922: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11893: 11877: 11873: 11866: 11850: 11846: 11837: 11833: 11828: 11824: 11807: 11803: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11767: 11763: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11707: 11703: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11675: 11665: 11663: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11601: 11597: 11582:10.2307/1832885 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11508: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11465: 11463: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11423: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11385: 11378: 11369: 11365: 11356: 11352: 11343: 11339: 11330: 11326: 11315: 11288: 11284: 11274: 11256: 11252: 11247: 11243: 11224: 11220: 11215: 11211: 11191: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11144: 11140: 11131: 11127: 11118: 11114: 11103: 11089: 11085: 11076: 11072: 11063: 11059: 11033: 11029: 10999: 10995: 10986: 10982: 10973: 10969: 10960: 10956: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10908: 10904: 10895: 10891: 10882: 10878: 10869: 10865: 10856: 10852: 10795: 10791: 10782: 10778: 10769: 10765: 10728: 10724: 10715: 10708: 10699: 10688: 10678:Plum Point Bend 10655: 10651: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10613: 10609: 10600: 10596: 10587: 10583: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10557: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10524: 10513: 10509: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10475: 10471: 10462: 10458: 10449: 10445: 10436: 10432: 10423: 10419: 10410: 10406: 10397: 10393: 10384: 10380: 10371: 10367: 10358: 10354: 10345: 10341: 10316: 10312: 10279: 10275: 10266: 10262: 10253: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10189: 10183: 10179: 10170: 10166: 10157: 10153: 10143: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10119: 10115: 10106: 10102: 10088: 10084: 10071: 10067: 10046: 10042: 10033: 10029: 10012: 10008: 9999: 9995: 9986: 9982: 9973: 9969: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9920: 9916: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9864: 9860: 9847: 9843: 9823: 9822: 9815: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9742: 9738: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9711: 9707: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9664: 9660: 9643: 9639: 9600: 9596: 9581:10.2307/2205869 9565: 9561: 9552: 9548: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9512:Richard Shannon 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9469:. Reprinted in 9450: 9446: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9410:. p. 166. 9393: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9304: 9300: 9291: 9287: 9278: 9274: 9265: 9261: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9224: 9215: 9211: 9198: 9194: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9162:Wayback Machine 9152: 9148: 9132: 9128: 9119: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9098: 9094: 9085: 9081: 9075:Wayback Machine 9066: 9062: 9053: 9049: 9040: 9036: 9030:Wayback Machine 9020: 9016: 9010:Wayback Machine 9000: 8996: 8990:Wayback Machine 8980: 8976: 8966:Wayback Machine 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8934:Wayback Machine 8924: 8920: 8914:Wayback Machine 8904: 8900: 8894:Wayback Machine 8884: 8880: 8874:Wayback Machine 8864: 8860: 8854:Wayback Machine 8844: 8840: 8834:Wayback Machine 8824: 8820: 8810: 8808: 8803: 8800:Wayback Machine 8790: 8786: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8705: 8701: 8695:Wayback Machine 8685: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8586: 8582: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8396:Wayback Machine 8383: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8334: 8318: 8314: 8301: 8299: 8256: 8252: 8243: 8239: 8202: 8198: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7969: 7965: 7954: 7947: 7936: 7932: 7921: 7917: 7906: 7890: 7886: 7875: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7841: 7840:. July 20, 1998 7830: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7747: 7731: 7724: 7711: 7709: 7699: 7692: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7639: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7535: 7531: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7401: 7359: 7357:"Died of Davis" 7324: 7318: 7309: 7306:Joseph E. Brown 7303: 7261: 7256: 7227: 7202: 7144:prisoner-of-war 7142:of a notorious 7120: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7006: 7000: 6602: 6315:South Carolina 6283:North Carolina 6085: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6011: 6008: 6003: 5993: 5941: 5936: 5870:Parson Brownlow 5842: 5836: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5712: 5706: 5673: 5648: 5645: 5636: 5633: 5624: 5621: 5612: 5609: 5596: 5568: 5562: 5490: 5477: 5422: 5416: 5376: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5287: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5204: 5202:Civil liberties 5167:Fortress Monroe 5163:'Flag of Truce' 5154:Jefferson Davis 5140: 5138: 5133: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5108: 5105:The first stamp 5103: 5100:Jefferson Davis 5097: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5061: 5016:South Carolina 5005:North Carolina 4979:Jesse J. Finley 4952:District Courts 4925: 4923: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4873:Jesse J. Finley 4870: 4861: 4856: 4821:Unknown years, 4693: 4685:Main articles: 4683: 4674:Harper's Weekly 4670: 4661: 4651:Jefferson Davis 4643:Stephen Mallory 4636: 4609:Thomas H. Watts 4547:Stephen Mallory 4449:George Trenholm 4356:Jefferson Davis 4330: 4324: 4316:Jefferson Davis 4281:Jefferson Davis 4270: 4264: 4216:commerce clause 4191: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4164: 4157: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4102: 4094: 4081: 4068: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4016: 4003: 3990: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3943: 3930: 3922: 3909: 3896: 3888: 3875: 3862: 3854: 3841: 3828: 3820: 3807: 3798: 3787: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3655:Philip Sheridan 3647: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3522: 3516: 3499:high-water mark 3471:Second Manassas 3467:Lower Peninsula 3459:Stephen Mallory 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3393: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3302: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3216:Bombardment of 3214: 3192: 3190:Victories: 1861 3173: 3170: 3163: 3154: 3151: 3144: 3107: 3101: 3064: 2985:Jefferson Davis 2946: 2940: 2870:invading armies 2853: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2790:John A. Roebuck 2751:of the British 2682:Lord Palmerston 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2545: 2492:Jefferson Davis 2477: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2439: 2430:Cherokee Nation 2362:Lewis S. Owings 2341:of present-day 2328: 2316:Main articles: 2314: 2233:(April 12) and 2140:Marshall, Texas 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2085:Founding Father 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2040: 1901:, Georgia; and 1891:Jefferson Davis 1873:Jefferson Davis 1865: 1856:David M. Potter 1792:Abraham Lincoln 1772:but not in the 1728:Southern states 1716: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1666: 1665: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1554:Bleeding Kansas 1520: 1512: 1511: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1369: 1357: 1316:Southern whites 1312:racial equality 1215:Washington D.C. 1184:Abraham Lincoln 1105:the Confederacy 1060: 1046: 1032: 1018: 1004: 990: 976: 962: 948: 934: 920: 906: 892: 867: 853: 844: 837: 823: 809: 795: 781: 767: 753: 739: 725: 716: 709: 683: 655: 645: 622: 609: 596: 583: 578: 568: 563: 553: 525: 522: 507: 478: 452:Jefferson Davis 448: 427: 398: 370: 361: 348: 337: 333: 326: 319: 295: 294: 291: 287: 283: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 244: 243: 236: 225: 217: 210: 209: 200: 185: 170: 169: 168: 164: 163: 159: 151: 150: 146: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 128: 110: 97: 91: 88: 69: 52: 48: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18413: 18403: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18302: 18301: 18289: 18266: 18265: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18240: 18238: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18199: 18197: 18193: 18192: 18190: 18189: 18188: 18187: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18126: 18124: 18120: 18119: 18112: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18089: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18076: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18052: 18046: 18040: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18016:South Carolina 18013: 18011:North Carolina 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17957: 17951: 17945: 17939: 17933: 17927: 17921: 17915: 17909: 17903: 17897: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17883: 17877: 17871: 17865: 17859: 17846: 17840: 17834: 17828: 17822: 17816: 17810: 17804: 17798: 17792: 17786: 17780: 17774: 17768: 17767: 17766: 17760: 17754: 17748: 17742: 17736: 17730: 17724: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17692: 17691: 17684: 17677: 17669: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17656: 17644: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17616: 17608: 17600: 17592: 17584: 17576: 17568: 17560: 17552: 17544: 17535: 17533: 17529: 17528: 17526: 17525: 17513: 17501: 17493: 17485: 17477: 17469: 17457: 17449: 17437: 17429: 17416: 17414: 17410: 17409: 17402: 17400: 17398: 17397: 17389: 17381: 17373: 17361: 17353: 17341: 17333: 17321: 17309: 17301: 17289: 17277: 17265: 17252: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17238: 17237: 17230: 17223: 17215: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17202: 17196: 17190: 17184: 17177: 17175: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17165: 17162:John H. Reagan 17158: 17156: 17150: 17149: 17147: 17146: 17139: 17137: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17127: 17121: 17115: 17109: 17103: 17096: 17094: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17081:John H. Reagan 17078: 17075:G. A. Trenholm 17072: 17065: 17063: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17053: 17047: 17041: 17034: 17032: 17026: 17025: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17013: 17006: 17004: 17002:Vice-President 16998: 16997: 16982: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16959: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16942:June 20, 1863. 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16928: 16922: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16885: 16883: 16877: 16876: 16869: 16867: 16865: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16835:South Carolina 16832: 16830:North Carolina 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16796: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16778: 16777: 16770: 16763: 16755: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16742: 16732: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16706: 16700: 16698: 16694: 16693: 16691: 16690: 16688:Women soldiers 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16643:Naming the war 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16624: 16623: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16585: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16527: 16525: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16474: 16472: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16279:Campaign Medal 16276: 16270: 16268: 16260: 16259: 16256: 16255: 16254:Related topics 16251: 16243: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16183: 16181: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16173: 16168: 16162: 16160: 16156: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16148: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16120: 16118: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16103: 16092: 16090: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16001: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15982:Decoration Day 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15938: 15936: 15935:Reconstruction 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15893: 15892: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15871: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15789:second inquiry 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15761: 15760: 15759: 15753: 15746:Homestead Acts 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15694:Alabama Claims 15690: 15688: 15686:Reconstruction 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15674:15th Amendment 15671: 15669:14th Amendment 15666: 15664:13th Amendment 15655: 15653: 15643: 15642: 15632: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15429: 15427: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15295:J. E. Johnston 15292: 15290:A. S. Johnston 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15230:R. H. Anderson 15226: 15224: 15217: 15209: 15208: 15196: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15184: 15183: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15144: 15142: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15092:South Carolina 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15067:North Carolina 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14893: 14891: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14792:Fredericksburg 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14732:Wilson's Creek 14729: 14724: 14718: 14716: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14574: 14572: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14544:Lower Seaboard 14541: 14536: 14530: 14528: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14500: 14498: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14467: 14465: 14456: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14431: 14427: 14419: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14407: 14402: 14400:Harriet Tubman 14397: 14396: 14395: 14388:Charles Sumner 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14324: 14322: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14242: 14240: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14223:States' rights 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14138: 14131: 14130: 14120: 14119: 14112: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14089: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14070: 14069: 14060: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14034: 14028: 14020: 13992: 13985: 13980:The Countryman 13976: 13965: 13964:External links 13962: 13957:Main article: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13934: 13916: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13886: 13879: 13861: 13848: 13835: 13822: 13809: 13793: 13776: 13766: 13763:. p. 295. 13751: 13732:(2): 126–146. 13716: 13710:978-0807821442 13709: 13691:Rable (1994). 13680: 13654: 13638: 13621: 13602:(4): 492–525. 13586: 13577: 13562: 13537: 13512: 13505: 13483: 13476: 13458: 13451: 13430: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13404:(3): 263–268. 13393: 13383:(2): 139–145. 13365: 13356: 13350:978-0807133415 13349: 13329: 13310:(2): 266–284. 13292: 13272: 13237: 13224: 13203: 13190: 13174: 13161: 13148: 13132: 13119: 13102: 13093: 13072: 13053: 13044: 13035: 13010: 13001: 12979: 12948: 12931: 12924: 12904: 12897: 12875: 12868: 12850: 12847:. p. 264. 12835: 12824:(4): 449–477. 12805: 12786:(3): 589–620. 12768: 12733: 12716: 12710:978-0822977513 12709: 12689: 12670:(4): 294–312. 12654: 12639: 12599: 12578: 12562:Sansing, David 12554: 12541: 12534: 12516: 12509: 12485: 12470: 12455: 12443: 12408: 12397:(2): 131–175. 12381: 12354: 12335: 12320: 12293: 12278: 12259: 12246: 12228: 12210: 12204:978-1573561358 12203: 12183: 12172:(3): 352–376. 12156: 12150:978-0307772640 12149: 12129: 12113: 12078: 12065: 12056: 12054:(1952) p. 128. 12043: 12024:(4): 794–810. 12008: 11989: 11968: 11956: 11950:978-0820334998 11949: 11929: 11920: 11907: 11898: 11892:978-1851097746 11891: 11871: 11865:978-0199878147 11864: 11844: 11831: 11822: 11801: 11786: 11779: 11761: 11743: 11737:978-0786415939 11736: 11716: 11701: 11692: 11682: 11673: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11634:(3): 232–250. 11623: 11613:(2): 111–141. 11595: 11560: 11534: 11518: 11507:. Archives.gov 11496: 11487: 11473: 11447: 11434: 11421: 11408: 11401: 11376: 11363: 11350: 11337: 11324: 11314:978-0195124996 11313: 11282: 11273:978-1108340625 11272: 11266:. p. 79. 11250: 11241: 11231:, 1890, 2010. 11218: 11209: 11178: 11171: 11138: 11125: 11112: 11101: 11083: 11070: 11057: 11027: 10993: 10980: 10967: 10954: 10933: 10926: 10902: 10896:Allan Nevins, 10889: 10876: 10863: 10850: 10789: 10776: 10763: 10735:Roanoke Island 10722: 10706: 10686: 10649: 10628: 10607: 10594: 10581: 10564: 10562:, pp. 352–353. 10551: 10539: 10507: 10499:Margaret Leech 10491: 10482: 10469: 10456: 10443: 10441:, pp. 317–318. 10430: 10417: 10415:, pp. 315–317. 10404: 10391: 10378: 10365: 10352: 10339: 10331:Roanoke Island 10310: 10298:John H. Morgan 10286:John B. Gordon 10273: 10260: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10223:978-0275985240 10222: 10202: 10177: 10164: 10151: 10135:"1862blackCSN" 10126: 10113: 10100: 10095:Torpedo Bureau 10082: 10065: 10040: 10027: 10006: 10004:, pp. 333–338. 9993: 9980: 9967: 9954: 9948:978-0199727834 9947: 9927: 9914: 9901: 9895:978-0618875207 9894: 9874: 9858: 9841: 9813: 9798: 9770: 9761: 9755:978-1429016667 9754: 9736: 9727: 9718: 9712:Don H. Doyle, 9705: 9689: 9658: 9637: 9610:(4): 867–888. 9594: 9575:(2): 157–188. 9559: 9553:Howard Jones, 9546: 9533: 9527:978-1847252036 9526: 9503: 9478: 9467:newspapers.com 9444: 9441:. p. 289. 9423: 9417:978-0870499982 9416: 9387: 9378: 9365: 9355: 9338: 9332:978-1402742880 9331: 9311: 9298: 9285: 9272: 9259: 9246: 9236: 9222: 9209: 9192: 9189:. Vol. 2. 9175: 9173:Bowman, p. 48. 9166: 9146: 9126: 9105: 9092: 9079: 9060: 9047: 9034: 9014: 8994: 8974: 8950: 8938: 8918: 8898: 8878: 8858: 8838: 8818: 8784: 8780:Jonathan Worth 8771: 8762: 8753: 8747:978-0820334769 8746: 8726: 8720:978-0890968536 8719: 8699: 8679: 8653: 8640: 8628: 8604: 8595: 8592:. p. 390. 8580: 8565: 8543: 8522: 8516:978-0674029866 8515: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8468: 8455: 8449:978-0415878036 8448: 8428: 8412: 8399: 8377: 8364: 8351: 8332: 8312: 8250: 8237: 8218:(2): 415–439. 8196: 8175:(1): 295–323. 8155: 8128: 8121: 8101: 8088: 8063: 8040: 8014: 7978: 7963: 7945: 7930: 7915: 7904: 7884: 7873: 7851: 7820: 7814:978-0198042761 7813: 7787: 7780: 7760: 7745: 7722: 7690: 7672: 7659: 7649: 7630: 7605: 7579: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7529: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7381:Stars and Bars 7358: 7355: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7283:hyperinflation 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7226: 7221: 7207:Texas v. White 7201: 7198:Texas v. White 7195: 7179:to now exclude 7155:Reconstruction 7116:Main article: 7113: 7110: 7102: 7099: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6652:1860 U.S. rank 6649: 6646: 6643: 6631:Union blockade 6601: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6537:Female slaves 6534: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6509:White females 6506: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6481:Age structure 6474: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6007: 6004: 5992: 5989: 5954:Guadalupe Peak 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5878:East Tennessee 5874:Andrew Johnson 5838:Main article: 5835: 5832: 5808:First Manassas 5790: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5771:CSA Naval Jack 5770: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5716: 5708:Main article: 5705: 5704:National flags 5702: 5672: 5669: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5592: 5564:Main article: 5561: 5558: 5542:Dahlonega Mint 5538:Charlotte Mint 5521:C.G. Memminger 5507:The 1862 $ 10 5489: 5486: 5476: 5473: 5418:Main article: 5415: 5412: 5375: 5372: 5333: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5286: 5283: 5239: 5236: 5231:Main article: 5228: 5225: 5203: 5200: 5150:John H. Reagan 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5120:Andrew Jackson 5118: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5084:John H. Reagan 5082: 5075: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5047:Virginia-West 5045: 5040:Virginia-East 5038: 5035: 5032: 5025: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4956: 4927: 4926: 4921:Andrew Magrath 4919: 4912: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4682: 4679: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566:John H. Reagan 4563: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4461:John H. Reagan 4457: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4370:Vice President 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4326:Main article: 4323: 4320: 4305:line item veto 4266:Main article: 4263: 4260: 4187:Main article: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4109:North Carolina 4099: 4091: 4078: 4065: 4062:South Carolina 4052: 4039: 4026: 4013: 4000: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3941: 3928: 3920: 3916:South Carolina 3907: 3903:North Carolina 3894: 3886: 3873: 3860: 3852: 3839: 3826: 3818: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3773:Main article: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3757:Gary Gallagher 3692: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3646: 3645:Collapse: 1865 3643: 3570:Union blockade 3567: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3518:Main article: 3515: 3512: 3491:Lee's invasion 3479:Fredericksburg 3416: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3394: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3363:David Farragut 3336: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3290:Cheat Mountain 3274:First Manassas 3247:James Buchanan 3236:First Manassas 3233: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3191: 3188: 3184:libertarianism 3175: 3174: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3145: 3138: 3103:Main article: 3100: 3097: 3093:Macon, Georgia 3063: 3062:Raising troops 3060: 3052:Enrollment Act 3040:Drewry's Bluff 2942:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2928:Admiral Porter 2889:First Manassas 2852: 2849: 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2769:Charles Girard 2664: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2618:, her brother 2595:cotton is king 2571:to London and 2569:James M. Mason 2544: 2541: 2486:'s mansion in 2468: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2335:Elias Boudinot 2313: 2310: 2294:East Tennessee 2271: 2270: 2267:North Carolina 2263: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2177:South Carolina 2089:Gilbert Stuart 2078: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2039: 2036: 1999:states' rights 1980:North Carolina 1864: 1861: 1813:James Buchanan 1808:he took office 1782:white Southern 1706:Main article: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1447:Wilmot Proviso 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422:Tariff of 1828 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1246:North Carolina 1177:North Carolina 1137:South Carolina 1127:that declared 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1001: 995: 994: 987: 985:South Carolina 981: 980: 973: 971:North Carolina 967: 966: 959: 953: 952: 945: 939: 938: 931: 925: 924: 917: 911: 910: 903: 897: 896: 889: 880: 877: 876: 871: 863: 862: 857: 849: 848: 845:North Carolina 841: 833: 832: 827: 819: 818: 813: 805: 804: 799: 791: 790: 785: 777: 776: 771: 763: 762: 757: 749: 748: 743: 735: 734: 729: 721: 720: 717:South Carolina 713: 701: 700: 695: 685: 684: 682: 681: 676: 670: 668: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 654:• Slaves 653: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 617: 614: 613: 612:April 26, 1865 610: 604: 601: 600: 597: 591: 588: 587: 584: 576: 573: 572: 571:April 12, 1861 569: 561: 558: 557: 554: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 534:Historical era 531: 530: 523: 517: 514: 513: 508: 502: 499: 498: 493: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 463:Vice President 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 426: 425: 416: 409: 407: 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 359: 355: 354: 343: 339: 338: 336: 335: 328: 321: 313: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 293: 292: 286: 284: 274: 272: 266: 264: 258: 255: 254: 246: 245: 234: 226: 215: 198: 187: 186: 183: 172: 171: 160: 153: 152: 136: 129: 122: 121: 120: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 99: 98: 78:it, or adding 55: 53: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18412: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18312: 18310: 18300: 18299:North America 18290: 18288: 18278: 18277: 18274: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18241: 18239: 18237:Miscellaneous 18235: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18194: 18186: 18183: 18182: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18121: 18117: 18110: 18105: 18103: 18098: 18096: 18091: 18090: 18087: 18075: 18067: 18066: 18063: 18056: 18053: 18050: 18047: 18044: 18041: 18037: 18036:West Virginia 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17963: 17962: 17961: 17958: 17955: 17952: 17949: 17946: 17943: 17940: 17937: 17934: 17931: 17928: 17925: 17922: 17919: 17916: 17913: 17910: 17907: 17904: 17901: 17898: 17895: 17892: 17887: 17884: 17881: 17878: 17875: 17872: 17869: 17866: 17863: 17860: 17857: 17856:Mexican Texas 17853: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17844: 17841: 17838: 17835: 17832: 17829: 17826: 17823: 17820: 17817: 17814: 17811: 17808: 17805: 17802: 17799: 17796: 17793: 17790: 17787: 17784: 17781: 17778: 17775: 17772: 17769: 17764: 17761: 17758: 17755: 17752: 17749: 17746: 17743: 17740: 17737: 17734: 17731: 17728: 17725: 17722: 17719: 17718: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17710: 17706: 17705:United States 17702: 17698: 17690: 17685: 17683: 17678: 17676: 17671: 17670: 17667: 17654: 17645: 17642: 17633: 17632: 17629: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17581: 17577: 17573: 17569: 17565: 17561: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17530: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17418: 17417: 17415: 17411: 17406: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17310: 17306: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17253: 17251: 17247: 17243: 17236: 17231: 17229: 17224: 17222: 17217: 17216: 17213: 17200: 17197: 17194: 17191: 17188: 17185: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17163: 17160: 17159: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17144: 17141: 17140: 17138: 17136: 17132: 17125: 17122: 17119: 17116: 17113: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17098: 17097: 17095: 17093: 17089: 17082: 17079: 17076: 17073: 17070: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17062: 17058: 17051: 17048: 17045: 17042: 17039: 17038:Robert Toombs 17036: 17035: 17033: 17031: 17027: 17022: 17011: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16994: 16991: 16987: 16980: 16975: 16973: 16968: 16966: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16919: 16915: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16884: 16882: 16878: 16873: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16855:West Virginia 16853: 16852: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16793: 16789: 16784: 16776: 16771: 16769: 16764: 16762: 16757: 16756: 16753: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16731: 16723: 16722: 16719: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16695: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16658:Photographers 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16633:Gender issues 16631: 16629: 16626: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16610: 16607: 16606: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16580: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16495: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16471: 16467: 16461: 16460:War Democrats 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450:Union Leagues 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16376: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16349:Turning point 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16319:Naval battles 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16253: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16204: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16178: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16157: 16147: 16144: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16087: 16084: 16082:and memorials 16078: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15942:Commemoration 15940: 15939: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15891: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15784:first inquiry 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15762: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15704:Carpetbaggers 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15683: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15657: 15656: 15654: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15637: 15633: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15201: 15197: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15139: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15127:West Virginia 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:New Hampshire 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15007:Massachusetts 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14747:Hampton Roads 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14737:Fort Donelson 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14715: 14710: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14633:Morgan's Raid 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14578:Anaconda Plan 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14566: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14554:Pacific Coast 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14441: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14288:Positive good 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14263: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14203:Panic of 1857 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14163:Border states 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14132: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14105: 14103: 14098: 14096: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14081: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13967: 13960: 13947: 13946:0-13-389115-1 13943: 13939: 13935: 13933: 13932:0-8047-3641-3 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13914: 13910: 13909: 13896: 13890: 13882: 13880:0-8071-1807-9 13876: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13845: 13839: 13832: 13826: 13819: 13813: 13807:, pp. 105–106 13806: 13800: 13798: 13787: 13780: 13770: 13762: 13755: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13720: 13712: 13706: 13702: 13697: 13696: 13687: 13685: 13669: 13665: 13658: 13650: 13642: 13633: 13625: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13590: 13581: 13573: 13566: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13526: 13522: 13516: 13508: 13506:0-313-33073-5 13502: 13498: 13494: 13487: 13479: 13477:0-8117-0059-3 13473: 13469: 13462: 13454: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13427: 13421: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13372: 13369: 13360: 13352: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13333: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13304: 13296: 13289: 13285: 13282: 13276: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13228: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13200: 13194: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13171: 13165: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13142: 13136: 13129: 13123: 13116: 13112: 13106: 13097: 13082: 13076: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13057: 13048: 13039: 13024: 13020: 13014: 13005: 12989: 12983: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12927: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12908: 12900: 12898:0-8139-1894-4 12894: 12889: 12888: 12879: 12871: 12869:0-8071-2245-9 12865: 12861: 12854: 12846: 12845:Gone to Texas 12839: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12812: 12810: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12780: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12737: 12729: 12728: 12720: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12693: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12658: 12650: 12643: 12626: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12582: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12558: 12551: 12545: 12537: 12531: 12527: 12520: 12512: 12510:0-8078-2255-8 12506: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12489: 12481: 12474: 12466: 12459: 12450: 12448: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12385: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12358: 12350: 12346: 12339: 12331: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12297: 12289: 12282: 12274: 12270: 12263: 12256: 12250: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12214: 12206: 12200: 12196: 12195: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12152: 12146: 12142: 12141: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12053: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12012: 12004: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11985:0-00-716458-0 11982: 11978: 11972: 11965: 11960: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11933: 11924: 11917: 11911: 11902: 11894: 11888: 11884: 11883: 11875: 11867: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11848: 11841: 11835: 11826: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11805: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11780:0-394-50099-7 11776: 11772: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11739: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11720: 11712: 11705: 11696: 11686: 11677: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11483: 11477: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11444: 11438: 11431: 11425: 11418: 11412: 11404: 11402:0-13-389115-1 11398: 11395:. p. 1. 11394: 11390: 11383: 11381: 11373: 11367: 11360: 11354: 11347: 11341: 11334: 11328: 11321: 11316: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11301:New York City 11298: 11297: 11292: 11286: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11254: 11248:Davis p. 248. 11245: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11222: 11213: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199:public domain 11188: 11182: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11142: 11135: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11109: 11104: 11102:0-394-74622-8 11098: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11074: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11024: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10964: 10958: 10943: 10937: 10929: 10927:0-8131-1854-9 10923: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10817:Robert E. Lee 10814: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10743:St. Augustine 10740: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10666:Fort Donelson 10664:was lost and 10663: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10591: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10548: 10543: 10535: 10530: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10511: 10504: 10500: 10495: 10486: 10479: 10473: 10466: 10460: 10453: 10447: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10421: 10414: 10408: 10401: 10395: 10388: 10382: 10375: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10343: 10336: 10335:Fort Donelson 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10307: 10306:John S. Mosby 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10271:, pp. 310–311 10270: 10264: 10257: 10251: 10242: 10236:Rubin p. 104. 10233: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10206: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10168: 10161: 10155: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10110: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10003: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9977: 9971: 9964: 9958: 9950: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9931: 9925:, pp. 342–343 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9897: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9854: 9853: 9845: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9818: 9809: 9802: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9774: 9765: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9731: 9722: 9715: 9709: 9701: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9557:(2002), p. 48 9556: 9550: 9543: 9537: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9464: 9463: 9462:The Liberator 9458: 9454: 9453:Allen, Wm. G. 9448: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9427: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9382: 9375: 9369: 9359: 9351: 9350: 9342: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9315: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9289: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9263: 9256: 9250: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9213: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9188: 9187: 9179: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9089: 9083: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9007: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8922: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8902: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8822: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8769:Crofts p. 336 8766: 8757: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8703: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8683: 8672:September 30, 8667: 8663: 8657: 8650: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8609: 8599: 8591: 8584: 8577:. p. 61. 8576: 8569: 8553: 8547: 8536:September 30, 8532: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8499: 8490: 8481: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8432: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8368: 8361: 8355: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8148:September 13, 8143: 8139: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8098: 8092: 8076: 8075: 8067: 8051: 8044: 8029: 8025: 8018: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7952: 7950: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7816: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7746:1-57233-092-9 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7695: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7663: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7556: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7342:Zebulon Vance 7339: 7334: 7332: 7322: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291:Robert E. Lee 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7250: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7220: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7172:By 1877, the 7170: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7119: 7108: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088:Presbyterians 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7005: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6479: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6054:slaveholders 6021: 6018: 6016: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5975:to semi-arid 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5931: 5929: 5928:planter class 5925: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5882:West Virginia 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5776: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5747: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5517:R.M.T. Hunter 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5330: 5316: 5307: 5304: 5303:raw materials 5300: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5234: 5223: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5191:Blockade mail 5187: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5139:20 cent, 1863 5137: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946:Supreme Court 4943: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4659:Robert Toombs 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4394:Robert Toombs 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4312:U.S. Congress 4308: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4247:a "permanent 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4195:confederation 4190: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3689: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589:Morgan's Raid 3586: 3582: 3571: 3564: 3553: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3520:Anaconda Plan 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Braxton Bragg 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3402: 3401:Hampton Roads 3398: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3333: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286:Robert E. Lee 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3237: 3230: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3111: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020:Leonidas Polk 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2954:Robert E. Lee 2950: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2872:of Napoleon. 2871: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2779:that he had: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765:Prussian Army 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2661: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Martin Delany 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2510:Milledgeville 2506: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2465: 2455: 2448: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:34th parallel 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287:West Virginia 2284: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2069: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2003:tariff policy 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:border states 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:nullification 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:United States 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1379:Panic of 1857 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1342:. During the 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Jim Crow laws 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1273:Robert E. Lee 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1081: 1080:United States 1078: 1076:Today part of 1074: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 988: 986: 983: 982: 974: 972: 969: 968: 960: 958: 955: 954: 946: 944: 941: 940: 932: 930: 927: 926: 918: 916: 913: 912: 904: 902: 899: 898: 890: 888: 887:West Virginia 885: 884: 881: 875: 872: 865: 864: 861: 858: 851: 850: 847: 842: 835: 834: 831: 828: 821: 820: 817: 814: 807: 806: 803: 800: 793: 792: 789: 786: 779: 778: 775: 772: 765: 764: 761: 758: 751: 750: 747: 744: 737: 736: 733: 730: 723: 722: 719: 714: 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 686: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 647: 641: 637: 632: 628: 624: 621: 615: 611: 608: 602: 599:April 9, 1865 598: 595: 589: 585: 581: 574: 570: 566: 559: 555: 552: 546: 542: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521: 515: 512: 509: 506: 500: 497: 494: 490: 486: 483: 480: 474: 470: 466: 464: 460: 456: 453: 450: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413:Confederation 411: 410: 408: 404: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 367: 366: 360: 356: 352: 347: 344: 340: 332: 329: 325: 322: 318: 315: 314: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 285: 282:West Virginia 281: 273: 265: 257: 256: 252: 247: 233: 229: 213: 196: 192: 188: 182: 181: 177: 173: 167: 157: 149: 133: 126: 118: 113: 106: 103: 95: 85: 81: 77: 73: 67: 63: 61: 56:This article 54: 45: 44: 41: 37: 30: 26: 22: 21:Confederation 18202: 17959: 17851:(1823–1824) 17199:George Davis 17187:Thomas Bragg 16782: 16599:Bibliography 16582:Other topics 16524:By ethnicity 16492: 16445:Trent Affair 16344:Signal Corps 16201: 15924:White League 15811:Ku Klux Klan 15724:Confederados 15651:Constitution 15523:D. D. Porter 15376:Breckinridge 15087:Rhode Island 15082:Pennsylvania 14837:Spotsylvania 14797:Stones River 14777:2nd Bull Run 14727:1st Bull Run 14613:Stones River 14514:Marine Corps 14495: 14481:Marine Corps 14320:Abolitionism 14307: 14260: 14055: 14023: 13988: 13979: 13971: 13937: 13919: 13912: 13894: 13889: 13870: 13864: 13856: 13855:Eric Foner, 13851: 13843: 13838: 13830: 13829:Eric Foner, 13825: 13817: 13812: 13804: 13785: 13779: 13769: 13760: 13754: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13694: 13671:. Retrieved 13667: 13657: 13648: 13641: 13631: 13624: 13599: 13595: 13589: 13580: 13571: 13565: 13553:. Retrieved 13549: 13540: 13528:. Retrieved 13524: 13515: 13496: 13486: 13467: 13461: 13442: 13433: 13425: 13420: 13401: 13397: 13380: 13376: 13368: 13359: 13339: 13332: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13275: 13250: 13246: 13240: 13232: 13227: 13211: 13206: 13198: 13193: 13182: 13177: 13169: 13164: 13156: 13151: 13140: 13135: 13127: 13122: 13110: 13105: 13096: 13084:. Retrieved 13075: 13056: 13047: 13038: 13026:. 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K. Smith 15216:Confederate 15163:New Orleans 15158:Chattanooga 15022:Mississippi 14922:Connecticut 14890:territories 14881:Involvement 14842:Cold Harbor 14832:Fort Pillow 14822:Chattanooga 14817:Chickamauga 14767:Seven Pines 14757:New Orleans 14722:Fort Sumter 14663:Valley 1864 14496:Confederacy 14293:Slave Power 14273:Fire-Eaters 14058:, May, 1922 13982:, 1862–1866 13253:(1): 3–21. 12351:(3): 36–41. 12309:(1): 3–17. 11553:January 29, 11445:, pp. 90–91 11419:, pp. 72–73 11038:, in 1862, 10751:New Orleans 10682:Fort Pillow 10061:New Orleans 9234:(1994) p. 8 8344:October 25, 8056:February 5, 8028:Opinionator 7187:Solid South 7125:Amnesty Act 6884:, Virginia 6862:, Virginia 6814:, Virginia 6722:, Virginia 6668:New Orleans 6627:New Orleans 6623:county seat 6484:0–14 years 6079:population 6049:population 6042:households 6028:population 5785:Battle Flag 5689:Mississippi 5515:flanked by 5450:track gauge 5392:King Cotton 5268:Though the 5064:Post Office 5020:1861–1864, 4939:front lines 4681:Legislative 4226:prohibited 4049:Mississippi 3882:Mississippi 3659:Fort Fisher 3604:Chattanooga 3585:Port Hudson 3218:Fort Sumter 3032:The Citadel 2993:Fort Sumter 2817:Confederado 2554:laws of war 2312:Territories 2184:Mississippi 1984:Lower South 1911:Fort Sumter 1903:New Orleans 1230:Upper South 1207:Southerners 1141:Mississippi 1125:U.S. states 1013:Mississippi 732:Mississippi 693:Preceded by 625:May 5, 1865 520:Lower house 505:Upper house 492:Legislature 397:Confederate 351:May 1, 1862 346:New Orleans 180:Deo vindice 165:(1863–1865) 141:(1861–1863) 92:August 2024 80:subheadings 18309:Categories 18140:California 17473:W. Johnson 17325:R. Johnson 17313:H. Johnson 16906:government 16894:government 16860:government 16638:Juneteenth 16159:Cemeteries 16036:Red Shirts 15947:Centennial 15897:Red Shirts 15305:Longstreet 15235:Beauregard 15178:Winchester 15153:Charleston 15122:Washington 15057:New Mexico 15052:New Jersey 14912:California 14888:States and 14872:Five Forks 14857:Mobile Bay 14827:Wilderness 14807:Gettysburg 14787:Perryville 14772:Seven Days 14703:Appomattox 14628:Gettysburg 14588:New Mexico 14455:Combatants 14430:Combatants 14343:John Brown 13086:August 29, 12994:August 29, 11819:(1): 7–40. 11511:August 29, 11466:August 29, 11156:Shenandoah 10662:Fort Henry 10327:Fort Henry 10057:Charleston 10053:Wilmington 9652:, (1991), 9257:, pp. 7–8. 8811:August 29, 8389:HNN online 8007:August 27, 7551:References 7277:argued in 7263:Historian 7163:Fourteenth 7146:camp near 7140:commandant 7136:Henry Wirz 7105:See also: 7037:Methodists 7025:Protestant 7017:Montgomery 7002:See also: 6974:Wilmington 6950:, Georgia 6928:, Georgia 6906:, Georgia 6882:Alexandria 6812:Petersburg 6792:, Georgia 6748:, Alabama 6694:Charleston 6457:5,582,222 6454:1,027,967 6451:3,521,110 6448:9,103,332 6423:1,105,453 6414:1,596,318 6350:1,109,801 6347:Tennessee 6219:Louisiana 6190:1,057,286 6059:population 6006:Population 5924:Union Army 5862:Appalachia 5812:Union flag 5455:locomotive 5368:work ethic 5356:free labor 5343:black belt 5299:turpentine 5261:Lincoln's 5249:Bell Wiley 5208:Mark Neely 5171:City Point 5027:Tennessee 4991:Louisiana 3755:Historian 3745:Shenandoah 3631:Mobile Bay 3616:Petersburg 3597:Gettysburg 3321:Sharpsburg 3200:Charleston 3024:West Point 2914:land mines 2676:, Emperor 2275:Convention 2237:(April 15) 1804:Deep South 1751:Lost Cause 1712:See also: 1340:Dixiecrats 1115:breakaway 634:Population 406:Government 393:Demonym(s) 76:condensing 18021:Tennessee 17996:Louisiana 17697:sovereign 17201:(1864–65) 17195:(1862–63) 17189:(1861–62) 17164:(1861–65) 17145:(1861–65) 17120:(1862–65) 17108:(1861–62) 17077:(1864–65) 17071:(1861–64) 17052:(1862–65) 17046:(1861–62) 17012:(1861–65) 16990:President 16918:Territory 16840:Tennessee 16820:Louisiana 16616:Espionage 16410:Diplomacy 16378:Political 16334:POW camps 16080:Monuments 15907:Scalawags 15902:Redeemers 15640:Aftermath 15589:Pinkerton 15528:Rosecrans 15493:McClellan 15396:Memminger 15132:Wisconsin 15097:Tennessee 15017:Minnesota 14992:Louisiana 14867:Nashville 14812:Vicksburg 14742:Pea Ridge 14693:Carolinas 14648:Red River 14643:Knoxville 14623:Tullahoma 14618:Vicksburg 14598:Peninsula 14570:campaigns 14436:Campaigns 14213:Secession 13893:Coulter, 13803:Coulter, 13746:143584568 13645:See also 12763:159561246 12684:143199643 12438:144929048 12253:Coulter, 11918:pp. 15–16 11370:Coulter, 11357:Coulter, 11344:Coulter, 11331:Coulter, 11149:Stonewall 11132:Coulter, 11119:Coulter, 11064:Coulter, 11034:Coulter, 11022:Kearsarge 11020:USS 11000:Coulter, 10987:Coulter, 10974:Coulter, 10961:Coulter, 10870:Coulter, 10857:Coulter, 10796:Coulter, 10783:Coulter, 10770:Coulter, 10747:New Berne 10739:Fernandia 10729:Coulter, 10670:Nashville 10605:, p. 353. 10601:Coulter, 10558:Coulter, 10476:Coulter, 10463:Coulter, 10454:, p. 324. 10450:Coulter, 10437:Coulter, 10424:Coulter, 10411:Coulter, 10398:Coulter, 10385:Coulter, 10372:Coulter, 10359:Coulter, 10346:Coulter, 10317:Coulter, 10280:Coulter, 10267:Coulter, 10254:Coulter, 10107:Coulter, 10089:Coulter, 10072:Coulter, 10047:Coulter, 10034:Coulter, 10013:Coulter, 10000:Coulter, 9987:Coulter, 9974:Coulter, 9961:Coulter, 9921:Coulter, 9791:March 18, 9632:154654909 9496:April 21, 9309:, p. 102. 9305:Coulter, 9279:Coulter, 9266:Coulter, 8558:April 19, 8284:0882-228X 8232:0021-8723 8191:1742-058X 7755:745911382 7614:"History" 7523:, or the 7167:Fifteenth 6834:Nashville 6411:Virginia 6123:Arkansas 6066:% of Free 6057:% of Free 6040:number of 6033:number of 5979:and arid 5934:Geography 5681:tombstone 5388:sugarcane 5301:). These 5051:1861–1865 5044:1861–1865 5031:1861–1865 5009:1861–1865 5007:Asa Biggs 5002:1861–1865 4995:1861–1865 4981:1861–1862 4974:1861–1865 4970:Arkansas 4967:1861–1865 4954:– judges 4905:Asa Biggs 4843:1863–65, 4836:Chickasaw 4834:1864–65, 4812:1862–65, 4351:President 4262:Executive 4167:territory 4117:Tennessee 4023:Louisiana 3924:Tennessee 3869:Louisiana 3750:Liverpool 3733:Stonewall 3626:Albemarle 3581:Vicksburg 3526:Tennessee 3425:Cherbourg 3278:Oak Hills 2997:U.S. Army 2543:Diplomacy 2394:Chickasaw 2260:Tennessee 2227:, March 4 2212:Louisiana 2136:Cassville 2028:John Bell 1976:Tennessee 1899:Dahlonega 1895:Charlotte 1863:Secession 1848:economics 1840:secession 1800:secession 1778:abolition 1391:Political 1328:textbooks 1269:adjourned 1242:Tennessee 1173:Tennessee 1157:Louisiana 1129:secession 1111:, was an 1109:the South 957:Louisiana 901:Tennessee 860:Tennessee 788:Louisiana 658:3,521,110 648:9,103,332 433:President 377:Louisiana 362:English ( 280:Separated 138:Top: Flag 115:1861–1865 84:talk page 72:splitting 70:Consider 18165:Sequoyah 18145:Cascadia 18074:Category 18031:Virginia 18006:Missouri 17991:Kentucky 17976:Arkansas 17641:Category 17441:Caperton 17421:Barnwell 16901:Missouri 16889:Kentucky 16850:Virginia 16805:Arkansas 16730:Category 16571:Seminole 16561:Cherokee 16314:Medicine 16267:Military 16180:Veterans 16014:Jim Crow 15779:timeline 15574:Ericsson 15557:Civilian 15538:Sheridan 15498:McDowell 15458:Farragut 15443:Burnside 15433:Anderson 15426:Military 15406:Stephens 15366:Benjamin 15359:Civilian 15245:Buchanan 15223:Military 15168:Richmond 15117:Virginia 15062:New York 15037:Nebraska 15027:Missouri 15012:Michigan 15002:Maryland 14987:Kentucky 14962:Illinois 14937:Delaware 14917:Colorado 14902:Arkansas 14862:Franklin 14782:Antietam 14653:Overland 14608:Maryland 14527:Theaters 14433:Theaters 14009:Archived 13998:Archived 13926:, 2001, 13846:, p. xii 13673:March 8, 13555:June 18, 13410:25723552 13389:25723506 13284:Archived 13064:Archived 12958:Nofi, Al 12830:30237490 12800:27648821 12632:July 21, 12590:Archived 12569:Archived 12376:40584640 12108:11639801 11640:30237275 11619:30234666 11441:Martis, 11428:Martis, 11415:Martis, 11293:(1997). 11136:, p. 287 11068:, p. 305 11053:Savannah 11043:Archived 10978:, p. 356 10965:, p. 357 10813:Virginia 10805:Archived 10716:Martis, 10704:, p. 28. 10700:Martis, 10656:Martis, 10518:(1870). 10376:, p. 313 10111:, p. 321 9991:, p. 346 9978:, p. 343 9685:Hamilton 9514:(2008). 9398:(1998). 9292:Martis, 9270:, p. 100 9253:Martis, 9158:Archived 9137:, 2008. 9071:Archived 9026:Archived 9006:Archived 8986:Archived 8962:Archived 8930:Archived 8910:Archived 8890:Archived 8870:Archived 8850:Archived 8830:Archived 8802:. Also, 8796:Archived 8691:Archived 8392:Archived 8338:Archived 8302:April 7, 8296:Archived 8292:23210244 7998:Archived 7844:June 25, 7712:June 28, 7623:July 12, 7598:July 12, 7521:Kentucky 7517:Missouri 7399:See also 7331:Standard 7074:and the 7033:Baptists 6998:Religion 6926:Columbus 6790:Savannah 6720:Richmond 6673:168,675 6472:132,760 6460:316,632 6420:201,523 6417:490,865 6391:421,649 6385:182,566 6382:604,215 6359:834,082 6356:149,335 6353:275,719 6327:301,302 6321:402,406 6318:703,708 6295:661,563 6292:125,090 6289:331,059 6286:992,622 6263:354,674 6257:436,631 6254:791,305 6231:376,276 6225:331,726 6222:708,002 6199:595,088 6196:109,919 6193:462,198 6187:Georgia 6158:140,424 6155:Florida 6135:324,335 6129:111,115 6126:435,450 6103:529,121 6097:435,080 6094:964,201 6091:Alabama 6086:colored 6068:families 5890:Freedmen 5864:and the 5698:old maid 5509:CSA note 5482:glanders 5464:de facto 5102:, 5 cent 4984:Georgia 4977:Florida 4963:Alabama 4859:Judicial 4827:Seminole 4814:Cherokee 4133:Kentucky 4125:Missouri 4096:Arkansas 4088:Virginia 3950:Virginia 3890:Missouri 3856:Kentucky 3822:Arkansas 3719:Richmond 3715:was lost 3442:Virginia 3397:Virginia 2952:General 2893:Maryland 2745:de facto 2729:Holy See 2709:Erlanger 2437:Capitals 2422:Seminole 2414:Cherokee 2343:Oklahoma 2302:Maryland 2298:Delaware 2279:Wheeling 2269:(May 20) 2253:Arkansas 2246:Virginia 2111:Missouri 2098:Kentucky 1992:Kentucky 1988:Missouri 1972:Arkansas 1968:Virginia 1963:states. 1944:Oklahoma 1935:Missouri 1931:Kentucky 1794:won the 1762:Congress 1643:Military 1583:Judicial 1417:Gag rule 1368:Economic 1308:reaction 1298:and the 1238:Arkansas 1234:Virginia 1169:Arkansas 1165:Virginia 1117:republic 999:Virginia 915:Arkansas 830:Arkansas 816:Virginia 667:Currency 496:Congress 400:Southern 365:de facto 60:too long 18273:Portals 18196:History 18160:Lakotah 17986:Georgia 17981:Florida 17971:Arizona 17966:Alabama 17695:Former 17653:Commons 17612:Sparrow 17588:Mitchel 17580:Jemison 17558:(Tenn.) 17548:Garland 17540:Burnett 17532:Class 3 17517:Wigfall 17497:Preston 17481:Maxwell 17435:(Miss.) 17413:Class 2 17395:(Miss.) 17249:Class 1 16986:Cabinet 16815:Georgia 16810:Florida 16800:Alabama 16697:Related 16566:Choctaw 16556:Catawba 16339:Rations 16284:Cavalry 16146:Removal 15774:efforts 15758:of 1873 15604:Stevens 15599:Stanton 15584:Lincoln 15543:Sherman 15478:Halleck 15468:Frémont 15453:Du Pont 15391:Mallory 15350:Wheeler 15285:Jackson 15265:Forrest 15205:Leaders 15148:Atlanta 15112:Vermont 15032:Montana 14972:Indiana 14947:Georgia 14942:Florida 14907:Arizona 14897:Alabama 14847:Atlanta 14762:Corinth 14714:battles 14658:Atlanta 14638:Bristoe 14539:Western 14534:Eastern 14439:Battles 14238:Slavery 14142:Origins 14128:Origins 14065:at the 14015:at the 13940:(1994) 13905:Sources 13842:Foner, 13703:, 259. 13616:1895910 13530:June 4, 13324:1838262 13267:1891664 13220:4230621 13201:(2013). 13113:(1998) 12501:139–152 12403:4248710 12315:3739261 12275:: 8–15. 12100:3744026 12038:1836241 11914:Thomas 11590:1832885 11008:Alabama 10918:134–135 10842:Atlanta 10837:Atlanta 10019:Memphis 9871:excerpt 9624:2120650 9589:2205869 9296:, p. 2. 9220:(1996). 8033:May 19, 7212:a state 7060:slavery 6948:Atlanta 6909:12,493 6904:Augusta 6887:12,652 6865:14,620 6860:Norfolk 6839:16,988 6817:18,266 6795:22,619 6773:22,623 6768:Memphis 6751:29,258 6725:37,910 6699:40,522 6438:58,042 6426:52,128 6394:21,878 6388:76,781 6362:36,844 6330:26,701 6324:58,642 6310:30,463 6298:34,658 6266:30,943 6260:63,015 6246:18,647 6234:22,033 6228:74,725 6202:41,084 6167:78,679 6164:15,090 6161:61,745 6138:11,481 6132:57,244 6106:33,730 6100:96,603 6072:slaves 6063:slaves 6035:slaves 5981:deserts 5977:steppes 5773:1863–65 5685:Natchez 5244:Patrols 5227:Economy 4845:Choctaw 4625:1864–65 4613:1862–63 4601:1861–62 4570:1861–65 4551:1861–65 4520:1862–65 4496:1861–62 4453:1864–65 4441:1861–64 4422:1862–65 4410:1861–62 4379:1861–65 4360:1861–65 4232:impeach 4075:Florida 4010:Georgia 3997:Alabama 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