315:
1410:
OPCW's inspectors had "sufficient evidence at this time to determine that chlorine, or another reactive chlorine-containing chemical, was likely released from cylinders". The staff member alleged this finding was "highly misleading and not supported by the facts" and said he would attach his own differing observations if this version of the report was released. On 25 November 2019, OPCW Director
General Fernando Arias, in a speech to the OPCW's annual conference in The Hague, defended the Organization's report on the Douma incident, stating "While some of these diverse views continue to circulate in some public discussion forums, I would like to reiterate that I stand by the independent, professional conclusion" of the probe.
335:(OPCW), which acts as the legal platform for specification of the CWC provisions. The Conference of the States Parties is mandated to change the CWC and pass regulations on the implementation of CWC requirements. The Technical Secretariat of the organization conducts inspections to ensure compliance of member states. These inspections target destruction facilities (where constant monitoring takes place during destruction), chemical weapons production facilities which have been dismantled or converted for civil use, as well as inspections of the chemical industry. The Secretariat may furthermore conduct "investigations of alleged use" of chemical weapons and give assistance after use of chemical weapons.
1456:
398:
Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B, which are chemicals useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Separate from the precursors, the convention defines toxic chemicals as "ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere."
1441:
1248:
1618:
1633:
1122:
3782:
894:
34:
1097:
1584:
1197:
1172:
1603:
1554:
587:
1273:
1223:
1520:
1505:
1569:
1471:
1298:
1147:
1535:
1486:
1680:
2482:
1418:
Financial support for the
Albanian and Libyan stockpile destruction programmes was provided by the United States. Russia received support from a number of countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Canada; with some $ 2 billion given by 2004. Costs
1409:
Controversy arose in
November 2019 over the OPCW's finding on the Douma chemical weapons attack when Wikileaks published emails by an OPCW staff member saying a report on this incident "misrepresents the facts" and contains "unintended bias". The OPCW staff member questioned the report's finding that
533:
Before the CWC came into force in 1997, 165 states signed the convention, allowing them to ratify the agreement after obtaining domestic approval. Following the treaty's entry into force, it was closed for signature and the only method for non-signatory states to become a party was through accession.
483:
This can make it more challenging for companies to identify if chemicals they handle are subject to the CWC, especially
Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals (such as Alkylphosphorus chemicals). For example, Amgard 1045 is a flame retardant, but falls within Schedule 2B as part of Alkylphosphorus chemical
495:
The treaty also deals with carbon compounds called in the treaty "discrete organic chemicals", the majority of which exhibit moderate-high direct toxicity or can be readily converted into compounds with toxicity sufficient for practical use as a chemical weapon. These are any carbon compounds apart
301:
its annual report, which contained the text of the
Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Assembly approved the convention on 30 November 1992, and the U.N. Secretary-General then opened the convention for signature in Paris on 13 January 1993. The CWC remained open for signature until its entry
1925:
Noting that on 14 September 2013, the Syrian Arab
Republic deposited with the Secretary-General its instrument of accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Convention) and declared that it shall
397:
The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance, chemicals that can either be used as weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into
491:
A treaty party may declare a "single small-scale facility" that produces up to 1 tonne of
Schedule 1 chemicals for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes each year, and also another facility may produce 10 kg per year for protective testing purposes. An unlimited number of
1358:
When Iraq joined the CWC in 2009, it declared "two bunkers with filled and unfilled chemical weapons munitions, some precursors, as well as five former chemical weapons production facilities" according to OPCW Director
General Rogelio Pfirter. The bunker entrances were sealed with 1.5 meters of
268:
of Syria) continue to regularly manufacture and implement such chemicals in combat munitions. Although these chemicals are not specifically listed as controlled by the CWC, the use of any toxic chemical as a weapon (when used to produce fatalities solely or mainly through its toxic action) is
487:
Due to the added complexity these statements bring in identifying regulated chemicals, many companies choose to carry out these assessments computationally, examining the chemicals structure using in silico tools which compare them to the legislation statements, either with in house systems
1338:
inspectors had accounted for the destruction of 88,000 filled and unfilled chemical munitions, over 690 metric tons of weaponized and bulk chemical agents, approximately 4,000 tonnes of precursor chemicals, and 980 pieces of key production equipment. The UNSCOM inspectors left in 1998.
1043:
Seven state parties have completed the destruction of their declared stockpiles: Albania, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria, the United States, and an unspecified state party (believed to be South Korea). Russia also completed the destruction of its declared stockpile. According to the US
944:
The treaty set up several steps with deadlines toward complete destruction of chemical weapons, with a procedure for requesting deadline extensions. No country reached total elimination by the original treaty date although several have finished under allowed extensions.
442:
chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons. Plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected, and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Examples of these substances are
1385:, Syria, which had long been suspected of possessing chemical weapons, acknowledged them in September 2013 and agreed to put them under international supervision. On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the
405:
chemicals have few, or no uses outside chemical weapons. These may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing purposes but production at sites producing more than 100 grams per year must be declared to the
500:. The OPCW must be informed of, and can inspect, any plant producing (or expecting to produce) more than 200 tonnes per year, or 30 tonnes if the chemical contains phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine, unless the plant solely produces explosives or hydrocarbons.
285:
of 1925, which bans the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, but not their development or possession. The CWC also includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections, in stark contrast to the 1975
1366:
On 13 March 2018, the
Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, congratulated the Government of Iraq on the completion of the destruction of the country's chemical weapons remnants.
248:
As of
February 2021, 98.39% of the world's declared chemical weapons stockpiles had been destroyed. The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and
205:
or protective). The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.
566:
by their Permanent Representative. This function is generally combined with the function of Ambassador. For the preparation of OPCW inspections and preparation of declarations, member states have to constitute a National Authority.
2541:
1342:
In 2009, before Iraq joined the CWC, the OPCW reported that the United States military had destroyed almost 5,000 old chemical weapons in open-air detonations since 2004. These weapons, produced before the 1991
492:
other facilities may produce Schedule 1 chemicals, subject to a total 10 kg annual limit, for research, medical or pharmaceutical purposes, but any facility producing more than 100 grams must be declared.
1389:
and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October. An accelerated destruction schedule was devised by Russia and the United States on 14 September, and was endorsed by
2903:
4882:
4877:
1728:
1040:
At the end of 2019, 70,545 of 72,304 (97.51%) metric tonnes of chemical agent have been verifiably destroyed. More than 57% (4.97 million) of chemical munitions and containers have been destroyed.
418:, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small scale non-military applications, for example, milligram quantities of
193:, The Netherlands. The treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and also prohibits large-scale development, production, stockpiling, or transfer of
1738:
1677:
of countries and the European Commission that helps member nations identify exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons
1398:
in October 2013, 2 weeks before its formal entry into force, while applying the convention provisionally. All declared Category 1 materials were destroyed by August 2014. However, the
1359:
reinforced concrete in 1994 under UNSCOM supervision. As of 2012, the plan to destroy the chemical weapons was still being developed, in the face of significant difficulties. In 2014,
1394:
and the OPCW Executive Council Decision EC-M-33/DEC.1. Their deadline for destruction was the first half of 2014. Syria gave the OPCW an inventory of its chemical weapons arsenal and
392:
4842:
3612:
4797:
4647:
428:
chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declared and there are restrictions on export to countries that are not CWC signatories. An example is
4837:
1063:
era chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China by means of mobile destruction units and reported destruction of 35,203 chemical weapons (75% of the Nanjing stockpile).
3837:
4892:
1926:
comply with its stipulations and observe them faithfully and sincerely, applying the Convention provisionally pending its entry into force for the Syrian Arab Republic
2270:
4037:
3577:
3452:
4847:
3097:
3008:
2873:
4127:
3327:
1708:
880:
4017:
4807:
1779:
264:
is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon. Certain state powers (e.g. the
4557:
3283:"Secretary-General Receives Letter from Syrian Government Informing Him President Has Signed Legislative Decree for Accession to Chemical Weapons Convention"
923:
3619:
3417:
2328:
1974:
1718:
554:
have neither signed nor acceded to the convention. Taiwan, though not a member state, has stated on 27 August 2002 that it fully complies with the treaty.
407:
332:
326:
186:
4887:
3022:
4872:
4857:
528:
484:
class. This approach is also used in controlled drug legislation in many countries and are often termed "class wide controls" or "generic statements".
135:
4572:
4002:
4852:
2432:
3044:
4902:
4322:
2951:
1391:
1660:
Currently all 97 declared production facilities have been deactivated and certified as either destroyed (74) or converted (23) to civilian use.
1419:
for Albania's program were approximately US$ 48 million. The United States has spent $ 20 billion and expected to spend a further $ 40 billion.
4032:
824:
625:
4822:
4742:
2066:
1815:
1252:
829:
3832:
1876:
1734:
1704:
876:
784:
779:
4082:
3942:
1901:
1126:
804:
789:
749:
739:
734:
3623:
451:), which has been used as a chemical weapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organic compounds (e.g.
4587:
4547:
3817:
1376:
834:
242:
2904:"OPCW Director-General Commends Major Milestone as Russia Completes Destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpile under OPCW Verification"
4377:
916:
649:
644:
4867:
4707:
4617:
3862:
3153:
2815:
2787:
2698:
1751:
1406:
occurred on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians with scores injured, and which has been blamed on the Assad government.
759:
744:
659:
2010:
4897:
4862:
4747:
4072:
3724:
3699:
3179:
2847:
2753:
2206:
1101:
819:
764:
729:
684:
639:
634:
287:
150:
3066:
2320:
1816:"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction"
342:
was awarded to the organization because it had, with the Chemical Weapons Convention, "defined the use of chemical weapons as a
4827:
4812:
4752:
4157:
4107:
2632:
1395:
1227:
814:
799:
769:
754:
724:
704:
679:
664:
654:
3745:
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
176:
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
27:
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
4832:
4497:
4042:
1302:
1201:
1176:
1151:
1049:
809:
719:
714:
689:
674:
669:
2588:
314:
273:, are highly toxic but are legal under the CWC when they are used by military forces for reasons other than their toxicity.
4817:
4512:
4442:
4342:
2302:
2277:
1277:
909:
897:
699:
694:
4802:
3827:
3822:
1694:, a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons among signatory states in international armed conflicts
439:
425:
402:
3206:
3123:
2881:
1863:
1837:
534:
As of March 2021, 193 states, representing over 98 percent of the world's population, are party to the CWC. Of the four
4327:
4192:
1997:"Third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism"
3337:
4722:
4627:
4597:
4577:
4362:
4207:
3967:
3812:
3519:
773:
1850:
4667:
4632:
4552:
4447:
4102:
4052:
4027:
3892:
3023:"OPCW Executive Council and Director-General Review Progress on Destruction of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China"
2370:
1724:
3475:
2728:
2587:"Russian President Vladimir Putin has announced that Russia is destroying its last supplies of chemical weapons":
256:
Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have numerous large-scale industrial uses (such as
4762:
4692:
4677:
4592:
4567:
4422:
4412:
4382:
4347:
4337:
4292:
4272:
4152:
4047:
3997:
3902:
3887:
709:
3444:
4772:
4642:
4602:
4452:
4387:
4332:
4232:
4182:
3877:
3867:
3802:
3232:
1688:, a concept in international law that broadly governs international agreements with respect to chemical weapons
1329:
373:
Destruction of all chemical weapons (including chemical weapons abandoned outside the state parties territory)
4792:
4687:
4682:
4657:
4652:
4612:
4607:
4522:
4502:
4482:
4407:
4357:
4282:
4212:
4122:
4092:
4087:
4022:
3987:
3982:
3962:
3947:
3907:
1714:
1399:
850:
250:
3554:
2655:"Opening Statement by the Director-General to the Conference of the States Parties at its Sixteenth Session"
1938:
936:
A total of 72,304 metric tonnes of chemical agent, and 97 production facilities have been declared to OPCW.
4777:
4767:
4757:
4737:
4712:
4622:
4582:
4532:
4462:
4427:
4417:
4397:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4257:
4247:
4222:
4217:
4177:
4162:
4137:
4117:
4112:
4097:
4077:
4057:
3977:
3972:
3937:
3917:
3912:
3897:
3882:
3872:
3852:
3847:
3842:
2182:
535:
2245:
4787:
4732:
4727:
4717:
4662:
4542:
4537:
4517:
4492:
4472:
4402:
4392:
4352:
4302:
4287:
4262:
4197:
4187:
4172:
4142:
4067:
3992:
3957:
3952:
3932:
3922:
3857:
1762:
1053:
860:
1334:
The U.N. Security Council ordered the dismantling of Iraq's chemical weapon stockpile in 1991. By 1998,
4782:
4702:
4672:
4637:
4562:
4527:
4487:
4457:
4437:
4432:
4372:
4277:
4267:
4252:
4227:
4202:
4167:
4147:
4012:
3927:
3772:
3301:
578:
2504:
518:
Category 3 - devices and equipment designed to use chemical weapons, without the substances themselves
379:
An OPCW inspection regime for the production of chemicals which might be converted to chemical weapons
4697:
4507:
4477:
4467:
4367:
4297:
4242:
4237:
4132:
4062:
4007:
3807:
3257:
2515:
2276:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. 7 December 2014. Fact sheet 7. Archived from
1685:
355:
294:
3757:
2407:
1045:
2976:
2926:
468:
Many of the chemicals named in the schedules are simply examples from a wider class, defined with
463:, used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard but also commonly used in toiletries and detergents.
370:
Destruction (or monitored conversion to other functions) of chemical weapons production facilities
3715:
2654:
474:
O-Alkyl (<=C10, incl. cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)- phosphonofluoridates chemicals
3362:
3009:"OPCW Director-General Congratulates Iraq on Complete Destruction of Chemical Weapons Remnants"
2542:
James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies
1652:
1 non-disclosed state party (referred to as "A State Party" in OPCW-communications; said to be
1446:
1382:
339:
2682:
3686:
3599:
1403:
855:
298:
198:
3690:
3282:
2952:"OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed"
2349:
3527:
2426:
616:
410:. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of 1 tonne of these materials. Examples are
2413:(Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. p. 45. Policy Paper No. 5
351:
8:
2537:
432:
which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, but is also used as a solvent in
209:
As of August 2022, 193 states have become parties to the CWC and accept its obligations.
3555:"Syria watchdog accused of making misleading edits in report on chemical weapons attack"
3493:
3157:
2977:"Progress report on the preparation of the destruction plan for the al Muthanna bunkers"
16:
Multilateral treaty prohibiting the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons
2125:
1402:
in April 2017 indicated that undeclared stockpiles probably remained in the country. A
234:
3721:
3696:
3391:
2761:
2209:, Beatrice Maneshi and Jonathan E. Forman, Science & Diplomacy, 21 September 2015.
1355:
but were so badly corroded that they could not have been used as originally intended.
3679:
3074:
2117:
2109:
469:
347:
3741:
Introductory note by Michael Bothe, procedural history note and audiovisual material
3740:
2129:
1698:
376:
Assistance between State Parties and the OPCW in the case of use of chemical weapons
237:
deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018. In September 2013,
3753:
3531:
3332:
2563:
2511:
2465:"The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) at a Glance | Arms Control Association"
2464:
2388:
2219:
2156:
2101:
1757:
601:
419:
270:
214:
3578:"Chemical weapons watchdog OPCW defends Syria report as whistleblower claims bias"
2036:
3786:
3728:
3709:
3703:
2061:
1969:
1691:
1674:
1427:
Fourteen states parties declared chemical weapons production facilities (CWPFs):
606:
497:
460:
282:
194:
3749:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3748:
2927:"U.S. to begin destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons in Pueblo, Colorado"
2142:
3648:
2611:"OPCW chief announces destruction of over 96% of chemical weapons in the world"
2408:
Non-Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention - Lessons from and for Iraq
2405:
1912:
1623:
1352:
1056:
in 2020 indicated that Russia maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.
794:
611:
452:
411:
3047:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 24 March 2023
309:
3796:
3766:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3765:
2113:
1638:
1247:
488:
maintained a company or by the use commercial compliance software solutions.
448:
2089:
382:
International cooperation in the peaceful use of chemistry in relevant areas
2121:
2105:
1060:
429:
265:
261:
230:
179:
3734:
2446:
3613:"Eliminating Chemical Weapons and Chemical Weapons Production Facilities"
3476:"Haley says Russia's hands are 'covered in the blood of Syrian children'"
3098:"Thousands of Iraq Chemical Weapons Destroyed in Open Air, Watchdog Says"
2389:"Regulated Chemicals | Controlled Substance Lists | Scitegrity"
1653:
1121:
551:
547:
496:
from long chain polymers, oxides, sulfides and metal carbonates, such as
476:" are controlled, despite only a few named examples being given, such as
415:
293:
After several changes of name and composition, the ENDC evolved into the
226:
222:
141:
Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan.
3781:
2591:
Russia destroys ALL chemical weapons and calls on AMERICA to do the same
3154:"Iraq Faces Major Challenges in Destroying Its Legacy Chemical Weapons"
1877:"Angola Joins the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons"
1386:
456:
202:
319:
302:
into force on 29 April 1997, 180 days after the deposit at the UN by
190:
3602:", Stephanie Nebehay, Reuters, 7 August 2007, accessed 7 August 2007
3045:"Position Paper on the Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China"
2878:
Government of Canada – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada
2788:"India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile"
2094:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
33:
1767:
1344:
444:
269:
in-and-of itself forbidden by the treaty. Other chemicals, such as
260:) are highly regulated; however, certain notable exceptions exist.
257:
3156:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from
2271:"Monitoring Chemicals with Possible Chemical Weapons Applications"
393:
Schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention
4883:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4878:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2832:
Syria applied the convention provisionally from 14 September 2013
1943:
1699:
Worldwide treaties for other types of weapons of mass destruction
1096:
303:
3418:"Kerry 'very pleased' at Syria compliance over chemical weapons"
2848:"OPCW: All Category 1 Chemicals Declared by Syria Now Destroyed"
2816:"Libya Completes Destruction of Its Category 1 Chemical Weapons"
2406:
Jean Pascal Zanders, John Hart, Richard Guthrie (October 2003).
2145:, THE HARVARD SUSSEX PROGRAM ON CBW ARMAMENT AND ARMS LIMITATION
1996:
586:
3655:
3233:"In Shift, Syrian Official Admits Government Has Chemical Arms"
2699:"Albania the First Country to Destroy All Its Chemical Weapons"
2610:
1589:
1574:
1476:
1422:
1335:
1222:
539:
210:
182:
1939:"U.S. sanctions Syrian officials for chemical weapons attacks"
3302:"U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms"
1608:
1559:
1540:
1491:
1461:
1348:
1297:
1196:
1171:
1146:
999:
Complete destruction of empty munitions, precursor chemicals,
543:
477:
343:
238:
218:
213:
has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other
2157:"The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), opens for signature"
2661:
2618:
1525:
1510:
1360:
1272:
563:
310:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
297:(CD) in 1984. On 3 September 1992 the CD submitted to the
241:
acceded to the convention as part of an agreement for the
2011:"'White phosphorus not used as chemical weapon in Syria'"
1059:
Japan and China in October 2010 began the destruction of
433:
3445:"Destruction of Syrian chemical weapons begins: mission"
1437:
472:
like language. For example, all chemicals in the class "
4843:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
2633:"Syria, Russia, and the Global Chemical Weapons Crisis"
2220:"Syria chemical weapons monitors win Nobel Peace Prize"
1709:
List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties
201:, except for very limited purposes (research, medical,
2183:"Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force - ICRC"
1780:
Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare
570:
4798:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
3770:
3649:"Confidentiality and verification: the IAEA and OPCW"
3207:"Russia calls on Syria to hand over chemical weapons"
3205:
Borger, Julian; Wintour, Patrick (9 September 2013).
1964:
1962:
557:
367:
Prohibition of production and use of chemical weapons
160:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
4838:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
3620:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3520:"OPCW confirms chemical weapons use in Douma, Syria"
2722:
2720:
2329:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2207:
The Intersection of Science and Chemical Disarmament
1975:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1413:
508:
Chemical weapons are divided into three categories:
333:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
327:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
187:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3328:"Syrian Chemical Arms Inspections Could Begin Soon"
3180:"Isis seizes former chemical weapons plant in Iraq"
2483:"Taiwan fully supports Chemical Weapons Convention"
2246:"Official press release from Nobel prize Committee"
189:(OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in
3838:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration
3363:"Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons"
2028:
1959:
1818:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 3 January 2018
529:List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention
253:based on the intelligence of other state parties.
4893:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
4648:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
2729:"South Korea Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal"
2717:
2693:
2691:
38:Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention
4038:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3794:
3710:Chemical Weapons Convention: Ratifying Countries
3685:Online text of the Chemical Weapons Convention:
3198:
2265:
2263:
1614:
4848:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
3600:Russia, U.S. face challenge on chemical weapons
3473:
3250:
3147:
3145:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1629:
1392:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118
515:Category 2 - based on non-Schedule 1 substances
361:
4128:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
3442:
3325:
3319:
2688:
542:has signed but not ratified the treaty, while
4808:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
3204:
3003:
3001:
2866:
2785:
2726:
2260:
2067:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
2034:
917:
447:(the most lethal chemical weapon employed in
4558:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3762:The Chemical Weapons Convention: an Overview
3680:Full text of the Chemical Weapons Convention
3142:
3124:"New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight"
2598:
2431:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1735:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
1705:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties
1668:
1423:Known chemical weapons production facilities
3722:The Chemical Weapons Convention at a Glance
3552:
3357:
3355:
3059:
2971:
2969:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2810:
2808:
2248:. Nobel Prize Organization. 11 October 2013
512:Category 1 - based on Schedule 1 substances
4888:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4018:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
3494:"Suspected Syria chemical attack kills 70"
2998:
2321:"CWC Article II. Definitions and Criteria"
1773:
1035:
924:
910:
585:
290:(BWC), which lacks a verification regime.
4873:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
4858:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
3735:Chemical Warfare Chemicals and Precursors
3410:
2924:
1869:
4003:Treaties of the Central African Republic
3352:
3300:Gordon, Michael R. (14 September 2013).
2966:
2835:
2805:
2781:
2779:
2727:Schneidmiller, Chris (17 October 2008).
1752:List of chemical arms control agreements
1580:
1565:
1467:
1029:No extensions permitted past April 2012
386:
313:
306:of the 65th instrument of ratification.
4853:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
3575:
3230:
3121:
3095:
3089:
2399:
1599:
1550:
1531:
1482:
1452:
1377:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
503:
243:destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
4903:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
4323:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3795:
3299:
3151:
2918:
2786:Schneidmiller, Chris (27 April 2009).
2552:– via Nuclear Threat Initiative.
2475:
2371:"Most Traded Scheduled Chemicals 2022"
2087:
2037:"White phosphorus: weapon on the edge"
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1516:
1501:
1001:filling equipment and weapons systems
331:The convention is administered by the
4033:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
3592:
3569:
3546:
3436:
3152:Tucker, Jonathan B. (17 March 2010).
2776:
2647:
2187:International Review of the Red Cross
2180:
1681:1990 US-Soviet Arms Control Agreement
1370:
1050:poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
562:Member states are represented at the
4823:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
4743:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3691:Annexes including Chemical Schedules
3392:"Syria chemical arms removal begins"
3326:Michael Corder (27 September 2013).
3172:
2143:The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention
538:that are not parties to the treaty,
40:
3833:Treaties entered into force in 1997
3716:Chemical Weapons Convention Website
3486:
3455:from the original on 7 October 2013
3231:Barnard, Anne (10 September 2013).
3122:Shrader, Katherine (22 June 2006).
2925:Contreras, Evelio (17 March 2015).
2090:"The Biological Weapons Convention"
1791:
1745:
1069:Country and link to detail article
939:
571:World stockpile of chemical weapons
13:
4083:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3943:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3096:Chivers, C.J. (22 November 2014).
2754:"India Country Profile – Chemical"
2540:. Washington, D.C. United States:
2062:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol"
2035:Paul Reynolds (16 November 2005).
1323:
558:Key organizations of member states
422:are used to treat certain cancers.
233:to the treaty. Most recently, the
14:
4914:
4588:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4573:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
4548:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3818:Chemical weapons demilitarization
3673:
3443:Mariam Karouny (6 October 2013).
3067:"Iraq Country Profile – Chemical"
2880:. 16 October 2012. Archived from
1414:Financial support for destruction
4378:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
3780:
3474:Nicole Gaouette (9 April 2018).
2683:Executive Council 61, Decision 1
2154:
1725:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1631:
1616:
1601:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1296:
1271:
1246:
1221:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1095:
893:
892:
522:
32:
4868:Treaties extended to Montserrat
4708:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4618:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3863:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3641:
3622:. November 2017. Archived from
3605:
3512:
3467:
3384:
3293:
3275:
3224:
3186:. Associated Press. 9 July 2014
3115:
3037:
3015:
2944:
2896:
2826:
2760:. February 2015. Archived from
2746:
2676:
2625:
2581:
2556:
2530:
2497:
2457:
2439:
2381:
2363:
2342:
2313:
2295:
2238:
2212:
2200:
2174:
2148:
2136:
2081:
2054:
2003:
4898:Treaties extended to Greenland
4863:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
4748:Treaties of the United Kingdom
4073:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2874:"Chemical Weapons Destruction"
2181:Herby, Peter (30 April 1997).
1989:
1931:
1915:. 27 September 2013. p. 1
1894:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1330:Iraqi chemical weapons program
251:production of chemical weapons
1:
4828:Treaties extended to Anguilla
4813:Treaties extended to Guernsey
4753:Treaties of the United States
4158:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4108:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
3737:, Chemlink Pty Ltd, Australia
2564:"Chemical Weapons Convention"
2447:"Chemical Weapons Convention"
1862:Chemical Weapons Convention,
1849:Chemical Weapons Convention,
1836:Chemical Weapons Convention,
1785:
1715:Biological Weapons Convention
1431:
1400:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
1314:66.97% (as of September 2022)
288:Biological Weapons Convention
62: Signed but not ratified
4833:Treaties extended to Bermuda
4498:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
4043:Treaties of the Cook Islands
3073:. April 2015. Archived from
536:United Nations member states
362:Key points of the Convention
7:
4818:Treaties extended to Jersey
4513:Treaties of the Philippines
4443:Treaties of the Netherlands
4343:Treaties of North Macedonia
2505:"China Chemical Chronology"
2325:Chemical Weapons Convention
1763:Weapons of mass destruction
1663:
1084:(date of full destruction)
1054:poisoning of Alexei Navalny
579:Weapons of mass destruction
168:Chemical Weapons Convention
22:Chemical Weapons Convention
10:
4919:
4803:Treaties extended to Aruba
3828:Treaties concluded in 1993
3823:Non-proliferation treaties
3731:, Arms Control Association
2635:. Arms Control Association
2350:"CDC Facts about Phosgene"
1749:
1702:
1433:
1381:Following the August 2013
1374:
1363:took control of the site.
1327:
1082:% OPCW-verified destroyed
526:
390:
324:
276:
229:) have neither signed nor
4328:Treaties of Liechtenstein
4193:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3258:"Depositary Norification"
3071:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2906:. OPCW. 27 September 2017
2792:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2758:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2733:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2516:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1686:General-purpose criterion
1669:Related international law
356:Norwegian Nobel Committee
295:Conference on Disarmament
156:
146:
130:
122:
118:Ratification by 65 states
114:
106:
98:
90:
82:
48: Signed and ratified
31:
26:
4723:Treaties of Turkmenistan
4628:Treaties of South Africa
4598:Treaties of Sierra Leone
4578:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
4363:Treaties of the Maldives
4208:Treaties of the Holy See
3968:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3813:Human rights instruments
1909:United Nations documents
1902:"Resolution 2118 (2013)"
1404:chemical attack on Douma
1046:Arms Control Association
4668:Treaties of Switzerland
4633:Treaties of South Korea
4553:Treaties of Saint Lucia
4448:Treaties of New Zealand
4103:Treaties of El Salvador
4053:Treaties of Ivory Coast
4028:Treaties of the Comoros
3893:Treaties of the Bahamas
2088:Feakes, Daniel (2017).
1774:Related remembrance day
1036:Progress of destruction
4763:Treaties of Uzbekistan
4693:Treaties of East Timor
4678:Treaties of Tajikistan
4593:Treaties of Seychelles
4568:Treaties of San Marino
4423:Treaties of Mozambique
4413:Treaties of Montenegro
4383:Treaties of Mauritania
4348:Treaties of Madagascar
4338:Treaties of Luxembourg
4293:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
4273:Treaties of Kazakhstan
4153:Treaties of the Gambia
4048:Treaties of Costa Rica
3998:Treaties of Cape Verde
3903:Treaties of Bangladesh
3888:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3758:Santiago Oñate Laborde
2106:10.20506/rst.36.2.2679
1447:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1383:Ghouta chemical attack
1079:(Schedule 1) (tonnes)
340:2013 Nobel Peace Prize
322:
4773:Treaties of Venezuela
4643:Treaties of Sri Lanka
4603:Treaties of Singapore
4453:Treaties of Nicaragua
4388:Treaties of Mauritius
4333:Treaties of Lithuania
4233:Treaties of Indonesia
4183:Treaties of Guatemala
3878:Treaties of Australia
3868:Treaties of Argentina
3803:Arms control treaties
3727:16 April 2014 at the
2485:. BBC. 27 August 2002
1970:"OPCW by the Numbers"
1396:began its destruction
1238:100% (September 2017)
453:pharmaceutical agents
387:Controlled substances
317:
299:U.N. General Assembly
281:The CWC augments the
136:List of state parties
4793:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4688:Treaties of Thailand
4683:Treaties of Tanzania
4658:Treaties of Eswatini
4653:Treaties of Suriname
4613:Treaties of Slovenia
4608:Treaties of Slovakia
4523:Treaties of Portugal
4503:Treaties of Paraguay
4483:Treaties of Pakistan
4408:Treaties of Mongolia
4358:Treaties of Malaysia
4283:Treaties of Kiribati
4213:Treaties of Honduras
4123:Treaties of Ethiopia
4093:Treaties of Dominica
4088:Treaties of Djibouti
4023:Treaties of Colombia
3988:Treaties of Cameroon
3983:Treaties of Cambodia
3963:Treaties of Bulgaria
3948:Treaties of Botswana
3908:Treaties of Barbados
3702:8 April 2018 at the
3553:Greg Norman (2019).
3528:Agence France-Presse
3289:. 12 September 2013.
2303:"Annex on Chemicals"
504:Category definitions
185:administered by the
151:UN Secretary-General
4778:Treaties of Vietnam
4768:Treaties of Vanuatu
4758:Treaties of Uruguay
4738:Treaties of Ukraine
4713:Treaties of Tunisia
4623:Treaties of Somalia
4583:Treaties of Senegal
4533:Treaties of Romania
4463:Treaties of Nigeria
4428:Treaties of Namibia
4418:Treaties of Morocco
4398:Treaties of Moldova
4318:Treaties of Liberia
4313:Treaties of Lesotho
4308:Treaties of Lebanon
4258:Treaties of Jamaica
4248:Treaties of Ireland
4223:Treaties of Iceland
4218:Treaties of Hungary
4178:Treaties of Grenada
4163:Treaties of Germany
4138:Treaties of Finland
4118:Treaties of Estonia
4113:Treaties of Eritrea
4098:Treaties of Ecuador
4078:Treaties of Denmark
4058:Treaties of Croatia
3978:Treaties of Burundi
3973:Treaties of Myanmar
3938:Treaties of Bolivia
3918:Treaties of Belgium
3913:Treaties of Belarus
3898:Treaties of Bahrain
3883:Treaties of Austria
3873:Treaties of Armenia
3853:Treaties of Andorra
3848:Treaties of Algeria
3843:Treaties of Albania
3372:. 27 September 2013
3128:The Washington Post
2469:www.armscontrol.org
2451:www.chemlink.com.au
1187:100% (January 2014)
1077:Declared stockpile
950:
68: Non-signatory
23:
4788:Treaties of Zambia
4733:Treaties of Uganda
4728:Treaties of Tuvalu
4718:Treaties of Turkey
4663:Treaties of Sweden
4543:Treaties of Rwanda
4538:Treaties of Russia
4518:Treaties of Poland
4493:Treaties of Panama
4473:Treaties of Norway
4403:Treaties of Monaco
4393:Treaties of Mexico
4353:Treaties of Malawi
4303:Treaties of Latvia
4288:Treaties of Kuwait
4263:Treaties of Jordan
4198:Treaties of Guyana
4188:Treaties of Guinea
4173:Treaties of Greece
4143:Treaties of France
4068:Treaties of Cyprus
3993:Treaties of Canada
3958:Treaties of Brunei
3953:Treaties of Brazil
3933:Treaties of Bhutan
3923:Treaties of Belize
3858:Treaties of Angola
3629:on 12 October 2018
3340:on 20 October 2013
3306:The New York Times
3237:The New York Times
3130:. Associated Press
3102:The New York Times
3077:on 7 February 2015
2822:. 4 February 2014.
2664:. 28 November 2011
2544:. 6 September 2023
2393:www.scitegrity.com
1371:Syrian destruction
1213:100% (August 2014)
1204:(government held)
1072:Date of accession/
948:
354:, Chairman of the
323:
235:State of Palestine
174:), officially the
102:Paris and New York
21:
4783:Treaties of Yemen
4703:Treaties of Tonga
4673:Treaties of Syria
4638:Treaties of Spain
4563:Treaties of Samoa
4528:Treaties of Qatar
4488:Treaties of Palau
4458:Treaties of Niger
4438:Treaties of Nepal
4433:Treaties of Nauru
4373:Treaties of Malta
4278:Treaties of Kenya
4268:Treaties of Japan
4253:Treaties of Italy
4228:Treaties of India
4203:Treaties of Haiti
4168:Treaties of Ghana
4148:Treaties of Gabon
4013:Treaties of Chile
3928:Treaties of Benin
2589:SOPHIE WILLAIMS,
2538:"Taiwan Overview"
2226:. 11 October 2013
1999:. 24 August 2016.
1947:. 12 January 2017
1647:
1646:
1321:
1320:
1288:100% (March 2018)
1285:remnant munitions
1263:100% (July 2023)
1162:100% (March 2009)
1074:entry into force
1033:
1032:
949:Reduction Phases
934:
933:
352:Thorbjørn Jagland
348:international law
164:
163:
142:
76:
75:
4910:
4698:Treaties of Togo
4508:Treaties of Peru
4478:Treaties of Oman
4468:Treaties of Niue
4368:Treaties of Mali
4298:Treaties of Laos
4243:Treaties of Iraq
4238:Treaties of Iran
4133:Treaties of Fiji
4063:Treaties of Cuba
4008:Treaties of Chad
3808:Chemical warfare
3785:
3784:
3776:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3576:CBS/AFP (2019).
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:Associated Press
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3424:. 7 October 2013
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3398:. 6 October 2013
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3336:. Archived from
3333:Associated Press
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3263:. United Nations
3262:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:on 29 March 2010
3149:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:. 28 August 2014
2844:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2512:Washington, D.C.
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1758:Chemical warfare
1746:Chemical weapons
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1301:
1300:
1282:12 February 2009
1276:
1275:
1251:
1250:
1226:
1225:
1200:
1199:
1175:
1174:
1150:
1149:
1137:100% (July 2008)
1125:
1124:
1112:100% (July 2007)
1100:
1099:
1066:
1065:
1052:in 2018 and the
951:
947:
940:Treaty deadlines
926:
919:
912:
896:
895:
877:List of treaties
589:
575:
574:
498:organophosphates
455:and many common
420:nitrogen mustard
318:Headquarters in
271:white phosphorus
215:UN member states
195:chemical weapons
140:
86:3 September 1992
67:
61:
53:
47:
41:
36:
24:
20:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3771:
3729:Wayback Machine
3718:, United States
3704:Wayback Machine
3676:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3658:. May–June 2004
3651:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3385:
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2999:
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2764:on 4 April 2015
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1703:Main articles:
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1324:Iraqi stockpile
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1232:5 December 1997
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1207:14 October 2013
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1181:5 February 2004
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1000:
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573:
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525:
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467:
461:triethanolamine
395:
389:
364:
350:" according to
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283:Geneva Protocol
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94:13 January 1993
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3674:External links
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3534:. 1 March 2019
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3500:. 8 April 2018
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785:South Africa
780:Saudi Arabia
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617:Radiological
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430:thiodiglycol
416:nerve agents
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262:Chlorine gas
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180:arms control
175:
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3697:Fact Sheets
3633:21 February
3584:24 December
3561:24 December
2518:. June 2012
2427:cite report
2334:7 September
1654:South Korea
1305:(in China)
1134:3,000–3,500
1127:South Korea
960:% Reduction
805:Switzerland
790:South Korea
750:Philippines
740:North Korea
735:Netherlands
552:South Sudan
548:North Korea
227:South Sudan
223:North Korea
123:Signatories
3797:Categories
3662:3 December
2252:11 October
2230:12 October
2073:9 February
1981:9 February
1864:Article 24
1851:Article 23
1838:Article 21
1786:References
1387:depositary
1328:See also:
1026:April 2007
1012:April 2004
996:April 2002
982:April 2000
835:Yugoslavia
626:By country
602:Biological
457:pesticides
440:Schedule 3
426:Schedule 2
403:Schedule 1
199:precursors
147:Depositary
3760:entitled
3459:8 October
3428:9 October
3402:11 August
3344:9 October
2593:, Express
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2114:0253-1933
1822:3 January
1089:deadline
650:Australia
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320:The Hague
197:or their
191:The Hague
157:Languages
115:Condition
107:Effective
3787:Politics
3725:Archived
3700:Archived
3687:Articles
3498:BBC News
3453:Archived
3422:NBC News
3396:BBC News
2417:14 March
2355:13 April
2287:18 March
2224:BBC News
2130:52100050
2122:30152458
2041:BBC News
1951:28 April
1919:28 April
1768:Tear gas
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1664:See also
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898:Category
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861:Missiles
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745:Pakistan
660:Bulgaria
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820:Ukraine
765:Romania
730:Myanmar
685:Germany
640:Algeria
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612:Nuclear
594:By type
470:Markush
459:), and
304:Hungary
277:History
231:acceded
131:Parties
83:Drafted
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3706:, OPCW
3693:, OPCW
3682:, OPCW
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3164:16 May
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3025:. OPCW
2990:16 May
2954:. OPCW
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183:treaty
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