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of 2012, Syria's oil and tourism industries in particular have been devastated, with US$ 5 billion lost to the ongoing conflict of the civil war. Reconstruction needed because of the ongoing civil war will cost as much as US$ 10 billion. Sanctions have sapped the government's finances. US and
European Union bans on oil imports, which went into effect in 2012, are estimated to cost Syria about $ 400 million a month. Revenues from tourism have dropped dramatically, with hotel occupancy rates falling from 90% before the war to less than 15% in May 2012. Around 40% of all employees in the tourism sector have lost their jobs since the beginning of the war. In May 2015,
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6642:
1796:
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6191:
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Labor and Social
Affairs, which announced the implementation of new laws that would allow the regulation of working condition especially for women and adolescents, set hours of work, and introduce the principle of minimum wage for paid laborers and an equitable division of harvest for sharecroppers. Furthermore, it obligated landlords to honor both written and oral contracts, established collective bargaining, contained provisions for workers' compensation, health, housing, and employment services. Law 134 was not designed strictly to protect workers. It also acknowledged the rights of landlords to form their own syndicates.
203:
183:
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6672:
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3639:, up to 13,470–19,220 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 6,035–6,570 armed combatants from both sides and up to 1,400 opposition protesters. Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned. According to the Syrian government, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed terrorist groups." To escape the violence, tens of thousands of
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4949:. Israel's 1981 Golan annexation law is not recognized in international law. The UN Security Council condemned it in Resolution 497 (1981) as "null and void and without international legal effect." Since then, General Assembly resolutions on "The Occupied Syrian Golan" reaffirm the illegality of Israeli occupation and annexation. The Syrian government continues to demand the return of this territory. The only remaining land Syria has in the Golan is a strip of territory which contains the abandoned city of
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98:
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3116:
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5048:, comprising some 400,000 troops upon mobilization. The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military upon reaching the age of 18. The obligatory military service period is being decreased over time, in 2005 from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to year and a half. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country after three decades.
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4912:
5021:
2126:(323 BC – 64 BC), with the Seleucid kings styling themselves 'King of Syria' and the city of Antioch being its capital starting from 240. Thus, it was the Greeks who introduced the name "Syria" to the region. Originally an Indo-European corruption of "Assyria" in northern Mesopotamia (Iraq), the Greeks used this term to describe not only Assyria itself but also the lands to the west which had for centuries been under Assyrian dominion. Thus in the
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deficits, and inflation. Prior to the civil war in 2011, the government hoped to attract new investment in the tourism, natural gas, and service sectors to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and agriculture. The government began to institute economic reforms aimed at liberalizing most markets, but those reforms were slow and ad hoc, and have been completely reversed since the outbreak of conflict in 2011.
3918:
4213:. Even before results had been announced, several nations, including Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom, have declared their refusal to accept the results, largely citing it "not representing the will of the Syrian people." However, representatives of the Russian Federation have voiced their support of this election's results. Various independent observers and international organizations have denounced the
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5797:
3707:, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters. China and Russia have avoided condemning the government or applying sanctions, saying that such methods could escalate into foreign intervention. However, military intervention has been ruled out by most countries. The Arab League suspended Syria's membership over the government's response to the crisis, but sent an
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most heinous weapon against the world's most vulnerable people. Nothing today is more serious, and nothing is receiving more serious scrutiny". The
Emergency Law, effectively suspending most constitutional protections, was in effect from 1963 until 21 April 2011. It was justified by the government in the light of the continuing war with Israel over the Golan Heights.
15312:
4105:. Under the previous constitution, Syria did not hold multi-party elections for the legislature, with two-thirds of the seats automatically allocated to the ruling coalition. On 7 May 2012, Syria held its first elections in which parties outside the ruling coalition could take part. Seven new political parties took part in the elections, of which
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further to 9,329 bbl/d (1,483.2 m/d); ISIS has since captured a further oil field, leading to a projected oil production of 6,829 bbl/d (1,085.7 m/d). In the third year of the Syrian Civil War, the deputy economy minister Salman Hayan stated that Syria's two main oil refineries were operating at less than 10% capacity.
9401:"The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with animals, in this case horses, an elephant, and a bear; they also offer weapons and vessels most likely filled with precious substance." in
5323:), crude oil, refined products, raw cotton, clothing, fruits, and grains. The bulk of Syrian imports are raw materials essential for industry, vehicles, agricultural equipment, and heavy machinery. Earnings from oil exports as well as remittances from Syrian workers are the government's most important sources of foreign exchange.
4782:, have been the primary goals of Syria's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen virulent tension with its geographically cultural neighbors, such as Turkey, Israel, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the
4169:. Religious courts handle questions of personal and family law. The Supreme State Security Court (SSSC) was abolished by President Bashar al-Assad by legislative decree No. 53 on 21 April 2011. The Personal Status Law 59 of 1953 (amended by Law 34 of 1975) is essentially a codified sharia. Article 3(2) of the 1973
3185:, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the communists therein, ceased overt activities. Meanwhile, a group of Syrian Ba'athist officers, alarmed by the party's poor position and the increasing fragility of the union, decided to form a secret Military Committee; its initial members were Lieutenant-Colonel
5359:
The first law passed (Law 134; passed 4 September 1958) in response to concern about peasant mobilization and expanding peasants' rights. This was designed to strengthen the position of sharecroppers and agricultural laborers in relation to land owners. This law led to the creation of the
Ministry of
5355:
Agrarian reform measures were introduced into Syria which consisted of three interrelated programs: Legislation regulation the relationship between agriculture laborers and landowners: legislation governing the ownership and use of private and state domain land and directing the economic organization
5255:
As of 2015, the Syrian economy relies upon inherently unreliable revenue sources such as dwindling customs and income taxes which are heavily bolstered by lines of credit from Iran. Iran is believed to spend between $ 6 billion and US$ 20 billion a year on Syria during the Syrian Civil War.
4907:
of Turkey was formed. The move by the French was very controversial in Syria, and only five years later Syria became independent. Despite the
Turkish annexation of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, the Syrian government has refused to recognize Turkish sovereignty over the region since Independence, except
3735:
west. Twelve years into Syria's devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trend toward normalizing relations with the regime
17253:
are the third-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that
Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and have
9750:
This expedition receives scant notice in the sources, but in some ways it is the most significant so far. As Dumah was some 800 km (500 mi) from Medina there can have been no immediate threat to
Muhammad, but it may be, as Caetani suggests, 1 that communications with Syria were being interrupted and
5318:
Syria's share in global exports has eroded gradually since 2001. The real per capita GDP growth was just 2.5% per year in the 2000–2008 period. Unemployment is high at above 10%. Poverty rates have increased from 11% in 2004 to 12.3% in 2007. In 2007, Syria's main exports included fenethylline pills
4793:
Since the ongoing civil war of 2011, and associated killings and human rights abuses, Syria has been increasingly isolated from the countries in the region, and the wider international community. Diplomatic relations have been severed with several countries including: Britain, Canada, France, Italy,
4745:
in order to dissuade a
Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebels. The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa
2973:
proposed that the League of
Nations put Syria under a French mandate. General Gouraud had according to his secretary de Caix two options: "Either build a Syrian nation that does not exist... by smoothing the rifts which still divide it" or "cultivate and maintain all the phenomena, which require our
5428:
in eastern Syria. Syria's rate of oil production has decreased dramatically from a peak close to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m/d) (bpd) in 1995 down to less than 182,500 bbl/d (29,020 m/d) in 2012. Since 2012 the production has decreased even more, reaching 32,000 barrels per day
5347:
captured Syria's phosphate mines, one of the Syrian government's last chief sources of income. The following month, ISIS blew up a gas pipeline to
Damascus that was used to generate heating and electricity in Damascus and Homs; "the name of its game for now is denial of key resources to the regime"
5342:
As of 2012, because of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the value of Syria's overall exports has been slashed by two-thirds, from the figure of US$ 12 billion in 2010 to only US$ 4 billion in 2012. Syria's GDP declined by over 3% in 2011, and is expected to further decline by 20% in 2012. As
5175:
said it was "undeniable" that chemical weapons had been used in the country and that President Bashar al-Assad's forces had committed a "moral obscenity" against his own people. "Make no mistake," Kerry said. "President Obama believes there must be accountability for those who would use the world's
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was 800 kilometres (500 mi) from Medina, and Watt says that there was no immediate threat to Muhammad, other than the possibility that his communications to Syria and supplies to Medina would be interrupted. Watt says "It is tempting to suppose that Muhammad was already envisaging something of
5326:
Political instability poses a significant threat to future economic development. Foreign investment is constrained by violence, government restrictions, economic sanctions, and international isolation. Syria's economy also remains hobbled by state bureaucracy, falling oil production, rising budget
5000:
and the Israeli occupied Golan Heights. The farms, which are 11 km long and about 3 kilometers wide were occupied by Israel in 1981, along with rest of the Golan Heights. Yet following Syrian army advances the Israeli occupation ended and Syria became the de facto ruling power over the farms.
5280:
expeditions have indicated that large sums of oil exist on the Mediterranean Sea floor between Syria and Cyprus. The agriculture sector contributes to about 20% of GDP and 20% of employment. Oil reserves are expected to decrease in the coming years and Syria has already become a net oil importer.
4980:
In early 1976, Syria entered Lebanon, beginning their twenty-nine-year military presence. Syria entered on the invitation of Suleiman Franjieh, the Maronite Christian president at the time to help aid the Lebanese Christian militias against the Palestinian militias. Over the following 15 years of
4045:(cabinet). The constitution requires the president to be a Muslim but does not make Islam the state religion. On 31 January 1973, Hafiz al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the President of Syria be a
5420:
has been subject to a sharp decline. In September 2014, ISIS was producing more oil than the government at 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m/d) compared to the government's 17,000 bbl/d (2,700 m/d) with the Syrian Oil Ministry stating that by the end of 2014, oil production had plunged
5207:
on Syrian civilians, according to the US government. In November 2021, the US Central Command called a 2019 airstrike that killed civilians in Syria "legitimate". The acknowledgement came after a New York Times investigation said the military had concealed the death of dozens of non-combatants.
5005:
claimed that the withdrawal was not complete because Shebaa was on Lebanese – not Syrian – territory. After studying 81 different maps, the United Nations concluded that there is no evidence of the abandoned farmlands being Lebanese. Nevertheless, Lebanon has continued to claim ownership of the
3001:
and Suwayda. France sent thousands of troops from Morocco and Senegal, leading the French to regain many cities, although resistance lasted until the spring of 1927. The French sentenced Sultan al-Atrash to death, but he had escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was eventually pardoned. He
3599:
to quell the uprising, and several cities were besieged, though the unrest continued. According to some witnesses, soldiers, who refused to open fire on civilians, were summarily executed by the Syrian Army. The Syrian government denied reports of defections, and blamed armed gangs for causing
5164:'. As of 9 November 2011 during the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, the United Nations reported that of the over 3500 total deaths, over 250 deaths were children as young as two years old, and that boys as young as 11 years old have been gang-raped by security services officers.
3683:
when they advanced on opposition held-areas. Anti-government rebels have been accused of human rights abuses as well, including torture, kidnapping, unlawful detention and execution of civilians, Shabiha and soldiers. HRW also expressed concern at the kidnapping of Iranian nationals. The UN
7007:
Syrian cuisine is rich and varied in its ingredients, linked to the regions of Syria where a specific dish has originated. Syrian food mostly consists of Southern Mediterranean, Greek, and Southwest Asian dishes. Some Syrian dishes also evolved from Turkish and French cooking: dishes like
5311:. Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution. The
3674:
UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed, Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons. Both claims have been contested by the Syrian government. Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture.
5356:
of peasants; and measures reorganizing agricultural production under state control. Despite high levels of inequality in land ownership these reforms allowed for progress in redistribution of land from 1958 to 1961 than any other reforms in Syria's history, since independence.
2583:, who had intermittent confrontations and truces with the Crusader States. Later in history when "the Nizaris faced renewed Frankish hostilities, they received timely assistance from the Ayyubids." After a century of Seljuk rule, Syria was largely conquered (1175–1185) by the
2188:
in 64 BC, thus ending Armenian control over the region which had lasted two decades. Syria prospered under Roman rule, being strategically located on the silk road, which gave it massive wealth and importance, making it the battleground for the rivaling Romans and Persians.
1776:. The Egyptians initially occupied much of the south, while the Hittites, and the Mitanni, much of the north. However, Assyria eventually gained the upper hand, destroying the Mitanni Empire and annexing huge swathes of territory previously held by the Hittites and Babylon.
5429:(5,100 m/d) (bpd) in 2014. Official figures quantity the production in 2015 at 27,000 barrels per day (4,300 m/d), but those figures have to be taken with precaution because it is difficult to estimate the oil that is currently produced in the rebel held areas.
11232:
2500:, then rulers of the empire, placed the capital of the empire in Damascus. The country's power declined during later Umayyad rule; this was mainly due to totalitarianism, corruption and the resulting revolutions. The Umayyad dynasty was then overthrown in 750 by the
169:
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in under 48 hours. The defeat caused a split between Jadid and Assad over what steps to take next. Disagreement developed between Jadid, who controlled the party apparatus, and Assad, who controlled the military. The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the
6611:
also exist. Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class. As per one estimate, the count of Christians affiliated with established denominations in Syria has dropped from approximately 2.5 million before the civil war, to about 500,000 in 2023.
3127:
and the parliamentary system was restored. However, by this time, power was increasingly concentrated in the military and security establishment. The weakness of Parliamentary institutions and the mismanagement of the economy led to unrest and the influence of
170:
167:
166:
165:
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controlled areas of north east Syria between 10 AD and 117 AD, before it was conquered by Rome. The Aramaic language has been found as far afield as Hadrian's Wall in Ancient Britain, with an inscription written by a Palmyrene emigrant at the site of Fort
168:
6750:
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.4% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 14.9 physicians and 18.5 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. The life expectancy at birth was 75.7 years in 2010, or 74.2 years for males and 77.3 years for females.
5051:
The breakup of the Soviet Union—long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces—may have slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s,
5348:
an analyst stated. In addition, ISIS was closing in on Shaer gas field and three other facilities in the area—Hayan, Jihar and Ebla—with the loss of these western gas fields having the potential to cause Iran to further subsidize the Syrian government.
5685:, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Syria hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 1,852,300. The vast majority of this population was from Iraq (1,300,000), but sizeable populations from
4113:
coalition, however, chose not to field candidates and called on their supporters to boycott the elections. The People's Council primarily serves as an institution to validate Syria's one-party system and re-affirm the legislative proceedings of the
5531:. Domestic water use stands at only about 9% of total water use. A big challenge for Syria before the civil war was its high population growth (in 2006 the growth rate was 2.7%), leading to rapidly increasing demand for urban and industrial water.
6623:. Due to a combination of persecution in Syria and opportunities elsewhere, the Jews began to emigrate in the second half of the 19th century to Great Britain, the United States, and Israel. The process was completed with the establishment of the
13560:
5160:, and disappearances are widespread. Although Syria's constitution guarantees gender equality, critics say that personal statutes laws and the penal code discriminate against women and girls. Moreover, it also grants leniency for so-called '
3774:. The climate varies from the humid Mediterranean coast, through a semiarid steppe zone, to arid desert in the east. The country consists mostly of arid plateau, although the northwest part bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green.
13393:
6513:
make up around 74% of Syria's population and Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population. Most Kurds (8.5%) and most Turkmens (3%) are Sunni and account for the difference between Sunnis and Sunni Arabs, while 3% of Syrians are
3029:
was the first president to be elected under the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria. However, the treaty never came into force because the French Legislature refused to ratify it. With the fall of France in 1940 during
6776:
Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. Importance is placed on family, religion, education, self-discipline and respect. Syrians' taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, the
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5680:
valley and along the coastal plain, a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density in Syria before the Civil War was about 99 per square kilometre (258 per square mile). According to the
4013:
by a simple majority, the Prime Minister is required to tender the resignation of their government to the President. Since the rule of Hafez al-Asad, the Syrian Ba'athist political system has been centered around a comprehensive
5473:
The road network in Syria is 69,873 kilometres (43,417 miles) long, including 1,103 kilometres (685 miles) of expressways. The country also has 900 kilometres (560 miles) of navigable but not economically significant waterways.
4173:
declares Islamic jurisprudence a main source of legislation. The Code of Personal Status is applied to Muslims by sharia courts. As a result of the ongoing civil war, various alternative governments were formed, including the
16269:
2224:-speaking kingdom arose in northern Syria in the 2nd century; the Palmyrene established a trade network that made the city one of the richest in the Roman empire. Eventually, in the late 3rd century AD, the Palmyrene king
5392:. Captagon is Syria's primary export, valued at a minimum of US$ 3.4 billion annually, surpassing the country's largest legal export, olive oil, which is valued at around US$ 122 million dollars a year, as per estimates.
1838:
who subsumed the earlier Amorites. They too were subjugated by Assyria and the Hittites for centuries. The Egyptians fought the Hittites for control over western Syria; the fighting reached its zenith in 1274 BC with the
5432:
Prior to the uprising, more than 90% of Syrian oil exports were to EU countries, with the remainder going to Turkey. Oil and gas revenues constituted in 2012 around 20% of total GDP and 25% of total government revenue.
3505:
and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, the authorities had suppressed the movement, imprisoning some of its leading intellectuals. Instead, reforms have been limited to some market reforms. On 5 October 2003, Israel
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was aimed against the government. Islamists attacked civilians and off-duty military personnel, leading security forces to also kill civilians in retaliatory strikes. The uprising had reached its climax in the 1982
2461:
also believes that the expedition was important as Muhammad followed by 1000 men reached the confines of Syria, where distant tribes had now learnt his name, while the political horizon of Muhammad was extended.
22061:
15895:
14354:
15094:
13481:
8572:
4985:, Syria fought for control over Lebanon. The Syrian military remained in Lebanon until 26 April 2005 in response to domestic and international pressure after the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister,
6534:(the majority are Antiochian Greek Orthodox, the rest are Syriac Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other Catholic Rites, Armenian Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Protestants and other denominations), and 3%
15774:
22083:
14905:"the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967". Also, "the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war." (
2630:
had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June 1280, and fled to northern Syria. Al-Ashqar, who had married a Mongol woman, appealed for help from the Mongols. The
1843:. The west remained part of the Hittite empire until its destruction c. 1200 BC, while eastern Syria largely became part of the Middle Assyrian Empire, who also annexed much of the west during the reign of
16199:
14853:*"The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect."
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6714:
4208:
and verification systems. Parliamentary elections were held on 13 April 2016 in the government-controlled areas of Syria, for all 250 seats of Syria's unicameral legislature, the Majlis al-Sha'ab, or the
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which was founded by Amorites. Yamhad was described in the tablets of Mari as the mightiest state in the near east and as having more vassals than Hammurabi of Babylon. Yamhad imposed its authority over
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trouble. Since early autumn 2011, civilians and army defectors began forming fighting units, which began an insurgency campaign against the Syrian Army. The insurgents unified under the banner of the
2782:, capturing Damascus. His short-term rule over the domain attempted to change the demographics and social structure of the region: he brought thousands of Egyptian villagers to populate the plains of
2142:) to the east were referred to as "Syrians" or "Syriacs", despite these being distinct peoples in their own right, a confusion which would continue into the modern world. Eventually parts of southern
17313:
Q. How many are there? A. No reliable figures are available, and estimates on the number of Turkmens in Syria and nearby countries vary widely, from the hundreds of thousands up to 3 million or more.
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Pettinato, Giovanni. The Archives of Ebla; Gelb, I. J. "Thoughts about Ibla: A Preliminary Evaluation" in Monographic Journals of the Near East, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 1/1 (May 1977) pp. 3–30.
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4097:, to amend the constitution, and to appoint civil servants and military personnel. According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by Syrian citizens in a direct election. Syria's
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in July 626 where he ordered his followers to invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself.
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Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
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Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
7409:
Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
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gripping the country, which by 30 April 2014, had resulted in 191,369 deaths with war crimes, according to Pillay, being committed with total impunity on all sides in the conflict. Minority
1847:
1114–1076 BC. With the destruction of the Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BC, the Aramean tribes gained control of much of the interior, founding states such as
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In what the UN has described as "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era", by 2014 about 9.5 million Syrians, half the population, had been displaced since the outbreak of the
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6277:/Turkoman. There are no reliable estimates of their total population, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand to 3.5 million. The fourth largest ethnic group are the
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broke out between Egypt and Israel, Syria joined the war and attacked Israel as well. In the final days of the war, Israel turned its attention to Syria, capturing two-thirds of the
17248:
are the second largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 10% of the Syrian population and distributed among four regions...with a Yazidi minority that numbers around 40,000...
14891:
In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favor of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. (
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Commission of Inquiry has also documented abuses of this nature in its February 2012 report, which also includes documentation that indicates rebel forces have been responsible for
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5424:
Historically, the country produced heavy-grade oil from fields located in the northeast since the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, light-grade, low-sulphur oil was discovered near
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became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French mandate. Although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946, granting
14522:
9922:
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System of government: Officially a socialist,... democratic state; presidential system (ruled by the al-Assad family, with the security services occupying a powerful position)
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3627:, affiliated with Shia Islam. As a result, the opposition is winning support from the Sunni Muslim states, whereas the government is publicly supported by the Shia dominated
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21991:
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World Bank (2001). Syrian Arab Republic Irrigation Sector Report. Rural Development, Water and Environment Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Report No. 22602-SYR
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2717:, and as such it acquired a holy character to Muslims, because of the beneficial results of the countless pilgrims who passed through on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.
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22011:
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21996:
21986:
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Since the civil war began, the economy shrank by 35%, and the Syrian pound has fallen to one-sixth of its prewar value. The government increasingly relies on credit from
19691:
15090:
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2347:. Syria's large and prosperous population made Syria one of the most important of the Roman and Byzantine provinces, particularly during the 2nd and 3rd centuries (AD).
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11425:
2675:
Christian populations, greatly reducing their numbers. By the end of the 15th century, the discovery of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the need for an
11346:
11255:
2709:, conquering Syria, and incorporating it into its empire. The Ottoman system was not burdensome to Syrians because the Turks respected Arabic as the language of the
1128:
5470:(the Turkish counterpart). For a relatively underdeveloped country, Syria's railway infrastructure is well maintained with many express services and modern trains.
21490:
20348:
17259:
are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Syria. They represent the original and oldest inhabitants of Syria, today making up around 3–4% of the Syrian population...
14050:
10876:
7162:
4005:, although real power in the system lies with the Presidency. The legislature, the Peoples Council, is the body responsible for passing laws, approving government
3862:
2912:
664:
16203:
12977:
7526:
7255:
4190:
on 28 March 2013 and was recognised as the "sole representative of the Syrian people" by several nations including the United States, United Kingdom and France.
17932:
17162:
16310:
13348:
13174:
11485:
8364:
7480:
Sadiki, Larbi; Fares, Obaida (2014). "12: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria: Internal Mobilization for Democratic Change, Militarization and Internationalization".
3619:
The uprising has sectarian undertones, though neither faction in the conflict has described sectarianism as playing a major role. The opposition is dominated by
16429:
16036:
14893:
General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees
11687:
11564:
9616:
7544:
7273:
4089:, between 1976 and 1982, through a series of repressions and massacres. The constitution gives the president the right to appoint ministers, to declare war and
14699:
14182:
12379:
12202:
11832:
11809:
11395:
6872:, a Syrian émigré living in Sweden, is one of the leading figures of the genre. Contemporary Syrian literature also encompasses science fiction and futuristic
11210:
6246:, while the Assyrians mainly reside in the north and northeast (Homs, Aleppo, Qamishli, Hasakah). Many (particularly the Assyrian group) still retain several
4750:
the SDF stated that it was ready to work cooperatively with the Syrian Army if a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF was achieved.
3583:. Public demonstrations across Syria began on 26 January 2011 and developed into a nationwide uprising. Protesters demanded the resignation of President
20262:
15334:
14159:
13227:
8046:
5199:
are being increasingly targeted by Islamists and other groups fighting in the Syrian civil war. Three years later in April 2017, the U.S. Navy carried out a
15562:
15476:
14960:
14585:
6364:, which has millions of people of Arab and other Near Eastern ancestries. Brazil is the first country in the Americas to offer humanitarian visas to Syrian
21700:
17653:
7365:
1493:
in Aleppo Governorate has several round stone towers dated to 10650 BC, making them the oldest structures of this kind in the world. The Neolithic period (
16984:
15390:
14555:
12768:
12598:
8773:
8342:
8266:
7568:
7297:
2004:
conquest in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, and was to be a vehicle for the spread of Christianity. The Assyrians named their colonies of Syria and Lebanon
22203:
22173:
20341:
18345:
11533:
8562:
8431:
6781:
in all their variations, and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies and the births of children are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.
6710:
3704:
1254:), making population assessment difficult in recent years. The war has also worsened economic conditions, with more than 90% of the population living in
16522:
16103:
15741:
10276:
10008:
7953:
7652:
1686:, considered to be the world's earliest known alphabet. The Ugaritic kingdom survived until its destruction at the hands of the marauding Indo-European
22051:
20234:
20185:
17876:
16956:
15033:
12558:
6853:
3140:, and socialist movements, which represented disaffected elements of society. Notably included were religious minorities, who demanded radical reform.
17807:
16941:
15958:
15864:
15765:
15650:
14486:
11779:
11719:
11114:
11084:
11054:
2240:, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273 AD.
21958:
21448:
19277:
17114:
15120:
14668:
13901:
13197:
7682:
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5486:
4737:
On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of
4523:
4119:
4115:
3966:
3802:
3588:
3471:. These negotiations failed, and there have been no further direct Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with then President
3266:
3247:
and secret police were integrated with the Ba'ath party apparatus; after the purging of traditional civilian and military elites by the new regime.
3214:
2008:. Assyrian domination ended after the Assyrians greatly weakened themselves in a series of brutal internal civil wars, followed by attacks from: the
1139:
and ran Syria under emergency law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending constitutional protections for citizens. Internal power-struggles within
1132:
17613:"More than 570 thousand people were killed on the Syrian territory within 8 years of revolution demanding freedom, democracy, justice, and equality"
14729:
13092:
10385:
16508:
15925:
13421:
13159:
13106:
12819:
12616:
12275:
10615:
7804:
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5704:. By 2020, the UN estimated that over 5.5 million Syrians were living as refugees in the region, and 6.1 million others were internally displaced.
2915:
to cede this region to the British zone of influence, which was to become Iraq. The fate of the intermediate province of Zor was left unclear; its
650:
17833:
17406:
17357:
17271:
There are also a small number of other ethnic groups in Syria, including Greeks, Persians, Albanians, Bosnian, Pashtuns, Russians and Georgians...
15680:
15594:
15508:
15263:
13616:
7116:
is the most well-known hot drink, usually prepared in the morning at breakfast or in the evening. It is usually served for guests or after food.
3818:
3814:
3798:
3237:. Ba'athists took control over country's politics, education, culture, religion and surveilled all aspects of civil society through its powerful
2607:
in January 1260, and Damascus in March, but then Hulegu was forced to break off his attack to return to China to deal with a succession dispute.
2452:
claims that this was the most significant expedition Muhammad ordered at the time, even though it received little notice in the primary sources.
16890:
10532:
6970:
outlets are state-owned, and the Ba'ath Party controls nearly all newspapers. The authorities operate several intelligence agencies, among them
5307:
The economy is highly regulated by the government, which has increased subsidies and tightened trade controls to assuage protesters and protect
3155:
then became worried about this increase in the strength of Syrian military technology, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake
21380:
20028:
14453:
13774:
13322:
10898:
6877:
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5168:
claim that more than 200, mostly civilians, were massacred and about 300 injured in Hama in shelling by the Government forces on 12 July 2012.
15984:
14126:
13561:"Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region"
11621:
11307:
9751:
supplies to Medina stopped. It is tempting to suppose that was already envisaging something of the expansion which took place after his death.
4584:, the region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or any state though it has been recognized by the regional
20190:
15365:
15241:
13710:
13642:
13370:
12499:
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10479:
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6857:
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to evacuate their troops in April 1946, leaving the country in the hands of a republican government that had been formed during the mandate.
2268:-speaking population of Syria during the heyday of the Byzantine Empire was probably not exceeded again until the 19th century. Prior to the
1251:
16916:
16891:"Population Existed in Syria According To Censuses (1960, 1970, 1981, 1994, 2004) And Estimates of Their Number in Mid Years 2005–2011(000)"
15058:
14637:
11507:
9035:
3833:. Petroleum became Syria's leading natural resource and chief export after 1974. Natural gas was discovered at the field of Jbessa in 1940.
22198:
21441:
19602:
17859:
17748:
15702:
12065:
8306:
7706:
5138:
1701:
1025:. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunni Muslims are the largest religious group. Syria is now the only country that is governed by
790:
447:
15424:
14974:
14227:
8200:
6545:
President Bashar al-Assad's family is Alawite and Alawites dominate the government of Syria and hold key military positions. In May 2013,
20510:
20217:
19253:
14977:
12097:
11285:
10994:
7741:
4942:
3604:
and fought in an increasingly organized fashion; however, the civilian component of the armed opposition lacked an organized leadership.
3329:
3022:
2639:
took Aleppo in October 1280, but Qalawun persuaded Al-Ashqar to join him, and they fought against the Mongols on 29 October 1281, in the
2457:
the expansion which took place after his death", and that the rapid march of his troops must have "impressed all those who heard of it".
1172:
17892:
15211:
11594:
10815:
9716:
7576:
7305:
6898:
The Syrian music scene, in particular that of Damascus, has long been among the Arab world's most important, especially in the field of
4903:
and other areas near the border in Turkey came to vote in the elections, shifting the election in favor of secession. Through this, the
22031:
21946:
19273:
18094:
12863:
12746:
12348:
12177:
11880:
11372:
10118:
6652:
Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 12. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or
5060:, and Scud-D, with a range of up to 700 kilometres (430 miles), is allegedly being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and
3938:
3092:, to build up their armed forces and military intelligence capabilities. Defeat in this war was one of several trigger factors for the
2794:
and Druze rebellions and deported non-loyal tribesmen. By 1840, however, he had to surrender the area back to the Ottomans. From 1864,
619:
14511:
13674:
9914:
6656:
training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university
2774:. The religious heads of each community administered all personal status laws and performed certain civil functions as well. In 1831,
22193:
21415:
21385:
15801:
12451:
12133:
12081:
8795:
8170:
7725:
6721:
4581:
4027:
3397:
3381:
3239:
1156:
14909:
14895:
9797:
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many of Syria's artists, poets, writers and activists have been incarcerated, and some have been killed, including famed cartoonist
2693:
21349:
18539:
17013:
16848:
14949:
10955:
8601:
8320:
8068:
6938:
6809:
and has a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. Syrian writers, many of whom migrated to Egypt, played a crucial role in the
3946:
3659:. The total official UN numbers of Syrian refugees reached 42,000 at the time, while unofficial number stood at as many as 130,000.
3612:
14378:"The Experiment of the Rojava System in Grassroots Participatory Democracy: Its Theoretical Foundation, Structure, and Strategies"
14311:
13030:
12916:
12656:
12001:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
11749:
11455:
11024:
10560:
9576:
8729:
8284:
3250:
2974:
arbitration that these divisions give". De Caix added "I must say only the second option interests me". This is what Gouraud did.
2044:(605 BC – 539 BC). During this period, Syria became a battle ground between Babylonia and another former Assyrian colony, that of
20922:
20799:
19841:
19293:
13594:
11338:
10662:
9888:
9866:
7877:
4272:
4106:
3985:
in 2023, designates Syria as "Worst of the Worst" among the "Not Free" countries and gives it the lowest score (1/100) alongside
3786:, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east. Syria is one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "
18064:
15446:
15180:
15150:
14877:
12841:
10933:
10845:
9767:
7510:-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016. Since then, the name is still used by locals and international observers.
1395:
The area designated by the word has changed over time. Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, between
18597:
14755:
13796:
13258:
13128:
13053:
10738:
10713:
4165:
laws. Syria has three levels of courts: courts of first instance, courts of appeals, and the constitutional court, the highest
3854:
18236:
16477:
14945:"...the United States considers the Golan Heights to be occupied territory subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal..." (
14607:
8453:
4133:
There is no independent judiciary in Syria, since all judges and prosecutors are required to be Ba'athist appointees. Syria's
3607:
21032:
20011:
19363:
19241:
18493:
18461:
18440:
18421:
18390:
18370:
18311:
18292:
18118:
18102:
18030:
17998:
17553:
17523:
17460:
17338:
16826:
16789:
16634:
16544:
14866:
14795:
14268:
14195:
14104:
14085:
14036:
14012:
13989:
13970:
13937:
13546:
13527:
13508:
13459:
13440:
13289:
13003:
12721:
12639:
12581:
12542:
12330:
12292:
12259:
12233:
11914:
11651:
10790:
10645:
10512:
10463:
10436:
10369:
10336:
10311:
10194:
10078:
10049:
9846:
9669:
9522:
9495:
9468:
9441:
9356:
9329:
9302:
9275:
9216:
9189:
9162:
9095:
9068:
9008:
8978:
8951:
8924:
8897:
8836:
8767:
7979:
7859:
7821:
7788:
7489:
7470:
7451:
7418:
5729:
5389:
4138:
3797:
Petroleum in commercial quantities was first discovered in the northeast in 1956. The most important oil fields are those of
1340:
of the Levant. Mainstream modern academic opinion strongly favors the argument that the Greek word is related to the cognate
1120:
13943:
12890:
11417:
9982:
a b Stanford J. Shaw, "Dynamics of Ottoman Society and administration", in "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey"
8670:
8631:
7614:
7381:
3441:
troops. It has been described as the "single deadliest act" of violence perpetrated by any state upon its own population in
3080:
instructed his troops in the front, "to destroy the Zionists". The Invasion purpose was to prevent the establishment of the
2989:
and spread to engulf the whole of Syria and parts of Lebanon. Al-Atrash won several battles against the French, notably the
22223:
21354:
20143:
19463:
15000:
12155:
12109:
8236:
8009:
8001:
7753:
6226:
not including the 6 million refugees outside the country. Arabs make up roughly 74% of the population. The indigenous
5667:
5522:
4895:
as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II. In order to facilitate this, a faulty election was done in which ethnic
4878:
4768:
4695:
3321:
1712:) dominated northern Syria for two centuries, although Eastern Syria was occupied in the 19th and 18th centuries BC by the
1559:, northern Syria. Ebla appears to have been founded around 3500 BC, and gradually built its fortune through trade with the
16364:
15845:
15823:
15544:
15522:
13871:"Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - Rojava"
12946:
12690:
11350:
11259:
9232:
8144:
4221:'s 2022 Global report designates Syrian elections as a "facade" with the worst electoral integrity in the world alongside
21464:
17304:
17200:
16341:
6546:
4862:
3511:
3317:
17292:
There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
14058:
6813:
or Arab literary and cultural revival of the 19th century. Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others,
3333:
3093:
20257:
20212:
19358:
19286:
19260:
17140:
12969:
7536:
7265:
4123:
3942:
3719:
to resolve the Syrian crisis in the Middle East. Some analysts however have posited the partitioning the region into a
3498:
1231:
18535:
17958:
17936:
17254:
kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language...
17170:
16807:"The utilization of water resources for agriculture in syria: analysis of the current situation and future challenges"
16446:
13356:
13182:
11677:
8372:
7552:
7339:
7281:
2903:
of 1916. Initially, the two territories were separated by a border that ran in an almost straight line from Jordan to
2663:
after defeating the Mamluk army. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to
21890:
21397:
20229:
18958:
18329:
18275:
18195:
18159:
16629:. Matthew Bennett, Turismo y Comunicaciones Spain. Ministerio de Transportes. Madrid: EBizguides. 2007. p. 210.
16578:
16040:
15059:"'The jungle is back.' With his Golan Heights tweet, Trump emboldens the annexation agendas of the world's strongmen"
14939:
12803:
12311:
10599:
10112:
9608:
9414:
7840:
6860:, is sometimes used as a means of expressing dissent, critiquing the present through a depiction of the past. Syrian
6657:
5380:
popular in the Arab world. As of 2021, the export of illegal drugs eclipsed the country's legal exports, leading the
4747:
3361:
2932:
545:
18214:
15093:. Tampa Bay Times (previously named the St. Petersburg Times through 2011). St. Petersburg Times. 12 November 1976.
14201:
12372:
12210:
11805:
11387:
11202:
9111:
5171:
In August 2013, the government was suspected of using chemical weapons against its civilians. US Secretary of State
5105:
The situation for human rights in Syria has long been a significant concern among independent organizations such as
21154:
20252:
19524:
19183:
16813:, The Science and Culture Series ? Nuclear Strategy and Peace Technology, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 263–274,
16168:
10757:
7120:, an alcoholic drink, is a well-known beverage, served mostly on special occasions. Other Syrian beverages include
6568:
5722:
5701:
4600:
4217:'s electoral conduct as a scam; with the United Nations condemning it as illegitimate elections with “no mandate”.
4093:, to issue laws (which, except in the case of emergency, require ratification by the People's Council), to declare
3965:
and a Ba'athist political committee continues to be responsible for authorization of political parties. The ruling
3949:
apparatus that curtails any independent political activity. The new constitution introduced single-handedly by the
3870:
3715:
of the crisis. The latest attempts to resolve the crisis has been made through the appointment of Kofi Annan, as a
3640:
1247:
14832:
14149:
13235:
9951:
8042:
22208:
21392:
21370:
21105:
20503:
20244:
20224:
19650:
19409:
18610:
16067:
15572:
15486:
14577:
7157:
6675:
5315:
announced in 2005 that 30% of the Syrian population lives in poverty and 11.4% live below the subsistence level.
5068:
4534:
3716:
3712:
227:
19441:
16294:
15394:
15022:
8408:
6409:, in addition to Arabic, the following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers:
3068:
Upheaval dominated Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s. In May 1948, Syrian forces invaded
22178:
21870:
20902:
19214:
18944:
17626:
16991:
15617:
14547:
14381:
12772:
12602:
11710:"Open Letter to the Leaders of the Syrian Opposition Regarding Human Rights Abuses by Armed Opposition Members"
10428:
8350:
8095:"Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011"
7507:
4179:
2815:
2102:
as one of the diplomatic languages of their empire (539 BC – 330 BC), as well as the Assyrian name for the new
1737:
states and the Euphrates Valley down to the borders with Babylon. The army of Yamhad campaigned as far away as
1501:
culture. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used containers made of stone, gyps, and burnt lime (
1403:
to the north, stretching inland to include parts of Iraq, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that
498:
17475:
16251:
11318:
8439:
8386:
8112:
22218:
21344:
20272:
18933:
18807:
18471:
Schlicht, Alfred (1980), "The role of foreign powers in the history of Lebanon and Syria from 1799 to 1861",
16530:
15733:
14426:"When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism"
10268:
10015:
8755:
8387:"In Syria's Civilian Death Toll, The Islamic State Group, Or ISIS, Is A Far Smaller Threat Than Bashar Assad"
7945:
7644:
6971:
6702:
6580:
5204:
4794:
Germany, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, the United States, Belgium, Spain, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.
4042:
3848:
3708:
3073:
3055:
2482:
1784:
1077:
877:
502:
467:
22228:
17872:
16747:
11709:
6841:
3282:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3194:
3124:
3063:
1148:
1144:
1124:
1116:
577:
22213:
20906:
20462:
20305:
19422:
19248:
19173:
17511:
16694:
15641:
14475:
11771:
11106:
11076:
11046:
10303:
9998:, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Muge Gocek and Norman M. Naimark, (Oxford University Press, 2011), 280–281.
8568:
6844:, has brought about renewed censorship. In this context, the genre of the historical novel, spearheaded by
6616:
6608:
6234:-speakers number around 400,000 people, with the Western Aramaic-speakers living mainly in the villages of
5126:
4946:
4930:
4882:
4210:
4102:
3553:
2899:) secretly agreed on the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire into respective zones of influence in the
1219:
843:
17:
17118:
15116:
13870:
7674:
5121:
dictatorship that has been internationally condemned for its domestic and political repression, including
1155:. He effectively established an Alawi minority rule to consolidate power within his family. After Assad's
21115:
21100:
21077:
20467:
20267:
19453:
19446:
19301:
19161:
18520:
17065:
Richards, M; Rengo, C; Cruciani, F; Gratrix, F; Wilson, JF; Scozzari, R; MacAulay, V; Torroni, A (2003).
14733:
7905:
6604:
6257:. They constitute about 9% to 10% of the population, or approximately 2 million people (including 40,000
5482:
5455:
Syria has four international airports (Damascus, Aleppo, Lattakia and Kamishly), which serve as hubs for
5417:
5401:
5200:
5122:
4966:
4858:
4702:
as a whole, rather than outright independence. The region's administration has also been accused by some
4245:(formed in 2017), control northern of the country and operate independently of the Syrian Arab Republic.
4242:
4218:
3429:
3151:. This gave a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for military equipment.
2868:
against indigenous Christian peoples was carried out by the Ottomans and their allies in the form of the
2548:
2407:
2211:
1756:
circa 1600 BC. From this time, Syria became a battle ground for various foreign empires, these being the
1651:
1180:
15326:
6689:
There are 6 state universities in Syria and 15 private universities. The top two state universities are
6682:
Since 1967, all schools, colleges, and universities have been under close government supervision by the
5527:
Syria is a semiarid country with scarce water resources. The largest water consuming sector in Syria is
3384:, media, education sector, religious and cultural spheres and all aspects of civil society. He assigned
2790:
and settled it with veteran Egyptian soldiers aiming to turn it into a regional capital, and he crushed
22163:
21375:
21110:
21090:
21085:
20496:
20207:
20195:
19399:
19197:
19034:
18630:
18590:
17410:
17361:
16658:
16225:
15672:
7344:
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5497:
serves as a pro-government military faction in cyberspace and has been long considered an enemy of the
4866:
4759:
4078:
3425:
3230:
2819:
2445:
2414:) and began many construction projects to improve the city, most of which were halted after his death.
858:
853:
817:
20955:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.
19207:
17039:
15271:
6772:
combines circle dance and line dancing and is widely performed at weddings and other joyous occasions.
6671:
5372:
industry run by associates and relatives of the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad. It mainly produces
1887:
states centered in north central Aram (Syria) and south central Asia Minor (modern Turkey), including
97:
21025:
20295:
20200:
20004:
19683:
19477:
19009:
18950:
17646:"Patriarch of Antioch: I will be judged if I do not carry the Church and each one of you in my heart"
16894:
16806:
16720:
14787:
14773:
14769:
12141:
12089:
10528:
8259:"Hunger, poverty and rising prices: How one family in Syria bears the burden of 11 years of conflict"
8117:
7733:
7117:
6698:
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5187:
criticized the international community over its "paralysis" in dealing with the more than 3-year-old
5133:, etc. as well as numerous crimes against Syrian civilians perpetrated during the civil war, such as
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4015:
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1439:
1211:
1176:
515:
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13152:
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9992:
Pouring a People into the Desert:The "Definitive Solution" of the Unionists to the Armenian Question
6641:
4295:
2889:
2474:
1795:
1080:(1923–1946), the newly created state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly
21941:
21835:
21067:
20290:
19723:
19567:
19539:
19346:
18022:
15846:"Syria's Chemical Weapons Declaration Remains Incomplete, Disarmament Chief Tells Security Council"
15545:"Syria's Chemical Weapons Declaration Remains Incomplete, Disarmament Chief Tells Security Council"
14238:
12891:"Decrees on Ending State of Emergency, Abolishing SSSC, Regulating Right to Peaceful Demonstration"
9684:
6596:
6588:
5308:
4667:
4574:
4226:
4023:
3974:
3696:
3377:
3357:(also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970)" hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagreement.
3244:
2660:
1973:) in the 9th century BC, which was much later to become the center of a major empire, rivaling the
1822:
Around the 14th century BC, various Semitic peoples appeared in the area, such as the semi-nomadic
1694:
which saw similar kingdoms and states witness the same destruction at the hand of the Sea Peoples.
1389:
946:
22119:
15357:
15233:
13378:
12285:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
10487:
7814:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
7444:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
3262:
3193:
and Captain Hafiz al-Assad. Syria seceded from the union with Egypt on 28 September 1961, after a
1422:
By Pliny's time, however, this larger Syria had been divided into a number of provinces under the
22188:
21095:
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20477:
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2358:, an important commercial center and one of Syria's most prosperous cities in classical antiquity
1942:
1018:
934:
768:
678:
432:
417:
389:
19202:
17755:
17067:"Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations"
15710:
12073:
9661:
9651:
7714:
2610:
A few months later, the Mamluks arrived with an army from Egypt and defeated the Mongols in the
1879:. There was also a synthesis between the Semitic Arameans and the remnants of the Indo-European
1206:
and 5th highest in the 2023 Fragile States Index, Syria is one of the most dangerous places for
1048:. The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the
21830:
20322:
20300:
19741:
19055:
19050:
18964:
18719:
18635:
18570:
18401:
18065:"OHCHR | IICISyria Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic"
18046:
17234:
15447:"OHCHR | IICISyria Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic"
15416:
10986:
8994:
7195:
6706:
6600:
6584:
6572:
6500:
6386:
6211:
6133:
6117:
6083:
5494:
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5261:
5130:
4997:
4888:
4504:
4369:
4186:. Representatives of the Syrian Interim government were invited to take up Syria's seat at the
3787:
3519:
3507:
3039:
2861:
2775:
2596:
2196:
2185:
1876:
1831:
1769:
1650:. Syria was called the Land of the Amurru (Amorites) by their Assyro-Babylonian neighbors. The
1089:
712:
672:
288:
262:
31:
18187:
18151:
16084:
14931:
13747:"Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava"
12101:
10453:
9717:"Military Platoons and Missions between the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Confederates"
9700:
9458:
9431:
9346:
9292:
8998:
8941:
8914:
8887:
8215:"Syria: Unprecedented rise in poverty rate, significant shortfall in humanitarian aid funding"
7745:
6190:
5097:
4887:
In 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French allowed a plebiscite regarding the
4130:
have no cultural or linguistic rights and activities of Kurdish political parties are banned.
3104:
since the start of the Second World War. This was soon followed by another overthrow, by Col.
2713:, and accepted the mantle of defenders of the faith. Damascus was made the major entrepot for
2390:. Her great nephews, also Arabs from Syria, would also become Roman Emperors, the first being
1646:
settled in the northern east parts of Syria while the rest of the region was dominated by the
21339:
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was established. In the first half of 1967, a low-key state of war existed between Syria and
3290:
3222:
2900:
2885:
2656:
2640:
2383:
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2087:
2041:
1812:, circa 1450 BCE (actual painting and interpretational drawing). They are labeled "Chiefs of
1616:
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has resulted in more than 600,000 deaths, with pro-Assad forces causing more than 90% of the
1093:
1002:
958:
954:
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202:
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constitute the major ethnic group in Syria, making up between 80 and 85% of the population.
16445:
15203:
12873:
12742:
12358:
12187:
10590:
P. Miller, H. Rand, Andrew, Dafna (2020). "2: The Syrian Crucible and Future U.S. Options".
10107:
9373:
5806:
5079:. Iran and Russia are biggest suppliers of military aid to the Assad-led Syrian Government.
957:
as subdivisions. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to
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21262:
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21018:
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20441:
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20155:
19997:
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19224:
18928:
12012:
11598:
9748:. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 35.
6956:
6899:
6729:
6694:
6282:
5369:
5114:
5109:, who in 2010 referred to the country's record as "among the worst in the world." The 2011
5092:
4691:
4474:
4444:
3978:
3182:
3084:. Toward this end, the Syrian government engaged in an active process of recruiting former
3059:
1965:), and the coasts of North Africa and most significantly, founding the major city-state of
1746:
1108:
974:
823:
558:
300:
182:
18510:
15797:
14892:
14861:(International government publication ed.). International Labour Office. p. 23.
12459:
8166:
7881:
6474:
English and French are widely spoken as second languages, but English is more often used.
4153:
jurisprudence is a main source of legislation and Syria's judicial system has elements of
3556:. On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out
3420:
reversed the initial Syrian gains and pushed deeper into Syrian territory. The village of
1639:'s conquests ended Eblan domination over Syria in the first half of the 23rd century BC.
8:
21480:
20841:
19864:
19607:
19597:
19489:
19151:
18759:
18754:
14906:
11147:"Syria's sectarian war goes international as foreign fighters and arms pour into country"
10354:
Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes
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in November 2011 for over 11 years, until its reinstatement in 2023. Syria also quit the
4850:
4703:
4309:
4006:
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3759:
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3123:
Shishakli eventually abolished multipartyism altogether, but was himself overthrown in a
3014:
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1982:
1914:
1713:
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1370:
1239:
1195:
382:
20170:
18544:
17283:
17264:
are the fifth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1.5% of the population...
15587:"A/76/890: Missing people in the Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the Secretary-General"
15501:"A/76/890: Missing people in the Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the Secretary-General"
15299:, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article).
14946:
14813:"The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay): Its Impact on Turkish-Syrian Relations (1939–1956)"
14119:"PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular"
13026:
12016:
11907:
Syria and the Cradle of Civilization: The Findings of Claude F a Schaeffer in Ras Shamra
11741:
11447:
11016:
9388:
Relations between God and Man in the Hurro-Hittite Song of Release, Mary R. Bachvarova,
8343:"91 percent of civilian deaths caused by Syrian regime and Russian forces: rights group"
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17586:
17141:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
17091:
17066:
16772:
Eissa, T; Cho, Gi-Hwan (2013). "Internet Anonymity in Syria, Challenges and Solution".
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16471:"The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities"
16413:
Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print. Pg 111.
13586:
11336:
9892:
9862:
8828:
The Art of Building at the Dawn of Human Civilization: The Ontogenesis of Architecture
8656:
6607:
and several smaller Christian denominations account for the remainder. Many Christian
5232:
2880:, in Ottoman Syria, was the final destination of these death marches. In the midst of
1222:. The country has also become the epicentre of a state-sponsored multi-billion dollar
83:
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18372:
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba'ath Party
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16785:
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16552:
16437:
16388:
Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print. Pg.110
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11256:"Syria's Farouq rebels battle to hold onto Qusayr, last outpost near Lebanese border"
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6060:
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6015:
5997:
5502:
5388:". The drug exports allow the Syrian government to generate hard currency and bypass
5300:
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as a "lower middle income country." In 2010, Syria remained dependent on the oil and
5221:
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1958:
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1682:
was a Semitic language loosely related to the Canaanite languages, and developed the
1679:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1595:. One of the earliest written texts from Syria is a trading agreement between Vizier
1357:
1210:. Freedom of press is extremely limited, and the country is ranked 2nd worst in 2024
1061:
994:
914:
376:
18240:
17017:
12228:. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 132–133, 414–417.
8072:
6471:
as well as two neighboring villages, 56 km (35 mi) northeast of Damascus.
6289:(1%), most of which are the descendants of refugees who arrived in Syria during the
1949:. From these coastal regions, they eventually spread their influence throughout the
1442:(established in AD 194) corresponding to modern Lebanon, Damascus and Homs regions;
1104:
20859:
20061:
19643:
19624:
19559:
19377:
19341:
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18843:
18838:
18784:
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16777:
16603:
14437:
14346:
14335:"The Rojava Experience: Possibilities and Challenges of Building a Democratic Life"
14295:
13885:
13849:
13839:
13758:
13394:"2022. Year in Elections Global Report: 2019-2021. The Electoral Integrity Project"
12794:
Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Mahmud (2006). "Syrian Arab Republic".
12530:
12036:
12020:
11971:
11955:
11565:"Rights Group Says Syrian Security Forces Detained, Tortured Children: The Two-Way"
10357:
10233:
10222:"Former Nazi Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56"
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9261:
8705:
8535:
8492:
7975:
7023:
6975:
6760:
6559:(1.2 million), a sizable number of whom are found among Syria's population of
6550:
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6410:
6398:
6278:
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was destined to rule perennially. On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt initiated the
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1986:
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1034:
1026:
748:
453:
18091:
Insights into Syrian Cinema: Essays and Conversations with Contemporary Filmmakers
17385:"UN refugee agency welcomes Brazil announcement of humanitarian visas for Syrians"
17269:
are sixth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1% of the population...
16811:
International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies ? 30th Session
14441:
14256:
13844:
13827:
13762:
12999:
10899:"Naharnet Newsdesk – Syria Curbs Kurdish Riots for a Merger with Iraq's Kurdistan"
10237:
3902:
3305:
was Syria's effective ruler from 1966 until November 1970, when he was deposed by
2965:
family. However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the
2941:
1332:, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the
22183:
21840:
21123:
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13927:
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11342:
11313:
10780:
10066:
9404:
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8889:
Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History
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6146:
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annexed Syria from the Abbasids, and were later replaced by once the Egypt-based
2509:
2501:
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2143:
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1191:
1160:
1136:
978:
574:
408:
386:
61:
18526:
15824:"Syria: Chemical weapons pose unacceptable threat, and are a 'danger to us all'"
15523:"Syria: Chemical weapons pose unacceptable threat, and are a 'danger to us all'"
14996:
14956:, Congressional Research Service, 5 April 2002. pg. 5. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14024:
12527:
Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria
12323:
Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism
12163:
12117:
10221:
10042:
a line in the sand. Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East
9177:
8244:
7852:
Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism
7761:
7358:"Middle East corruption rankings: Syria most corrupt, UAE least, Turkey slipped"
6496:
4764:
4565:. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing
3937:
that nominally permits the candidacy of individuals who do not form part of the
3162:
2720:
Ottoman administration followed a system that led to peaceful coexistence. Each
2036:
ravaged and plundered much of Syria. The last stand of the Assyrian army was at
1529:
in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth, perhaps preceded by only that of
22158:
21910:
21420:
19978:
19963:
19878:
19659:
19614:
19577:
19532:
19311:
19106:
19101:
18853:
18833:
18799:
18774:
16818:
16135:"Economic Challenges and Reform Options for Syria: A Growth Diagnostics Report"
16010:
15849:
15831:
15548:
15530:
14777:
14476:"NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR"
14007:. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12.
13266:
13085:"Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections"
12942:
12686:
12283:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
12024:
10637:
9236:
8136:
7812:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
7442:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
7374:"Syria, Yemen and Libya among 'lowest in the world' for corruption perceptions"
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6661:
6539:
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The authorities are accused of arresting democracy and human rights activists,
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4679:
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3306:
3254:
3186:
3109:
2986:
2893:
2857:
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2799:
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reforms were applied on Ottoman Syria, carving out the provinces (vilayets) of
2783:
2747:
2702:
2584:
2513:
2403:
2200:
2021:
1974:
1757:
1717:
1551:
The earliest recorded indigenous civilization in the region was the Kingdom of
1536:
1152:
1081:
1041:
1030:
986:
982:
438:
423:
354:
322:
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16404:
Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print.
16252:"Syrian Economy To Shrink By 20 Percent in 2012 As Country Struggles With War"
16154:
15732:
Lewis, Paul; Chulov, Martin; Borger, Julian; Watt, Nicholas (27 August 2013).
13299:
6538:. Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of
5493:
plays an integral role in the distribution of government internet access. The
3297:
and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March. Although
2465:
2048:. The Babylonians, like their Assyrian relations, were victorious over Egypt.
1993:
of their empire. This language was to remain dominant in Syria and the entire
187:
Syria proper shown in dark green; Syria's territorial claims over the Turkish
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17115:"In the Wake of the Phoenicians: DNA study reveals a Phoenician-Maltese link"
16644:
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16441:
15896:"Deadly nerve agent sarin used in Syria attack, Turkish Health Ministry says"
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12868:
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12182:
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8504:
8454:"The Regional War in Syria: Summary of Caabu event with Christopher Phillips"
7463:
Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State
7113:
6869:
6849:
6830:
6822:
6510:
6444:
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5796:
5406:
5268:. At the outset of the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Syria was classified by the
5110:
4974:
4926:
4915:
4797:
4779:
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The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially
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4022:; with Alawite loyalists of the Ba'ath party dominating key positions in the
3994:
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3409:
3350:
3341:
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2512:– made official under Umayyad rule – became the dominant language, replacing
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2410:. During his reign, he focused on his home town of Philippopolis (modern day
2355:
1990:
1950:
1864:
1852:
1805:
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attempts shaking the country between 1949 and 1971. In 1958, Syria entered a
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1053:
870:
369:
242:
229:
192:
89:
21138:
17676:"Syria's president wants non-Muslim religions to help end his pariah status"
16776:. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Vol. 215. pp. 177–186.
16086:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
14578:"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces"
13958:
13335:
The Syrian election ranked as worst among all the contests held during 2014.
12529:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. ix–xii, 1–4, 16–18, 30–40.
11959:
6668:
rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 90.7% for males and 82.2% for females.
6261:). Most Kurds reside in the northeastern corner of Syria and most speak the
4817:
From the Arab league, Syria continues to maintain diplomatic relations with
3575:
is an ongoing internal violent conflict in Syria. It is a part of the wider
3156:
2232:
and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow
1666:
reemerged during this period, and saw renewed prosperity until conquered by
1489:), where agriculture and cattle breeding first began to appear. The site of
1481:
Since approximately the 11th millennium BC, Syria was one of the centers of
21767:
21727:
21717:
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20997:
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20759:
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20128:
19973:
19958:
19953:
19933:
19918:
19414:
19075:
18886:
18304:
Tribes with Flags: A Dangerous Passage Through the Chaos of the Middle East
17100:
16876:
16721:"AT&T – 4G LTE, Cell Phones, U-verse, TV, Internet & Phone Service"
14783:
14638:"Syrian Kurds accuse Turkey of violations, Russia says peace plan on track"
12226:
Political Change in the Middle East and North Africa: After the Arab Spring
12050:
11985:
7349:
7129:
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in July 1941. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalists and the British
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2648:
2458:
2422:
2332:
2281:
2277:
2257:
2244:
2177:
1938:
1884:
1745:(modern Iran). Yamhad was conquered and destroyed, along with Ebla, by the
1615:. Recent classifications of the Eblaite language have shown that it was an
1572:
1560:
1526:
1490:
1423:
1199:
1140:
801:
269:
17541:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
16940:. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from
16673:"How to travel by train from London to Syria | Train travel in Syria"
16624:
12534:
10361:
9709:
3181:
and Egypt's Nasser announced the merging of Egypt and Syria, creating the
21900:
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19353:
19336:
18779:
18739:
18671:
18666:
17873:
Forward Magazine, Interview with President of Aleppo University, May 2008
17409:(in Spanish). Confederación de Entidades Argentino Árabes. Archived from
17382:
17229:
17163:"Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays"
14092:
13715:
10753:
9126:
8595:
8013:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277.
7149:
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5385:
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as the strongman of the government. General Hafiz al-Assad transformed a
3337:
3302:
3190:
3144:
3002:
returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Syrian-French Treaty.
2881:
2877:
2841:
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2486:
2433:
in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys.
2371:
2289:
2127:
2119:
2065:
2061:
2013:
1918:
1848:
1738:
1687:
1663:
1624:
1544:
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1321:
1069:
1010:
835:
328:
17780:
17195:
16104:"Syria Weighs Its Tactics as Pillars of Its Economy Continue to Crumble"
15865:"US launches missiles into Syria in response to chemical weapons attack"
14921:
14907:
CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues
13889:
13496:
12919:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13. Archived from
7066:
6963:
have considerable market penetration throughout the eastern Arab world.
5240:
4945:
maintaining a buffer zone in between, to implement the ceasefire of the
3587:, the overthrow of his government, and an end to nearly five decades of
3159:. Only heated debates in the United Nations lessened the threat of war.
3115:
3005:
2444:'s first interaction with the people and tribes of Syria was during the
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20107:
19948:
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19923:
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18714:
18676:
17590:
17569:
Pipes, Daniel (1 January 1989). "The Alawi Capture of Power in Syria".
16365:"String of losses in Syria leaves Assad regime increasingly precarious"
14828:
14812:
13534:
11322:
10634:
The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East
9947:
9537:
Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381
8071:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Archived from
7090:
6946:
6915:
6653:
6556:
6531:
6357:
6162:
5498:
5456:
5296:
5269:
5172:
5149:
5020:
4911:
4651:
4597:
4593:
4554:
4509:
4374:
4275:, while de facto autonomous, is not recognized by the country as such.
4183:
4158:
3873:
mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 144th globally out of 172 countries.
3810:
3580:
3527:
3101:
2896:
2622:, made Damascus a provincial capital. When he died, power was taken by
2391:
2316:
2225:
2037:
2029:
1946:
1892:
1860:
1753:
1584:
1540:
1502:
1400:
1207:
340:
19713:
17612:
17384:
15926:"US claims 2019 Syria airstrike investigated by NY Times 'legitimate'"
14299:
13854:
11944:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
10554:
10552:
10550:
10064:
8970:
Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East
6218:. Syria has a population of approximately 18,500,000 (2019 estimate).
5849:
4714:, and displacement. However, despite this the AANES has been the most
3463:, and during the 1990s engaged in negotiations with Israel along with
1014:
21600:
21303:
20933:
20734:
20729:
20609:
20115:
19885:
19060:
18769:
17990:
17330:
16985:"Syrian refugees top 3 million, half of all Syrians displaced – U.N."
14284:"Communal Democracy: The Social Contract and Confederalism in Rojava"
14234:
13392:
Garnett, S. James, MacGregor, Holly Ann, Toby, Madison . (May 2022).
10504:
Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism
9181:
Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4
8993:
8416:
8094:
7112:
Drinks in Syria vary, depending on the time of day and the occasion.
7062:
7058:
7042:
6325:
6317:
5203:
against a Syrian air base which had allegedly been used to conduct a
5056:-C missiles with a 500-kilometre (310-mile) range were procured from
5002:
4962:
4687:
4659:
4608:
4589:
3783:
3632:
3129:
2962:
2853:
2829:
2759:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2636:
2366:. The matriarch of the family and Empress of Rome as wife of emperor
2328:
2323:
had taken hold as the major religion, although others still followed
2301:
2297:
2161:
2107:
2057:
2040:
in northern Syria in 605 BC. The Assyrian Empire was followed by the
2033:
2025:
2005:
1994:
1978:
1921:
came to dominate the coasts of Syria, (and also Lebanon and northern
1896:
1827:
1773:
1667:
1482:
1438:, the Palestinian Territories, and Jordan) in the extreme southwest;
1408:
1348:
1310:
1296:
902:
30:
This article is about the modern state of Syria. For other uses, see
19670:
18202:
hundreds of thousands of mukhabarat according to dissident Riad Seif
16698:
15673:"UN report: Syrian forces commit 'gross violations' of human rights"
15611:
14377:
13828:"Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics"
13447:
13198:"Συρία: Βουλευτικές εκλογές για την διαπραγματευτική ενίσχυση Άσαντ"
9000:
Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East
8043:"Regional group votes to suspend Syria; rebels claim downing of jet"
4517:
3225:. The new Syrian cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members. Since the
21850:
21742:
21695:
21655:
21650:
21565:
21550:
21177:
20952:
Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.
20810:
20749:
20704:
20684:
20679:
20674:
20574:
20386:
19811:
18709:
18699:
18548:
17856:"Forward Magazine, Interview with President of Damascus University"
17545:
17082:
16957:"U.N.: Syria Crisis Is 'Biggest Humanitarian Emergency of Our Era'"
16672:
16579:"Syria raises fuel prices to snuff out black market, soothe unrest"
15868:
14669:"Assad takes a page out of Russia's book in his war against rebels"
14122:
14054:
13553:
10547:
9564:
8709:
8539:
8496:
8483:
Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again".
8394:
8122:
7098:
7054:
7046:
7000:
6919:
6665:
6620:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6345:
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5029:
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3452:
3451:
and the Western world, Syria participated in the United States-led
3421:
3405:
3385:
2958:
2917:
occupation by Arab nationalists resulted in its attachment to Syria
2865:
2795:
2564:
2560:
2543:
2529:
2521:
2441:
2387:
2312:
2273:
2248:
2229:
2192:
2131:
1966:
1962:
1888:
1880:
1835:
1809:
1749:
1734:
1643:
1580:
1521:
played an important role during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age.
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1416:
1337:
1022:
1006:
950:
865:
805:
334:
221:
129:
13259:"UN reiterates it is not involved in Syrian presidential election"
12648:
11319:"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::"
11306:
6,143 civilians and security forces (15 March 2011-20 March 2012),
10386:"Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad"
7506:
The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's
6868:, and is also used as a means of veiled criticism of the present.
6437:. However, none of these minority languages have official status.
5330:
5236:
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Syria, since 1820
4869:
and inhuman acts" perpetrated by forces loyal to Bashar al-Assad.
3945:. Despite this, Syria remains a one-party state with an extensive
3538:
in 2005 led to international condemnation and triggered a popular
3424:
was largely destroyed by the Israeli army. In the late 1970s, an
2852:. It ultimately suffered defeat and loss of control of the entire
2575:. The coastal mountainous region was also occupied in part by the
1072:. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century
21757:
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21722:
21685:
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21293:
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20689:
20669:
20554:
20544:
20411:
20381:
20373:
20083:
20036:
19897:
19826:
19806:
19781:
19746:
19736:
19731:
19514:
18575:
13711:"Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria"
10869:"Israel launches strikes on Syria in retaliation for bomb attack"
10136:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9969:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9645:
9643:
8299:"Assad, Iran, Russia committed 91% of civilian killings in Syria"
7531:
7482:
Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization
7260:
7074:
6903:
6365:
6185:
6128:
6094:
6078:
5942:
5864:
5690:
5550:
5335:
5192:
5157:
4830:
4818:
4683:
4644:
4314:
4222:
4154:
4150:
4094:
3917:
3732:
3720:
3652:
3624:
3545:
2919:. This border was recognized internationally when Syria became a
2791:
2739:
2668:
2644:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2505:
2430:
2324:
2265:
2233:
2221:
2217:
2181:
2103:
2079:
2017:
2001:
1970:
1823:
1813:
1761:
1726:
1675:
1647:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1568:
1412:
1350:
1317:
1255:
998:
942:
364:
17832:. Ministry of Higher Education. 23 November 2011. Archived from
21845:
21772:
21762:
21630:
21620:
21595:
21585:
21545:
21288:
21197:
21192:
20830:
20754:
20719:
20654:
20634:
20624:
20584:
20569:
20564:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20150:
20138:
20078:
20073:
20068:
20041:
19831:
19796:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19751:
19116:
19070:
18744:
18729:
18530:
18019:
A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria
17499:
17497:
14970:, UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14947:"CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations"
14930:"Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency.
13122:"Elections in Wartime: The Syrian People's Council (2016–2020)"
11484:. Geneva. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2012. Archived from
9317:
7125:
7038:
7034:
6873:
6799:
6778:
6717:, which offer undergraduate and graduate programs in business.
6624:
6564:
6535:
6504:
6361:
6349:
6199:
5958:
5835:
5819:
5801:
5286:
5276:. The oil sector provided about 40% of export earnings. Proven
4938:
4892:
4742:
4738:
4558:
4389:
4344:
4238:
4162:
4046:
3830:
3806:
3779:
3728:
3656:
3644:
3510:, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of
3476:
3468:
3325:
3170:
3152:
3085:
3081:
3010:
2604:
2552:
2533:
2470:
2429:
and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at
2411:
2406:. He was emperor from 244 to 249, and ruled briefly during the
2293:
2253:
1930:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1671:
1596:
1396:
1329:
1281:
1184:
938:
930:
918:
910:
38:
22169:
Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
21010:
20363:
19989:
16169:"Syria reverts to socialist economic policies to ease tension"
14961:
Travel advice: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories
14608:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws"
13977:
13617:"Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region"
13313:
Norris, Pippa; Martinez i Coma, Ferran; Grömping, Max (2015).
13000:"Syria conflict: UK recognises opposition, says William Hague"
10529:"Jordan asked Nixon to attack Syria, declassified papers show"
9640:
9430:
Zakrzewski, Sonia; Shortland, Andrew; Rowland, Joanne (2015).
8966:
6202:
people, closely related to their immediate neighbors, such as
5101:
Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo, October 2012
3859:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
3754:
Syria is the twelfth most water stressed country in the world.
3038:
until the British and Free French occupied the country in the
1187:– have emerged in Syrian territory to challenge Assad's rule.
21787:
21737:
21712:
21680:
21645:
21575:
21570:
21535:
21463:
21298:
21267:
21247:
21232:
21207:
21182:
20938:
20779:
20714:
20694:
20629:
20604:
20594:
20579:
20472:
20426:
20160:
20123:
20046:
19893:
19816:
19791:
19786:
19776:
19756:
18984:
18734:
17016:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from
16200:"Syria's battling economy may hold on with help from friends"
13797:"German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic"
13474:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead"
13312:
11881:"Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers"
9609:"When Syrians, Algerians and Iraqis patrolled Hadrian's Wall"
9178:
Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (1990).
7121:
7106:
7082:
7070:
7014:
7009:
6810:
6769:
6302:
6026:
6010:
5992:
5290:
4941:, whereas the eastern third is controlled by Syria, with the
4900:
4838:
4834:
4822:
4620:
4550:
4494:
4359:
4329:
4118:. As of 2008, the President is the Regional Secretary of the
4073:
4068:
4063:
3826:
3620:
3501:
in which he ran unopposed. His election saw the birth of the
3404:
revolving around Hafiz and his family became a core tenet of
2908:
2787:
2763:
2714:
2710:
2375:
2308:
2074:
2045:
2009:
1954:
1934:
1926:
1906:
1730:
1564:
1556:
1363:
1243:
1112:
1057:
1044:, broadly synonymous with the Levant, and known in Arabic as
962:
283:
278:
21477:
Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
17801:
17494:
17360:. Saudi Aramco World. September–October 2005. Archived from
17117:. National Geographic Magazine. October 2004. Archived from
17064:
16748:"The Syrian Electronic Army Are at Cyber War with Anonymous"
16089:. The Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 1921.
15766:"Christians Squeezed Out by Violent Struggle in North Syria"
14804:
14748:"Arab League brings Syria back into its fold after 12 years"
14051:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage"
13391:
10594:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 28.
8237:"Every Day Counts: Children of Syria cannot wait any longer"
3825:. The fields are a natural extension of the Iraqi fields of
2350:
2164:
control from 83 BC, with the conquests of the Armenian king
1674:
also arose during this time, circa 1800 BC, close to modern
21752:
21690:
21660:
21610:
21605:
21555:
21222:
21187:
20789:
20699:
20664:
20619:
20614:
20523:
20416:
20391:
20095:
20056:
20051:
18724:
16297:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 20 June 2012.
15264:"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months"
14984:, International Committee of the Red Cross, 24 April 2008.)
14973:"In the ICRC's view, the Golan is an occupied territory." (
14854:
14512:"RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND"
12793:
7086:
7078:
6996:
6713:. There are also many higher institutes in Syria, like the
6316:
There are also smaller ethnic minority groups, such as the
6215:
5976:
5908:
5854:
5411:
5344:
5312:
5282:
5061:
5053:
4865:
suspended Syria in August 2012 citing "deep concern at the
4826:
4775:
4774:
Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its
4624:
4434:
4404:
4054:
4050:
3648:
3628:
3526:. Signs of rioting were seen in the cities of Qamishli and
3132:
and other ideologies. There was fertile ground for various
2904:
2767:
2732:
2725:
2379:
2147:
2139:
1998:
1742:
1552:
1518:
1494:
1486:
1215:
1103:
The post-independence period was tumultuous, with multiple
1049:
922:
18335:
18306:, Atlantic Monthly Press (New York) and Picador (London),
18239:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 October 2009. Archived from
17327:
Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development
16930:
16400:
16398:
16396:
16394:
14019:
Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.
13515:
13349:"Syria's 2020 parliamentary elections: The worst joke yet"
13175:"Syria's 2020 parliamentary elections: The worst joke yet"
12714:
Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium
11806:"Russia's expanding military footprint in the Middle East"
11595:"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news"
11176:
10297:
9429:
8564:
Stele to the Propagation in China of the Jingjiao of Daqin
7639:
7637:
7635:
5700:
in March 2011; 4 million were outside the country as
5260:
has lost 80% of its value, with the economy becoming part
3437:, when some 10,000 – 40,000 people were killed by regular
1902:
1218:
region and was ranked the 2nd lowest globally on the 2022
17615:. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2019.
16724:
16342:"IS blows up Syria gas pipeline serving capital: monitor"
15798:"Syria: Sunnis Threatening to Massacre Minority Alawites"
14858:
The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories
14267:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
14181:
In der Maur, Renée; Staal, Jonas (2015). "Introduction".
14103:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
14035:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13969:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13545:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13507:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13458:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
11941:
11448:"Syria crisis: Turkey refugee surge amid escalation fear"
10733:
10708:
9942:
9940:
9463:. Open Road Integrated Media, Incorporated. p. 475.
8193:"Syria ranks second to last in RSF's press freedom index"
7085:. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as
6765:
4977:
will recognize Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights.
3679:
accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as
3530:. In 2005, Syria ended its military presence in Lebanon.
3346:
2969:. French troops occupied Syria later that year after the
2563:
and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 AD during the
1925:) from the 13th century BC, founding city states such as
1627:, and the whole of Syria became part of the Mesopotamian
882:
17719:
15734:"Iran warns west against military intervention in Syria"
13675:"Umar: Catalonian recognition of AANES is the beginning"
12893:. Syrian Arab News Agency. 22 April 2011. Archived from
11998:
9822:
1998, Edinburg, UK. Edinburg University Press. Page 146.
9637:
Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert, Joan Aruz, 2018, page 78.
9056:
8561:
Adam (781). "Translation of the Nestorian Inscription".
7163:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
5152:
websites, detaining bloggers, and imposing travel bans.
4861:. After 11 years, the Arab League readmitted Syria. The
4698:, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a
3863:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
3376:
dictatorship marked by his pervasive grip on the party,
3273:
and shaped a new socio-political order by enforcing its
2086:
Lands that constitute modern day Syria were part of the
1591:, found during excavations, confirm Ebla's contact with
18353:
Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East
17032:
16523:"Is the Syrian Regime the World's Biggest Drug Dealer?"
16391:
16311:"Isil seizes Syrian regime's lucrative phosphate mines"
13228:"Εκλογές στη Συρία, ενώ η εμπόλεμη κατάσταση παραμένει"
12798:(4th ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 1303.
12249:
11742:"Syria crisis: Qatar calls for Arabs to send in troops"
8365:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Syria"
7778:
7632:
7408:
6902:. Syria has produced several pan-Arab stars, including
6344:. However, most of these ethnic minorities have become
4801:
Map of world and Syria (red) with military involvement.
2272:
in the 7th century AD, the bulk of the population were
1151:, which eventually resulted in the seizure of power by
20518:
17627:"Death toll in Syria likely as high as 120,000: group"
14730:"Syria suspends its membership in Mediterranean union"
14548:"Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij"
14228:"Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East"
13428:
11203:"Arab League delegates head to Syria over 'bloodbath'"
10948:
10729:"30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings In Syria"
10704:"30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings In Syria"
9937:
8912:
8281:"UN Chief says 90% of Syrians live below poverty line"
6864:, as a subgenre of historical fiction, is imbued with
5459:
and are also served by a variety of foreign carriers.
5075:, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for
4109:
was the largest opposition party. The anti-government
4077:
against his rule. The government survived a series of
3611:
Pro-Assad demonstration in the capital Damascus after
2362:
Syrians held considerable amounts of power during the
1361:
15731:
15083:
14732:. Xinhua News Agency. 1 December 2012. Archived from
14262:
14098:
14073:
14030:
13964:
13540:
13502:
13453:
11622:"Hundreds Tortured in Syria, Human Rights Group Says"
10663:"Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine"
10356:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
9915:"Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?"
9649:
9233:"Neolithic Tell Ramad in the Damascus Basin of Syria"
4588:. The AANES has widespread support for its universal
4533:
in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing
2667:. Tamurlane also conducted specific massacres of the
1690:
in the 12th century BC in what was known as the Late
18556:
profiles of people and institutions provided by the
16270:"Syrians struggle with shortages as economy buckles"
12596:
11935:
10987:"Israel Struck Syrian Nuclear Project, Analysts Say"
9022:
9020:
7561:"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7545:"Islamic bloc suspends Syria membership over crisis"
7527:"Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7290:"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7274:"Islamic bloc suspends Syria membership over crisis"
7256:"Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7234:
7212:
7200:
7139:
6348:
to some degree, particularly those who practice the
4271:, which are further divided into sub-districts. The
3623:
Muslims, whereas the leading government figures are
3261:
The 1963 Ba'athist coup marked a "radical break" in
2848:
entered the conflict on the side of Germany and the
2386:
held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the god
147:
122:
68:
17504:Drysdale, Alasdair; Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1991),
16469:Rose, Söderholm, Caroline, Alexander (April 2022).
16272:. Associated Press. 22 January 2013. Archived from
16029:
15953:
15951:
15091:"Political foe of Syrians wounded on Beirut street"
15023:"Resolving the Future of the Occupied Syrian Golan"
13826:Şimşek, Bahar; Jongerden, Joost (29 October 2018).
13740:
13738:
12796:
World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties
12597:Al-Shami, Meckfessel, Leila, Shon (1 August 2023).
12306:. Albany, New York: Suny Press. pp. 144, 149.
12203:"How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule"
11992:
11418:"Syrian Refugees May Be Wearing Out Turks' Welcome"
11282:"Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed"
9483:
8526:Frye, R. N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms".
7835:. Albany, New York: Suny Press. pp. 144, 149.
7132:, and a locally manufactured beer called Al Shark.
6711:
International University for Science and Technology
6627:in 1948. In 2021 there were no Jews left in Syria.
6615:Syria was once home to a substantial population of
6526:but there are also Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens), 10%
6407:
The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
5001:Yet after Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000,
3961:character by bestowing extraordinary powers on the
3782:in the south are important agricultural areas. The
3548:, known as "the Cedar Revolution" which forced the
3328:. Conflict over Israeli cultivation of land in the
3100:, described as the first military overthrow of the
3072:, together with other Arab states, and immediately
2300:communities were also extant in major cities, with
1513:are evidence of early trade. The ancient cities of
1167:in 2000. Since 2011, Syria has been embroiled in a
18284:Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict
18179:
18143:
17503:
16877:"World Population Prospects – Population Division"
16309:
16098:
16096:
15764:
15640:
15563:"Syria: Families of 'Disappeared' Deserve Answers"
15477:"Syria: Families of 'Disappeared' Deserve Answers"
14916:, Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006)
13563:. Cantonafrin.com. 4 February 2016. Archived from
13054:"Obama says U.S. will recognize Syrian opposition"
12737:
12735:
12733:
12321:Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising".
12254:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
11678:"Syria: Armed Opposition Groups Committing Abuses"
11300:
11247:
10589:
9741:
9735:
9344:
8885:
7850:Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising".
7783:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
7413:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
7405:Sources describing Syria as a totalitarian state:
6724:, the top-ranking universities in the country are
6619:, with large communities in Damascus, Aleppo, and
5513:were arrested between March 2011 and August 2012.
5477:
5466:(the Syrian railway company), which links up with
4806: Countries that support the Syrian government
4229:. Three alternative governments formed during the
2264:, with the split in the Roman Empire. The largely
21959:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37
18182:Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East
18146:Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East
17802:Ministry of Higher Education (23 November 2011).
16226:"Syria's ailing economy hits citizens and regime"
15327:"Syria among worst for rights abuses: HRW report"
14975:ICRC activities in the occupied Golan during 2007
14333:Küçük, Bülent; Özselçuk, Ceren (1 January 2016).
13587:"Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps"
11478:"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria unrest"
11284:. Ansamed.ansa.it. 3 January 2010. Archived from
10065:Peter N. Stearns; William Leonard Langer (2001).
9694:
9692:
9606:
9017:
7615:"Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic – 2012"
6253:The second-largest ethnic group in Syria are the
4899:who were originally from the Sanjak but lived in
4524:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
4518:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2907:. However, the discovery of oil in the region of
1702:oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world
1119:and was renamed as the Arab Republic of Syria in
22150:
16344:. Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. 10 June 2015
15948:
14691:
14180:
13735:
13635:
10352:Atassi, Karim (2018). "6: The Fourth Republic".
9719:. 23 June 2011. pp. 193–194. Archived from
9260:
8967:Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (31 May 2013).
5750:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (2004 Census)
4631:populations, with smaller communities of ethnic
3269:monopolised power in the country to establish a
3213:. The takeover was engineered by members of the
2997:on 2–3 August 1925, and the battles of Salkhad,
2778:renounced his loyalty to the Empire and overran
2559:Sections of Syria were held by French, English,
1382:
1374:
1328:(323–150 BC), this term was also applied to the
17749:"Syria's Education System – Report – June 2001"
17449:Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics
17383:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
17223:
17221:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17211:
16468:
16289:
16287:
16285:
16283:
16194:
16192:
16190:
16093:
15762:
15703:"200 massacred in Hama, claim Syrian activists"
14847:
13825:
13127:. European University Institute. Archived from
12961:
12730:
12654:
11904:
11107:"Syrian army starts crackdown in northern town"
10799:
10558:
10451:
10197:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 23 May 2023.
9083:
6571:make up 45.7% of the Christian population; the
6372:are from either Lebanese or Syrian background.
3459:. The country participated in the multilateral
3312:The coup led to the schism within the original
1426:(but politically independent from each other):
1316:, both of which originally derived from Aššūr (
18346:Orsam Suriye Türkleri Raporu-Orsam Syria Turks
17806:. Ministry of Higher Education. Archived from
17190:
17188:
16893:. Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
16428:Hubbard, Ben; Saad, Hwaida (5 December 2021).
16129:
16127:
16125:
15959:"Syria regime revenues shrink as losses mount"
15642:"More than 250 children among dead, U.N. says"
14281:
13705:
13024:
12557:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
12304:Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura
11652:"Syria: Local Residents Used as Human Shields"
10686:
10684:
10298:Brecher, Michael; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997).
9689:
9510:
9371:
9211:. University of California Press. p. 22.
9204:
7833:Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura
7081:pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in
6959:. It broadcast in black and white until 1976.
6955:and Egypt in 1960, when both were part of the
5516:
5256:The Syrian economy has contracted 60% and the
5067:Syria received significant financial aid from
4812: Countries that support the Syrian rebels
4746:and Tell Tamer. Following the creation of the
3635:. According to various sources, including the
3493:Hafiz al-Assad died on 10 June 2000. His son,
3447:In a major shift in relations with both other
3360:The power struggle culminated in the November
3049:
2520:of the Byzantine era. In 887, the Egypt-based
2256:. Control of Syria eventually passed from the
1871:. From this point, the region became known as
618:185,180 km (71,500 sq mi) (
21449:
21026:
20504:
20349:
20005:
19699:
18591:
18215:"Akram Raslan: How Caricatures Shake Tyranny"
17643:
17442:
17440:
17438:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17430:
17428:
17387:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
16976:
15202:Berman, Yaniv; Line, Media (8 October 2006).
14768:
14423:
14332:
13371:"Electoral Integrity Global Report 2019-2021"
13134:on 29 January 2021 – via cadmus.eui.eu.
13045:
12378:(50th anniversary ed.). March 2023: 31.
11335:3,138 insurgents (15 March 2011-30 May 2012),
11274:
10751:
10455:A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
9402:
9290:
9112:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification"
8796:"Syria :: Roman provincial organization"
8432:"Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights"
7033:The main dishes that form Syrian cuisine are
6884:), which may also serve as media of dissent.
6697:. The top private universities in Syria are:
5730:
5569:
5113:report ranked Syria "Not Free" in its annual
4957:and many small villages, mostly populated by
4718:system in Syria, with direct open elections,
3482:
2923:mandate in 1920 and has not changed to date.
2571:among which the primary one in Syria was the
2398:. Another Roman emperor who was a Syrian was
55:ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة ٱلْسُوْرِيَّة
21979:
21002:
18007:
17208:
16804:
16798:
16430:"On Syria's Ruins, a Drug Empire Flourishes"
16280:
16187:
15030:Old Dominion University Model United Nations
13420:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13119:
13105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13083:Shaar, Akil, Karam, Samy (28 January 2021).
12885:
12883:
12818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12599:"Why the US Far Right Loves Bashar al-Assad"
12274:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
11077:"'Defected Syria security agent' speaks out"
10660:
10614:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
10445:
9834:Timeframe AD 1200–1300: The Mongol Conquests
9154:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History
9150:
8409:"Assad's War on the Syrian People Continues"
7803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7461:Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction".
7433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7206:
6549:stated that out of 94,000 killed during the
6459:is still used as the liturgical language of
6295:7th largest Armenian population in the world
4694:, and that these values are mirrored in its
4573:, in which its official military force, the
4126:governing coalition. Ethnic minorities like
3853:Syria contains four terrestrial ecoregions:
3790:". Its land straddles the "northwest of the
3143:In November 1956, as a direct result of the
1985:(911 BC – 605 BC). The Assyrians introduced
1826:who came into an unsuccessful conflict with
1700:and the capital city Damascus are among the
1388:"Assyrians", recorded in the 8th century BC
1040:The name "Syria" historically referred to a
141:
116:
53:
21934:
18280:
17185:
17014:"Demographic Data of Registered Population"
16858:
16476:. New Lines Institute: 2–39. Archived from
16427:
16140:. World Bank. 21 February 2011. p. 10.
16122:
16062:
16060:
16058:
15606:
15604:
15355:
15300:
14873:. * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." (
14697:
14002:
13403:. University of East Anglia. Archived from
13284:. Yale University Press. pp. 140–141.
13120:Awad, Favier, Ziad, Agnès (30 April 2020).
13082:
12474:"Constitution of Syria. Article 75(1)2)(4)"
11830:
11597:. Sana.sy. 14 February 2012. Archived from
10681:
10500:
10494:
9348:Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
9256:
9254:
9063:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285.
7479:
7460:
6805:The literature of Syria has contributed to
6715:Higher Institute of Business Administration
5462:The majority of Syrian cargo is carried by
4908:for a short period during the year of 1949.
4841:. Following its violent suppression of the
4277:
4248:
3364:, a bloodless military coup that installed
3309:, who at the time was Minister of Defense.
2402:(Marcus Julius Philippus), who was born in
2319:dwelling in the deserts of southern Syria.
1407:describes as including, from west to east,
1341:
1303:
1289:
1214:. Syria is the most corrupt country in the
22204:States and territories established in 1946
22174:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
21947:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
21456:
21442:
21063:
21033:
21019:
20511:
20497:
20356:
20342:
20012:
19998:
19706:
19692:
18598:
18584:
18350:
18013:
17741:
17425:
16576:
15638:
15201:
14934:, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. p. 339.
14219:
13439:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLister2015 (
13346:
13195:
13172:
13027:"Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition"
12992:
12970:"Syrian opposition takes Arab League seat"
12156:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
12110:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
11534:"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria"
11388:"Syria: Refugees brace for more bloodshed"
11099:
10690:
10628:
10115:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007
10039:
9889:"The Eastern Mediterranean, 1400–1600 A.D"
9456:
9406:The lost tombs of Thebes: life in paradise
9324:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
9267:Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities
8939:
8037:
8035:
7754:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
6567:refugees, are divided into several sects:
6250:dialects as spoken and written languages.
5737:
5723:
4778:neighbors, and securing the return of the
3876:
3108:, who was himself quickly deposed by Col.
3088:, including several former members of the
2911:just before the end of the war led to yet
2172:and Romans by the Syrian people. However,
1497:) is represented by rectangular houses of
1369:. The Greek name appears to correspond to
201:
181:
21416:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees
18538:web resources provided by GovPubs at the
18166:more than one dozen intelligence agencies
18051:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Syria
17446:
17407:"Inmigracion sirio-libanesa en Argentina"
17345:There are nearly one million in Syria...
17090:
16507:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16295:"The Syrian Economy: Hanging by a Thread"
16011:"Syria's economy cut in half by conflict"
15421:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Syria
14424:Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2018).
14282:Knapp, Michael; Jongerden, Joost (2014).
14225:
14084:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
14043:
13988:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
13853:
13843:
13526:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
13279:
13158:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12880:
12576:. New York: Routledge. pp. 58, 233.
12252:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
12040:
11975:
11508:"UNICEF: 500 children died in Syrian war"
11017:"Syrian army tanks 'moving towards Hama'"
10458:. Indiana University Press. p. 382.
10269:"Syria hasn't changed, but the world has"
10189:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
9764:"The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750)"
9705:, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225–226
9546:
9403:Hawass, Zahi A.; Vannini, Sandro (2009).
9028:"About the Ancient Area of Greater Syria"
8824:
8691:
8685:
8482:
7781:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
7411:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
6722:Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
6269:. The third largest ethnic group are the
5487:Ministry of Communications and Technology
4872:
4726:within the region, as well as defense of
4615:and organizations. Northeastern Syria is
3017:against French colonial rule in the 1920s
2818:was created, as well, and soon after the
18540:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
18470:
18433:The Early History of Syria and Palestine
17324:
16771:
16577:Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (27 January 2015).
16307:
16262:
16055:
15893:
15601:
15423:. Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2018.
14762:
14666:
14005:The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds
13744:
13256:
12629:
12426:"Constitution of Syria. Articles 83–118"
11144:
10754:"Syria Makes Overture Over Negotiations"
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
9650:Cavendish Corporation, Marshall (2006).
9549:"The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again""
9390:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9318:Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards (1973).
9251:
9090:. Harvard University Press. p. 14.
7524:
7253:
6995:
6974:, employing many operatives. During the
6937:
6794:
6764:
6670:
6640:
6579:make up 10.9%; the Catholics (including
6495:
6397:are used in everyday life, most notably
6352:faith. The largest concentration of the
6312:The ethno-religious composition of Syria
6307:
6189:
5435:
5405:
5329:
5295:
5239:
5231:
5096:
5071:as a result of its participation in the
5028:soldier manning a checkpoint outside of
5019:
4910:
4796:
4763:
4294:
3977:and security apparatus. 50th edition of
3749:
3661:
3606:
3249:
3233:, the Ba'ath party has ruled Syria as a
3161:
3114:
3004:
2940:
2824:
2692:
2542:
2464:
2421:; Saulus of Tarsus, better known as the
2349:
2206:
2191:
2168:, who was welcomed as a savior from the
2073:
1901:
1599:of Ebla and an ambiguous kingdom called
1535:
1468:
196:
19294:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
18453:Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present
18380:
18368:
18053:. Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2018.
17979:
17507:Syria and the Middle East Peace Process
17227:
16982:
16883:
16805:Salman, M.; Mualla, W. (1 March 2004),
16745:
16604:"Syria's oil production on Index Mundi"
16362:
16149:
16147:
15985:"Iran spends billions to prop up Assad"
15862:
15616:. Human Rights Watch. 13 January 2009.
15358:"Bush enters debate on freedom in Iran"
15349:
14810:
14141:
13051:
12711:
12634:. New York: Routledge. pp. 49–70.
12320:
12282:
11562:
11258:. Myrtlebeachonline.com. Archived from
11069:
11047:"'Dozens killed' in Syrian border town"
10866:
10326:
9950:. Library of Congress Country Studies.
9060:On the Reliability of the Old Testament
8694:"The Terms "Assyria" and "Syria" Again"
8069:"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"
8032:
7849:
7811:
7609:
7607:
7441:
4273:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
4107:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
4009:and debating policy. In the event of a
3320:(ruled Iraq from 1968 to 2003) and one
2913:another negotiation with France in 1918
2504:, which moved the capital of empire to
2220:, a rich and sometimes powerful native
2184:, its capital, and turned Syria into a
1623:. Ebla was weakened by a long war with
1434:in AD 135 (the region corresponding to
1276:Several sources indicate that the name
14:
22151:
18449:
18399:
18177:
18141:
18119:"Freedom House report on Syria (2010)"
17548:: Sussex Academic Press. p. 227.
16954:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16202:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
15795:
15337:from the original on 24 September 2015
15173:"Israeli views on Shebaa Farms harden"
15153:from the original on 16 September 2012
14698:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 November 2011).
13932:. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 64.
13925:
13434:
12679:
12524:
12500:"Constitution of Syria. Article 77(2)"
12325:. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books.
12223:
11942:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017).
11875:
11873:
11861:
11831:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 November 2011).
11799:
11797:
11371:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11316:865 security forces (21 March-1 June),
11253:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11132:
10984:
10923:
10805:
10778:
10424:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
10413:
10411:
10351:
10266:
10201:from the original on 26 September 2010
10195:"Syria: World War II and independence"
10170:
9770:from the original on 20 September 2020
9294:Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E.
8919:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211.
8825:Tobolczyk, Marta (18 September 2020).
8660:
8622:
8458:Council for Arab-British Understanding
7854:. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books.
6914:. The city of Aleppo is known for its
6461:various Syriac Christian denominations
6297:. They are mainly gathered in Aleppo,
5166:People opposing President Assad's rule
4049:, leading to fierce demonstrations in
3855:Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands
2051:
1324:(present-day Iraq). However, from the
118:وَحْدَةٌ، حُرِّيَّةٌ، اِشْتِرَاكِيَّةٌ
21437:
21014:
21001:
20492:
20337:
19993:
19687:
19675:
19674:
19302:Political status of the Golan Heights
18579:
18483:
18430:
18301:
18259:
18088:
17986:Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society
17568:
17537:
17531:
17476:"What Languages Are Spoken in Syria?"
16983:Nebehay, Stephanie (29 August 2014).
16068:"Syria Country Brief, September 2010"
15936:from the original on 15 November 2021
15804:from the original on 16 November 2018
15683:from the original on 29 November 2011
15457:from the original on 22 February 2013
15234:"Har Dov withdrawal not on the table"
15123:from the original on 16 November 2011
15071:from the original on 28 November 2020
14835:from the original on 22 December 2022
14710:from the original on 13 November 2011
14079:
13983:
13946:from the original on 11 February 2023
13655:from the original on 23 February 2018
13643:"Syria's war: Assad on the offensive"
13521:
13484:from the original on 31 December 2016
13196:Αϊβαλιώτης, Γιώργος (13 April 2016).
13006:from the original on 20 November 2012
12967:
12844:from the original on 18 December 2008
12571:
12301:
12200:
11999:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
11932:– Volume 42, Issue 1 – Page 263, 1998
11843:from the original on 13 November 2011
11803:
11782:from the original on 11 November 2011
11654:. Huffingtonpost.com. 26 March 2012.
11619:
11177:"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"
11169:
11157:from the original on 22 February 2012
11039:
10785:. London: Zed Books. pp. 56–58.
10772:
10669:from the original on 24 February 2009
10535:from the original on 25 February 2008
10417:
10087:
9865:. Everything2.com. 22 February 2003.
9619:from the original on 8 September 2013
9607:Charlotte Higgins (13 October 2009).
9433:Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt
8806:from the original on 19 December 2009
8750:
8593:
8147:from the original on 13 February 2021
7940:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7830:
7685:from the original on 29 December 2016
7340:"Corruption Perceptions Index – 2022"
7236:al-Jumhūriyya al-ʿArabiyya as-Sūriyya
5395:
4996:, located in the intersection of the
4953:, the governorate's de facto capital
3643:have fled the country to neighboring
3177:On 1 February 1958, Syrian President
1804:Syrians bringing presents to Pharaoh
1607:to be among the oldest known written
1446:(or "Hollow Syria") and south of the
1202:. Being ranked 3rd last on the 2022
21350:Arab League–European Union relations
20144:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
18411:
18340:(Syria's English monthly since 2007)
16322:from the original on 10 January 2022
16144:
15763:Güsten, Susanne (13 February 2013).
15427:from the original on 31 October 2019
15391:"Freedom in the World Report: Syria"
15214:from the original on 19 January 2023
15135:
15003:from the original on 26 January 2021
14855:International Labour Office (2009).
14700:"Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria"
14679:from the original on 9 February 2012
14618:from the original on 14 October 2019
14588:from the original on 22 October 2019
14558:from the original on 13 October 2019
14375:
14314:from the original on 19 January 2023
14226:Jongerden, Joost (6 December 2012).
14147:
13868:
13723:from the original on 21 October 2021
13687:from the original on 26 October 2021
13597:from the original on 10 October 2019
13064:from the original on 19 January 2023
13033:from the original on 11 October 2017
13018:
12771:. Carnegie Endowment. Archived from
12287:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
11833:"Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria"
11812:from the original on 19 January 2023
11398:from the original on 23 October 2017
11057:from the original on 5 November 2012
11027:from the original on 20 January 2012
10936:from the original on 3 December 2012
10905:from the original on 15 January 2009
10726:
10701:
10396:from the original on 17 January 2018
10279:from the original on 18 January 2016
10219:
9954:from the original on 5 November 2015
9698:
9579:from the original on 19 January 2023
9409:. Thames & Hudson. p. 120.
9119:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
8776:from the original on 6 February 2024
8732:from the original on 19 January 2023
8692:Rollinger, Robert (1 October 2006).
8597:The History of Herodotus (Rawlinson)
8525:
8464:from the original on 9 December 2016
8429:
8010:United Nations Development Programme
7982:from the original on 9 February 2015
7956:from the original on 3 February 2021
7878:"Syrian ministry of foreign affairs"
7816:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
7655:from the original on 3 February 2021
7604:
7446:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
7109:is always eaten together with meze.
6926:, as well as for popular stars like
5523:Water supply and sanitation in Syria
4879:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
4753:
4710:, support of the Syrian government,
4526:(AANES), also known as Rojava, is a
4067:. They labelled Assad the "enemy of
3579:, a wave of upheaval throughout the
3076:Jewish settlements. Their president
2153:upon the slow disintegration of the
1464:
70:al-Jumhūriyya al-ʿArabiyya al-Sūriya
22199:Member states of the United Nations
21465:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
18039:
17230:"The impossible partition of Syria"
17201:Library of Congress Country Studies
17040:"11 March 2020 – The Refugee Brief"
16416:
15965:. Agence France-Presse. 30 May 2015
15777:from the original on 3 January 2019
15744:from the original on 26 August 2013
15183:from the original on 29 August 2006
15143:"Syrian troops leave Lebanese soil"
15097:from the original on 3 October 2018
15039:from the original on 17 August 2022
14902:, United Nations, 5 December 2008.)
14667:Strenger, Carlo (8 February 2012).
14263:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
14099:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
14031:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13965:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13623:from the original on 5 October 2018
13541:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13503:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13454:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13052:Madhani, Aamer (12 December 2012).
13025:Hugh Schofield (13 November 2012).
12980:from the original on 21 August 2013
12949:from the original on 21 August 2001
12834:"Syria clamps down on Kurd parties"
12769:"Syria: Elections without Politics"
12657:"The Sturdy House That Assad Built"
11870:
11794:
11772:"NATO rules out Syria intervention"
11213:from the original on 8 January 2012
11129:
10966:from the original on 3 October 2018
10956:"Last Syrian troops out of Lebanon"
10848:from the original on 2 October 2008
10561:"The Sturdy House That Assad Built"
10408:
9375:The Military Establishments at Mari
8604:from the original on 4 October 2022
8560:
8049:from the original on 15 August 2012
7620:. International Labour Organization
7577:"OIC Suspends Syria Over Crackdown"
7306:"OIC Suspends Syria Over Crackdown"
7227:
7207:
7190:
6972:Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya
6447:of the region before the advent of
5693:(5,200) also lived in the country.
5319:(an illegal drug commonly known as
4863:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
4204:, repetitive voting and absence of
3336:between Israel and Syria. When the
3205:The instability which followed the
3197:and terminated the political union
2953:In 1920, a short-lived independent
2567:and were known collectively as the
2118:c. 330 BC, and consequently became
2110:. Syria was later conquered by the
2098:, the Achaemenid Persians retained
1883:, with the founding of a number of
1280:is derived from the 8th century BC
1084:-ruled Syrian provinces. It gained
1052:civilization of the 3rd millennium
959:diverse ethnic and religious groups
142:
117:
54:
24:
18605:
18361:
17447:Behnstedt, Peter (2008), "Syria",
17071:American Journal of Human Genetics
16529:. 14 December 2022. Archived from
15863:Griffin, Jennifer (6 April 2017).
15620:from the original on 4 August 2020
15571:. 30 November 2022. Archived from
15485:. 30 November 2022. Archived from
15368:from the original on 11 March 2018
15244:from the original on 25 March 2014
14456:from the original on 27 April 2022
14357:from the original on 27 April 2022
14150:"The Kurds' Democratic Experiment"
14057:. 20 February 2016. Archived from
13807:from the original on 27 April 2021
13347:Abdel Nour, Aymen (24 July 2020).
13257:Kossaify, Ephrem (22 April 2021).
13208:from the original on 17 April 2016
13173:Abdel Nour, Aymen (24 July 2020).
12864:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12349:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12178:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12162:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
12116:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
11752:from the original on 11 April 2018
11722:from the original on 22 March 2012
11690:from the original on 21 March 2012
11575:from the original on 27 April 2015
11563:Peralta, Eyder (3 February 2012).
11514:from the original on 27 March 2012
11183:from the original on 21 April 2014
11145:Sengupta, Kim (20 February 2012).
10997:from the original on 16 April 2009
10867:Huggler, Justin (6 October 2003).
10838:"Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad"
10808:"Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath"
10760:from the original on 18 April 2006
10486:. 1 September 1967. Archived from
9837:. Time-Life Books. 1989. pp.
8575:from the original on 26 March 2023
8002:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24"
7919:
7760:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
7012:, stuffed zucchini/courgette, and
6953:Television was introduced to Syria
6945:– a popular Syrian actress in the
6693:(210,000 students as of 2014) and
6645:Faculty of Arts and Humanities in
6467:is still spoken in the village of
6198:Syrians are an overall indigenous
5564:
5384:to call Syria "the world's newest
5032:shortly after the outbreak of the
4992:Another disputed territory is the
4925:The western two-thirds of Syria's
4182:and localized regions governed by
4145:, the Court of Cassation, and the
3281:Military Committee carried out an
3200:
3034:, Syria came under the control of
2032:. During the fall of Assyria, the
1284:term "Sura/i", and the derivative
1194:dictatorship with a comprehensive
1173:involvement of different countries
1060:era, Damascus was the seat of the
25:
22240:
21891:Economic Cooperation Organization
19714:Countries and territories of the
18504:
18412:Maoz, M. (1986). Yaniv, A (ed.).
17644:Tomader Fateh (25 October 2008).
16955:Politi, Daniel (30 August 2014).
15906:from the original on 5 April 2019
15894:Loveluck, Louisa (6 April 2017).
15875:from the original on 7 April 2017
15796:Behari, Elad (23 December 2011).
15653:from the original on 10 July 2017
15301:EYAL ZISSER (28 September 2004).
14644:. 24 October 2019. Archived from
14528:from the original on 18 July 2021
14492:from the original on 22 June 2022
14384:from the original on 8 April 2023
14162:from the original on 18 June 2019
14148:Ross, Carne (30 September 2015).
13907:from the original on 17 June 2022
12749:from the original on 22 July 2019
12693:from the original on 6 April 2008
12201:Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021).
12072:. 13 January 2023. Archived from
11658:from the original on 27 June 2012
11458:from the original on 8 April 2012
11428:from the original on 2 April 2012
11235:. Translate.googleusercontent.com
11117:from the original on 17 June 2011
11087:from the original on 13 June 2012
10985:Sanger, David (14 October 2007).
10926:"Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands"
10818:from the original on 4 March 2011
10727:Amos, Deborah (2 February 2012).
10702:Amos, Deborah (2 February 2012).
10267:Robson, John (10 February 2012).
10121:from the original on 22 July 2019
10113:United States Department of State
10071:The Encyclopedia of World History
9925:from the original on 22 July 2015
9869:from the original on 26 June 2007
9517:. Eisenbrauns. p. 23,24,25.
9057:Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003).
8913:Ian Shaw; Robert Jameson (2008).
8831:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
8661:Harper, Douglas (November 2001).
8393:. 11 January 2015. Archived from
8283:. 14 January 2022. Archived from
8221:. 18 October 2022. Archived from
8173:from the original on 19 June 2019
7713:. 13 January 2023. Archived from
7525:Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012).
7380:. 31 January 2023. Archived from
7364:. 31 January 2023. Archived from
7254:Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012).
6553:, at least 41,000 were Alawites.
5707:
5670:of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2011
4918:was occupied by Israel since the
4748:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
4611:policies in dialogues with other
3981:, the annual report published by
3711:in December 2011, as part of its
3347:Palestine Liberation Organization
3301:became the formal head of state,
3285:against the Ba'athist Old Guard (
2933:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
2926:
2832:deportees near Aleppo during the
2626:. In the meantime, an emir named
1953:, including building colonies in
1603:c. 2300 BC. Scholars believe the
1175:. Three political entities – the
1143:factions caused further coups in
1064:and a provincial capital for the
663:118.3/km (306.4/sq mi) (
22194:Member states of the Arab League
21137:
21062:
21053:
21052:
20973:
20962:
20961:
20788:
20169:
18983:
18565:
18320:Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2004).
18229:
18207:
18171:
18135:
18111:
18082:
18057:
17973:
17951:
17925:
17903:
17885:
17866:
17848:
17822:
17795:
17773:
17701:
17668:
17637:
17619:
17605:
17562:
17468:
17399:
17376:
17350:
17318:
17305:"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?"
17297:
17276:
17155:
17133:
17107:
17058:
17006:
16948:
16909:
16869:
16841:
16774:IT Convergence and Security 2012
16765:
16739:
16713:
16687:
16665:
16617:
16596:
16570:
16545:"Syria has become a narco-state"
16537:
16515:
16462:
16407:
16382:
16363:Shaheen, Kareem (11 June 2015).
16356:
16334:
16301:
16244:
16218:
16161:
16077:
16003:
15991:from the original on 17 May 2019
15987:. TDA. Bloomberg. 11 June 2015.
15977:
15918:
15887:
15856:
15838:
15830:. 5 January 2023. Archived from
15816:
15789:
15756:
15725:
15695:
15665:
15632:
15579:
15555:
15537:
15529:. 5 January 2023. Archived from
15515:
15493:
15469:
15439:
15409:
15383:
15319:
15286:
15256:
15226:
15204:"Shebaa Farms – nub of conflict"
15195:
15165:
15109:
15051:
15015:
14989:
14740:
14722:
14660:
14630:
14600:
14570:
14540:
14504:
14468:
14417:
14369:
14365:– via read.dukeupress.edu.
14326:
14275:
14174:
14111:
13996:
13929:The Caspian Region: The Caucasus
13919:
13862:
13819:
13789:
13699:
13667:
13619:. TheNewArab. 31 December 2016.
13609:
13579:
13466:
13385:
13363:
13340:
13306:
13273:
13250:
13220:
13189:
13166:
13113:
13076:
12935:
12909:
12856:
12826:
12787:
12761:
12705:
12655:Michael Bröning (7 March 2011).
12623:
12590:
12565:
12518:
12492:
12466:
12444:
12418:
12365:
12341:
12242:
12217:
12194:
12170:
12148:
12126:
12057:
11923:
11905:F. A. Schaeffer, Claude (2003).
11898:
11885:United States Institute of Peace
11855:
11824:
11764:
11734:
11702:
11670:
11644:
11632:from the original on 13 May 2013
11620:Fahim, Kareem (5 January 2012).
11613:
11587:
11556:
11544:from the original on 14 May 2013
11526:
11500:
11470:
11440:
11410:
11380:
11225:
11195:
11009:
10978:
10917:
10891:
10860:
10830:
10806:Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005).
10782:Syria: neither bread nor freedom
10745:
10720:
10695:
10654:
10622:
10583:
10559:Michael Bröning (7 March 2011).
10521:
10472:
10378:
10345:
10320:
10291:
10260:
10226:The International History Review
10213:
10131:
9964:
9820:A Short History of the Ismailis.
9800:from the original on 25 May 2015
9460:The Philosophy of Historiography
9038:from the original on 8 July 2017
8973:. Left Coast Press. p. 35.
8673:from the original on 13 May 2013
8637:from the original on 21 May 2013
8430:Roth, Kenneth (9 January 2017).
8327:. September 2022. Archived from
7675:"Largest Ethnic Groups In Syria"
7583:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7567:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7551:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7513:
7500:
7399:
7312:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7296:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7280:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7142:
7018:(stuffed grape leaves, the word
6179:
5858:
5848:
5805:
5795:
5746:Largest cities or towns in Syria
5363:
4969:. In March 2019, U.S. President
4267:, which are sub-divided into 61
3969:governs Syria as a totalitarian
3916:
3901:
3871:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
3713:proposal for peaceful resolution
3257:, president of Syria (1970–2000)
2682:
2477:, built in the early 7th century
1977:. Syria and the Western half of
1794:
1783:
1716:ruled by the Amorite Dynasty of
1658:is the earliest attested of the
1543:, king of the Second Kingdom of
1238:, with an estimated 7.6 million
1226:, the largest in the world. The
777:
448:Speaker of the People's Assembly
159:
96:
82:
22101:As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
21040:
20019:
19842:States with limited recognition
18268:International Law: A Dictionary
18124:. Freedom House. Archived from
17858:. February 2008. Archived from
17538:Danna, Nissim (December 2003).
17284:"Who are the Turkmen in Syria?"
17169:. 26 April 2008. Archived from
15639:Joe Lauria (29 November 2011).
15593:. 2 August 2022. Archived from
15507:. 2 August 2022. Archived from
15270:. 20 March 2011. Archived from
14997:"About Us – Al-Marsad – المرصد"
14875:The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002
13777:from the original on 9 May 2022
13234:. 13 April 2016. Archived from
12667:from the original on 7 May 2011
12506:from the original on 2 May 2020
12480:from the original on 2 May 2020
12432:from the original on 2 May 2020
12385:from the original on 6 May 2023
11377:total of 10,146 reported killed
11254:Enders, David (19 April 2012).
10571:from the original on 7 May 2011
10161:
10152:
10143:
10058:
10033:
10001:
9985:
9976:
9907:
9891:. Metmuseum.org. Archived from
9881:
9855:
9825:
9812:
9782:
9756:
9678:
9631:
9600:
9591:
9553:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
9540:
9531:
9504:
9477:
9450:
9423:
9395:
9382:
9365:
9338:
9311:
9284:
9225:
9198:
9171:
9144:
9104:
9077:
9050:
8987:
8960:
8933:
8906:
8879:
8870:
8845:
8818:
8788:
8762:. 77AD. University of Chicago.
8744:
8698:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8649:
8616:
8587:
8554:
8528:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8519:
8485:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8476:
8446:
8423:
8415:. 11 March 2021. Archived from
8401:
8379:
8357:
8335:
8313:
8291:
8273:
8265:. 15 March 2022. Archived from
8251:
8229:
8207:
8185:
8159:
8129:
8105:
8087:
8061:
8020:from the original on 1 May 2024
7994:
7952:. Central Intelligence Agency.
7465:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–33.
7390:
7328:
7322:
7242:
7220:
7180:
7158:Index of Syria-related articles
6405:in the northeast. According to
6393:of the country. Several modern
5534:
5478:Internet and telecommunications
5352:is a popular product of Syria.
5117:survey. The Ba'ath regime is a
5082:
5069:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
4037:consists of the president, two
3953:, without participation of the
3836:
3705:Gulf Cooperation Council states
3362:1970 Syrian Corrective movement
3147:, Syria signed a pact with the
2288:still dwelt in the north east,
1074:after centuries of Ottoman rule
21871:Moro National Liberation Front
20903:British Indian Ocean Territory
18266:Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2006).
16308:Sherlock, Ruth (27 May 2015).
15709:. 13 July 2012. Archived from
15393:. January 2011. Archived from
12943:"Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)"
12630:Phillips, Christopher (2013).
11233:"Number as a civil / military"
10752:Marc Perelman (11 July 2003).
10429:University of California Press
9003:. Paulist Press. p. 241.
8800:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
8625:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
8349:. 19 June 2022. Archived from
8305:. 20 June 2022. Archived from
7968:
7888:
7870:
7770:
7697:
7667:
6194:Damascus, traditional clothing
5368:Syria is home to a burgeoning
4686:and pluralistic tolerance for
4668:libertarian socialist ideology
4200:; characterised by wide-scale
4041:, the prime minister, and the
3554:military occupation in Lebanon
3388:loyalists to key posts in the
3334:7 April pre-war aerial clashes
3021:Syria and France negotiated a
2945:The inauguration of President
2816:Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon
2496:. In the mid-7th century, the
2436:
1356:, ultimately derived from the
1115:, which was terminated in the
778:
13:
1:
21345:Arab League monitors in Syria
20364:Countries and regions in the
18450:Sahner, Christian C. (2014).
18383:Syria and the Lebanese Crisis
18217:. Syria Untold. 13 April 2015
17913:. Ranking Web of Universities
16917:"INTRODUCTION_-SYRIA_CONTEXT"
16697:. Moct.gov.sy. Archived from
15356:Guy Dinmore (31 March 2006).
15311:. p. A21. Archived from
14442:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016
14125:. 28 May 2016. Archived from
13845:10.1080/14650045.2018.1531283
13763:10.1080/14650045.2018.1554564
13315:"The Year in Elections, 2014"
10924:Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005).
10329:Syria and the Neutrality Trap
10238:10.1080/07075332.2017.1367705
10220:Chen, Chern (8 August 2018).
9321:The Cambridge Ancient History
9270:. Gorgias Press. p. 44.
7168:
6840:Ba'ath Party rule, since the
6784:
6703:Arab International University
6664:schools is over 150,000. The
6222:, together with some 600,000
5044:is commander in chief of the
4030:and political establishment.
3973:, through its control of the
3849:Environmental issues in Syria
3758:Syria lies between latitudes
3094:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
2822:was given a separate status.
2276:, but Syria was also home to
2228:defeated the Persian emperor
2180:, rode to Syria and captured
1808:, as depicted in the tomb of
1583:peoples to the northwest, in
124:Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya
20463:Southeastern Anatolia Region
19442:Energy and mineral resources
19242:Supreme Constitutional Court
18281:Finkelstein, Norman (2003).
17895:. March 2008. Archived from
17729:. State.gov. 24 October 2012
17713:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
17512:Council on Foreign Relations
17325:Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015),
16782:10.1007/978-94-007-5860-5_21
16746:Katerji, Oz (4 April 2013).
16723:. Ste.gov.sy. Archived from
16157:. Index of Economic Freedom.
16039:. World Bank. Archived from
16037:"Country and Lending Groups"
15848:. 8 May 2023. Archived from
15547:. 8 May 2023. Archived from
14888:. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14754:. 7 May 2023. Archived from
14265:, pp. 94, 130–131, 184.
14190:. Utrecht: BAK. p. 19.
14003:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019).
13280:Cheeseman, Nicholas (2019).
12968:Black, Ian (26 March 2013).
12373:"Freedom in the World: 2023"
10304:University of Michigan Press
9484:Immanuel Velikovsky (2010).
8199:. 3 May 2024. Archived from
7597:
6678:adult literacy rate of Syria
6630:
6451:, and is still spoken among
6375:
5668:Central Bureau of Statistics
5444:
5440:Expressway M5 near Al-Rastan
4883:Israeli-occupied territories
4769:Diplomatic missions of Syria
4706:and non-partisan sources of
4619:and home to sizeable ethnic
4139:Supreme Constitutional Court
4057:and Aleppo organized by the
3739:
3522:in the northeastern city of
2417:Syria is significant in the
2374:, a Syrian from the city of
2090:and had been annexed by the
1362:
1349:
1311:
1297:
1265:
1092:on 24 October 1945 when the
7:
22224:1946 establishments in Asia
21386:Economic and Social Council
20468:Southern Denkalya Subregion
19464:Water supply and sanitation
19364:Weapons of mass destruction
19267:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
18521:Central Intelligence Agency
18456:. Oxford University Press.
17727:"U.S. Relations With Syria"
16938:"World Refugee Survey 2008"
16849:"Growth after War in Syria"
14811:Sanjian, Avedis K. (1956).
14288:Comparative Islamic Studies
13401:Electoral Integrity Project
13375:Electoral Integrity Project
12224:Szmolk, Inmaculada (2017).
11930:Egyptian Journal of Geology
11804:Iddon, Paul (9 June 2020).
10592:Re-Engaging the Middle East
10501:Line Khatib (23 May 2012).
10014:(in French). Archived from
9742:Montgomery Watt W. (1956).
9345:William J. Hamblin (2006).
9184:. Eisenbrauns. p. 68.
8946:. I.B.Tauris. p. 155.
8943:Monuments of Syria: A Guide
8916:A Dictionary of Archaeology
8886:William J. Hamblin (2006).
8667:Online Etymology Dictionary
7906:Central Intelligence Agency
7645:"Syria: People and society"
7235:
7213:
7201:
7135:
6922:sung poetry popularized by
6605:Assyrian Church of the East
6477:
5517:Water supply and sanitation
5483:Telecommunications in Syria
5402:Petroleum industry in Syria
5009:
4859:Union for the Mediterranean
4243:Syrian Salvation Government
4219:Electoral Integrity Project
4116:Arab Socialist Ba'ath party
3967:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3508:bombed a site near Damascus
3497:, was elected president in
3277:. On 23 February 1966, the
3215:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3211:8 March 1963 Ba'athist coup
3112:, all within the same year.
3050:Independent Syrian Republic
2655:invaded Syria, in which he
2549:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
2408:Crisis of the Third Century
2394:and the second, his cousin
2212:Temple of Jupiter, Damascus
2138:of Mesopotamia (modern day
1246:figure) and over 5 million
1240:internally displaced people
1181:Syrian Salvation Government
997:. Religious groups include
148:
123:
69:
10:
22245:
20907:British Overseas Territory
20520:Countries and dependencies
19359:Chief of the General Staff
19287:National Progressive Front
18959:independent First Republic
18369:van Dam, Nikolaos (2011),
16819:10.1142/9789812702753_0031
16695:"وزارة الاتصالات والتقانة"
14959:"Occupied Golan Heights" (
14033:, pp. xviii, 66, 200.
13869:Burç, Rosa (22 May 2020).
13745:Shahvisi, Arianne (2018).
13377:. May 2022. Archived from
13319:Election Integrity Project
12716:. Peter Lang. p. 55.
12537:(inactive 1 August 2024).
12393:– via Freedom House.
12025:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
10665:. University of Oklahoma.
10480:"A Campaign for the Books"
10158:Morris, 2008, pp. 253, 254
10073:. Houghton Mifflin Books.
9547:Rollinger, Robert (2006).
9436:. Routledge. p. 268.
9351:. Routledge. p. 259.
9297:Eisenbrauns. p. 285.
9157:. OUP Oxford. p. 16.
8997:; Don C. Benjamin (1997).
8892:. Routledge. p. 239.
7484:. Routledge. p. 147.
7345:Transparency International
7089:, before the main course.
6989:
6985:
6891:
6788:
6758:
6754:
6743:
6634:
6481:
6379:
6183:
5847:
5794:
5715:
5548:
5538:
5520:
5448:
5418:Syria's petroleum industry
5399:
5225:
5215:
5211:
5086:
5013:
4876:
4760:Foreign relations of Syria
4757:
4293:
4252:
4124:National Progressive Front
3943:National Progressive Front
3886:
3880:
3846:
3840:
3743:
3552:to end its 29-year old of
3486:
3483:21st century and civil war
3322:Syrian-led ba'ath movement
3053:
2930:
2820:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
2686:
2446:Invasion of Dumatul Jandal
2243:The northern Mesopotamian
2055:
1457:
1453:
1269:
36:
29:
22097:
22044:
21972:
21927:
21879:
21859:
21819:
21812:
21796:
21498:
21489:
21472:
21406:
21363:
21332:
21312:
21276:
21153:
21146:
21135:
21076:
21048:
21008:
20947:
20920:
20889:
20873:
20852:
20839:
20797:
20786:
20530:
20450:
20372:
20283:
20243:
20178:
20167:
20027:
19909:
19863:
19840:
19722:
19681:
19637:
19558:
19485:
19476:
19434:
19385:
19376:
19327:
19142:
19133:
19094:
19043:
19005:
19001:
18992:
18981:
18913:
18896:
18798:
18690:
18644:
18626:
18617:
18488:. Yale University Press.
18186:. Penguin Press. p.
18150:. Penguin Press. p.
17893:"Getting education right"
17583:10.1080/00263208908700793
17228:Khalifa, Mustafa (2013),
15117:"Syria's role in Lebanon"
14912:18 September 2018 at the
14519:Repository.bilkent.edu.tr
13002:. BBC. 20 November 2012.
11909:. Trubner & Company.
10812:The Middle East Quarterly
10691:Wright 2008: 243-244
10531:. CNN. 28 November 2007.
10507:. Routledge. p. 34.
10331:. New York: I.B. Tauris.
10327:Wieland, Carsten (2021).
10067:"The Middle East, p. 761"
9490:. Paradigma. p. 23.
9235:. Archive. Archived from
8118:Reporters Without Borders
7228:الجمهورية العربية السورية
6739:
6699:Syrian Private University
5683:World Refugee Survey 2008
5663:
5582:—
5309:foreign currency reserves
4690:, cultural and political
4263:Syria is divided into 14
4241:(formed in 2016) and the
4235:Syrian Interim Government
4211:People's Council of Syria
4176:Syrian Interim Government
3869:. The country had a 2019
3867:Mesopotamian shrub desert
3591:. Since spring 2011, the
3461:Madrid Conference of 1991
3318:Iraqi-led ba'ath movement
3056:Syrian Republic (1946–63)
2937:Mandatory Syrian Republic
2707:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
2595:dynasty of Egypt. Aleppo
2160:Syria briefly came under
1772:, and to a lesser degree
1619:, closely related to the
1473:Female figurine, 5000 BC
1342:
1304:
1290:
1250:(July 2017 registered by
1232:total civilian casualties
1177:Syrian Interim Government
1121:constitutional referendum
876:
864:
852:
842:
830:
812:
797:
767:
747:
737:
725:
711:
701:
689:
671:
657:
643:
636:
626:
612:
605:
601:
588:
570:
555:
539:
525:
512:
495:
482:
478:
473:
463:
459:
444:
429:
414:
399:
395:
375:
363:
311:
268:
258:
214:
191:and the Israeli-occupied
178:
155:Guardians of the Homeland
136:
130:Unity, Freedom, Socialism
112:
78:
48:
21942:Abuja Declaration (1989)
21836:Central African Republic
21003:International membership
18571:Wikimedia Atlas of Syria
18473:Journal of Asian History
18023:Indiana University Press
17935:. SESRIC. Archived from
17879:6 September 2015 at the
15303:"Syria's embrace of WMD"
15293:"Syria's embrace of WMD"
14980:15 February 2021 at the
14351:10.1215/00382876-3425013
14339:South Atlantic Quarterly
13986:, pp. 219, 228–229.
13707:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir
12302:Ahmed, Saladdin (2019).
11862:Teller, Neville (2014).
10875:. London. Archived from
10452:Mark A. Tessler (1994).
10108:"Background Note: Syria"
10044:. Simon & Schuster.
9084:Stephen C. Neff (2014).
7831:Ahmed, Saladdin (2019).
7173:
6933:
6887:
6728:(3540th worldwide), the
6281:(3–4%), followed by the
5676:Most people live in the
4575:Syrian Democratic Forces
4249:Administrative divisions
4227:Central African Republic
4196:are conducted through a
3400:and the ruling elite. A
3293:), imprisoned President
3245:Syrian Arab Armed forces
2146:Syria were taken by the
1642:By the 21st century BC,
37:Not to be confused with
20865:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
20478:South Sinai Governorate
18869:Principality of Antioch
18484:Seale, Patrick (1987).
18400:Lawson, Fred H (2010),
18381:Dawisha, A. I. (1980).
18302:Glass, Charles (1990),
18047:"Syria: Events of 2018"
15647:The Wall Street Journal
15417:"Syria: Events of 2018"
15379:(subscription required)
14932:CIA World Factbook 2010
14817:The Middle East Journal
12712:Alianak, Sonia (2007).
12687:"Constitution of Syria"
12456:Encyclopædia Britannica
9794:Encyclopædia Britannica
9511:Douglas Frayne (1981).
9372:Jack M. Sasson (1969).
9205:John F. Healey (1990).
8369:U.S Department of State
8045:. CNN. 14 August 2012.
7976:"World Bank GINI index"
7105:. The Arabic flatbread
6152:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6100:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6066:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6050:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
5930:Rif Dimashq Governorate
5896:Rif Dimashq Governorate
5545:List of cities in Syria
5390:international sanctions
5205:chemical weapons attack
5064:, according to Zisser.
4853:was suspended from the
4577:(SDF), has taken part.
3877:Government and politics
3064:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3025:in September 1936, and
2864:. During the conflict,
2850:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2643:, which was won by the
2573:Principality of Antioch
2528:and still later by the
2450:William Montgomery Watt
2425:, was converted on the
2419:history of Christianity
1525:have demonstrated that
1487:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
1383:
1375:
913:. It is bounded by the
390:hereditary dictatorship
259:Official languages
22209:Military dictatorships
21831:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21701:Pakistan-OIC relations
20923:Special administrative
20899:(Sovereign Base Areas)
20139:North Syria Federation
19742:Bosnia and Herzegovina
19410:International rankings
19056:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
18720:Middle Assyrian Empire
18486:The Struggle for Syria
18416:. St. Martin's Press.
18385:. St. Martin's Press.
18178:Wright, Robin (2008).
18142:Wright, Robin (2008).
17911:"Syrian Arab Republic"
17830:"Private universities"
17571:Middle Eastern Studies
17235:Arab Reform Initiative
16657:: CS1 maint: others (
16496:Cite journal requires
15149:. BBC. 26 April 2005.
14405:Cite journal requires
13967:, pp. xviii, 112.
13926:Gammer, Moshe (2004).
13878:Philosophy and Society
13282:How to Rig an Election
13147:Cite journal requires
12632:Everyday Arab Identity
12406:Cite journal requires
12070:Federal Foreign Office
12066:"Syrian Arab Republic"
11864:The Search for Détente
9996:A Question of Genocide
9699:Muir, William (1861),
9487:Ramses II and His Time
9291:Nadav Naʼaman (2005).
8995:Victor Harold Matthews
8243:. 2022. Archived from
8169:. Vision of Humanity.
8139:. Global Peace Index.
8121:. 2024. Archived from
7711:Federal Foreign Office
7707:"Syrian Arab Republic"
7348:. 2022. Archived from
7004:
7003:, a Syrian bread salad
6949:
6802:
6773:
6707:University of Kalamoon
6679:
6660:. Total enrollment at
6649:
6507:
6501:Great Mosque of Aleppo
6313:
6195:
6134:As-Suwayda Governorate
6118:Al-Hasakah Governorate
6084:Al-Hasakah Governorate
5556:Historical populations
5509:laws, 13,000 internet
5495:Syrian Electronic Army
5468:Turkish State Railways
5441:
5414:
5339:
5304:
5252:
5244:Bank Al-Sharq and the
5237:
5102:
5037:
4998:Lebanese-Syrian border
4929:region are since 1967
4922:
4889:Sanjak of Alexandretta
4873:International disputes
4814:
4771:
4658:ambitions based on an
4582:some foreign relations
4300:
4180:Democratic Union Party
3788:cradle of civilization
3755:
3671:
3616:
3613:US-led missile strikes
3564:under construction by
3408:, which espoused that
3258:
3174:
3120:
3040:Syria-Lebanon campaign
3023:treaty of independence
3018:
2985:that broke out in the
2957:was established under
2950:
2890:François Georges-Picot
2837:
2776:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
2698:
2647:. In 1400, the Muslim
2556:
2478:
2475:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî
2359:
2292:along the coasts, and
2214:
2204:
2197:Roman Theatre at Bosra
2083:
1981:then fell to the vast
1910:
1770:Middle Assyrian Empire
1575:, as well as with the
1548:
1478:
1090:parliamentary republic
1076:. After a period as a
927:the east and southeast
32:Syria (disambiguation)
22179:Eastern Mediterranean
21340:Arab Peace Initiative
21120:Joint Defence Council
20897:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
19874:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
19867:and other territories
19215:Government ministries
18765:Neo-Babylonian Empire
18431:Paton, L. B. (1981).
18351:Wright, Robin. 2008.
18089:Salti, Rasha (2006).
17804:"Public universities"
17358:"The Arabs of Brazil"
15613:Syria: Events of 2008
14952:24 April 2003 at the
14774:Chapter 9: Crossroads
13353:Middle East Institute
13179:Middle East Institute
13089:Middle East Institute
12572:Rubin, Barry (2015).
12535:10.7208/9780226345536
12525:Wedeen, Lisa (2015).
12005:Nature Communications
11960:10.1093/biosci/bix014
10779:George, Alan (2003).
10362:10.1017/9781316872017
10149:Gelber, 2006, pp. 138
9653:World and Its Peoples
9151:Trevor Bryce (2014).
9087:Justice among Nations
8623:Joseph, John (2008).
8321:"Civilian Death Toll"
7539:on 22 September 2022.
7268:on 22 September 2022.
6999:
6941:
6798:
6768:
6674:
6644:
6499:
6492:Christianity in Syria
6311:
6193:
5549:Further information:
5541:Demographics of Syria
5439:
5409:
5333:
5299:
5243:
5235:
5131:forced disappearances
5100:
5089:Human rights in Syria
5023:
4914:
4845:protests of the 2011
4800:
4767:
4299:Governorates of Syria
4298:
4255:Governorates of Syria
4143:High Judicial Council
4120:Ba'ath party in Syria
4011:vote of no confidence
3778:in the northeast and
3753:
3701:European Union states
3665:
3610:
3418:Israel Defense Forces
3314:pan-Arab Ba'ath Party
3283:intra-party rebellion
3263:modern Syrian history
3253:
3227:1963 seizure of power
3223:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
3165:
3118:
3008:
2993:on 21 July 1925, the
2944:
2901:Sykes-Picot Agreement
2888:diplomats (Frenchman
2828:
2696:
2641:Second Battle of Homs
2618:. The Mamluk leader,
2555:defeated the Mamluks.
2546:
2468:
2353:
2345:Mesopotamian Religion
2270:Arab Islamic Conquest
2210:
2195:
2088:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2077:
2042:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1905:
1830:to the east, and the
1617:East Semitic language
1539:
1475:Ancient Orient Museum
1472:
1169:multi-sided civil war
907:Eastern Mediterranean
628:• Water (%)
486:Arab Kingdom of Syria
383:presidential republic
22219:West Asian countries
21953:OIC Resolution 10/11
21906:Non-Aligned Movement
21783:United Arab Emirates
21263:United Arab Emirates
20765:United Arab Emirates
20442:United Arab Emirates
20156:United Arab Emirates
19527:(2011–present)
19423:Securities Exchange
19174:Council of Ministers
18929:Haj Fadel Government
18131:on 27 December 2010.
16944:on 28 December 2012.
16533:on 15 December 2022.
15932:. 15 November 2021.
15834:on 18 February 2023.
15679:. 29 November 2011.
15591:United Nations-OHCHR
15533:on 18 February 2023.
15505:United Nations-OHCHR
14966:20 July 2009 at the
14927:Occupied territory:
14898:28 June 2011 at the
13651:. 13 February 2016.
13524:, pp. 219, 228.
12775:on 15 September 2004
12502:. 15 February 2012.
12476:. 15 February 2012.
12462:on 14 February 2024.
12428:. 15 February 2012.
12213:on 25 February 2021.
11209:. 22 December 2011.
10490:on 15 December 2008.
10306:. pp. 345–346.
10009:"Mandat Syrie-Liban"
9597:Hist. xviii., vii. 1
9514:Ugarit in Retrospect
8167:"Global Peace Index"
8141:Fragile States Index
7651:. CIA. 10 May 2022.
6957:United Arab Republic
6900:classical Arab music
6730:University of Aleppo
6695:University of Aleppo
5485:are overseen by the
5115:Freedom in the World
5093:LGBT rights in Syria
4061:and the traditional
4043:Council of Ministers
3979:Freedom in the World
3957:, has bolstered its
3736:of Bashar al-Assad.
3560:against a suspected
3416:against Israel. The
3183:United Arab Republic
3060:United Arab Republic
2677:overland trade route
2551:. The Mongols under
2354:The ancient city of
2337:Greco-Roman Religion
1505:). The discovery of
899:Syrian Arab Republic
824:Arabia Standard Time
645:• 2024 estimate
592:Current constitution
559:United Arab Republic
195:shown in light green
50:Syrian Arab Republic
27:Country in West Asia
22214:Totalitarian states
22131: /
22032:Arab–Islamic (2023)
21481:Hissein Brahim Taha
20800:States with limited
19203:Golan Heights claim
18760:Neo-Assyrian Empire
18755:Syro-Hittite states
18645:Prehistorical Syria
18324:Ashgate Publishing
18322:Just or Unjust War?
18270:. Scarecrow Press.
18015:Salamandra, Christa
17836:on 13 November 2012
17810:on 13 November 2012
17783:. Countrystudies.us
17781:"Syria – Education"
17364:on 26 November 2005
17020:on 19 February 2018
16450:on 28 December 2021
15900:The Washington Post
15575:on 1 February 2023.
15489:on 1 February 2023.
15397:on 23 December 2011
15333:. 24 January 2011.
15315:on 16 January 2009.
14999:. 12 October 2020.
14880:4 June 2009 at the
14736:on 6 December 2011.
14614:. 14 October 2019.
14584:. 14 October 2019.
14554:. 14 October 2019.
14184:Stateless Democracy
14101:, pp. 156–163.
14061:on 22 February 2016
13890:10.2298/FID2003319B
13709:(21 October 2021).
13683:. 26 October 2021.
13593:. 14 October 2019.
13381:on 9 December 2022.
13359:on 28 January 2021.
13185:on 28 January 2021.
13095:on 28 January 2021.
12514:– via Scribd.
12488:– via Scribd.
12440:– via Scribd.
12144:on 3 February 2021.
12134:"Syria: Government"
12104:on 27 January 2023.
12092:on 3 February 2021.
12082:"Syria: Government"
12017:2020NatCo..11.5978G
11778:. 1 November 2011.
11748:. 14 January 2012.
11540:. 8 February 2012.
10741:on 2 February 2012.
10716:on 2 February 2012.
10630:Rabinovich, Abraham
10040:James Barr (2011).
9702:The life of Mahomet
9457:John Lange (2006).
9392:, Jan–Mar SAAD 2005
9239:on 11 November 2006
9132:on 9 September 2008
9125:(1). Archived from
8940:Ross Burns (2009).
8756:"Book 5 Section 66"
8442:on 2 February 2021.
8303:Middle East Monitor
8287:on 3 December 2022.
8225:on 2 November 2022.
8137:"Country Dashboard"
8075:on 19 February 2018
7748:on 27 January 2023.
7736:on 3 February 2021.
7726:"Syria: Government"
7587:on 8 February 2023.
7384:on 8 February 2023.
7368:on 3 February 2023.
7352:on 4 February 2023.
7316:on 8 February 2023.
6791:Literature of Syria
6734:Tishreen University
6726:Damascus University
6691:Damascus University
6575:make up 22.4%; the
6465:Western Neo-Aramaic
6463:. Most remarkably,
5948:Latakia Governorate
5557:
5507:internet censorship
5303:in Damascus in 2010
5274:agriculture sectors
5154:Arbitrary detention
5046:Syrian Armed Forces
5016:Syrian Armed Forces
4973:announced that the
4935:effectively annexed
4580:While entertaining
4071:" and called for a
4016:cult of personality
3443:modern Arab history
3402:cult of personality
3372:party state into a
3015:Great Syrian Revolt
2995:Battle of al-Mazraa
2971:San Remo conference
2756:Assyrian Christians
2752:Maronite Christians
2612:Battle of Ain Jalut
2494:Khalid ibn al-Walid
2321:Syriac Christianity
2203:, present-day Syria
2199:in the province of
2176:, a general of the
2116:Alexander the Great
2114:which was ruled by
2052:Classical antiquity
1983:Neo Assyrian Empire
1917:group known as the
1714:Old Assyrian Empire
1692:Bronze Age Collapse
1660:Canaanite languages
1390:Çineköy inscription
1336:of Mesopotamia and
1224:illicit drug cartel
1196:cult of personality
1127:carried out by the
239: /
20458:Khuzestan Province
20263:Metropolitan areas
19454:Telecommunications
19447:Petroleum industry
18951:Mandatory Republic
18897:Early modern Syria
18652:Levantine corridor
18516:The World Factbook
18403:Demystifying Syria
18260:General references
18243:on 4 December 2009
17899:on 3 October 2010.
17309:The New York Times
16994:on 18 January 2016
16897:on 23 October 2015
16434:The New York Times
16258:. 12 October 2012.
16108:The New York Times
15771:The New York Times
15713:on 18 January 2016
15597:on 5 January 2023.
15568:Human Rights Watch
15511:on 5 January 2023.
15482:Human Rights Watch
15308:The Globe and Mail
15297:The Globe and Mail
15238:The Jerusalem Post
15179:. 25 August 2006.
15064:The Globe and Mail
14704:The New York Times
14648:on 24 October 2019
14207:on 25 October 2016
14155:The New York Times
13505:, pp. 11, 95.
12923:on 18 January 2006
12138:CIA World Factbook
12098:"Syria Government"
12086:CIA World Factbook
11837:The New York Times
11715:Human Rights Watch
11683:Human Rights Watch
11626:The New York Times
11601:on 6 November 2018
11353:on 25 October 2014
11341:2016-03-04 at the
11325:on 29 October 2012
11312:2012-04-23 at the
11262:on 25 October 2014
10991:The New York Times
10661:Itzchak Weismann.
10392:. 24 August 1993.
10390:The New York Times
10167:Tal, 2004, pp. 251
9919:The New York Times
9863:"Battle of Aleppo"
9745:Muhammad At Medina
9658:Marshall Cavendish
9208:The Early Alphabet
8655:First proposed by
8436:Human Rights Watch
8353:on 5 January 2023.
8309:on 4 January 2023.
7950:The World Factbook
7901:The World Factbook
7742:"Syria Government"
7730:CIA World Factbook
7717:on 25 March 2023.
7649:The World Factbook
7022:deriving from the
7005:
6961:Syrian soap operas
6950:
6803:
6774:
6680:
6650:
6637:Education in Syria
6508:
6382:Languages of Syria
6368:. The majority of
6314:
6293:. Syria holds the
6196:
5964:Aleppo Governorate
5841:Tartus Governorate
5825:Aleppo Governorate
5555:
5451:Transport in Syria
5442:
5415:
5396:Petroleum industry
5340:
5305:
5253:
5238:
5127:massive censorship
5123:summary executions
5107:Human Rights Watch
5103:
5042:President of Syria
5038:
4931:occupied by Israel
4923:
4815:
4772:
4720:universal equality
4586:Catalan Parliament
4301:
4259:Districts of Syria
4237:(formed in 2013),
4206:voter registration
4122:and leader of the
4101:is the unicameral
4099:legislative branch
4091:state of emergency
4087:Muslim Brotherhood
4059:Muslim Brotherhood
4024:military apparatus
4003:Head of Government
3935:presidential state
3889:Elections in Syria
3756:
3746:Geography of Syria
3677:Human Rights Watch
3672:
3617:
3430:Muslim Brotherhood
3406:Ba'athist ideology
3330:Demilitarized Zone
3299:Nureddin al-Atassi
3259:
3235:totalitarian state
3231:Military Committee
3209:culminated in the
3175:
3167:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3138:Syrian nationalist
3121:
3078:Shukri al-Quwwatli
3019:
2967:Battle of Maysalun
2951:
2838:
2699:
2697:Syrian women, 1683
2557:
2479:
2360:
2341:Canaanite Religion
2215:
2205:
2166:Tigranes the Great
2151:Hasmoneans dynasty
2094:in 539 BC. Led by
2084:
1961:(modern Spain and
1911:
1549:
1485:culture (known as
1479:
1129:military committee
1088:independence as a
1017:. The capital and
901:, is a country in
721:2020 estimate
685:2015 estimate
270:Ethnic groups
143:حُمَاةَ الدِّيَارِ
22164:Countries in Asia
22114:
22113:
22108:
22107:
22040:
22039:
21968:
21967:
21923:
21922:
21919:
21918:
21431:
21430:
21355:Foreign relations
21328:
21327:
20995:
20994:
20989:
20988:
20916:
20915:
20486:
20485:
20331:
20330:
19987:
19986:
19716:Mediterranean Sea
19676:Geographic locale
19668:
19667:
19633:
19632:
19472:
19471:
19372:
19371:
19261:Political parties
19198:Foreign relations
19129:
19128:
19125:
19124:
18979:
18978:
18939:Syrian Federation
18874:County of Tripoli
18829:Ikhshidid dynasty
18682:Yarmukian culture
18495:978-0-300-03944-3
18463:978-0-19-939670-2
18442:978-1-113-53822-2
18423:978-0-312-78206-1
18414:Syria Under Assad
18392:978-0-312-78203-0
18313:978-0-436-18130-6
18294:978-1-85984-442-7
18104:978-1-892494-70-2
18032:978-0-253-21722-6
18000:978-0-04-445039-9
17555:978-1-903900-36-9
17525:978-0-87609-105-0
17462:978-90-04-14476-7
17340:978-0-230-11552-1
17121:on 29 August 2008
17044:The Refugee Brief
16879:. United Nations.
16828:978-981-238-820-9
16791:978-94-007-5859-9
16701:on 20 August 2013
16636:978-84-935202-0-5
16483:on 12 April 2022.
16232:. 6 February 2012
16206:on 23 August 2012
15067:. 22 March 2019.
14868:978-92-2-120630-9
14797:978-1-86207-865-9
14376:Barkhoda, Dalir.
14300:10.1558/cis.29642
14197:978-90-77288-22-1
14129:on 1 October 2016
14014:978-1-62963-651-1
13939:978-0-203-00512-5
13680:Hawar News Agency
13543:, pp. 97–98.
13291:978-0-300-24665-0
13269:on 22 April 2021.
12945:. Law.emory.edu.
12723:978-0-8204-6924-9
12641:978-0-415-68488-0
12605:on 25 March 2024.
12583:978-0-7656-8094-5
12544:978-0-226-33337-3
12332:978-1-60846-912-3
12294:978-0-7556-4138-3
12261:978-0-19-976441-9
12235:978-1-4744-1528 6
12076:on 25 March 2023.
11916:978-1-84453-129-5
11718:. 20 March 2012.
11686:. 20 March 2012.
11424:. 11 March 2012.
11394:. 12 March 2012.
10962:. 27 April 2005.
10960:Los Angeles Times
10792:978-1-84277-213-3
10647:978-0-8052-4176-1
10636:. New York City:
10514:978-0-415-78203-6
10465:978-0-253-20873-6
10438:978-0-520-06976-3
10371:978-1-107-18360-5
10338:978-0-7556-4138-3
10313:978-0-472-10806-0
10300:A Study of Crisis
10080:978-0-395-65237-4
10051:978-1-84737-453-0
9948:"Syria – Ottoman"
9848:978-0-8094-6437-1
9671:978-0-7614-7571-2
9524:978-0-931464-07-2
9497:978-1-906833-74-9
9470:978-1-61756-132-0
9443:978-1-317-39195-1
9358:978-1-134-52062-6
9331:978-0-521-08230-3
9304:978-1-57506-113-9
9277:978-1-931956-02-4
9218:978-0-520-07309-8
9191:978-1-57506-060-6
9164:978-0-19-100292-2
9097:978-0-674-72654-3
9070:978-0-8028-4960-1
9010:978-0-8091-3731-2
8980:978-1-61132-228-6
8953:978-0-85771-489-3
8926:978-0-470-75196-1
8899:978-1-134-52062-6
8838:978-1-5275-5971-4
8769:978-84-249-1901-6
8419:on 13 March 2021.
8269:on 16 March 2022.
7904:(2024 ed.).
7861:978-1-60846-912-3
7823:978-0-7556-4138-3
7790:978-0-19-976441-9
7491:978-0-415-52391-2
7472:978-1-78453-115-7
7453:978-0-7556-4138-3
7420:978-0-19-976441-9
7233:
7199:
7030:, meaning leaf).
6943:Suzan Najm Aldeen
6807:Arabic literature
6720:According to the
6647:Aleppo University
6603:) make up 16.2%;
6597:Chaldean Catholic
6589:Armenian Catholic
6577:Armenian Orthodox
6484:Religion in Syria
6421:(four dialects),
6391:official language
6291:Armenian genocide
6176:
6175:
6168:Raqqa Governorate
6061:Al-Hajar al-Aswad
6032:Daraa Governorate
6016:Raqqa Governorate
5998:Idlib Governorate
5674:
5673:
5301:Al-Hamidiyah Souq
5222:Industry in Syria
5077:military spending
4933:and were in 1981
4851:Syrian government
4847:Syrian Revolution
4754:Foreign relations
4700:federalized Syria
4656:direct democratic
4531:autonomous region
4515:
4514:
4194:Syria's elections
4135:judicial branches
4111:Syrian opposition
4001:is nominally the
3955:Syrian opposition
3883:Politics of Syria
3843:Wildlife of Syria
3766:, and longitudes
3631:and the Lebanese
3593:Syrian government
3589:Ba’ath Party rule
3558:Operation Orchard
3514:. In March 2004,
3426:Islamist uprising
3243:(secret police).
3179:Shukri al-Quwatli
3044:forced the French
3009:Syrian rebels in
2991:Battle of al-Kafr
2921:League of Nations
2874:Assyrian genocide
2870:Armenian genocide
2834:Armenian genocide
2661:captured Damascus
2591:, founder of the
2481:By AD 640, Syria
2396:Alexander Severus
2368:Septimius Severus
2134:of Syria and the
2112:Macedonian Empire
2092:Achaemenid Empire
1959:Iberian peninsula
1909:Phoenician Temple
1845:Tiglath-Pileser I
1741:on the border of
1722:Babylonian Empire
1684:Ugaritic alphabet
1652:Northwest Semitic
1635:and his grandson
1621:Akkadian language
1609:Semitic languages
1555:near present-day
1503:Vaisselle blanche
1465:Ancient antiquity
1436:modern-day Israel
1399:to the south and
1234:. The war led to
1190:The country is a
1094:Republic of Syria
1062:Umayyad Caliphate
953:that consists of
915:Mediterranean Sea
897:, officially the
892:
891:
739:• Per capita
703:• Per capita
565:28 September 1961
468:People's Assembly
243:33.500°N 36.300°E
207:Show map of Syria
171:
16:(Redirected from
22236:
22229:Ba'athist states
22146:
22145:
22143:
22142:
22141:
22136:
22132:
22129:
22128:
22127:
22124:
21977:
21976:
21932:
21931:
21817:
21816:
21496:
21495:
21458:
21451:
21444:
21435:
21434:
21151:
21150:
21141:
21066:
21065:
21056:
21055:
21035:
21028:
21021:
21012:
21011:
20999:
20998:
20977:
20965:
20964:
20925:regions of China
20860:Christmas Island
20850:
20849:
20792:
20532:Sovereign states
20513:
20506:
20499:
20490:
20489:
20358:
20351:
20344:
20335:
20334:
20218:Modern conflicts
20173:
20014:
20007:
20000:
19991:
19990:
19902:
19890:
19882:
19724:Sovereign states
19708:
19701:
19694:
19685:
19684:
19672:
19671:
19653:
19646:
19528:
19483:
19482:
19426:
19425:(stock exchange)
19418:
19383:
19382:
19296:
19289:
19280:
19278:regional command
19269:
19140:
19139:
19112:Fertile Crescent
19003:
19002:
18999:
18998:
18987:
18864:County of Edessa
18844:Mirdasid dynasty
18839:Hamdanid dynasty
18818:
18785:Palmyrene Empire
18770:Achaemenid Syria
18657:Natufian culture
18624:
18623:
18600:
18593:
18586:
18577:
18576:
18569:
18568:
18499:
18479:
18467:
18446:
18427:
18407:
18396:
18376:
18356:
18341:
18337:Forward Magazine
18316:
18298:
18253:
18252:
18250:
18248:
18233:
18227:
18226:
18224:
18222:
18211:
18205:
18204:
18185:
18175:
18169:
18168:
18149:
18139:
18133:
18132:
18130:
18123:
18115:
18109:
18108:
18086:
18080:
18079:
18077:
18075:
18061:
18055:
18054:
18043:
18037:
18036:
18011:
18005:
18004:
17977:
17971:
17970:
17968:
17966:
17955:
17949:
17948:
17946:
17944:
17929:
17923:
17922:
17920:
17918:
17907:
17901:
17900:
17889:
17883:
17870:
17864:
17863:
17862:on 18 June 2008.
17852:
17846:
17845:
17843:
17841:
17826:
17820:
17819:
17817:
17815:
17799:
17793:
17792:
17790:
17788:
17777:
17771:
17770:
17768:
17766:
17760:
17754:. Archived from
17753:
17745:
17739:
17738:
17736:
17734:
17723:
17717:
17716:
17705:
17699:
17698:
17696:
17694:
17682:. 13 July 2023.
17672:
17666:
17665:
17663:
17661:
17652:. Archived from
17650:Forward Magazine
17641:
17635:
17634:
17623:
17617:
17616:
17609:
17603:
17602:
17566:
17560:
17559:
17535:
17529:
17528:
17501:
17492:
17491:
17489:
17487:
17472:
17466:
17465:
17453:Brill Publishers
17444:
17423:
17422:
17420:
17418:
17403:
17397:
17396:
17394:
17392:
17380:
17374:
17373:
17371:
17369:
17354:
17348:
17347:
17322:
17316:
17315:
17301:
17295:
17294:
17280:
17274:
17273:
17225:
17206:
17205:
17192:
17183:
17182:
17180:
17178:
17159:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17148:
17137:
17131:
17130:
17128:
17126:
17111:
17105:
17104:
17094:
17077:(4): 1058–1064.
17062:
17056:
17055:
17053:
17051:
17036:
17030:
17029:
17027:
17025:
17010:
17004:
17003:
17001:
16999:
16990:. Archived from
16980:
16974:
16973:
16971:
16969:
16952:
16946:
16945:
16934:
16928:
16927:
16921:
16913:
16907:
16906:
16904:
16902:
16887:
16881:
16880:
16873:
16867:
16862:
16856:
16855:
16853:
16845:
16839:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16802:
16796:
16795:
16769:
16763:
16762:
16760:
16758:
16743:
16737:
16736:
16734:
16732:
16717:
16711:
16710:
16708:
16706:
16691:
16685:
16684:
16682:
16680:
16669:
16663:
16662:
16656:
16648:
16621:
16615:
16614:
16612:
16610:
16600:
16594:
16593:
16591:
16589:
16574:
16568:
16567:
16565:
16563:
16551:. 19 July 2021.
16541:
16535:
16534:
16519:
16513:
16512:
16505:
16499:
16494:
16492:
16484:
16482:
16475:
16466:
16460:
16459:
16457:
16455:
16449:
16444:. Archived from
16425:
16414:
16411:
16405:
16402:
16389:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16375:
16360:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16349:
16338:
16332:
16331:
16329:
16327:
16313:
16305:
16299:
16298:
16291:
16278:
16277:
16266:
16260:
16259:
16248:
16242:
16241:
16239:
16237:
16222:
16216:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16196:
16185:
16184:
16182:
16180:
16165:
16159:
16158:
16151:
16142:
16141:
16139:
16131:
16120:
16119:
16117:
16115:
16100:
16091:
16090:
16081:
16075:
16074:
16072:
16064:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16048:
16043:on 18 March 2011
16033:
16027:
16026:
16024:
16022:
16007:
16001:
16000:
15998:
15996:
15981:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15970:
15955:
15946:
15945:
15943:
15941:
15922:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15911:
15891:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15860:
15854:
15853:
15842:
15836:
15835:
15820:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15809:
15793:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15768:
15760:
15754:
15753:
15751:
15749:
15729:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15718:
15699:
15693:
15692:
15690:
15688:
15669:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15658:
15644:
15636:
15630:
15629:
15627:
15625:
15608:
15599:
15598:
15583:
15577:
15576:
15559:
15553:
15552:
15541:
15535:
15534:
15519:
15513:
15512:
15497:
15491:
15490:
15473:
15467:
15466:
15464:
15462:
15443:
15437:
15436:
15434:
15432:
15413:
15407:
15406:
15404:
15402:
15387:
15381:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15353:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15342:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15295:by Eyal Zisser,
15290:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15240:. 26 July 2006.
15230:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15199:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15188:
15169:
15163:
15162:
15160:
15158:
15139:
15133:
15132:
15130:
15128:
15113:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15102:
15087:
15081:
15080:
15078:
15076:
15055:
15049:
15048:
15046:
15044:
15038:
15027:
15019:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15008:
14993:
14987:
14925:
14919:
14872:
14851:
14845:
14844:
14842:
14840:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14766:
14760:
14759:
14744:
14738:
14737:
14726:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14715:
14695:
14689:
14688:
14686:
14684:
14664:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14604:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14574:
14568:
14567:
14565:
14563:
14544:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14527:
14516:
14508:
14502:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14491:
14480:
14472:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14421:
14415:
14414:
14408:
14403:
14401:
14393:
14391:
14389:
14373:
14367:
14366:
14364:
14362:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14319:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14260:
14254:
14253:
14251:
14249:
14244:on 15 March 2016
14243:
14237:. Archived from
14232:
14223:
14217:
14216:
14214:
14212:
14206:
14200:. Archived from
14189:
14178:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14145:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14134:
14115:
14109:
14108:
14096:
14090:
14089:
14077:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14066:
14047:
14041:
14040:
14028:
14022:
14021:
14000:
13994:
13993:
13981:
13975:
13974:
13962:
13956:
13955:
13953:
13951:
13923:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13912:
13906:
13875:
13866:
13860:
13859:
13857:
13847:
13838:(4): 1023–1045.
13823:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13793:
13787:
13786:
13784:
13782:
13742:
13733:
13732:
13730:
13728:
13703:
13697:
13696:
13694:
13692:
13671:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13639:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13628:
13613:
13607:
13606:
13604:
13602:
13583:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13567:on 9 August 2016
13557:
13551:
13550:
13538:
13532:
13531:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13500:
13494:
13493:
13491:
13489:
13470:
13464:
13463:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13419:
13411:
13410:on 22 July 2022.
13409:
13398:
13389:
13383:
13382:
13367:
13361:
13360:
13355:. Archived from
13344:
13338:
13337:
13332:
13330:
13325:on 15 April 2021
13321:. Archived from
13310:
13304:
13303:
13277:
13271:
13270:
13265:. Archived from
13254:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13243:
13238:on 16 April 2016
13224:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13193:
13187:
13186:
13181:. Archived from
13170:
13164:
13163:
13156:
13150:
13145:
13143:
13135:
13133:
13126:
13117:
13111:
13110:
13104:
13096:
13091:. Archived from
13080:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13069:
13049:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13038:
13022:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13011:
12996:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12956:
12954:
12939:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12897:on 28 March 2012
12887:
12878:
12877:
12876:on 9 March 2023.
12872:. Archived from
12860:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12830:
12824:
12823:
12817:
12809:
12791:
12785:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12765:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12739:
12728:
12727:
12709:
12703:
12702:
12700:
12698:
12683:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12652:
12646:
12645:
12627:
12621:
12620:
12614:
12606:
12601:. Archived from
12594:
12588:
12587:
12569:
12563:
12562:
12556:
12548:
12522:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12496:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12485:
12470:
12464:
12463:
12458:. Archived from
12448:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12437:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12409:
12404:
12402:
12394:
12392:
12390:
12384:
12377:
12369:
12363:
12362:
12361:on 9 March 2023.
12357:. Archived from
12345:
12339:
12336:
12317:
12298:
12279:
12273:
12265:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12209:. Archived from
12198:
12192:
12191:
12190:on 9 March 2023.
12186:. Archived from
12174:
12168:
12167:
12166:on 5 March 2019.
12152:
12146:
12145:
12140:. Archived from
12130:
12124:
12121:
12120:on 5 March 2019.
12105:
12100:. Archived from
12093:
12088:. Archived from
12077:
12061:
12055:
12054:
12044:
11996:
11990:
11989:
11979:
11939:
11933:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11902:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11859:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11828:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11801:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11757:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11729:
11727:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11695:
11674:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11663:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11617:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11591:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11551:
11549:
11538:The Courier-Mail
11530:
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11454:. 6 April 2012.
11444:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11370:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11349:. Archived from
11334:
11332:
11330:
11321:. Archived from
11304:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11293:
11288:on 28 March 2014
11278:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11251:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11240:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11199:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11162:
11142:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11103:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11043:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11013:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10982:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10952:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10921:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10901:. Naharnet.com.
10895:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10864:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10776:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10737:. Archived from
10724:
10718:
10717:
10712:. Archived from
10699:
10693:
10688:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10613:
10605:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10556:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10525:
10519:
10518:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10476:
10470:
10469:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10415:
10406:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10191:
10168:
10165:
10159:
10156:
10150:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10104:
10085:
10084:
10062:
10056:
10055:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10020:
10013:
10005:
9999:
9989:
9983:
9980:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9944:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9921:. 22 July 2015.
9911:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9895:on 28 April 2009
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9829:
9823:
9818:Farhad Daftary.
9816:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9790:"Syria: History"
9786:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9696:
9687:
9682:
9676:
9675:
9647:
9638:
9635:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9604:
9598:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9544:
9538:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9399:
9393:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9262:Stephanie Dalley
9258:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9131:
9116:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9024:
9015:
9014:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8883:
8877:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8636:
8629:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8569:Wylie, Alexander
8567:. Translated by
8558:
8552:
8551:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8438:. Archived from
8427:
8421:
8420:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8397:on 6 April 2022.
8383:
8377:
8376:
8371:. Archived from
8361:
8355:
8354:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8331:on 5 March 2022.
8317:
8311:
8310:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8247:on 13 July 2022.
8233:
8227:
8226:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8101:. 15 March 2024.
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8039:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8019:
8006:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7942:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7880:. Archived from
7874:
7868:
7865:
7846:
7827:
7808:
7802:
7794:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7764:on 5 March 2019.
7749:
7744:. Archived from
7737:
7732:. Archived from
7721:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7641:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7611:
7591:
7588:
7572:
7556:
7555:on 27 June 2018.
7540:
7535:. Archived from
7517:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7476:
7457:
7438:
7432:
7424:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7388:
7385:
7369:
7353:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7301:
7285:
7284:on 27 June 2018.
7269:
7264:. Archived from
7246:
7240:
7238:
7232:romanized:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7184:
7152:
7147:
7146:
6976:Syrian Civil War
6854:Khyri al-Dhahabi
6819:Muhammad Maghout
6761:Culture of Syria
6551:Syrian Civil War
6457:Classical Syriac
6401:in the west and
6267:Kurdish language
5982:Hama Governorate
5914:Homs Governorate
5862:
5852:
5809:
5799:
5747:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5698:Syrian Civil War
5571:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5410:Oil refinery in
5246:Blue Tower Hotel
5228:Tourism in Syria
5218:Economy of Syria
5179:In August 2014,
5143:chemical attacks
5073:Persian Gulf War
5034:Syrian Civil War
4955:Madinat al-Baath
4811:
4805:
4788:Syrian Civil War
4732:religious rights
4708:authoritarianism
4678:, environmental
4672:decentralization
4571:Syrian civil war
4537:in the areas of
4278:
4231:Syrian Civil War
4103:People's Council
4035:executive branch
3920:
3905:
3893:Syrian civil war
3709:observer mission
3602:Free Syrian Army
3573:Syrian civil war
3489:Syrian Civil War
3134:Arab nationalist
3027:Hashim al-Atassi
2979:Sultan al-Atrash
2955:Kingdom of Syria
2947:Hashim al-Atassi
2812:Damascus Vilayet
2628:Sunqur al-Ashqar
2579:, the so-called
2427:Road to Damascus
2284:ruling classes,
2238:Palmyrene Empire
2236:established the
2174:Pompey the Great
2122:province of the
2100:Imperial Aramaic
2078:Ancient city of
2070:Syria Palaestina
1997:until after the
1987:Imperial Aramaic
1841:Battle of Kadesh
1798:
1787:
1654:language of the
1605:language of Ebla
1460:History of Syria
1448:Eleutheris river
1430:, later renamed
1386:
1378:
1367:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1236:a refugee crisis
1125:1963 coup d'état
1117:1961 coup d'état
1066:Mamluk Sultanate
1035:Arab nationalism
961:, including the
821:
788:
787:
781:
780:
774:
763:
762:
754:
733:
718:
697:
682:
649:23,865,423 (
597:27 February 2012
580:
566:
557:• Left the
454:Hammouda Sabbagh
254:
253:
251:
250:
249:
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
217:and largest city
208:
205:
198:
185:
173:
172:
151:
145:
144:
126:
120:
119:
100:
86:
73:
72:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
21:
22244:
22243:
22239:
22238:
22237:
22235:
22234:
22233:
22149:
22148:
22139:
22137:
22133:
22130:
22125:
22122:
22120:
22118:
22117:
22115:
22110:
22109:
22104:
22093:
22036:
21964:
21915:
21884:
21882:
21875:
21864:
21862:
21855:
21841:Northern Cyprus
21824:
21823:and territories
21822:
21808:
21792:
21485:
21468:
21462:
21432:
21427:
21402:
21359:
21324:
21308:
21272:
21142:
21133:
21072:
21044:
21039:
21004:
20996:
20991:
20990:
20985:
20958:
20943:
20927:
20924:
20912:
20885:
20869:
20846:
20843:
20835:
20816:Northern Cyprus
20804:
20801:
20793:
20784:
20526:
20517:
20487:
20482:
20446:
20368:
20362:
20332:
20327:
20279:
20239:
20174:
20165:
20090:Northern Cyprus
20062:Iraqi Kurdistan
20023:
20018:
19988:
19983:
19969:Sea of Sardinia
19905:
19900:
19888:
19876:
19859:
19850:Northern Cyprus
19836:
19718:
19712:
19677:
19669:
19664:
19656:
19649:
19642:
19629:
19554:
19540:Public holidays
19526:
19468:
19430:
19424:
19416:
19368:
19323:
19292:
19285:
19272:
19265:
19121:
19090:
19039:
18988:
18975:
18965:Second Republic
18909:
18892:
18859:Crusader states
18824:Tulunid dynasty
18817:(Bilad al-Sham)
18816:
18814:Caliphal Syria
18808:Muslim conquest
18794:
18790:Byzantine Syria
18705:Akkadian Empire
18686:
18640:
18613:
18604:
18566:
18507:
18502:
18496:
18464:
18443:
18424:
18393:
18364:
18362:Further reading
18359:
18334:
18314:
18295:
18262:
18257:
18256:
18246:
18244:
18235:
18234:
18230:
18220:
18218:
18213:
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18198:
18176:
18172:
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18140:
18136:
18128:
18121:
18117:
18116:
18112:
18105:
18087:
18083:
18073:
18071:
18063:
18062:
18058:
18045:
18044:
18040:
18033:
18025:. p. 103.
18012:
18008:
18001:
17978:
17974:
17964:
17962:
17957:
17956:
17952:
17942:
17940:
17931:
17930:
17926:
17916:
17914:
17909:
17908:
17904:
17891:
17890:
17886:
17881:Wayback Machine
17871:
17867:
17854:
17853:
17849:
17839:
17837:
17828:
17827:
17823:
17813:
17811:
17800:
17796:
17786:
17784:
17779:
17778:
17774:
17764:
17762:
17758:
17751:
17747:
17746:
17742:
17732:
17730:
17725:
17724:
17720:
17709:"Jews of Syria"
17707:
17706:
17702:
17692:
17690:
17674:
17673:
17669:
17659:
17657:
17656:on 2 March 2010
17642:
17638:
17625:
17624:
17620:
17611:
17610:
17606:
17567:
17563:
17556:
17536:
17532:
17526:
17502:
17495:
17485:
17483:
17482:. 1 August 2017
17474:
17473:
17469:
17463:
17455:, p. 402,
17451:, vol. 4,
17445:
17426:
17416:
17414:
17413:on 20 June 2010
17405:
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17388:
17381:
17377:
17367:
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17323:
17319:
17303:
17302:
17298:
17282:
17281:
17277:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17249:
17244:
17226:
17209:
17196:"Syria – Kurds"
17194:
17193:
17186:
17176:
17174:
17161:
17160:
17156:
17146:
17144:
17139:
17138:
17134:
17124:
17122:
17113:
17112:
17108:
17063:
17059:
17049:
17047:
17046:. 11 March 2020
17038:
17037:
17033:
17023:
17021:
17012:
17011:
17007:
16997:
16995:
16981:
16977:
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16965:
16953:
16949:
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16915:
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16910:
16900:
16898:
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16875:
16874:
16870:
16863:
16859:
16851:
16847:
16846:
16842:
16833:
16831:
16829:
16803:
16799:
16792:
16770:
16766:
16756:
16754:
16752:Vice (magazine)
16744:
16740:
16730:
16728:
16727:on 23 July 2013
16719:
16718:
16714:
16704:
16702:
16693:
16692:
16688:
16678:
16676:
16671:
16670:
16666:
16650:
16649:
16637:
16623:
16622:
16618:
16608:
16606:
16602:
16601:
16597:
16587:
16585:
16575:
16571:
16561:
16559:
16543:
16542:
16538:
16527:Vice World News
16521:
16520:
16516:
16506:
16497:
16495:
16486:
16485:
16480:
16473:
16467:
16463:
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16426:
16417:
16412:
16408:
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16392:
16387:
16383:
16373:
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16361:
16357:
16347:
16345:
16340:
16339:
16335:
16325:
16323:
16306:
16302:
16293:
16292:
16281:
16276:on 13 May 2013.
16268:
16267:
16263:
16250:
16249:
16245:
16235:
16233:
16230:Financial Times
16224:
16223:
16219:
16209:
16207:
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16188:
16178:
16176:
16167:
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16123:
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16094:
16083:
16082:
16078:
16070:
16066:
16065:
16056:
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16044:
16035:
16034:
16030:
16020:
16018:
16009:
16008:
16004:
15994:
15992:
15983:
15982:
15978:
15968:
15966:
15957:
15956:
15949:
15939:
15937:
15924:
15923:
15919:
15909:
15907:
15892:
15888:
15878:
15876:
15861:
15857:
15852:on 11 May 2023.
15844:
15843:
15839:
15822:
15821:
15817:
15807:
15805:
15800:. Arutz Sheva.
15794:
15790:
15780:
15778:
15761:
15757:
15747:
15745:
15730:
15726:
15716:
15714:
15701:
15700:
15696:
15686:
15684:
15671:
15670:
15666:
15656:
15654:
15637:
15633:
15623:
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15610:
15609:
15602:
15585:
15584:
15580:
15561:
15560:
15556:
15551:on 11 May 2023.
15543:
15542:
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15410:
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15378:
15371:
15369:
15362:Financial Times
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15042:
15040:
15036:
15025:
15021:
15020:
15016:
15006:
15004:
14995:
14994:
14990:
14982:Wayback Machine
14968:Wayback Machine
14954:Wayback Machine
14926:
14922:
14914:Wayback Machine
14900:Wayback Machine
14882:Wayback Machine
14869:
14852:
14848:
14838:
14836:
14809:
14805:
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14767:
14763:
14746:
14745:
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14728:
14727:
14723:
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14711:
14696:
14692:
14682:
14680:
14665:
14661:
14651:
14649:
14636:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14619:
14612:Times of Israel
14606:
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13407:
13396:
13390:
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13050:
13046:
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13019:
13009:
13007:
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12914:
12910:
12900:
12898:
12889:
12888:
12881:
12862:
12861:
12857:
12847:
12845:
12840:. 3 June 2004.
12832:
12831:
12827:
12811:
12810:
12806:
12792:
12788:
12778:
12776:
12767:
12766:
12762:
12752:
12750:
12743:"Syria (05/07)"
12741:
12740:
12731:
12724:
12710:
12706:
12696:
12694:
12685:
12684:
12680:
12670:
12668:
12661:Foreign Affairs
12653:
12649:
12642:
12628:
12624:
12608:
12607:
12595:
12591:
12584:
12574:The Middle East
12570:
12566:
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12523:
12519:
12509:
12507:
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11399:
11386:
11385:
11381:
11364:
11363:
11356:
11354:
11347:"Archived copy"
11345:
11343:Wayback Machine
11328:
11326:
11317:
11314:Wayback Machine
11305:
11301:
11291:
11289:
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11265:
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11252:
11248:
11238:
11236:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11216:
11214:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11186:
11184:
11179:. Syriahr.com.
11175:
11174:
11170:
11160:
11158:
11151:The Independent
11143:
11130:
11120:
11118:
11105:
11104:
11100:
11090:
11088:
11083:. 8 June 2011.
11075:
11074:
11070:
11060:
11058:
11053:. 17 May 2011.
11045:
11044:
11040:
11030:
11028:
11015:
11014:
11010:
11000:
10998:
10983:
10979:
10969:
10967:
10954:
10953:
10949:
10939:
10937:
10922:
10918:
10908:
10906:
10897:
10896:
10892:
10882:
10880:
10873:The Independent
10865:
10861:
10851:
10849:
10836:
10835:
10831:
10821:
10819:
10804:
10800:
10793:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10761:
10756:. Forward.com.
10750:
10746:
10725:
10721:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10672:
10670:
10659:
10655:
10648:
10640:. p. 302.
10627:
10623:
10607:
10606:
10602:
10588:
10584:
10574:
10572:
10565:Foreign Affairs
10557:
10548:
10538:
10536:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10515:
10499:
10495:
10478:
10477:
10473:
10466:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10416:
10409:
10399:
10397:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10372:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10325:
10321:
10314:
10296:
10292:
10282:
10280:
10265:
10261:
10218:
10214:
10204:
10202:
10193:
10192:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10153:
10148:
10144:
10132:
10124:
10122:
10106:
10105:
10088:
10081:
10063:
10059:
10052:
10038:
10034:
10024:
10022:
10021:on 26 June 2008
10018:
10011:
10007:
10006:
10002:
9994:, Fuat Dundar,
9990:
9986:
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9977:
9965:
9957:
9955:
9946:
9945:
9938:
9928:
9926:
9913:
9912:
9908:
9898:
9896:
9887:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9870:
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9860:
9856:
9849:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9817:
9813:
9803:
9801:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9773:
9771:
9762:
9761:
9757:
9740:
9736:
9726:
9724:
9723:on 23 June 2011
9715:
9714:
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9683:
9679:
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8992:
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8859:
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8846:
8839:
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8819:
8809:
8807:
8794:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8770:
8760:Natural History
8749:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8690:
8686:
8676:
8674:
8657:Theodor Nöldeke
8654:
8650:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8627:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8605:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8576:
8559:
8555:
8524:
8520:
8481:
8477:
8467:
8465:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8428:
8424:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8375:on 2 July 2022.
8363:
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8135:
8134:
8130:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8041:
8040:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7985:
7983:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7959:
7957:
7944:
7943:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7884:on 11 May 2012.
7876:
7875:
7871:
7862:
7843:
7824:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7752:
7740:
7724:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7681:. 7 June 2018.
7673:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7656:
7643:
7642:
7633:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7575:
7571:on 1 July 2018.
7559:
7543:
7518:
7514:
7505:
7501:
7492:
7473:
7454:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7372:
7356:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7304:
7300:on 1 July 2018.
7288:
7272:
7247:
7243:
7225:
7221:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7148:
7141:
7138:
6994:
6988:
6936:
6924:Sabri Moudallal
6908:Farid al-Atrash
6896:
6890:
6866:magical realism
6835:Zakariyya Tamer
6827:Ghada al-Samman
6793:
6787:
6763:
6757:
6748:
6746:Health in Syria
6742:
6639:
6633:
6625:State of Israel
6585:Syriac Catholic
6573:Syriac Orthodox
6494:
6482:Main articles:
6480:
6395:Arabic dialects
6384:
6378:
6370:Arab Argentines
6354:Syrian diaspora
6301:, Damascus and
6285:(1.5%) and the
6265:variant of the
6232:Western Aramaic
6188:
6182:
6177:
6147:Sayyidah Zaynab
5863:
5857:
5853:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5718:
5710:
5678:Euphrates River
5665:
5553:
5547:
5539:Main articles:
5537:
5525:
5519:
5489:. In addition,
5480:
5464:Syrian Railways
5453:
5447:
5404:
5398:
5376:, an addictive
5366:
5230:
5224:
5216:Main articles:
5214:
5181:UN Human Rights
5139:barrel-bombings
5095:
5087:Main articles:
5085:
5018:
5012:
4885:
4875:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4762:
4756:
4676:gender equality
4567:Rojava conflict
4520:
4261:
4253:Main articles:
4251:
4039:vice presidents
4020:al-Assad family
4018:focused on the
3975:Syrian military
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3923:Prime Minister
3921:
3913:
3912:
3910:Bashar al-Assad
3906:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3748:
3742:
3666:Aerial view of
3641:Syrian refugees
3585:Bashar al-Assad
3562:nuclear reactor
3503:Damascus Spring
3495:Bashar al-Assad
3491:
3485:
3479:in March 2000.
3390:military forces
3355:Black September
3271:one-party state
3203:
3201:Ba'athist Syria
3106:Sami al-Hinnawi
3082:State of Israel
3066:
3054:Main articles:
3052:
2939:
2931:Main articles:
2929:
2770:—constituted a
2744:Syriac Orthodox
2722:ethno-religious
2691:
2685:
2679:through Syria.
2577:Nizari Ismailis
2569:Crusader states
2532:originating in
2502:Abbasid dynasty
2498:Umayyad dynasty
2454:Dumat Al-Jandal
2439:
2400:Philip the Arab
2364:Severan dynasty
2130:world both the
2124:Seleucid Empire
2096:Cyrus the Great
2072:
2056:Main articles:
2054:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1766:Egyptian Empire
1633:Sargon of Akkad
1629:Akkadian Empire
1547:, circa 2300 BC
1467:
1462:
1456:
1405:Pliny the Elder
1326:Seleucid Empire
1274:
1268:
1260:food insecurity
1258:and 80% facing
1161:Bashar al-Assad
1137:one-party state
1029:, who advocate
955:14 governorates
905:located in the
885:
816:
785:
784:
783:
772:
761:high inequality
760:
759:
758:
752:
740:
732:$ 11.08 billion
731:
728:
716:
704:
696:$ 50.28 billion
695:
692:
676:
660:
646:
629:
615:
594:
581:
573:
564:
561:
548:
535:24 October 1945
532:
518:
516:Syrian Republic
508:1 December 1924
505:
488:
450:
435:
420:
409:Bashar al-Assad
405:
359:
315:
286:
281:
274:
247:
245:
241:
238:
233:
230:
228:
226:
225:
224:
218:
210:
209:
206:
199:
186:
174:
160:
152:
146:
127:
121:
108:
107:
106:
101:
93:
92:
87:
74:
67:
66:
59:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22242:
22232:
22231:
22226:
22221:
22216:
22211:
22206:
22201:
22196:
22191:
22189:Arab republics
22186:
22181:
22176:
22171:
22166:
22161:
22112:
22111:
22106:
22105:
22103:
22102:
22098:
22095:
22094:
22092:
22091:
22086:
22084:Largest cities
22081:
22076:
22075:
22074:
22069:
22064:
22062:GDP per capita
22059:
22048:
22046:
22042:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22035:
22034:
22029:
22024:
22019:
22014:
22009:
22004:
21999:
21994:
21989:
21983:
21981:
21974:
21970:
21969:
21966:
21965:
21963:
21962:
21956:
21950:
21944:
21938:
21936:
21929:
21925:
21924:
21921:
21920:
21917:
21916:
21914:
21913:
21911:United Nations
21908:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21887:
21885:
21880:
21877:
21876:
21874:
21873:
21867:
21865:
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21469:
21461:
21460:
21453:
21446:
21438:
21429:
21428:
21426:
21425:
21424:
21423:
21421:Pan Arab Games
21413:
21407:
21404:
21403:
21401:
21400:
21395:
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21070:
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21023:
21015:
21009:
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20993:
20992:
20987:
20986:
20984:
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20957:
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20930:
20928:
20921:
20918:
20917:
20914:
20913:
20911:
20910:
20900:
20893:
20891:
20890:United Kingdom
20887:
20886:
20884:
20883:
20877:
20875:
20871:
20870:
20868:
20867:
20862:
20856:
20854:
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20828:
20823:
20818:
20813:
20807:
20805:
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20794:
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20785:
20783:
20782:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20757:
20752:
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20737:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20707:
20702:
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20682:
20677:
20672:
20667:
20662:
20657:
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20647:
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20597:
20592:
20587:
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20572:
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20562:
20557:
20552:
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20542:
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20515:
20508:
20501:
20493:
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20483:
20481:
20480:
20475:
20470:
20465:
20460:
20454:
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20447:
20445:
20444:
20439:
20434:
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20424:
20419:
20414:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20394:
20389:
20384:
20378:
20376:
20370:
20369:
20361:
20360:
20353:
20346:
20338:
20329:
20328:
20326:
20325:
20320:
20319:
20318:
20308:
20303:
20298:
20293:
20287:
20285:
20281:
20280:
20278:
20277:
20276:
20275:
20265:
20260:
20255:
20249:
20247:
20241:
20240:
20238:
20237:
20235:Water conflict
20232:
20230:Water politics
20227:
20222:
20221:
20220:
20215:
20205:
20204:
20203:
20193:
20188:
20186:Climate change
20182:
20180:
20176:
20175:
20168:
20166:
20164:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20147:
20146:
20141:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20120:
20119:
20112:
20098:
20093:
20086:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20066:
20065:
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20054:
20049:
20044:
20039:
20033:
20031:
20025:
20024:
20017:
20016:
20009:
20002:
19994:
19985:
19984:
19982:
19981:
19979:Tyrrhenian Sea
19976:
19971:
19966:
19964:Sea of Marmara
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19921:
19915:
19913:
19907:
19906:
19904:
19903:
19891:
19883:
19870:
19868:
19861:
19860:
19858:
19857:
19852:
19846:
19844:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19799:
19794:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19759:
19754:
19749:
19744:
19739:
19734:
19728:
19726:
19720:
19719:
19711:
19710:
19703:
19696:
19688:
19682:
19679:
19678:
19666:
19665:
19663:
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19655:
19654:
19647:
19639:
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19605:
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19553:
19552:
19547:
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19507:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19486:
19480:
19474:
19473:
19470:
19469:
19467:
19466:
19461:
19456:
19451:
19450:
19449:
19438:
19436:
19435:Infrastructure
19432:
19431:
19429:
19428:
19420:
19412:
19407:
19402:
19397:
19392:
19386:
19380:
19374:
19373:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19350:
19349:
19339:
19333:
19331:
19325:
19324:
19322:
19321:
19316:
19315:
19314:
19312:Syria (region)
19304:
19299:
19298:
19297:
19290:
19283:
19282:
19281:
19258:
19257:
19256:
19246:
19245:
19244:
19239:
19229:
19228:
19227:
19217:
19212:
19211:
19210:
19205:
19195:
19190:
19189:
19188:
19187:
19186:
19179:Prime Minister
19171:
19169:Vice President
19166:
19165:
19164:
19154:
19149:
19143:
19137:
19131:
19130:
19127:
19126:
19123:
19122:
19120:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19107:Southern Syria
19104:
19102:Syria (region)
19098:
19096:
19092:
19091:
19089:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19047:
19045:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19037:
19032:
19027:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19006:
18996:
18990:
18989:
18982:
18980:
18977:
18976:
18974:
18973:
18968:
18962:
18956:
18955:
18954:
18948:
18945:State of Syria
18942:
18934:French Mandate
18931:
18926:
18919:
18917:
18911:
18910:
18908:
18907:
18900:
18898:
18894:
18893:
18891:
18890:
18884:
18878:
18877:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18856:
18854:Saljuqid Syria
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18834:Zangid dynasty
18831:
18826:
18821:
18811:
18804:
18802:
18800:Medieval Syria
18796:
18795:
18793:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18775:Seleucid Syria
18772:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18696:
18694:
18688:
18687:
18685:
18684:
18679:
18674:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18648:
18646:
18642:
18641:
18639:
18638:
18636:Years in Syria
18633:
18627:
18621:
18615:
18614:
18603:
18602:
18595:
18588:
18580:
18574:
18573:
18562:
18561:
18551:
18542:
18533:
18524:
18506:
18505:External links
18503:
18501:
18500:
18494:
18481:
18468:
18462:
18447:
18441:
18428:
18422:
18409:
18397:
18391:
18378:
18375:, I. B. Tauris
18365:
18363:
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18348:
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18332:
18318:
18312:
18299:
18293:
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18170:
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18134:
18110:
18103:
18081:
18056:
18038:
18031:
18006:
17999:
17981:Hopwood, Derek
17972:
17950:
17939:on 13 May 2013
17924:
17902:
17884:
17865:
17847:
17821:
17794:
17772:
17761:on 11 May 2011
17740:
17718:
17700:
17667:
17636:
17633:. 14 May 2013.
17618:
17604:
17577:(4): 429–450.
17561:
17554:
17530:
17524:
17493:
17467:
17461:
17424:
17398:
17375:
17349:
17339:
17333:, p. 62,
17317:
17296:
17275:
17207:
17184:
17173:on 11 May 2011
17154:
17132:
17106:
17083:10.1086/374384
17057:
17031:
17005:
16975:
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16908:
16882:
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16616:
16595:
16569:
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16514:
16498:|journal=
16461:
16415:
16406:
16390:
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16355:
16333:
16300:
16279:
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16243:
16217:
16186:
16160:
16143:
16121:
16110:. 13 July 2013
16092:
16076:
16054:
16028:
16017:. 23 June 2015
16002:
15976:
15963:The Daily Star
15947:
15917:
15886:
15855:
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15815:
15788:
15755:
15724:
15694:
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15631:
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15578:
15554:
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15514:
15492:
15468:
15438:
15408:
15382:
15348:
15318:
15285:
15255:
15225:
15194:
15164:
15134:
15119:. Al Jazeera.
15108:
15082:
15050:
15014:
14988:
14986:
14985:
14971:
14957:
14943:
14920:
14918:
14917:
14903:
14886:www.al-bab.com
14867:
14846:
14823:(4): 379–394.
14803:
14796:
14779:The New Turkey
14761:
14758:on 7 May 2023.
14739:
14721:
14690:
14659:
14629:
14599:
14569:
14539:
14503:
14467:
14416:
14407:|journal=
14368:
14345:(1): 184–196.
14325:
14274:
14255:
14218:
14196:
14173:
14140:
14110:
14091:
14082:, p. 219.
14072:
14042:
14023:
14013:
13995:
13976:
13957:
13938:
13918:
13884:(3): 277–448.
13861:
13818:
13788:
13734:
13698:
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13634:
13608:
13578:
13552:
13533:
13514:
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13446:
13437:, p. 154.
13427:
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13272:
13249:
13219:
13188:
13165:
13149:|journal=
13112:
13075:
13044:
13017:
12991:
12960:
12934:
12908:
12879:
12855:
12825:
12804:
12786:
12760:
12729:
12722:
12704:
12678:
12647:
12640:
12622:
12589:
12582:
12564:
12543:
12517:
12491:
12465:
12443:
12417:
12408:|journal=
12364:
12340:
12338:
12337:
12331:
12318:
12312:
12299:
12293:
12260:
12241:
12234:
12216:
12193:
12169:
12147:
12125:
12123:
12122:
12106:
12094:
12056:
11991:
11954:(6): 534–545.
11934:
11922:
11915:
11897:
11869:
11866:. p. 183.
11854:
11823:
11793:
11763:
11733:
11701:
11669:
11643:
11612:
11586:
11555:
11525:
11499:
11488:on 25 May 2012
11469:
11439:
11409:
11379:
11299:
11273:
11246:
11224:
11194:
11168:
11128:
11098:
11068:
11038:
11023:. 5 May 2011.
11008:
10977:
10947:
10916:
10890:
10879:on 15 May 2011
10859:
10829:
10798:
10791:
10771:
10744:
10719:
10694:
10680:
10653:
10646:
10638:Schocken Books
10621:
10600:
10582:
10546:
10520:
10513:
10493:
10471:
10464:
10444:
10437:
10419:Seale, Patrick
10407:
10377:
10370:
10344:
10337:
10319:
10312:
10290:
10259:
10232:(4): 732–751.
10212:
10169:
10160:
10151:
10142:
10086:
10079:
10057:
10050:
10032:
10000:
9984:
9975:
9936:
9906:
9880:
9854:
9847:
9824:
9811:
9781:
9766:. Met Museum.
9755:
9734:
9708:
9688:
9677:
9670:
9639:
9630:
9599:
9590:
9565:10.1086/511103
9559:(4): 284–287.
9539:
9530:
9523:
9503:
9496:
9476:
9469:
9449:
9442:
9422:
9415:
9394:
9381:
9378:. p. 2+3.
9364:
9357:
9337:
9330:
9310:
9303:
9283:
9276:
9250:
9224:
9217:
9197:
9190:
9170:
9163:
9143:
9103:
9096:
9076:
9069:
9049:
9016:
9009:
8986:
8979:
8959:
8952:
8932:
8925:
8905:
8898:
8878:
8869:
8857:pcma.uw.edu.pl
8853:"Tell Qaramel"
8844:
8837:
8817:
8787:
8768:
8754:(March 1998).
8743:
8710:10.1086/511103
8704:(4): 283–287.
8684:
8648:
8615:
8586:
8553:
8540:10.1086/373570
8534:(4): 281–285.
8518:
8497:10.1086/511103
8491:(4): 284–287.
8475:
8445:
8422:
8400:
8378:
8356:
8334:
8312:
8290:
8272:
8250:
8228:
8206:
8203:on 3 May 2024.
8184:
8158:
8128:
8125:on 9 May 2024.
8104:
8086:
8060:
8031:
7993:
7978:. World Bank.
7967:
7918:
7887:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7860:
7847:
7841:
7828:
7822:
7809:
7789:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7750:
7738:
7722:
7696:
7666:
7631:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7573:
7557:
7541:
7522:
7512:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7490:
7477:
7471:
7458:
7452:
7439:
7419:
7398:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7370:
7354:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7302:
7286:
7270:
7251:
7241:
7219:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7137:
7134:
6992:Syrian cuisine
6990:Main article:
6987:
6984:
6966:Nearly all of
6935:
6932:
6912:Lena Chamamyan
6894:Music of Syria
6892:Main article:
6889:
6886:
6862:folk narrative
6846:Nabil Sulayman
6789:Main article:
6786:
6783:
6759:Main article:
6756:
6753:
6744:Main article:
6741:
6738:
6662:post-secondary
6635:Main article:
6632:
6629:
6581:Greek Catholic
6569:Greek Orthodox
6540:Jabal al-Druze
6518:(particularly
6488:Islam in Syria
6479:
6476:
6433:, and finally
6380:Main article:
6377:
6374:
6275:Syrian Turkmen
6184:Main article:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5846:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5708:Largest cities
5706:
5689:(543,400) and
5672:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5536:
5533:
5521:Main article:
5518:
5515:
5491:Syrian Telecom
5479:
5476:
5449:Main article:
5446:
5443:
5400:Main article:
5397:
5394:
5382:New York Times
5365:
5362:
5213:
5210:
5201:missile attack
5162:Honour killing
5084:
5081:
5014:Main article:
5011:
5008:
4905:Hatay Province
4874:
4871:
4808:
4802:
4758:Main article:
4755:
4752:
4734:within Syria.
4680:sustainability
4569:and the wider
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4250:
4247:
4147:State Security
4081:led mostly by
4007:appropriations
3999:Prime Minister
3925:Hussein Arnous
3922:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3881:Main article:
3878:
3875:
3841:Main article:
3838:
3835:
3744:Main article:
3741:
3738:
3688:of civilians.
3637:United Nations
3487:Main article:
3484:
3481:
3457:Saddam Hussein
3414:Yom Kippur War
3366:Hafiz al-Assad
3307:Hafiz al-Assad
3275:state ideology
3265:, after which
3255:Hafez al-Assad
3202:
3199:
3187:Muhammad Umran
3119:Aleppo in 1961
3110:Adib Shishakli
3098:Husni al-Za'im
3051:
3048:
2987:Druze Mountain
2928:
2927:French Mandate
2925:
2858:British Empire
2846:Ottoman Empire
2784:Southern Syria
2748:Greek Orthodox
2703:Ottoman Empire
2687:Main article:
2684:
2681:
2438:
2435:
2186:Roman province
2106:of Aram/Syria
2082:before the war
2053:
2050:
1975:Roman Republic
1957:, Sicily, the
1803:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1758:Hittite Empire
1718:Shamshi-Adad I
1523:Archaeologists
1466:
1463:
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1320:) in northern
1270:Main article:
1267:
1264:
1163:inherited the
1153:Hafiz al-Assad
1135:established a
1100:independence.
1078:French mandate
1031:Arab socialism
921:to the north,
890:
889:
880:
874:
873:
868:
862:
861:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
832:
828:
827:
814:
810:
809:
799:
795:
794:
775:
765:
764:
755:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
669:
668:
661:
659:• Density
658:
655:
654:
647:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
616:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
571:
568:
567:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
540:
537:
536:
533:
526:
523:
522:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:French mandate
499:State of Syria
496:
493:
492:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
445:
442:
441:
439:Hussein Arnous
436:
433:Prime Minister
430:
427:
426:
424:Najah al-Attar
421:
418:Vice President
415:
412:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
351:
345:
344:
343:
337:
331:
318:
316:
313:
309:
308:
275:
272:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
248:33.500; 36.300
219:
216:
212:
211:
200:
189:Hatay Province
180:
179:
176:
175:
158:
149:Ḥumāt ad-Diyār
134:
133:
110:
109:
102:
95:
94:
88:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22241:
22230:
22227:
22225:
22222:
22220:
22217:
22215:
22212:
22210:
22207:
22205:
22202:
22200:
22197:
22195:
22192:
22190:
22187:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22156:
22154:
22147:
22144:
22100:
22099:
22096:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22080:
22077:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22054:
22053:
22050:
22049:
22047:
22043:
22033:
22030:
22028:
22025:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21984:
21982:
21980:Extraordinary
21978:
21975:
21971:
21960:
21957:
21954:
21951:
21948:
21945:
21943:
21940:
21939:
21937:
21933:
21930:
21926:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21896:African Union
21894:
21892:
21889:
21888:
21886:
21883:organizations
21881:International
21878:
21872:
21869:
21868:
21866:
21858:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21828:
21826:
21818:
21815:
21811:
21805:
21802:
21801:
21799:
21795:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21751:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21741:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21702:
21699:
21698:
21697:
21694:
21692:
21689:
21687:
21684:
21682:
21679:
21677:
21674:
21672:
21669:
21667:
21664:
21662:
21659:
21657:
21654:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21639:
21637:
21634:
21632:
21629:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21591:Guinea-Bissau
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21532:
21529:
21527:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21514:
21512:
21509:
21507:
21504:
21503:
21501:
21497:
21494:
21492:
21491:Member states
21488:
21482:
21478:
21475:
21474:
21471:
21466:
21459:
21454:
21452:
21447:
21445:
21440:
21439:
21436:
21422:
21419:
21418:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21408:
21405:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21378:
21377:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21368:
21366:
21362:
21356:
21353:
21351:
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21337:
21335:
21331:
21321:
21318:
21317:
21315:
21311:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21290:
21287:
21285:
21282:
21281:
21279:
21275:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21174:
21171:
21169:
21166:
21164:
21161:
21160:
21158:
21156:
21152:
21149:
21145:
21140:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21083:
21081:
21079:
21075:
21069:
21061:
21059:
21051:
21050:
21047:
21043:
21036:
21031:
21029:
21024:
21022:
21017:
21016:
21013:
21007:
21000:
20982:
20981:
20976:
20972:
20970:
20969:
20960:
20959:
20954:
20951:
20950:
20946:
20940:
20937:
20935:
20932:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20919:
20908:
20904:
20901:
20898:
20895:
20894:
20892:
20888:
20882:
20879:
20878:
20876:
20872:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20857:
20855:
20851:
20848:
20845:
20838:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20826:South Ossetia
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20796:
20791:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20756:
20753:
20751:
20748:
20746:
20743:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20711:
20708:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20696:
20693:
20691:
20688:
20686:
20683:
20681:
20678:
20676:
20673:
20671:
20668:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20537:
20535:
20533:
20529:
20525:
20521:
20514:
20509:
20507:
20502:
20500:
20495:
20494:
20491:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20469:
20466:
20464:
20461:
20459:
20456:
20455:
20453:
20449:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20388:
20385:
20383:
20380:
20379:
20377:
20375:
20371:
20367:
20366:Arabian Plate
20359:
20354:
20352:
20347:
20345:
20340:
20339:
20336:
20324:
20321:
20317:
20314:
20313:
20312:
20309:
20307:
20304:
20302:
20299:
20297:
20294:
20292:
20289:
20288:
20286:
20282:
20274:
20271:
20270:
20269:
20266:
20264:
20261:
20259:
20256:
20254:
20253:Ethnic groups
20251:
20250:
20248:
20246:
20242:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20210:
20209:
20206:
20202:
20199:
20198:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20183:
20181:
20177:
20172:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20137:
20136:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20118:
20117:
20113:
20111:
20110:
20106:
20105:
20104:
20103:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20092:
20091:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20063:
20060:
20059:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20034:
20032:
20030:
20026:
20022:
20015:
20010:
20008:
20003:
20001:
19996:
19995:
19992:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19944:Levantine Sea
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19916:
19914:
19912:
19911:Marginal seas
19908:
19899:
19895:
19892:
19887:
19884:
19880:
19875:
19872:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19862:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19847:
19845:
19843:
19839:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19748:
19745:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19729:
19727:
19725:
19721:
19717:
19709:
19704:
19702:
19697:
19695:
19690:
19689:
19686:
19680:
19673:
19661:
19658:
19657:
19652:
19648:
19645:
19641:
19640:
19636:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19583:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19569:
19566:
19565:
19563:
19561:
19557:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19517:
19516:
19513:
19511:
19508:
19506:
19503:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19487:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19475:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19457:
19455:
19452:
19448:
19445:
19444:
19443:
19440:
19439:
19437:
19433:
19427:
19421:
19419:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19387:
19384:
19381:
19379:
19375:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19348:
19345:
19344:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19334:
19332:
19330:
19326:
19320:
19317:
19313:
19310:
19309:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19295:
19291:
19288:
19284:
19279:
19275:
19271:
19270:
19268:
19264:
19263:
19262:
19259:
19255:
19252:
19251:
19250:
19247:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19234:
19233:
19230:
19226:
19223:
19222:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19200:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19185:
19182:
19181:
19180:
19177:
19176:
19175:
19172:
19170:
19167:
19163:
19160:
19159:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19144:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19132:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19099:
19097:
19093:
19087:
19086:Syrian Desert
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19066:Golan Heights
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19048:
19046:
19042:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19007:
19004:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18991:
18986:
18972:
18969:
18966:
18963:
18960:
18957:
18952:
18949:
18946:
18943:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18924:
18921:
18920:
18918:
18916:
18912:
18905:
18904:Ottoman Syria
18902:
18901:
18899:
18895:
18888:
18885:
18882:
18881:Ayyubid Syria
18879:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18861:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18849:Fatimid Syria
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18819:
18812:
18809:
18806:
18805:
18803:
18801:
18797:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18750:Aram-Damascus
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18697:
18695:
18693:
18692:Ancient Syria
18689:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18662:Halaf culture
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18649:
18647:
18643:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18628:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18616:
18612:
18608:
18601:
18596:
18594:
18589:
18587:
18582:
18581:
18578:
18572:
18564:
18563:
18559:
18558:Arab Decision
18555:
18552:
18550:
18546:
18545:Syria profile
18543:
18541:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18528:
18525:
18522:
18518:
18517:
18512:
18509:
18508:
18497:
18491:
18487:
18482:
18478:
18474:
18469:
18465:
18459:
18455:
18454:
18448:
18444:
18438:
18434:
18429:
18425:
18419:
18415:
18410:
18405:
18404:
18398:
18394:
18388:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18373:
18367:
18366:
18354:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18339:
18338:
18333:
18331:
18330:0-7546-2375-0
18327:
18323:
18319:
18315:
18309:
18305:
18300:
18296:
18290:
18286:
18285:
18279:
18277:
18276:0-8108-5078-8
18273:
18269:
18265:
18264:
18242:
18238:
18232:
18216:
18210:
18203:
18199:
18197:9781594201110
18193:
18189:
18184:
18183:
18174:
18167:
18163:
18161:9781594201110
18157:
18153:
18148:
18147:
18138:
18127:
18120:
18114:
18106:
18100:
18096:
18092:
18085:
18070:
18069:www.ohchr.org
18066:
18060:
18052:
18048:
18042:
18034:
18028:
18024:
18020:
18016:
18010:
18002:
17996:
17992:
17988:
17987:
17982:
17976:
17960:
17954:
17938:
17934:
17928:
17912:
17906:
17898:
17894:
17888:
17882:
17878:
17874:
17869:
17861:
17857:
17851:
17835:
17831:
17825:
17809:
17805:
17798:
17782:
17776:
17757:
17750:
17744:
17728:
17722:
17714:
17710:
17704:
17689:
17685:
17681:
17680:The Economist
17677:
17671:
17655:
17651:
17647:
17640:
17632:
17628:
17622:
17614:
17608:
17600:
17596:
17592:
17588:
17584:
17580:
17576:
17572:
17565:
17557:
17551:
17547:
17543:
17542:
17534:
17527:
17521:
17517:
17513:
17509:
17508:
17500:
17498:
17481:
17477:
17471:
17464:
17458:
17454:
17450:
17443:
17441:
17439:
17437:
17435:
17433:
17431:
17429:
17412:
17408:
17402:
17386:
17379:
17363:
17359:
17353:
17346:
17342:
17336:
17332:
17328:
17321:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17300:
17293:
17290:. BBC. 2015.
17289:
17285:
17279:
17272:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17236:
17231:
17224:
17222:
17220:
17218:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17203:
17202:
17197:
17191:
17189:
17172:
17168:
17167:Today's Zaman
17164:
17158:
17142:
17136:
17120:
17116:
17110:
17102:
17098:
17093:
17088:
17084:
17080:
17076:
17072:
17068:
17061:
17045:
17041:
17035:
17019:
17015:
17009:
16993:
16989:
16986:
16979:
16964:
16963:
16958:
16951:
16943:
16939:
16933:
16925:
16918:
16912:
16896:
16892:
16886:
16878:
16872:
16866:
16861:
16850:
16844:
16830:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16812:
16808:
16801:
16793:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16775:
16768:
16753:
16749:
16742:
16726:
16722:
16716:
16700:
16696:
16690:
16674:
16668:
16660:
16654:
16646:
16642:
16638:
16632:
16628:
16627:
16620:
16605:
16599:
16584:
16580:
16573:
16558:
16554:
16550:
16549:The Economist
16546:
16540:
16532:
16528:
16524:
16518:
16510:
16503:
16490:
16479:
16472:
16465:
16448:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16431:
16424:
16422:
16420:
16410:
16401:
16399:
16397:
16395:
16385:
16370:
16366:
16359:
16343:
16337:
16321:
16317:
16316:The Telegraph
16312:
16304:
16296:
16290:
16288:
16286:
16284:
16275:
16271:
16265:
16257:
16253:
16247:
16231:
16227:
16221:
16205:
16201:
16195:
16193:
16191:
16175:. 4 July 2012
16174:
16170:
16164:
16156:
16150:
16148:
16136:
16130:
16128:
16126:
16109:
16105:
16099:
16097:
16088:
16087:
16080:
16073:. World Bank.
16069:
16063:
16061:
16059:
16042:
16038:
16032:
16016:
16012:
16006:
15990:
15986:
15980:
15964:
15960:
15954:
15952:
15935:
15931:
15927:
15921:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15890:
15874:
15870:
15866:
15859:
15851:
15847:
15841:
15833:
15829:
15825:
15819:
15803:
15799:
15792:
15776:
15772:
15767:
15759:
15743:
15739:
15735:
15728:
15712:
15708:
15704:
15698:
15682:
15678:
15674:
15668:
15652:
15648:
15643:
15635:
15619:
15615:
15614:
15607:
15605:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15582:
15574:
15570:
15569:
15564:
15558:
15550:
15546:
15540:
15532:
15528:
15524:
15518:
15510:
15506:
15502:
15496:
15488:
15484:
15483:
15478:
15472:
15456:
15452:
15451:www.ohchr.org
15448:
15442:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15412:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15367:
15363:
15359:
15352:
15336:
15332:
15328:
15322:
15314:
15310:
15309:
15304:
15298:
15294:
15289:
15274:on 3 May 2011
15273:
15269:
15265:
15259:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15229:
15213:
15209:
15205:
15198:
15182:
15178:
15174:
15168:
15152:
15148:
15144:
15138:
15122:
15118:
15112:
15096:
15092:
15086:
15070:
15066:
15065:
15060:
15054:
15035:
15031:
15024:
15018:
15002:
14998:
14992:
14983:
14979:
14976:
14972:
14969:
14965:
14962:
14958:
14955:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14940:1-60239-727-9
14937:
14933:
14929:
14928:
14924:
14915:
14911:
14908:
14904:
14901:
14897:
14894:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14883:
14879:
14876:
14870:
14864:
14860:
14859:
14850:
14834:
14830:
14826:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14807:
14799:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14781:
14780:
14775:
14771:
14770:Morris, Chris
14765:
14757:
14753:
14749:
14743:
14735:
14731:
14725:
14709:
14705:
14701:
14694:
14678:
14674:
14670:
14663:
14647:
14643:
14639:
14633:
14617:
14613:
14609:
14603:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14573:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14543:
14524:
14520:
14513:
14507:
14488:
14484:
14477:
14471:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14439:
14435:
14431:
14427:
14420:
14412:
14399:
14383:
14379:
14372:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14329:
14313:
14309:
14305:
14301:
14297:
14294:(1): 87–109.
14293:
14289:
14285:
14278:
14270:
14264:
14259:
14240:
14236:
14229:
14222:
14203:
14199:
14193:
14186:
14185:
14177:
14161:
14157:
14156:
14151:
14144:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14114:
14106:
14100:
14095:
14087:
14081:
14076:
14060:
14056:
14052:
14046:
14038:
14032:
14027:
14020:
14016:
14010:
14006:
13999:
13991:
13985:
13980:
13972:
13966:
13961:
13945:
13941:
13935:
13931:
13930:
13922:
13903:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13872:
13865:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13822:
13806:
13802:
13798:
13792:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13741:
13739:
13722:
13718:
13717:
13712:
13708:
13702:
13686:
13682:
13681:
13676:
13670:
13654:
13650:
13649:
13648:The Economist
13644:
13638:
13622:
13618:
13612:
13596:
13592:
13588:
13582:
13566:
13562:
13556:
13548:
13542:
13537:
13529:
13523:
13518:
13510:
13504:
13499:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13469:
13461:
13456:, p. 89.
13455:
13450:
13442:
13436:
13435:Lister (2015)
13431:
13423:
13417:
13406:
13402:
13395:
13388:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13366:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13343:
13336:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13309:
13301:
13297:
13293:
13287:
13283:
13276:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13253:
13237:
13233:
13229:
13223:
13207:
13203:
13199:
13192:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13169:
13161:
13154:
13141:
13130:
13123:
13116:
13108:
13102:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13079:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13048:
13032:
13028:
13021:
13005:
13001:
12995:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12964:
12948:
12944:
12938:
12922:
12918:
12912:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12884:
12875:
12871:
12870:
12869:Freedom House
12865:
12859:
12843:
12839:
12835:
12829:
12821:
12815:
12807:
12805:0-8160-5953-5
12801:
12797:
12790:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12748:
12745:. State.gov.
12744:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12725:
12719:
12715:
12708:
12692:
12688:
12682:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12651:
12643:
12637:
12633:
12626:
12618:
12612:
12604:
12600:
12593:
12585:
12579:
12575:
12568:
12560:
12554:
12546:
12540:
12536:
12532:
12528:
12521:
12505:
12501:
12495:
12479:
12475:
12469:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12431:
12427:
12421:
12413:
12400:
12381:
12374:
12368:
12360:
12356:
12355:
12354:Freedom House
12350:
12344:
12334:
12328:
12324:
12319:
12315:
12313:9781438472911
12309:
12305:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12286:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12271:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12245:
12237:
12231:
12227:
12220:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12197:
12189:
12185:
12184:
12183:Freedom House
12179:
12173:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12151:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12129:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12078:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12060:
12052:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11995:
11987:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11926:
11918:
11912:
11908:
11901:
11886:
11882:
11876:
11874:
11865:
11858:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11827:
11811:
11807:
11800:
11798:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11767:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11737:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11705:
11689:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11673:
11657:
11653:
11647:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11616:
11600:
11596:
11590:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11559:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11473:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11443:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11383:
11374:
11368:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11337:
11324:
11320:
11315:
11311:
11308:
11303:
11287:
11283:
11277:
11261:
11257:
11250:
11234:
11228:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11182:
11178:
11172:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11141:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11042:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11012:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10981:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10951:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10920:
10904:
10900:
10894:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10863:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10802:
10794:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10775:
10759:
10755:
10748:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10730:
10723:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10705:
10698:
10692:
10687:
10685:
10668:
10664:
10657:
10649:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10625:
10617:
10611:
10603:
10601:9780815737629
10597:
10593:
10586:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10534:
10530:
10524:
10516:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10497:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10475:
10467:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10448:
10440:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10412:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10381:
10373:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10348:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10323:
10315:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10294:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10216:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10164:
10155:
10146:
10139:
10138:public domain
10120:
10116:
10114:
10109:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10082:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10061:
10053:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10017:
10010:
10004:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9979:
9972:
9971:public domain
9953:
9949:
9943:
9941:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9894:
9890:
9884:
9868:
9864:
9858:
9850:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9815:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9738:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9704:
9703:
9695:
9693:
9686:
9681:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9646:
9644:
9634:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9603:
9594:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9534:
9526:
9520:
9516:
9515:
9507:
9499:
9493:
9489:
9488:
9480:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9453:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9426:
9418:
9416:9780500051597
9412:
9408:
9407:
9398:
9391:
9385:
9377:
9376:
9368:
9360:
9354:
9350:
9349:
9341:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9306:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9287:
9279:
9273:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9257:
9255:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9220:
9214:
9210:
9209:
9201:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9174:
9166:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9147:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9113:
9107:
9099:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9080:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9053:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9012:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8990:
8982:
8976:
8972:
8971:
8963:
8955:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8936:
8928:
8922:
8918:
8917:
8909:
8901:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8882:
8873:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8821:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8688:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8659:in 1881; cf.
8658:
8652:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8590:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8286:
8282:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8003:
7997:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7863:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7842:9781438472911
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7603:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7503:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7422:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7393:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7223:
7215:
7203:
7197:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7140:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7114:Arabic coffee
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:hors d'œuvres
7100:
7097:, and cheese
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7073:and baklava.
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6968:Syria's media
6964:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6870:Salim Barakat
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6850:Fawwaz Haddad
6847:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:Nizar Qabbani
6828:
6824:
6823:Haidar Haidar
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6752:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6732:(7176th) and
6731:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6687:
6685:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6512:
6511:Sunni Muslims
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6445:lingua franca
6442:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6192:
6187:
6180:Ethnic groups
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5669:
5664:2019 estimate
5662:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:. Because of
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:illegal drugs
5364:Drug industry
5361:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5111:Freedom House
5108:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4975:United States
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4927:Golan Heights
4921:
4917:
4916:Golan Heights
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4780:Golan Heights
4777:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:, respecting
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:Kurdification
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
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4079:armed revolts
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3995:Head of State
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3983:Freedom House
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3926:
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3717:special envoy
3714:
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3697:United States
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3681:human shields
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3655:, as well to
3654:
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3615:in April 2018
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3568:technicians.
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3532:Assassination
3529:
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3512:Islamic Jihad
3509:
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3435:Hama massacre
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3410:Assad dynasty
3407:
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3382:secret police
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3351:Yasser Arafat
3349:(PLO) led by
3348:
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3342:Golan Heights
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
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3279:neo-Ba'athist
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2780:Ottoman Syria
2777:
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2723:
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2701:In 1516, the
2695:
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2689:Ottoman Syria
2683:Ottoman Syria
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:sacked Aleppo
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2538:Sayf al-Dawla
2535:
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2499:
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2490:Rashidun army
2488:
2484:
2483:was conquered
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2063:
2059:
2049:
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2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:lingua franca
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
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1951:Mediterranean
1948:
1944:
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1924:
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1900:
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1878:
1874:
1870:
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1865:Aram-Naharaim
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Aram-Damascus
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
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1806:Tuthmosis III
1797:
1786:
1777:
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1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:Indo-European
1744:
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1723:
1720:, and by the
1719:
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1707:
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1587:. Gifts from
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1301:
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1286:ancient Greek
1283:
1279:
1273:
1272:Name of Syria
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1105:military coup
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916:
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879:
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869:
867:
866:ISO 3166 code
863:
860:
857:
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851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
815:
811:
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724:
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710:
706:
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694:
688:
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648:
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611:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
587:
583:
579:
576:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:17 April 1946
550:
547:
544:
538:
534:
531:independence
530:
524:
520:
517:
511:
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504:
500:
494:
490:
487:
481:
477:
474:Establishment
472:
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466:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
440:
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434:
428:
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422:
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374:
371:
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366:
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356:
352:
350:
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338:
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332:
330:
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324:
320:
319:
317:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
280:
276:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
252:
223:
220:
213:
204:
194:
193:Golan Heights
190:
184:
177:
156:
150:
139:
135:
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125:
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111:
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22045:Demographics
21935:Declarations
21803:
21768:Turkmenistan
21728:Sierra Leone
21718:Saudi Arabia
21541:Burkina Faso
21393:Institutions
21371:Demographics
21252:
21238:Saudi Arabia
21106:Headquarters
20978:
20966:
20881:Kastellorizo
20760:Turkmenistan
20739:
20725:Saudi Arabia
20436:
20432:Saudi Arabia
20245:Demographics
20225:Human rights
20133:
20129:Saudi Arabia
20114:
20108:
20101:
20089:
19974:Thracian Sea
19959:Sea of Crete
19954:Ligurian Sea
19934:Balearic Sea
19919:Adriatic Sea
19865:Dependencies
19821:
19573:Coat of arms
19495:Demographics
19395:Central Bank
19276: /
19237:High council
19220:Human rights
19147:Constitution
19025:Governorates
18923:Arab kingdom
18915:Modern Syria
18887:Mamluk Syria
18815:
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13979:
13960:
13948:. Retrieved
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13555:
13536:
13522:Zabad (2017)
13517:
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13202:euronews.com
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13178:
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13115:
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13088:
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13068:15 September
13066:. Retrieved
13057:
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12974:The Guardian
12973:
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9711:
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9613:The Guardian
9612:
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8862:14 September
8860:. Retrieved
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7585:the original
7580:
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7565:Ahram Online
7564:
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7530:
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7377:
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7294:Ahram Online
7293:
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7277:
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7259:
7244:
7222:
7182:
7130:white coffee
7111:
7101:are popular
7032:
7027:
7019:
7013:
7006:
6980:Akram Raslan
6965:
6951:
6928:Sabah Fakhri
6918:, a form of
6897:
6878:Nuhad Sharif
6839:
6804:
6775:
6749:
6719:
6688:
6684:Ba'ath Party
6681:
6651:
6614:
6555:
6544:
6516:Shia Muslims
6509:
6473:
6439:
6406:
6403:Mesopotamian
6385:
6356:outside the
6315:
6252:
6220:Syrian Arabs
6208:Palestinians
6197:
5925:Douma, Syria
5695:
5682:
5675:
5535:Demographics
5526:
5481:
5472:
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5454:
5431:
5423:
5416:
5381:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5341:
5325:
5317:
5306:
5258:Syrian pound
5254:
5178:
5170:
5147:
5119:totalitarian
5104:
5083:Human rights
5066:
5050:
5039:
4994:Shebaa farms
4991:
4987:Rafik Hariri
4979:
4971:Donald Trump
4924:
4886:
4816:
4792:
4773:
4736:
4724:human rights
4696:constitution
4654:polity with
4649:
4579:
4527:
4521:
4265:governorates
4262:
4215:Assad regime
4198:sham process
4192:
4171:constitution
4137:include the
4132:
4072:
4062:
4032:
3971:police state
3951:Assad regime
3941:-controlled
3932:
3852:
3837:Biodiversity
3823:Dayr az–Zawr
3821:fields near
3796:
3757:
3690:
3686:displacement
3673:
3618:
3570:
3566:North Korean
3550:Assad regime
3539:
3536:Rafic Hariri
3516:Syrian Kurds
3492:
3473:Bill Clinton
3446:
3398:intelligence
3378:armed forces
3374:totalitarian
3359:
3353:during the "
3311:
3267:Ba'ath party
3260:
3238:
3219:Michel Aflaq
3204:
3176:
3149:Soviet Union
3142:
3122:
3067:
3036:Vichy France
3032:World War II
3020:
2976:
2952:
2839:
2736:Sunni Muslim
2719:
2705:invaded the
2700:
2649:Turco-Mongol
2609:
2589:Salah ad-Din
2558:
2480:
2459:William Muir
2440:
2423:Apostle Paul
2416:
2404:Roman Arabia
2378:(modern day
2361:
2333:Manicheanism
2311:such as the
2305:
2269:
2242:
2216:
2178:Roman Empire
2159:
2085:
1912:
1885:Syro-Hittite
1832:West Semitic
1821:
1696:
1670:of Babylon.
1641:
1561:Mesopotamian
1550:
1527:civilization
1491:Tell Qaramel
1480:
1424:Roman Empire
1421:
1394:
1381:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1309:
1295:
1277:
1275:
1200:Assad family
1192:totalitarian
1189:
1133:Ba'ath Party
1102:
1097:
1085:
1045:
1042:wider region
1039:
1019:largest city
898:
894:
893:
878:Internet TLD
854:Calling code
834:dd/mm/yyyy (
802:Syrian pound
727:• Total
691:• Total
614:• Total
584:8 March 1963
575:Ba'ath Party
546:independence
542:
528:
491:8 March 1920
387:totalitarian
137:
114:Motto:
113:
104:Coat of arms
43:
18:Assad regime
22138: /
21901:Arab League
21863:communities
21616:Ivory Coast
21506:Afghanistan
21411:Pan-Arabism
21320:South Sudan
21058:Arab League
21042:Arab League
20980:Asia portal
20844:territories
20802:recognition
20710:Philippines
20650:South Korea
20645:North Korea
20540:Afghanistan
20291:Archaeology
20021:Middle East
19929:Alboran Sea
19390:Agriculture
19347:air defense
19307:Nationalism
18967:(1950–1963)
18906:(1516–1918)
18889:(1260–1516)
18883:(1174–1260)
18780:Roman Syria
18672:Abu Hureyra
18667:Uruk period
18247:26 November
17917:26 February
17693:27 December
17262:Circassians
16968:1 September
16924:Pead Tracey
16562:27 December
15781:18 February
15687:29 November
15657:29 November
15268:China Daily
15248:30 December
15218:30 December
15187:30 December
14839:22 December
14786:. pp.
14714:12 November
14436:(4): 1–25.
14430:Geopolitics
13832:Geopolitics
13757:(4): 1–25.
13751:Geopolitics
13716:Kurdistan24
13478:Kurdistan24
12984:13 December
12953:18 February
12927:20 February
12011:(1): 5978.
11847:12 November
11786:12 November
11636:19 February
11579:16 February
11548:16 February
11492:22 February
11482:Google News
11357:13 December
11161:22 February
11153:. Antakya.
10400:18 February
10273:Toronto Sun
9685:Acts 9:1–43
9623:13 December
9136:17 February
8780:20 February
8594:Herodotus.
8197:Enab Baladi
7659:30 December
7150:Asia portal
7095:minced beef
7077:is made of
7010:shish kebab
6910:and singer
6882:Talib Umran
6858:Nihad Siris
6609:monasteries
6561:Palestinian
6419:Neo-Aramaic
6283:Circassians
6248:Neo-Aramaic
6224:Palestinian
6045:Deir ez-Zor
5529:agriculture
5426:Deir ez-Zor
5378:amphetamine
5350:Aleppo soap
5266:war economy
5262:state-owned
5185:Navi Pillay
5058:North Korea
5026:Syrian Army
5006:territory.
4959:Circassians
4947:Purple Line
4920:Six-Day War
4891:joining to
4855:Arab League
4843:Arab Spring
4784:Arab Spring
4660:anarchistic
4641:Circassians
4594:sustainable
4563:Deir Ez-Zor
4535:sub-regions
4460:Rif Dimashq
4420:Deir ez-Zor
4415:Deir ez-Zor
4286:Governorate
4188:Arab League
3987:South Sudan
3933:Syria is a
3693:Arab League
3597:Syrian Army
3577:Arab Spring
3524:al-Qamishli
3499:an election
3449:Arab states
3439:Syrian Army
3394:bureaucracy
3338:Six-Day War
3303:Salah Jadid
3191:Salah Jadid
3145:Suez Crisis
3013:during the
2882:World War I
2878:Deir ez-Zor
2876:, of which
2842:World War I
2729:Shia Muslim
2536:founded by
2437:Middle Ages
2372:Julia Domna
2306:pre-Islamic
2290:Phoenicians
2247:kingdom of
2155:Hellenistic
2128:Greco-Roman
2120:Coele-Syria
2066:Roman Syria
2062:Coele-Syria
2014:Babylonians
1969:(in modern
1919:Phoenicians
1849:Bit Bahiani
1688:Sea Peoples
1531:Mesopotamia
1509:tools from
1444:Coele-Syria
1322:Mesopotamia
1242:(July 2015
1208:journalists
1198:around the
1109:brief union
975:Circassians
831:Date format
782: 0.557
578:takes power
521:14 May 1930
464:Legislature
307:and others)
301:Circassians
291:(including
246: /
22153:Categories
22079:Population
21778:Uzbekistan
21748:Tajikistan
21676:Mozambique
21666:Mauritania
21636:Kyrgyzstan
21626:Kazakhstan
21531:Bangladesh
21521:Azerbaijan
21313:Candidates
21213:Mauritania
21147:Membership
21129:Arab Union
21124:Parliament
20770:Uzbekistan
20745:Tajikistan
20660:Kyrgyzstan
20640:Kazakhstan
20590:East Timor
20560:Bangladesh
20550:Azerbaijan
20273:Irreligion
19949:Libyan Sea
19939:Ionian Sea
19924:Aegean Sea
19802:Montenegro
19608:television
19490:Censorship
19417:(currency)
19249:Parliament
19208:Iskandaron
19152:Corruption
18715:Canaanites
18355:. Penguin.
18237:"Damascus"
18074:19 October
17840:22 January
17814:22 January
17787:25 October
17733:25 January
17660:30 January
17514:, p.
17480:WorldAtlas
17417:30 January
17368:30 January
17125:30 January
16901:18 October
16834:19 January
16679:25 October
16609:15 October
16588:28 January
16454:6 December
16179:27 October
15808:19 October
15624:4 December
15461:19 October
15431:18 October
15007:19 January
14782:. London:
14752:Al Jazeera
14683:15 January
14652:1 November
14622:1 November
14592:1 November
14562:1 November
14532:4 December
14496:4 December
14460:14 October
14388:19 January
14361:14 October
14318:19 January
13950:22 October
13911:14 October
13855:1887/87090
13811:14 October
13781:14 October
13727:27 October
13691:27 October
13601:1 November
13488:14 October
13300:1089560229
12901:30 January
12848:22 October
12753:25 October
12697:22 October
12510:30 January
12484:30 January
12436:30 January
11948:BioScience
11816:19 January
11776:Al Jazeera
11239:6 February
11111:Al Jazeera
11081:Al Jazeera
11051:Al Jazeera
11031:20 January
11001:15 October
10909:25 October
10883:23 October
10852:25 October
10764:25 October
10673:30 January
10539:25 October
10283:25 January
10205:23 October
10025:25 January
9958:25 January
9873:25 January
9804:25 January
9727:19 January
9660:. p.
9583:19 January
9243:25 January
9042:19 January
8810:25 October
8736:19 January
8608:19 January
8177:14 October
7986:22 January
7679:WorldAtlas
7362:Al-Monitor
7169:References
6947:Arab world
6916:muwashshah
6785:Literature
6736:(7968th).
6654:vocational
6557:Christians
6532:Christians
6423:Circassian
6358:Arab world
6273:-speaking
6212:Jordanians
6163:Al-Thawrah
5656:18,528,105
5645:18,734,987
5634:21,124,000
5623:17,921,000
5612:13,782,000
5499:hacktivist
5457:Syrian Air
5386:narcostate
5334:A cove in
5270:World Bank
5226:See also:
5197:Christians
5173:John Kerry
4877:See also:
4716:democratic
4670:promoting
4617:polyethnic
4598:autonomous
4590:democratic
4510:Al-Suwayda
4505:Al-Suwayda
4375:Al-Hasakah
4370:Al-Hasakah
4184:sharia law
3997:, and the
3963:Presidency
3908:President
3887:See also:
3847:See also:
3811:al-Hasakah
3727:north and
3581:Arab World
3518:and Arabs
3240:Mukhabarat
3157:İskenderun
3102:Arab World
2897:Mark Sykes
2786:, rebuilt
2651:conqueror
2587:liberator
2526:Ikhshidids
2392:Elagabalus
2317:Ghassanids
2262:Byzantines
2226:Odaenathus
2038:Carchemish
2030:Cimmerians
1893:Carchemish
1861:Aram-Rehob
1754:Asia Minor
1585:Asia Minor
1563:states of
1541:Ishqi-Mari
1432:Palaestina
1401:Asia Minor
1371:Phoenician
1165:presidency
1159:, his son
1027:Ba'athists
1003:Christians
949:. It is a
638:Population
377:Government
365:Demonym(s)
197:Show globe
22135:35°N 38°E
22089:Education
21821:Countries
21813:Observers
21797:Suspended
21708:Palestine
21601:Indonesia
21333:Diplomacy
21304:Venezuela
21277:Observers
21228:Palestine
21101:Geography
20934:Hong Kong
20853:Australia
20842:Dependent
20821:Palestine
20735:Sri Lanka
20730:Singapore
20610:Indonesia
20422:Palestine
20374:Countries
20306:Etiquette
20191:Democracy
20116:West Bank
20102:Palestine
20029:Countries
19886:Gibraltar
19855:Palestine
19550:Squatting
19525:refugees
19500:Education
19459:Transport
19400:Companies
19342:Air force
19319:Terrorism
19232:Judiciary
19193:Elections
19157:President
19061:Euphrates
19051:Al-Jazira
19035:Volcanoes
19020:Districts
18994:Geography
18971:Civil war
18961:(1946–50)
18953:(1930–46)
18947:(1925–30)
18941:(1922–25)
18547:from the
18287:. Verso.
17991:Routledge
17688:0013-0613
17599:143250254
17331:Routledge
17267:Armenians
17257:Assyrians
17024:29 August
16998:29 August
16757:28 August
16731:28 August
16705:28 August
16653:cite book
16645:144596963
16557:0013-0613
16442:0362-4331
16236:24 August
16210:28 August
15930:France 24
15748:28 August
15707:The Hindu
15401:22 August
15157:11 August
15127:11 August
14772:(2005). "
14450:150297675
14308:1743-1638
14248:9 October
14235:Ekurd.net
14133:8 October
14065:23 August
13898:226412887
13771:149972015
13627:5 October
13263:Arab News
13058:USA Today
13037:28 August
13010:28 August
12814:cite book
12553:cite book
12270:cite book
12033:2041-1723
11968:0006-3568
11207:USA Today
10610:cite book
10254:158837784
10246:0707-5332
9929:8 January
9573:162760021
9032:ThoughtCo
8726:162760021
8718:0022-2968
8548:161323237
8513:162760021
8505:0022-2968
8468:5 January
8263:reliefweb
8219:Reliefweb
8053:14 August
7799:cite book
7689:18 August
7624:31 August
7598:Citations
7519:Sources:
7429:cite book
7334:Sources:
7248:Sources:
7196:romanized
7063:shanklish
7059:mujaddara
7043:tabbouleh
6842:1966 coup
6658:admission
6631:Education
6453:Assyrians
6399:Levantine
6376:Languages
6326:Georgians
6318:Albanians
6287:Armenians
6279:Assyrians
6240:Jubb'adin
6228:Assyrians
6200:Levantine
5884:1,552,161
5829:2,132,100
5687:Palestine
5601:9,046,000
5590:6,305,000
5579:4,565,000
5511:activists
5503:Anonymous
5445:Transport
5264:and part
5189:civil war
5150:censoring
5135:massacres
5003:Hezbollah
4983:civil war
4963:Beer Ajam
4867:massacres
4692:diversity
4688:religious
4682:, social
4637:Armenians
4601:pluralist
4547:Euphrates
4269:districts
4083:Islamists
3991:President
3803:Karatchok
3784:Euphrates
3776:Al-Jazira
3740:Geography
3633:Hezbollah
3465:Palestine
3370:Ba'athist
3217:, led by
3207:1961 coup
3130:Nasserism
3125:1954 coup
3070:Palestine
2977:In 1925,
2963:Hashemite
2854:Near East
2760:Armenians
2724:minority—
2665:Samarkand
2653:Tamurlane
2637:Ilkhanate
2581:Assassins
2547:The 1299
2530:Hamdanids
2382:), whose
2329:Mithraism
2302:Nabateans
2286:Assyrians
2170:Seleucids
2136:Assyrians
2108:Eber-Nari
2058:Eber-Nari
2034:Scythians
2026:Scythians
2018:Chaldeans
2006:Eber-Nari
1995:Near East
1979:Near East
1923:Palestine
1915:Canaanite
1834:speaking
1828:Babylonia
1774:Babylonia
1668:Hammurabi
1637:Naram-Sin
1483:Neolithic
1409:Commagene
1380:"Assur",
1334:Assyrians
1266:Etymology
1228:civil war
1141:Ba'athist
1056:. In the
991:Albanians
971:Armenians
967:Assyrians
935:the south
903:West Asia
844:Drives on
813:Time zone
717:(nominal)
403:President
349:Christian
312:Religion
305:Armenians
297:Assyrians
293:Turkomans
287:15–16.5%
21973:Sessions
21851:Thailand
21743:Suriname
21696:Pakistan
21656:Maldives
21651:Malaysia
21566:Djibouti
21551:Cameroon
21178:Djibouti
21116:Military
21078:Politics
20968:Category
20811:Abkhazia
20750:Thailand
20705:Pakistan
20685:Mongolia
20680:Maldives
20675:Malaysia
20575:Cambodia
20387:Djibouti
20268:Religion
20258:Genetics
20213:Timeline
19812:Slovenia
19660:Category
19620:Religion
19545:Scouting
19520:diaspora
19405:Industry
19329:Military
19274:national
19254:Speakers
19135:Politics
19044:Features
18710:Arameans
18700:Amorites
18631:Timeline
18611:articles
18549:BBC News
18095:ArteEast
18017:(2004).
17983:(1988).
17961:. SESRIC
17933:"Health"
17877:Archived
17765:23 April
17546:Brighton
17311:. 2015.
17288:BBC News
17177:23 April
17101:12629598
16320:Archived
16256:HuffPost
16015:BBC News
15989:Archived
15934:Archived
15904:Archived
15873:Archived
15869:Fox News
15802:Archived
15775:Archived
15742:Archived
15681:Archived
15651:Archived
15618:Archived
15455:Archived
15425:Archived
15366:Archived
15335:Archived
15278:23 April
15242:Archived
15212:Archived
15208:Ynetnews
15181:Archived
15177:BBC News
15151:Archived
15147:BBC News
15121:Archived
15101:17 March
15095:Archived
15075:25 March
15069:Archived
15034:Archived
15001:Archived
14978:Archived
14964:Archived
14950:Archived
14910:Archived
14896:Archived
14878:Archived
14833:Archived
14708:Archived
14677:Archived
14616:Archived
14586:Archived
14556:Archived
14523:Archived
14487:Archived
14483:Imemo.ru
14454:Archived
14382:Archived
14355:Archived
14312:Archived
14211:19 April
14160:Archived
14123:ARA News
14055:ARA News
13944:Archived
13902:Archived
13805:Archived
13801:ANF News
13775:Archived
13721:Archived
13685:Archived
13653:Archived
13621:Archived
13595:Archived
13591:BBC News
13482:Archived
13416:cite web
13242:15 April
13232:efsyn.gr
13212:15 April
13206:Archived
13101:cite web
13062:Archived
13031:Archived
13004:Archived
12978:Archived
12947:Archived
12842:Archived
12838:BBC News
12779:10 March
12747:Archived
12691:Archived
12671:10 March
12665:Archived
12611:cite web
12504:Archived
12478:Archived
12430:Archived
12380:Archived
12160:refworld
12114:refworld
12051:33293507
11986:28608869
11841:Archived
11810:Archived
11780:Archived
11750:Archived
11746:BBC News
11726:20 March
11720:Archived
11694:20 March
11688:Archived
11662:10 April
11656:Archived
11630:Archived
11605:10 April
11573:Archived
11542:Archived
11518:17 April
11512:Archived
11462:10 April
11456:Archived
11452:BBC News
11432:10 April
11426:Archived
11402:10 April
11396:Archived
11367:cite web
11339:Archived
11310:Archived
11217:10 April
11211:Archived
11181:Archived
11155:Archived
11115:Archived
11085:Archived
11055:Archived
11025:Archived
11021:BBC News
10995:Archived
10970:17 March
10964:Archived
10940:28 April
10934:Archived
10930:BBC News
10903:Archived
10846:Archived
10842:BBC News
10822:10 March
10816:Archived
10758:Archived
10667:Archived
10632:(2005).
10575:10 March
10569:Archived
10533:Archived
10421:(1988).
10394:Archived
10277:Archived
10199:Archived
10119:Archived
9952:Archived
9923:Archived
9899:23 April
9867:Archived
9798:Archived
9768:Archived
9617:Archived
9577:Archived
9264:(2002).
9036:Archived
8804:Archived
8774:Archived
8730:Archived
8671:Archived
8632:Archived
8602:Archived
8573:Archived
8462:Archived
8171:Archived
8145:Archived
8079:9 August
8047:Archived
8015:Archived
7980:Archived
7954:Archived
7758:refworld
7683:Archived
7653:Archived
7396:Sources:
7226:Arabic:
7208:سُورِيَة
7191:سُورِيَا
7136:See also
7099:manakish
7067:pastırma
7055:shawarma
7047:fattoush
7001:Fattoush
6920:Andalous
6666:literacy
6621:Qamishii
6593:Maronite
6528:Alawites
6524:Twelvers
6520:Ismailis
6478:Religion
6469:Ma'loula
6443:was the
6431:Armenian
6366:refugees
6346:Arabized
6342:Russians
6338:Pashtuns
6334:Persians
6322:Bosnians
6299:Qamishli
6263:Kurmanji
6236:Ma'loula
6204:Lebanese
6113:Qamishli
5934:110,893
5900:114,363
5891:Jaramana
5880:Damascus
5875:Damascus
5845:115,769
5812:Damascus
5784:Province
5768:Province
5702:refugees
5666:Source:
5374:captagon
5321:captagon
5278:offshore
5250:Damascus
5193:Alawites
5030:Damascus
5010:Military
4961:such as
4951:Quneitra
4786:and the
4728:minority
4704:partisan
4664:feminist
4629:Assyrian
4609:feminist
4528:de facto
4480:Quneitra
4475:Quneitra
4450:Damascus
4445:Damascus
4289:Capital
4167:tribunal
4149:Courts.
3668:Damascus
3625:Alawites
3541:Intifada
3455:against
3453:Gulf War
3422:Quneitra
3189:, Major
3096:by Col.
3074:attacked
2983:a revolt
2959:Faisal I
2866:genocide
2830:Armenian
2796:Tanzimat
2673:Assyrian
2565:Crusades
2522:Tulunids
2469:Umayyad
2442:Muhammad
2388:El-Gabal
2313:Lakhmids
2298:Armenian
2274:Arameans
2249:Adiabene
2245:Assyrian
2230:Shapur I
2162:Armenian
2157:Empire.
2144:Seleucid
2132:Arameans
2022:Persians
1967:Carthage
1963:Portugal
1943:Ramitha,
1889:Palistin
1881:Hittites
1836:Arameans
1810:Rekhmire
1764:Empire,
1750:Hittites
1735:Hurrians
1708:(modern
1680:Ugaritic
1656:Amorites
1648:Amorites
1644:Hurrians
1613:Akkadian
1589:Pharaohs
1515:Hamoukar
1511:Anatolia
1507:obsidian
1499:Mureybet
1440:Phoenice
1417:Adiabene
1358:Akkadian
1338:Arameans
1248:refugees
1098:de facto
1023:Damascus
1007:Alawites
995:Chechens
983:Turkmens
951:republic
909:and the
798:Currency
543:De facto
385:under a
381:Unitary
282:9.5–10%
222:Damascus
22072:Imports
22067:Exports
22052:Economy
22017:Seventh
21928:History
21758:Tunisia
21733:Somalia
21723:Senegal
21686:Nigeria
21671:Morocco
21641:Lebanon
21561:Comoros
21526:Bahrain
21516:Algeria
21511:Albania
21499:Members
21376:Economy
21294:Eritrea
21284:Armenia
21258:Tunisia
21243:Somalia
21218:Morocco
21203:Lebanon
21173:Comoros
21168:Bahrain
21163:Algeria
21155:Members
21111:History
21091:Council
21086:Charter
20775:Vietnam
20690:Myanmar
20670:Lebanon
20600:Georgia
20555:Bahrain
20545:Armenia
20451:Regions
20412:Lebanon
20382:Bahrain
20323:Studies
20301:Cuisine
20284:Culture
20208:History
20196:Economy
20179:Society
20084:Lebanon
20037:Bahrain
19901:(Spain)
19898:Melilla
19827:Tunisia
19807:Morocco
19782:Lebanon
19747:Croatia
19737:Algeria
19732:Albania
19644:Outline
19625:Smoking
19578:Cuisine
19560:Culture
19478:Society
19378:Economy
19095:Related
19081:Orontes
19010:Borders
18619:History
18560:project
17965:5 March
17943:5 March
17631:Reuters
17591:4283331
17391:24 July
17251:Turkmen
17238:: 3–5,
17147:24 July
17092:1180338
16988:Reuters
16583:Reuters
16374:11 June
16348:11 June
16326:11 June
16173:Reuters
16155:"Syria"
16114:13 July
16047:26 July
16021:24 June
15995:11 June
15910:7 April
15879:7 April
15828:UN News
15717:13 July
15527:UN News
15372:6 April
15331:Reuters
14829:4322848
14788:203–227
14673:Haaretz
14642:Reuters
14582:Reuters
14552:Reuters
13571:12 June
13029:. BBC.
12917:"Syria"
12452:"Syria"
12042:7723057
12013:Bibcode
11977:5451287
11890:15 June
11756:20 June
11329:17 July
11121:12 June
11091:21 June
11061:12 June
9774:21 July
8677:13 June
8663:"Syria"
8641:21 July
8579:2 March
8113:"Syria"
7960:7 April
7946:"Syria"
7911:22 June
7896:"Syria"
7549:DW News
7532:Reuters
7278:DW News
7261:Reuters
7198::
7091:Za'atar
7075:Baklava
7024:Turkish
6986:Cuisine
6904:Asmahan
6874:utopiae
6755:Culture
6441:Aramaic
6427:Chechen
6415:Turkish
6411:Kurdish
6389:is the
6271:Turkish
6259:Yazidis
6186:Syrians
6172:69,425
6156:136,427
6138:73,641
6129:Suwayda
6122:184,231
6104:78,763
6095:Darayya
6088:188,160
6079:Hasakah
6070:84,948
6054:211,857
6036:97,969
6020:220,488
6002:98,791
5986:312,994
5968:99,497
5952:383,786
5943:Latakia
5918:652,609
5865:Latakia
5691:Somalia
5570:±% p.a.
5551:Syrians
5338:in 2014
5336:Latakia
5212:Economy
5158:torture
5145:, etc.
4831:Lebanon
4819:Algeria
4684:ecology
4652:secular
4645:Yazidis
4633:Turkmen
4621:Kurdish
4613:parties
4315:Latakia
4310:Latakia
4223:Comoros
4202:rigging
4163:Islamic
4155:Ottoman
4151:Islamic
4095:amnesty
4085:of the
3819:al-Taym
3815:al-Omar
3733:Alawite
3725:Kurdish
3721:Sunnite
3670:in 2020
3653:Lebanon
3546:Lebanon
3528:Hasakeh
3520:clashed
3428:by the
3386:Alawite
3332:led to
3229:by its
2961:of the
2949:in 1936
2856:to the
2840:During
2792:peasant
2740:Aramean
2669:Aramean
2645:Mamluks
2635:of the
2633:Mongols
2624:Qalawun
2620:Baibars
2616:Galilee
2601:Mongols
2599:to the
2593:Ayyubid
2585:Kurdish
2561:Italian
2518:Aramaic
2506:Baghdad
2492:led by
2485:by the
2431:Antioch
2325:Judaism
2266:Aramaic
2260:to the
2234:Zenobia
2222:Aramaic
2218:Palmyra
2182:Antioch
2104:satrapy
2080:Palmyra
2002:Islamic
1989:as the
1971:Tunisia
1824:Suteans
1814:Retjenu
1762:Mitanni
1727:Alalakh
1676:Latakia
1601:Abarsal
1581:Hattian
1577:Hurrian
1569:Assyria
1454:History
1413:Sophene
1351:Assyria
1343:Ἀσσυρία
1318:Assyria
1256:poverty
1171:, with
1131:of the
1086:de jure
1082:Ottoman
1058:Islamic
1046:al-Sham
999:Muslims
943:Lebanon
789: (
707:$ 2,900
590:•
572:•
541:•
529:De jure
527:•
514:•
497:•
484:•
446:•
431:•
416:•
401:•
335:Alawite
277:74–75%
234:36°18′E
231:33°30′N
215:Capital
138:Anthem:
22184:Levant
22140:35; 38
22022:Eighth
22002:Fourth
21992:Second
21961:(2010)
21955:(2008)
21949:(1990)
21861:Muslim
21846:Russia
21773:Uganda
21763:Turkey
21631:Kuwait
21621:Jordan
21596:Guyana
21586:Guinea
21581:Gambia
21546:Brunei
21289:Brazil
21198:Kuwait
21193:Jordan
20874:Greece
20831:Taiwan
20755:Turkey
20720:Russia
20655:Kuwait
20635:Jordan
20625:Israel
20585:Cyprus
20570:Brunei
20565:Bhutan
20407:Kuwait
20402:Jordan
20397:Israel
20296:Cinema
20201:Energy
20151:Turkey
20079:Kuwait
20074:Jordan
20069:Israel
20042:Cyprus
19832:Turkey
19797:Monaco
19772:Israel
19767:Greece
19762:France
19752:Cyprus
19568:Anthem
19515:People
19510:Hunger
19505:Health
19415:Pound
19117:Levant
19076:Hermon
19071:Hauran
19030:Rivers
19015:Cities
18925:(1920)
18745:Ugarit
18730:Yamhad
18609:
18531:Curlie
18492:
18460:
18439:
18420:
18406:, Saqi
18389:
18328:
18310:
18291:
18274:
18194:
18158:
18101:
18029:
17997:
17686:
17597:
17589:
17552:
17522:
17459:
17337:
17099:
17089:
17050:20 May
16825:
16788:
16643:
16633:
16555:
16440:
15969:31 May
15341:5 July
14938:
14865:
14827:
14794:
14448:
14306:
14194:
14166:20 May
14011:
13936:
13896:
13769:
13329:12 May
13298:
13288:
12802:
12720:
12638:
12580:
12541:
12389:12 May
12329:
12310:
12291:
12258:
12232:
12049:
12039:
12031:
11984:
11974:
11966:
11913:
11392:News24
11292:17 May
11266:17 May
11187:17 May
10789:
10644:
10598:
10511:
10462:
10435:
10368:
10335:
10310:
10252:
10244:
10125:21 May
10077:
10048:
9845:
9668:
9571:
9521:
9494:
9467:
9440:
9413:
9355:
9328:
9301:
9274:
9215:
9188:
9161:
9094:
9067:
9007:
8977:
8950:
8923:
8896:
8835:
8766:
8724:
8716:
8546:
8511:
8503:
8241:unicef
8151:3 June
7858:
7839:
7820:
7787:
7581:RFE/RL
7488:
7469:
7450:
7417:
7310:RFE/RL
7214:Sūriya
7202:Sūriyā
7187:Arabic
7126:jallab
7051:labneh
7039:hummus
7035:kibbeh
7028:yaprak
7020:yabraʾ
7015:yabraʾ
6815:Adonis
6800:Adunis
6779:Dabkeh
6740:Health
6536:Druzes
6530:, 10%
6522:, and
6505:Aleppo
6490:, and
6455:, and
6449:Arabic
6387:Arabic
6362:Brazil
6360:is in
6350:Muslim
6330:Greeks
6244:Bakh'a
5959:Manbij
5836:Tartus
5820:Aleppo
5802:Aleppo
5717:
5659:−0.28%
5648:−2.96%
5637:+2.38%
5626:+2.66%
5615:+3.29%
5604:+3.34%
5593:+3.28%
5501:group
5287:Russia
5183:chief
5036:, 2012
4939:Israel
4893:Turkey
4849:, the
4810:
4804:
4743:Kobani
4739:Manbij
4666:, and
4643:, and
4607:, and
4559:Manbij
4543:Jazira
4390:Tartus
4385:Tartus
4345:Aleppo
4340:Aleppo
4239:Rojava
4233:, the
4178:, the
4161:, and
4159:French
4141:, the
4047:Muslim
3989:. The
3939:Ba'ath
3865:, and
3831:Kirkuk
3807:Rmelan
3780:Hawran
3729:Shiite
3723:east,
3703:, the
3699:, the
3695:, the
3657:Turkey
3645:Jordan
3477:Geneva
3469:Jordan
3326:Israel
3316:: one
3173:, 1960
3171:Aleppo
3153:Turkey
3062:, and
3011:Ghouta
2894:Briton
2886:Allied
2884:, two
2844:, the
2836:, 1915
2808:Beirut
2800:Aleppo
2772:millet
2659:, and
2605:Hulegu
2553:Ghazan
2534:Aleppo
2510:Arabic
2471:fresco
2412:Shahba
2384:family
2356:Apamea
2294:Jewish
2258:Romans
2254:Arbeia
2201:Arabia
2148:Jewish
2068:, and
1947:Shuksi
1939:Paltos
1931:Simyra
1897:Sam'al
1873:Aramea
1869:Luhuti
1867:, and
1857:Hamath
1733:, the
1710:Aleppo
1706:Yamhad
1698:Aleppo
1672:Ugarit
1631:after
1611:after
1597:Ibrium
1571:, and
1428:Judaea
1415:, and
1397:Arabia
1330:Levant
1298:Sýrioi
1291:Σύριοι
1288:name:
1282:Luwian
1185:Rojava
1183:, and
1123:. The
1013:, and
993:, and
979:Greeks
939:Israel
937:, and
931:Jordan
919:Turkey
911:Levant
887:سوريا.
786:medium
773:(2022)
771:
753:(2014)
751:
715:
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