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2300:. This was not considered serious music but, rather, short pieces considered accessible to a general audience. In addition to works for piano solo or violin and piano, the Belle Époque was famous for its large repertory of songs (mélodies, romanze, etc.). The Italians were the greatest proponents of this type of song, its greatest champion being
2016:. Impressionism, which had been considered the artistic avant-garde in the 1860s, did not gain widespread acceptance until after World War I. The academic painting style, associated with the Academy of Art in Paris, remained the most respected style among the public in Paris. Artists who appealed to the Belle Époque public include
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died. It was during the 1890s that his paintings achieved the admiration denied them during his life; first among other artists, then gradually among the public. Reactions against the ideals of the
Impressionists characterised visual arts in Paris during the Belle Époque. Among the
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performances. Theatre adopted new modern methods, including
Expressionism, and many playwrights wrote plays that shocked contemporary audiences either with their frank depictions of everyday life and sexuality or with unusual artistic elements. Cabaret theatre also became popular.
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in 1906. Indeed, for many
Europeans during the Belle Époque, transnational, class-based affiliations were as important as national identities, particularly among aristocrats. An upper-class gentleman could travel through much of Western Europe without a
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directed at
Dreyfus, and tolerated by the general French public in everyday society, was a central issue in the controversy and the court trials that followed. Public debate surrounding the Dreyfus Affair grew to an uproar after the publication of
2009:
in painting began well before the Belle Époque, it had initially been met with scepticism if not outright scorn by a public accustomed to the realist and representational art approved by the
Academy. In 1890, Monet started his series
2304:. Though Tosti's songs never completely left the repertoire, salon music generally fell into a period of obscurity. Even as encores, singers were afraid to sing them at serious recitals. In that period, waltzes also flourished.
1917:
in central Europe), characterised by its curvilinear forms, and nature-inspired motifs became prominent from the mid-1890s and dominated progressive design throughout much of Europe. Its use in public art in Paris, such as
1354:
during the period leading up to World War I. Political assassinations and assassination attempts were still rare in France (unlike in Russia) but there were some notable exceptions, including the killing of
President
1337:
Meanwhile, the international workers' movement also reorganised itself and reinforced pan-European, class-based identities among the classes whose labour supported the Belle Époque. The most notable transnational
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Those who were able to benefit from the prosperity of the era were drawn towards new forms of light entertainment during the Belle Époque, and the
Parisian bourgeoisie, or the successful industrialists called the
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1907:
was influenced by a similar exhibit when he visited Paris during the 1890s). Exhibits of
African tribal art also captured the imagination of Parisian artists at the turn of the 20th century.
1374:
while in office took the country by surprise, but had no destabilising effect on the government. The most serious political issue to face the country during this period was the
1489:, building their own overseas empires especially in Africa and Asia. Although there were numerous revolutions, civil wars and colonial insurrections, the most notable are: the
1397:, condemning government corruption and French antisemitism. The Dreyfus affair consumed the interest of the French for several years and it received heavy newspaper coverage.
1131:
held in Paris, became the accustomed symbol of the city, to its inhabitants and to visitors from around the world. Paris hosted another successful World's Fair in 1900, the
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satirising a
Parisian style trend favouring small breasts ("Is she ridiculous, this woman, with her enormous bosom?" "It seems that it is still going in the provinces.").
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parties did increase in many countries, and it has been claimed that profound political instability belied the calm surface of
European politics in the era. In fact,
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and even reside abroad with minimal bureaucratic regulation. World War I, mass transportation, the spread of literacy, and various citizenship concerns changed this.
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had been published in the 1850s, it exerted a strong influence on the next generation of poets and artists. The Decadent movement fascinated Parisians, intrigued by
4245:
3337:
804:
2360:, who enjoyed the height of his popularity in both Parisian concert and salon life (despite his stance on the accused in the Dreyfus affair). Ravel and
933:(joy of living) in contrast to 19th century hardships. It was also a period of stability that France enjoyed after the tumult of the early years of the
1818:
made important contributions to pure and applied mathematics, and also published books for the general public on mathematical and scientific subjects.
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Twilight of the Belle Epoque: The Paris of Picasso, Stravinsky, Proust, Renault, Marie Curie, Gertrude Stein, and Their Friends Through the Great War
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1900:
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achieved a new splendor and cachet as places for the rich to parade. Maxim's Paris was arguably the city's most exclusive restaurant.
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The Belle Époque was an era of great scientific and technological advancement in Europe and the world in general. Inventions of the
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was invented in Paris, the center of the Belle Époque, where fashion began to move in a yearly cycle. In Paris, restaurants such as
1903:, held an exhibition of Japanese printmaking that changed approaches to graphic design, particular posters and book illustration (
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2130:, which emerged in the 1890s and came to dominate European literature during the Belle Époque's final years and throughout the
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changed its housing, street layouts, and green spaces. The walkable neighbourhoods were well-established by the Belle Époque.
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and international tensions grew considerably between 1897 and 1914, and the immediate prewar years were marked by a general
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to Germany in 1871, a series of diplomatic conferences managed to mediate disputes that threatened the general peace: the
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markedly flourished, and numerous masterpieces of literature, music, theatre and visual art gained extensive recognition.
59:
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extended to the upper classes. Exotic feathers and furs were more prominently featured in fashion than ever before, as
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achieved its greatest power in global politics, and also exerted its maximum influence upon peoples outside Europe."
726:
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were exhibited. Foreign influences were being strongly felt in Paris as well. The official art school in Paris, the
1822:
worked in France, winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. Physicist
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had a far-reaching impact on European writers, and ran editions in London, Paris, Saint Petersburg, and Berlin.
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painters. These painters were associates of the Pre-Raphaelites, who inspired a generation of aesthetic-minded "
1734:, brothers who held the first film screenings in the world. The Lumière brothers made many other innovations in
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Most of the great powers (and some minor ones such as Belgium, the Netherlands, or Denmark) became involved in
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performance styles were more mainstream in Belle Époque Paris than in more staid cities of Europe and America.
874:, scientific, and cultural innovations. In this era of France's cultural and artistic climate (particularly in
1788:
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Dawn of the Belle Époque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau, and Their Friends
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1023:, became increasingly influenced by the habits and fads of the city's elite social class, known popularly as
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and established modern ballet technique. The Ballets Russes launched several ballet masterpieces, including
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1076:, was well known in Paris as a headline performer at top cabarets. Belle Époque dancers and singers such as
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France enjoyed relative political stability at home during the Belle Époque. The sudden death of President
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in 1893, causing injuries but no deaths. Terrorism against civilians also occurred in 1894, perpetrated by
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is the most popularly recognised art movement to emerge from the period. This largely decorative style (
1548:(1914–1918), whose level of material and human destruction at the industrial level marks the end of the
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dance was a popular 19th-century cabaret style that appears in Toulouse-Lautrec's posters from the era.
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Reader, K. (2020). The Marais: The Story of a Quartier. United Kingdom: Liverpool University Press.p.74
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Martin, B. F. (1999). The Hypocrisy of Justice in the Belle Epoque. United States: LSU Press. passim.
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devoted enormous spaces to interior designs as Art Nouveau show places. After the mid-19th century,
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It was not entirely the reality of life in Paris or in France, however. France had a large economic
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The Belle Époque was so named in retrospect, when it began to be considered a continental European "
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A number of French inventors patented products with a lasting impact on modern society. After the
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Many successful examples of Art Nouveau, with notable regional variations, were built in France,
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in a multitude of new fashionable forms, which were superseded towards the end of the era by the
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that became generally common in this era include the perfection of lightly sprung, noiseless
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was wrongly convicted of treason, with fabricated evidence from French government officials.
1326:'s open letter to the French government and the country, condemning the treatment of Captain
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Shaw, M. (2015). War and Genocide: Organised Killing in Modern Society. Germany: Wiley. p.10
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Two devastating world wars and their aftermath made the Belle Époque appear to be a time of
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1631:: the first sustained flight with a powered, controlled, heavier than air aircraft (1903).
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was published in 1886, and subsequently his other works were also published, influencing
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1977:. More modern forms in sculpture also began to dominate as in the works of Paris-native
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Prominent artists in Paris during the Belle Époque included post-Impressionists such as
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There were also notable diplomatic conflicts that could provoke world wars such as the
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seen by the French public. Free verse and typographic experimentation also emerged in
1477:(pink) is the most powerful in the world at this time, thanks to the dominance of the
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agreed that French music of this time was simply "Edvard Grieg plus the third act of
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achieved new heights. Among the most famous French realist or naturalist authors are
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It was during this era that biologists and physicians finally came to understand the
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1219:. Their carriages were rigorously divided into first-class and second-class, but the
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was perhaps the most famous scientist in France during this time. Pasteur developed
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and his depictions of idyllic Roman scenes. More progressive tastes patronised the
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for decades after the Belle Époque ended. Conflicts between the government and the
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opened in 1890. For Paris's less affluent public, entertainment was provided by
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and World War I. The Belle Époque was a period in which, according to historian
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1962:
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2356:. According to Fauré and Ravel, the favoured composer of the Belle Époque was
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2006:
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who never experienced much of the Belle Époque's wonders and entertainments.
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was invented in 1907 as a pioneering method for color photography. Here the
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were developed, though these did not become common until after World War I.
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during the Belle Époque and after. Rimbaud's poems were the first works of
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materials. His work confirmed and explained earlier observations regarding
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3490:"Incontestably the favorite flowers of the Belle Époque were orchids and
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European politics saw very few regime changes, the major exception being
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2320:. Many Belle Époque composers working in Paris are still popular today:
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Paris's popular bourgeois theatre was dominated by the light farces of
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began to emerge as a powerful artistic development in theatre. Dancer
1303:
who did not live in the wealthy centers of cities. One result of this
1227:, as exclusivity as well as display was a hallmark of opulent luxury.
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2757:
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2275:'s poetry introduced themes and imagery from modern life to readers.
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and World War I were characterised by unusual political stability in
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in 1910. However, tensions between working-class socialist parties,
957:
was in its prime. It was a cultural center of global influence, its
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remained at the forefront. Although Baudelaire's poetry collection
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were regular during the period. Some of the artistic elite saw the
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2007, p. 112; the fashion for orchids is narrated in Eric Hansen,
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were also at the peak of their popularity, with composers such as
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3285:. Colton, Joel, Kramer, Lloyd S. (11th ed.). New York, NY.
2144:
in 1909, to be published after World War I. The works of German
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3423:"Entertainment in the Parisian Fairs in the Eighteenth Century"
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cabaret is a Paris landmark still open for business today. The
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La vie élégante ou La formation du Tout-Paris : 1815–1848
1891:
took hold of many artists in Paris and Vienna. Early works of
1427:
in Europe. Additionally, this era was one of massive overseas
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1435:. The most famous portion of this imperial expansion was the
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Orchid Fever: A Horticultural Tale of Love, Lust, and Lunacy
2198:
are among France's most popular fiction writers of the era.
949:. The defeat of Boulanger, and the celebrations tied to the
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1969:(whose reputation improved substantially after his death),
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Cheap coal and cheap labour contributed to the cult of the
272:
188:
3532:
The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War
2382:, and took her eclectic performance style abroad as well.
2158:
shocked France with the publication of the sexually frank
2110:
underwent a major transformation during the Belle Époque.
1749:
remained a fascinating experiment, France was a leader in
1393:, an open letter sent to newspapers by prominent novelist
153:
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1143:
reforms to the city's architecture and public amenities.
1299:
in transporting the working population, including those
2446:
Flag-map of the world (1914), just before the start of
1367:, who killed a cafe patron and wounded several others.
3606:
The Belle Époque: A Cultural History, Paris and Beyond
2422:(and their colonies) in the year 1885, when after the
1695:
as a vehicle for rapid communication, French inventor
1176:
lifestyles gained a different glamour, pursued in the
862:, enlightenment, regional peace, economic prosperity,
2406:(sometimes causing audience riots at the same time).
2209:
that captures the vibrant spirit of the Belle Époque.
1765:, made independent experiments with the first flying
953:
in Paris, launched an era of optimism and affluence.
3143:Modern dance (and modern stage lighting) innovator
3617:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1982.
1100:were Paris celebrities, some of whom modelled for
3327:
3113:, sculptures by Jean-François Larrivé (1875–1928)
2296:Musically, the Belle Époque was characterised by
1665:were already pioneers in carriage manufacturing.
969:institutions were at the leading edge of Europe.
838:for 'The Beautiful Era') was a period of
4765:
2734:that ceded the archipelago to the United States.
1926:stations, has made it synonymous with the city.
1753:. France established the world's first national
595:
1676:for bicycles and automobiles in the 1890s. The
1639:The world's first movie poster, for the comedy
904:
1127:, built to serve as the grand entrance to the
1029:("all of Paris", or "everyone in Paris"). The
3730:
3520:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918
3385:
2148:had a huge impact in France as well, such as
2084:. It soon spread around the world, including
1617:in 1912 is the best-known tragedy of the era.
1115:A 1900 cartoon by Jan Duch from the magazine
798:
4106:
4085:
3945:
3683:– many pictures of Art Nouveau architecture
3281:Palmer, Robert Roswell (20 September 2013).
3126:La charmeuse de Serpents (The Snake-Charmer)
3065:, it coincided with the period known as the
1259:persisted as a result of the French loss of
1132:
850:in 1871 and continued until the outbreak of
2278:Cosmopolis: An International Monthly Review
1154:and made possible the perfection of fruits
1139:. Paris had been profoundly changed by the
3737:
3723:
3313:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2450:(1914–1918), which ended the stage of the
2409:
805:
791:
58:
3685:(in German, English, French, and Italian)
3420:
2256:Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard
1879:(also in poetry, music, and visual art),
1574:
1195:linked all the major cities of Europe to
854:in 1914. Occurring during the era of the
3696:in Paris through postcards and documents
2441:
2433:
2413:
2200:
1983:
1837:
1634:
1620:
1605:
1589:
1578:
1468:
1452:
1317:
1234:
1110:
998:
908:
3575:
3546:, a car for the masses, rolled off the
3283:A history of Europe in the modern world
2378:appeared at popular venues such as the
1703:, to transmit photos by telephone. The
1544:(1913) are considered prologues to the
14:
4766:
3280:
3215:Paris architecture of the Belle Époque
2543:, it coincided with the beginnings of
1291:underground railway system joined the
3718:
3340:from the original on 27 November 2012
1851:, 1876, oil on canvas, 131 × 175 cm,
1833:
1442:
1359:in 1894. A bomb was detonated in the
1311:and upper-class neighbourhoods to be
1239:Europe during the Belle Époque (1911)
825:
27:Period in European history, 1871–1914
2213:Among poets, the Symbolists such as
1465:in the tropical areas of the planet.
889:" in contrast to the horrors of the
2913:, at the beginning of the reign of
2126:. Realism gradually developed into
1449:International relations (1814–1919)
1415:parties and landed or aristocratic
1257:tensions between France and Germany
1187:Large public buildings such as the
858:, it was a period characterised by
24:
3635:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2011).
3608:(Columbia University Press, 2021).
3595:
3328:Julie Des Jardins (October 2011).
2845:, it coincided with the reigns of
2602:, ushering in the period known as
2430:between the colonial powers began.
1738:. It was during this era that the
1684:are also Belle Époque inventions.
980:remained endemic in Paris's urban
25:
4845:
3744:
3670:
3642:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)
4784:1914 disestablishments in France
3653:Belle Epoque: Paris in the 1890s
3184:
3151:
3136:
3118:
3099:
846:that began after the end of the
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759:
225:
187:
152:
3578:"Grieg. The Paris Stay of 1903"
3569:
3553:
3536:
3524:
3505:
3109:building in Paris by architect
2520:, it began with the end of the
2164:novel series, and other works.
1757:in 1910. Two French inventors,
1505:(1880–1881 and 1899–1902), the
1287:that ensured cheap labour. The
1145:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
4076:Government of National Defense
3484:
3471:
3414:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3321:
3274:
2939:, with the last period of the
2576:, the period was known as the
1814:. Mathematician and physicist
1699:developed the Belinograph, or
13:
1:
4779:1871 establishments in France
3985:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
3980:War of the Spanish Succession
3576:Nectoux, Jean-Michel (2009).
3566:Paris: Éditions du Manuscrit.
3564:La musique à la Belle Époque.
3428:The Journal of Modern History
3421:Isherwood, Robert M. (1981).
2438:Flag-map of the world (1900).
2205:A French poster from 1894 by
1718:France was a leader of early
1598:used to transmit messages in
1361:Chamber of Deputies of France
1307:was suburbanisation allowing
148:
32:Belle Époque (disambiguation)
3386:Martin-Fugier, Anne (1993).
3230:Second Industrial Revolution
3222:, Belle Époque architect in
2231:, who became the archetypal
1867:movements in Paris were the
1651:Second Industrial Revolution
1283:The Belle Époque featured a
1056:was another landmark venue.
905:Popular culture and fashions
7:
4814:History of Europe by period
3203:
2499:
1848:Bal du moulin de la Galette
1789:Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor
1779:in 1896 while working with
1230:
10:
4850:
4829:Cultural history of Europe
4466:French subdivisions by GDP
4213:2022 presidential election
4198:2017 presidential election
3706:in Dijon through postcards
3494:," (Gabriele Fahr-Becker,
3092:
3055:
2730:, with the signing of the
2619:, the period was known as
2018:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
1726:was invented in France by
1446:
1357:Marie François Sadi Carnot
1350:of different affiliations
1104:'s iconic poster art. The
945:, and the fall of General
937:, featuring defeat in the
36:
29:
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4527:
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4405:
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3874:
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3812:Liberalism and radicalism
3764:
3755:
3690:Paris1900.lartnouveau.com
3516:English History 1914–1945
3210:Paris in the Belle Époque
3179:in Paris on 16 March 1891
2945:First Portuguese Republic
2772:
2698:Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
2587:, with the period of the
2509:, with the period of the
2458:
1994:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
1967:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
1887:. Between 1900 and 1914,
1732:Auguste and Louis Lumière
1715:were invented in France.
1511:First Italo-Ethiopian War
1322:A newspaper headline for
1133:
1012:, by Theodor Grust, 1902.
171:
151:
143:
113:
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57:
52:
47:
4241:Administrative divisions
3710:French Actress Postcards
3660:"Paris: La Belle Époque"
3655:(Hamish Hamilton, 1972).
3330:"Madame Curie's Passion"
3267:
2656:, it coincided with the
2565:, it coincided with the
2554:, it coincided with the
2134:. The Modernist classic
1873:Salon de la Rose + Croix
1223:now began to commission
1008:style coffee service in
996:in a pessimistic light.
947:Georges Ernest Boulanger
584:
546:
376:
365:
344:
134:Georges Ernest Boulanger
4461:Franc (former currency)
4066:Coup of 2 December 1851
4039:Long nineteenth century
3084:, and the beginning of
2887:, and the beginning of
2764:, and the beginning of
2719:, and the beginning of
2696:, and the beginning of
2694:Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
2645:, and the beginning of
2627:
2410:Belle Époque by country
2026:John William Waterhouse
1586:built in France in 1891
1523:Philippine-American War
1507:First Sino-Japanese War
1269:Berlin Congo Conference
1225:private railway coaches
4481:Science and technology
4138:Provisional Government
4107:
4086:
3946:
3700:Dijon1900.blogspot.com
3067:Australian gold rushes
2808:, at the beginning of
2545:Canadian Confederation
2534:Belle Époque in Brazil
2455:
2439:
2431:
2210:
2137:In Search of Lost Time
2002:
1855:
1830:, still in use today.
1820:Marie Skłodowska-Curie
1796:germ theory of disease
1646:
1632:
1618:
1603:
1587:
1575:Science and technology
1569:Second Moroccan Crisis
1557:1890 British Ultimatum
1482:
1481:, among other reasons.
1466:
1404:, which experienced a
1334:
1243:The years between the
1240:
1158:, as the apparatus of
1135:Exposition Universelle
1120:
1013:
941:, the uprising of the
924:
420:Valois-Angoulême kings
3664:Conspectus of History
3198:photographed in 1914.
3076:, with the reigns of
3047:and the beginning of
2995:, with the reigns of
2973:and the beginning of
2924:, with the reigns of
2898:, with the reigns of
2879:, with the reigns of
2836:French Third Republic
2819:, with the reigns of
2797:and the beginning of
2756:, with the reigns of
2745:and the beginning of
2707:, with the reigns of
2688:, with the reigns of
2637:, with the reigns of
2589:Aristocratic Republic
2487:, with the reigns of
2468:, with the reigns of
2445:
2437:
2417:
2302:Francesco Paolo Tosti
2273:Guillaume Apollinaire
2235:of France. Rimbaud's
2204:
2176:, mostly in his book
2154:, published in 1912.
1987:
1841:
1638:
1624:
1609:
1593:
1582:
1567:(1905–1906), and the
1565:First Moroccan Crisis
1472:
1456:
1425:armaments competition
1406:republican revolution
1342:organisation was the
1321:
1238:
1114:
1002:
990:Roman Catholic Church
912:
899:European civilisation
856:French Third Republic
823:French pronunciation:
4286:World Heritage Sites
4203:Coronavirus pandemic
3334:Smithsonian Magazine
3196:Giza pyramid complex
3043:, with the reign of
3010:, with the reign of
2984:, with the reign of
2965:, with the reign of
2954:, with the reign of
2868:, with the reign of
2793:, with the reign of
2782:, with the reign of
2741:, with the reign of
2713:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah
2690:Surendra Bikram Shah
2677:, with the reign of
2666:, with the reign of
2598:, emerging from the
1999:Museum of Modern Art
1901:École des Beaux-Arts
1540:(1912–1913) and the
1519:Spanish-American War
1473:World Empires 1900.
1344:Second International
1315:by large distances.
1273:Algeciras Conference
628:Provisional Republic
410:Valois-Orléans kings
30:For other uses, see
4424:Automotive industry
4208:2021 labor protests
3965:Peace of Westphalia
3833:History of Normandy
3828:History of Brittany
3175:, premiered at the
2941:Kingdom of Portugal
2889:Victor Emmanuel III
2428:Partition of Africa
2346:Camille Saint-Saëns
2166:Joris-Karl Huysmans
2108:European literature
1798:, and the field of
1707:began to supersede
1669:invented removable
1612:sinking of the RMS
1491:Franco-Prussian War
1437:Scramble for Africa
1245:Franco-Prussian War
939:Franco-Prussian War
848:Franco-Prussian War
118:Patrice de MacMahon
99:Affair of the Cards
89:Scramble for Africa
4491:Telecommunications
4193:2015 Paris attacks
4056:Revolution of 1848
3884:Visigothic Kingdom
3666:1.4 (1977): 60–72.
3651:Rudorff, Raymond.
3255:Succès de scandale
3192:Autochrome Lumière
3167:Apollo Citharoedus
2881:Victor Emmanuel II
2456:
2440:
2432:
2426:of that year, the
2403:The Rite of Spring
2310:Johann Strauss III
2215:Charles Baudelaire
2211:
2003:
1877:Symbolist movement
1865:post-Impressionist
1856:
1834:Art and literature
1730:and put to use by
1647:
1633:
1619:
1604:
1588:
1527:Russo-Japanese War
1499:War of the Pacific
1483:
1467:
1443:Conflicts and wars
1335:
1265:Congress of Berlin
1241:
1121:
1014:
955:French imperialism
925:
876:Paris of that time
868:colonial expansion
781:History portal
277: until 50 BC
158:Age of Romanticism
4761:
4760:
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4722:
4514:
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4401:
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4393:Political parties
4329:Foreign relations
4294:
4293:
4223:
4222:
4006:French Revolution
3960:Thirty Years' War
3941:Absolute monarchy
3906:Kingdom of France
3802:Foreign relations
3782:Political history
3638:McAuliffe, Mary.
3631:McAuliffe, Mary.
3602:Kalifa, Dominique
2717:Mohammad Ali Shah
2709:Naser al-Din Shah
2511:Generation of '80
2424:Berlin Conference
2261:Stéphane Mallarmé
2220:Les Fleurs du mal
2174:Decadent movement
2120:Guy de Maupassant
1802:was established.
1642:L'Arroseur Arrosé
1542:Second Balkan War
1531:Italo-Turkish War
1525:(1899–1902), the
1515:Greco-Turkish War
1513:(1895–1896), the
1509:(1894–1895), the
1497:(1877–1878), the
1495:Russo-Turkish War
1493:(1870–1871), the
1271:in 1884, and the
1156:grown under glass
1129:1889 World's Fair
1010:Meissen Porcelain
951:1889 World's Fair
895:R. R. Palmer
827:[bɛlepɔk]
815:
814:
766:France portal
659:
658:
556:
555:
467:Kingdom of France
457:French Revolution
448:Long 19th century
438:
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356:Kingdom of France
291:
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199:
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65:1900 World's Fair
39:Concert of Europe
16:(Redirected from
4841:
4525:
4524:
4441:Economic history
4412:
4411:
4305:
4304:
4234:
4233:
4112:
4091:
3990:Seven Years' War
3955:Wars of Religion
3951:
3936:House of Bourbon
3931:Early modern era
3911:Fundamental laws
3787:Military history
3762:
3761:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3686:
3658:Wires, Richard.
3628:
3589:
3588:
3585:Griegsociety.com
3582:
3573:
3567:
3557:
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3540:
3534:
3528:
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3392:. Paris: Seuil.
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3325:
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3312:
3304:
3278:
3188:
3155:
3140:
3122:
3103:
2556:Liberal Republic
2420:colonial empires
2390:brought fame to
2384:Sergei Diaghilev
2362:Frederick Delius
2112:Literary realism
2066:Vienna Secession
1971:Giuseppe Amisani
1947:Édouard Vuillard
1905:Aubrey Beardsley
1860:Vincent van Gogh
1828:integral imaging
1824:Gabriel Lippmann
1722:technology. The
1667:Edouard Michelin
1561:Fashoda Incident
1538:First Balkan War
1529:(1905), and the
1138:
1137:
1102:Toulouse-Lautrec
844:European history
829:
824:
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4700:Public holidays
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4572:Life expectancy
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4188:Great Recession
4161:Fourth Republic
4156:1900 to present
4144:
4061:Second Republic
4025:
3994:
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3751:
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3625:
3614:La Belle Époque
3611:
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3596:Further reading
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3530:Arno J. Mayer,
3529:
3525:
3512:A. J. P. Taylor
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3111:Jules Lavirotte
3104:
3095:
3058:
2780:Austria-Hungary
2775:
2732:Treaty of Paris
2630:
2610:Progressive Era
2502:
2461:
2412:
2392:Vaslav Nijinsky
2352:and his pupil,
2322:Igor Stravinsky
2314:Emmerich Kálmán
2286:Georges Feydeau
2269:concrete poetry
2263:, anticipating
2233:enfant terrible
2151:Death in Venice
2034:Barbizon school
1836:
1773:Henri Becquerel
1740:motion pictures
1577:
1546:First World War
1451:
1445:
1433:New Imperialism
1431:, known as the
1285:class structure
1261:Alsace-Lorraine
1233:
1090:Eugénie Fougère
1031:Casino de Paris
1020:nouveaux riches
907:
891:Napoleonic Wars
832:La Belle Époque
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4656:Cultural icons
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3671:External links
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3441:10.1086/242240
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3292:978-0076632855
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3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3169:), authors of
3159:Jules Massenet
3157:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3130:Henri Rousseau
3124:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3070:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3037:
3026:United Kingdom
3022:
3015:
3004:
2989:
2978:
2959:
2948:
2933:
2918:
2907:
2892:
2873:
2862:
2839:
2828:
2813:
2802:
2787:
2784:Franz Joseph I
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:Abdul Hamid II
2750:
2735:
2724:
2701:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2650:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2567:Liberal Reform
2559:
2548:
2537:
2522:Paraguayan War
2514:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2481:
2478:Abbas II Helmy
2460:
2457:
2411:
2408:
2388:Ballets Russes
2380:Folies Bergère
2338:Jules Massenet
2334:Lili Boulanger
2330:Claude Debussy
2229:Arthur Rimbaud
2227:and above all
2192:Alain-Fournier
2188:Anatole France
2132:interwar years
2022:Pre-Raphaelite
2020:, the English
1973:, and a young
1963:Henri Rousseau
1943:Pierre Bonnard
1935:Gustave Moreau
1920:Hector Guimard
1843:Auguste Renoir
1835:
1832:
1816:Henri Poincaré
1812:rabies vaccine
1808:pasteurisation
1781:phosphorescent
1736:cinematography
1724:cinématographe
1705:electric light
1584:Peugeot Type 3
1576:
1573:
1475:British Empire
1461:is an icon of
1447:Main article:
1444:
1441:
1380:Alfred Dreyfus
1376:Dreyfus affair
1332:Dreyfus affair
1328:Alfred Dreyfus
1253:Central Europe
1232:
1229:
1217:French Riviera
1062:Liane de Pougy
1054:Folies Bergère
935:Third Republic
919:Folies Bergère
906:
903:
813:
812:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
784:
783:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
719:
714:
713:
712:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
671:
668:
667:
663:
662:
657:
656:
650:
648:Fifth Republic
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
618:
617:
612:
606:
603:
602:
599:
592:
591:
588:
581:
580:
577:
575:Third Republic
569:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
553:
550:
543:
542:
539:
537:Third Republic
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
477:First Republic
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
451:
446:
445:
442:
441:
436:
435:
432:
426:
425:
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399:
394:
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369:
362:
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351:
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341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
327:
321:
320:
317:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
288:
287:50 BC – 486 AD
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
267:600 BC – 49 BC
265:
263:Greek colonies
259:
258:
255:
247:
242:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
222:
221:
212:
211:
204:
197:
196:
193:
192:
170:
141:
140:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
101:
96:
94:Dreyfus affair
91:
86:
80:
78:
74:
73:
63:
55:
54:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4846:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Periodization
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Gold standard
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4753:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
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4678:
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4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Birth control
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
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4364:
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4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Constitutions
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
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4264:
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4159:
4157:
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4147:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:Années folles
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Second Empire
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:July Monarchy
4047:
4045:
4042:
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4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
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3997:
3991:
3988:
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3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:Ancien Régime
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3909:
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3831:
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3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3783:
3780:
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3758:
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3733:
3728:
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3717:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
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3691:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
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3645:
3641:
3637:
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3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3548:assembly line
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3481:1900 Page 128
3480:
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3405:
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3399:2-02-018218-1
3395:
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3390:
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3324:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3261:Années folles
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Edwardian era
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Fin de siècle
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3177:Opéra-Comique
3174:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3163:Jean Richepin
3160:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:Liliʻuokalani
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3045:Pope Leo XIII
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:Edwardian era
3031:
3030:Victorian era
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:Sweden-Norway
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:Alexander III
2968:
2964:
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2957:
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2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
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2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:Frederick III
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:Frederik VIII
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:Chulalongkorn
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:panic of 1873
2597:
2596:United States
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:, during the
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Isma'il Pasha
2467:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2405:
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2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:Maurice Ravel
2351:
2350:Gabriel Fauré
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
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2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:Illuminations
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Paul Verlaine
2222:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:Marcel Proust
2140:was begun by
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:United States
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Lord Leighton
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:Impressionism
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:Auguste Rodin
1976:
1975:Pablo Picasso
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Émile Bernard
1956:
1955:Henri Matisse
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:Maurice Denis
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Expressionism
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1853:Musée d'Orsay
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Louis Pasteur
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:radioactivity
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Louis Breguet
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:Although the
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:Édouard Belin
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1596:telegraph key
1592:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1533:(1911–1912).
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:two Boer Wars
1501:(1879–1884),
1500:
1496:
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1476:
1471:
1464:
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1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:working-class
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1267:in 1878, the
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Opéra Garnier
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Maxim's Paris
1167:
1166:
1165:haute couture
1161:
1160:state dinners
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:Second Empire
1136:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
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1071:
1067:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
994:Fin de siècle
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Paris Commune
940:
936:
932:
931:
930:joie de vivre
923:
920:
916:
911:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:technological
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
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828:
820:
808:
803:
801:
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626:
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616:
613:
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608:
607:
605:
604:
600:
598:
597:Années folles
594:
593:
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587:
583:
582:
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576:
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572:
567:
562:
561:
551:
549:
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4789:19th century
4774:Belle Époque
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4632:Architecture
4604:Social class
4562:Homelessness
4547:Demographics
4501:Trade unions
4434:Central bank
4376:criminal law
4339:Human rights
4322:presidential
4166:Algerian War
4149:Contemporary
4123:Vichy France
4118:World War II
4088:Belle Époque
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3923:Early Modern
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4752:WikiProject
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4031:Late Modern
3901:Middle Ages
3876:Middle Ages
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3107:Art Nouveau
3049:Pope Pius X
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2834:, with the
2810:Ferdinand I
2728:Philippines
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2489:Yohannes IV
2448:World War I
2418:Map of the
2376:Loie Fuller
2318:Franz Lehár
2298:salon music
2243:Surrealists
2146:Thomas Mann
1924:Paris Métro
1911:Art Nouveau
1897:Abstraction
1775:discovered
1767:helicopters
1713:neon lights
1691:joined the
1487:imperialism
1463:colonialism
1459:pith helmet
1429:colonialism
1372:Félix Faure
1365:Émile Henry
1352:were active
1330:during the
1289:Paris Métro
1255:. Although
1199:towns like
1082:Mistinguett
1043:music halls
1005:Art Nouveau
959:educational
864:nationalism
852:World War I
680:Health care
610:Free France
497:Restoration
301:Middle Ages
273:Celtic Gaul
216:History of
173:World War I
130:Sadi Carnot
126:Jules Ferry
122:Jules Grévy
105:World War I
4819:Modern art
4768:Categories
4695:Philosophy
4680:Literature
4592:secularism
4388:Parliament
4183:2005 riots
4133:Liberation
3999:Revolution
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3851:Prehistory
3807:Journalism
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1221:super-rich
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1098:Jane Avril
1026:Tout-Paris
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4229:Geography
3975:Louis XIV
3765:Overviews
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3309:cite book
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1340:socialist
1313:separated
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3777:Timeline
3550:in 1908.
3477:Source:
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360:987–1792
314:Frankish
312:and the
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207:a series
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