1136:, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions." Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $ 45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity." He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith." The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them.
331:
2462:) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection… has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation." Nevertheless, it is a historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply. Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.
2415:. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace." The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power.
1592:
ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from
British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87,
2283:
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801:, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "
1798:
2483:'s all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution".
774:
10802:
1588:
There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary, and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived. Although historians generally agree that the
Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.
2527:
714:
554:
2487:
published an announcement that the new
Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in January 1789 for appointing electors, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and vote for a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day "for commencing proceedings" under the new Constitution. On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.
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674:
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322:, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.
634:
31:
955:, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food. Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote:
1608:
the power of passing navigation laws to
Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.
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of
Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.
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legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have
American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."
1026:
Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the
Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.
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the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.
2401:
Antifederalists feared what
Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress
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power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for
Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government
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The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new
American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.
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By 1787, Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.
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Rakove identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed
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in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, delegates held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new frame of government gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get
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Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
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went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer
819:
Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to,
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before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time, he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping
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When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western
1817:
in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision
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and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts
959:
George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for
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By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October. On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15
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The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury
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The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no
179:
As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing U.S. states, its delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government (such as in assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce) rendered it ineffective at doing so. As the government's
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References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress: "The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15, 1778. This error has come from the MS. vol. 9 (History of Confederation), p. 123, Papers of the
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of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession
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By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British
1587:
The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced.
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The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788, the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the
994:
As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to
858:
Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty
275:
It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution; a "rulebook" for how the new nation should function. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic
1709:
The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state
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that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain, in particular, could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another
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suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.
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he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the
968:
It is hardly surprising, given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states, that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the
879:
Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant
2211:
John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the
1769:
After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.
1132:: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to
863:. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped
1619:
realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the
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Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule". In contrast, law professor
468:
was completed on November 15, 1777. Consensus was achieved by including language guaranteeing that each state retained its sovereignty, leaving the matter of western land claims in the hands of the individual states, including language stating that votes in Congress would be
2406:
Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.
1276:. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty.
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196:. Delegates quickly agreed that the defects of the frame of government could not be remedied by altering the Articles, and so went beyond their mandate by replacing it with a new constitution. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the
815:
Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly
168:, conducting diplomacy with foreign states, addressing territorial issues and dealing with Native American relations. Little changed procedurally once the Articles of Confederation went into effect, as ratification did little more than constitutionalize what the
236:, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen; others would weaken, especially in the degree of loyalty (or lack thereof) owed the Crown. Colonists'
855:(the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years.
1048:
so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a
989:
The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the
1077:
350:, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 with one representative from each colony to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee was made up of the following individuals:
960:
regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.
1065:, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence.
2591:"Identifying Defects in the Constitution | To Form a More Perfect Union | Articles and Essays | Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774–1789 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from
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frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.
1107:
to leave frontier forts which were on American soil — forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against
843:
from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, if caught they will be
1386:(referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit
1773:
The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland
1378:
that is east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.
157:, affording it only those powers the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. The document provided clearly written rules for how the states' league of friendship, known as the
10758:
2207:
Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.
2331:
to discuss the need for reversing the protectionist interstate trade barriers that each state had erected. At its conclusion, delegates voted to invite all states to a larger convention to be held in
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by all 13 colonial states. A guiding principle of the Articles was the establishment and preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the states. The Articles consciously established a weak
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attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783,
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When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states
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in 1787. The Confederation Congress later endorsed this convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation". Although the states' representatives to the
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land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.
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on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process. The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially
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Bernstein, R.B. (1999). "Parliamentary Principles, American Realities: The Continental and Confederation Congresses, 1774–1789". In Bowling, Kenneth R. & Kennon, Donald R. (eds.).
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Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.
184:, some prominent political thinkers in the fledgling union began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger government. Initially, in September 1786,
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The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.
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1053:. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington,
283:
To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776,
2909:
1283:
established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the
892:, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states.
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under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.
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between them. Shortly thereafter, as more states became interested in meeting to revise the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the
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The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the
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leaders, caused an increasing number of colonists to begin agitating for independence from the mother country. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the
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Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish
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to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780, when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the
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On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:
1044:, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a
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The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in
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The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
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Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.
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and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of
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1694:. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of
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the first Wednesday in March next, be the time, and the present Seat of Congress the place for commencing Proceedings under the said Constitution.
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Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786,
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The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.
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and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.
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became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its
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Rakove, Jack N. (1988). "The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation". In Barlow, J. Jackson; Levy, Leonard W. & Masugi, Ken (eds.).
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would do what he could but La Luzerne also "sharply pressed" Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.
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that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."
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Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.
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show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776,
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3332:"THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND, 1780–1781 With Accompanying Documents"
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and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. Although it did not happen under the articles, the land north of the
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also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the
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No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the
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If Canada accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted. No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.
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Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"
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1596:, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.
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1420:
when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later
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The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in late November 1777. The first state to ratify was
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Dougherty, Keith L. (2009). "An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions, 1775–1783".
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1779:
445:, and voting procedures. To further complicate work on the constitution, Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia twice, for
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without nine states assenting. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.
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The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781
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for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral
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1813:. As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor
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in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.
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Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.
820:
or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."
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presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. Afterward, there were long debates on such issues as state
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888:) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish
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The Continental Congress: A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789
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While waiting for all states to ratify, the Congress observed the Articles as it conducted business, directing the
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1775:
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resulted in the British enacting coercive and quelling measures, such as the passage of what colonists called the
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was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers.
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as
1312:
1185:
1109:
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205:
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2192:
Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the
204:. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the
176:; but most Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same.
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To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783
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was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after
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is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.
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Rakove, Jack N. (1991) "The Articles of Confederation, 1775–1783. In Jack P. Green and J.R. Pole, eds.
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The Constitution as Treaty: The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution
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commemorating the Articles of Confederation bicentennial; the draft was completed on November 15, 1777
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Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789
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1299:). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of
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proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting
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2687:"The road to union: America's forgotten first constitution May 14, 2014 by Donald Applestein Esq"
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Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a
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Forged in War: The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy
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2657:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"
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According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:
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Parent, Joseph M. (Fall 2009). "Europe's Structural Idol: An American Federalist Republic?".
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1801:
The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation, February 2, 1781
1100:
245:
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2922:
1600:
between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.
1260:
Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The
145:
between July 1776 and November 1777, and finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777. It
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2348:, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian
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1893:
1763:
1691:
1582:
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637:
330:
169:
93:
10736:
2819:
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ratification of the Constitution in 1787. Their wartime experiences had nationalized them.
8:
13356:
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11913:
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11858:
11843:
11614:
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1072:, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the
1015:
831:
for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "
828:
181:
4588:
We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution
4500:
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
4380:
3648:
2903:
2858:
The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution
974:
longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General
224:
The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the
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1987:
1822:
were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.
1616:
912:
454:
4684:
4245:
2710:
1431:, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779.
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2006:
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authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued
229:
146:
138:
126:
4341:
1272:
and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for
13178:
13139:
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3100:"Editorial Note: Jefferson's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States"
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2013:
2001:
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The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789
3992:
A Politics of Tensions: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas
3774:
Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution
3583:
2436:
from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."
593:
513:
The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:
13198:
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (1776, drafting committee chairman)
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1982:
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1103:. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the
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The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor.
1287:. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the
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for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the
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557:
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59:
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In September 1786, delegates from five states met at what became known as the
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1323:
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189:
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122:
4085:(1943). "The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution".
1139:
Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or
256:
to the Crown. Together with the highly effective propaganda campaign of the
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who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:
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1958:
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1943:
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bills of credit incurred, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by Congress
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142:
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49:
4612:
The Northwest Ordinance: Essays on its Formulation, Provisions, and Legacy
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Inventing Congress: Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress
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2020:
1924:
1835:
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1471:
1339:
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845:
713:
617:
553:
441:, the exact powers to be given to Congress, whether to have a judiciary,
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also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.
951:
Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the
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2312:
Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution
1994:
1747:
1662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1604:
1331:
1304:
1188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1054:
975:
798:
737:
673:
498:
474:
277:
9276:
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12649:
11408:
11254:
9106:
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7914:
7907:
2570:
2221:
1810:
1375:
1371:
885:
733:
446:
4098:
2498:
1637:
1427:
There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first,
1163:
12582:
11239:
9482:
9420:
9192:
9111:
6097:
6047:
5318:
4358:
Liberty, Equality, Power, A History of the American People: To 1877
2428:
2341:
2158:
1917:
1869:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1391:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1288:
1133:
1129:
840:
794:
777:
757:
753:
573:
537:
533:
506:
490:
486:
280:, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.
150:
4529:
The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution
1778:
the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims.
1334:
and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by
902:; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces.
633:
13032:
11285:
4725:
4223:
Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution
2953:"Avalon Project – Articles of Confederation : March 1, 1781"
1359:
876:
Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled.
30:
3889:
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
3691:"By the United States in Congress assembled, September 13, 1788"
3650:
Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States
1805:
On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the
1746:
signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified.
1006:
was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against
252:. These actions eroded the number of colonists continuing to be
4680:
United States Constitution Online—The Articles of Confederation
1050:
1045:
832:
808:
Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles:
4689:
4382:
The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775–1789
3483:
3414:
Roots of the Republic: American Founding Documents Interpreted
1322:
of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up
16:
First constitution of the United States of America (1781–1789)
1300:
1092:
13165:"Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec" (1774)
3736:(2004). "The Declaration of Independence in World Context".
2818:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State. Archived from
2382:
threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.
1022:
veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.
10766:
4177:
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788
3673:
3671:
1355:
1296:
848:
to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.
5247:
3471:
3067:
13175:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
11434:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
3079:
1268:
created territorial government, set up protocols for the
4615:. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press.
4476:
Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution
3668:
3584:"When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law"
3262:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3016:
2834:
2637:
1116:
in 1795 after the federal Constitution came into force.
477:
legislature with limited and clearly delineated powers.
3392:
3004:
2733:
1154:
Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation
13302:
Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University
11045:
4446:
Phelps, Glenn A. (2001). "The Republican General". In
3937:
History in Dispute: The American Revolution, 1763–1789
3500:
3498:
3380:
3226:
3166:
3045:
3043:
3028:
2427:
Two prominent political leaders in the Confederation,
1398:
to the Union were considered, but none were approved.
4512:
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution
3459:
3238:
2780:"Maryland finally ratifies Articles of Confederation"
2625:
2613:
2385:
Historian Ralph Ketcham commented on the opinions of
1307:
that had already been surveyed and divided up by the
13160:
Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence (1774–1776)
3250:
3154:
3142:
2806:
2804:
2494:
1414:
President of the United States in Congress Assembled
287:
argued in the closing pages of the first edition of
3969:
Peace Pact: The Lost World of the American Founding
3495:
3178:
3055:
3040:
2816:
Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations
4526:
4340:
4293:
4056:
3886:
3771:
3447:
3336:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
3298:
1830:The signers and the states they represented were:
1444:
461:. Even so, the committee continued with its work.
13090:Second Continental Congress, 1775–1776, 1779–1781
4551:History of the land question in the United States
3851:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3618:"America During the Age of Revolution, 1776–1789"
2801:
1535:
449:, Maryland, in the winter of 1776, and later for
13381:
8420:
7126:Native American recognition in the United States
4685:Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio
4633:The Creation of the American Republic: 1776–1787
3948:Greene, Jack P. & Pole, J. R., eds. (2003).
2860:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1758:could not, since their states had not ratified.
1295:(one square mile), and the quarter section (160
4662:Articles of Confederation and related resources
3720:
2772:
2595:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1548:
1496:
1483:
501:to the Union. It would be two years before the
13188:Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775–1776)
12882:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
11032:
4114:Jillson, Calvin & Wilson, Rick K. (1994).
3727:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
3646:
3358:
2711:"Hopkinson | Pennsylvania Center for the Book"
1561:
1457:
941:
930:Affirms that the Confederation will honor all
13048:
11018:
10752:
8691:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
8406:
7523:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
5707:
5448:
5233:
4711:
4657:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
4652:Text version of the Articles of Confederation
4247:A Constitutional History of the United States
4113:
3647:Lanman, Charles; Morrison, Joseph M. (1887).
2422:
1522:
466:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
342:On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing the
180:weaknesses became apparent, especially after
119:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
9615:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2919:Continental Congress, Library of Congress."
2752:Schwarz, Frederic D. (February–March 2006).
2226:National Archives and Records Administration
1509:
1470:
121:was an agreement among the 13 states of the
13127:Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765)
11995:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
3966:
3489:
3477:
2305:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1036:Confederation Period § Foreign affairs
890:courts for appeals in all cases of captures
767:
747:
727:
707:
687:
667:
647:
627:
607:
587:
567:
547:
527:
433:The committee met frequently, and chairman
13208:Delegate, Constitutional Convention (1787)
13055:
13041:
12872:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
11126:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
11025:
11011:
10759:
10745:
8413:
8399:
5721:
5714:
5700:
5463:Government of the United States under the
5455:
5441:
5240:
5226:
4718:
4704:
4243:
3947:
1576:
457:, in the fall of 1777, to evade advancing
172:had been doing. That body was renamed the
29:
9139:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
7136:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
4585:
4343:The Oxford History of the American People
4197:Political Parties before the Constitution
3824:
3760:
3073:
2198:United States Declaration of Independence
1678:Learn how and when to remove this message
1401:
1248:Learn how and when to remove this message
429:(New Jersey, added to the committee last)
357:(Pennsylvania, chairman of the committee)
219:
13390:Signers of the Articles of Confederation
13076:5th President of Pennsylvania, 1782–1785
4692:version of the Articles of Confederation
4608:
4217:
3859:
3801:
3732:
3398:
3330:Sioussat, St. George L. (October 1936).
3329:
3010:
2840:
2643:
2556:History of the United States (1776–1789)
2352:, using the ideas of James Madison from
2310:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2224:pages of the Articles of Confederation,
2200:, the Articles of Confederation and the
1796:
1119:
793:The Articles of Confederation contain a
329:
111:First constitution for the United States
13445:Philadelphia in the American Revolution
13224:Brigadier General, Pennsylvania militia
10950:British occupation of Philadelphia ends
10768:Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
9294:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
7187:List of counties and county equivalents
4335:
4268:
3989:
3934:
3911:
3884:
3792:
3581:
3410:
3386:
3296:
3268:
3232:
3220:
3085:
2878:
2751:
2699:from the original on September 2, 2016.
2479:On July 3, 1788, the Congress received
2101:Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
35:Page I of the Articles of Confederation
13440:Ordinances of the Continental Congress
13382:
13203:President, Annapolis Convention (1786)
13155:Signee, Continental Association (1774)
12877:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
5249:Presidents of the Continental Congress
4524:
4497:
4445:
4424:
4378:
4355:
4322:
4291:
4081:
4051:
4025:
4002:
3950:A Companion to the American Revolution
3701:from the original on September 3, 2006
3516:
3465:
3453:
3280:
3256:
3244:
3208:
3196:
3132:
3022:
2852:
2812:"Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781"
2745:
2739:
2721:from the original on December 30, 2021
2344:as defined by the philosophers of the
493:, had indicated they were prepared to
13133:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
13036:
12789:
12714:
12642:
12213:
11549:
11383:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
11044:
11006:
10740:
10222:
9984:
9646:
8450:
8394:
5695:
5436:
5221:
4740:Founding Fathers of the United States
4699:
4566:
4514:. Oxford: Blackwell pp. 280–95.
4393:
4170:
4159:
3769:
3677:
3504:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3061:
2901:
2667:from the original on January 23, 2022
2631:
2546:Founding Fathers of the United States
1408:President of the Continental Congress
934:before the existence of the Articles.
13430:History of York County, Pennsylvania
13420:Documents of the American Revolution
13083:5th President of Delaware, 1781–1783
12992:Daughters of the American Revolution
12790:
11342:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
5681:Journals of the Continental Congress
5184:Journals of the Continental Congress
4629:
4547:
4472:
4194:
4136:
3598:from the original on January 1, 2016
3547:
3184:
3049:
3034:
2981:
2920:
2619:
2551:Journals of the Continental Congress
2541:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2288:Art. IX, Sec. 5 to Art. XIII, Sec. 2
1660:adding citations to reliable sources
1631:
1570: – November 15, 1788
1186:adding citations to reliable sources
1157:
1002:was largely disbanded. A very small
788:
129:, that served as the nation's first
12987:Children of the American Revolution
12867:Timeline of the American Revolution
5205:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
4325:The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789
4296:The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789
3746:Organization of American Historians
3628:from the original on March 15, 2011
3582:Kesavan, Vasan (December 1, 2002).
3554:America's Constitution: A Biography
3435:from the original on August 1, 2022
3346:from the original on April 20, 2018
3114:from the original on April 21, 2018
1557: – November 4, 1787
1544: – November 3, 1786
1518: – November 4, 1785
1492: – November 3, 1783
1479: – November 4, 1782
1466: – November 5, 1781
978:, who would later become the first
248:which resulted in dissidents being
13:
13435:Legal history of the United States
13062:
11648:European allies of King George III
11504:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
11439:Committee of Secret Correspondence
11101:No taxation without representation
10955:Wyoming Valley battle and massacre
10838:Pennsylvania Provincial Conference
8981:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
8971:Assassination of James A. Garfield
4638:University of North Carolina Press
4586:Van Cleve, George William (2017).
4439:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00658.x
4180:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3778:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3372:. February 2, 1781. Archived from
2215:
1354:, eventually became the states of
1147:
1128:Congress was denied any powers of
14:
13471:
13145:United we stand, divided we fall)
13014:Museum of the American Revolution
9013:Assassination of William McKinley
6532:Director of National Intelligence
4645:
4139:President Who? Forgotten Founders
3366:"An ACT to empower the delegates"
2963:from the original on May 15, 2020
2902:Hough, Franklin Benjamin (1872).
2601:from the original on July 5, 2022
2356:, described the change this way:
1029:
13097:First Continental Congress, 1774
12902:Continental Currency dollar coin
12887:Women in the American Revolution
10800:
10720:
10711:
10710:
10675:
10674:
9232:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
9025:Nadir of American race relations
8904:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
6688:Government Accountability Office
5620:Maryland State House (1783–1784)
3097:
2525:
2511:
2497:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
1636:
1453: – July 10, 1781
1162:
772:
752:
732:
712:
692:
672:
652:
632:
612:
592:
572:
552:
532:
297:Beyond improving their existing
13425:Federalism in the United States
12997:Sons of the American Revolution
10976:Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line
10894:Liberty Bell moved to Allentown
10858:Washington Crosses the Delaware
8934:First transcontinental railroad
4609:Williams, Frederick D. (2012).
4271:Revolutionary America 1764–1799
3683:
3640:
3610:
3575:
3541:
3510:
3404:
3323:
3290:
3091:
2975:
2945:
2929:Genealogical Publishing Company
2895:
2881:United States Compiled Statutes
2872:
2846:
2474:
2319:Federalism in the United States
2300:Art. XIII, Sec. 2 to signatures
1706:and Secretary to the Congress.
1647:needs additional citations for
1531: – June 5, 1786
1505: – June 3, 1784
1173:needs additional citations for
998:Once the war had been won, the
480:
244:in the British Parliament, and
12897:Continental currency banknotes
11985:Staten Island Peace Conference
8331:Separation of church and state
6547:National Reconnaissance Office
6490:President of the United States
4504:Johns Hopkins University Press
4452:George Washington Reconsidered
4327:. New American Nation Series.
4244:McLaughlin, Andrew C. (1935).
3967:Hendrickson, David C. (2003).
3841:(inactive September 11, 2024).
2703:
2679:
2649:
2583:
1422:president of the United States
1390:(later modified to Franklin),
882:letters of marque and reprisal
149:on March 1, 1781, after being
1:
13234:Delaware Constitution of 1792
13193:Model Treaty committee (1776)
12715:
11691:German supporters of Congress
11389:Massachusetts Circular Letter
10971:Congress of the Confederation
5610:Independence Hall (1779–1783)
5174:Congress of the Confederation
4671:Today in History: November 15
4065:Northeastern University Press
4035:University of Wisconsin Press
3863:The Articles Of Confederation
3793:Burnett, Edmund Cody (1941).
2924:First Ownership of Ohio Lands
2862:J.B. Lippincott & Company
1627:
995:form a better Constitution."
853:Congress of the Confederation
473:by state, and establishing a
174:Congress of the Confederation
13170:Olive Branch Petition (1775)
11372:Committees of correspondence
10102:Hispanic and Latino American
8956:Second Industrial Revolution
8790:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
8496:Exploration of North America
8422:History of the United States
6693:Government Publishing Office
6161:Technological and industrial
5553:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
4456:University of Virginia Press
4421:(Collection published 1995.)
4362:Wadsworth Publishing Company
3996:University Press of Colorado
3721:General and cited references
2910:Weed, Parsons, & Company
2576:
2444:legislatures of every State.
898:Congress shall regulate the
803:the Union shall be perpetual
190:protectionist trade barriers
7:
13229:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
13150:Petition to the King (1774)
13009:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
12214:
12040:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
12025:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
11799:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
11454:Declaration of Independence
11419:Second Continental Congress
10848:Declaration of Independence
10822:Second Continental Congress
9626:Indictments of Donald Trump
8817:First Industrial Revolution
8651:Declaration of Independence
8641:Second Continental Congress
8165:Women's reproductive health
7131:Federally recognized tribes
6994:Public utilities commission
6898:Public Health Service Corps
6801:Code of Federal Regulations
6683:Congressional Budget Office
6537:Central Intelligence Agency
6443:Water supply and sanitation
5870:Declaration of Independence
5481:Second Continental Congress
5286:Second Continental Congress
4592:University of Chicago Press
4427:Political Science Quarterly
4397:(1776). "Common Sense". In
4292:Morris, Richard B. (1987).
4160:Lodge, Henry Cabot (1893).
4087:Political Science Quarterly
4003:Horgan, Lucille E. (2002).
3990:Hoffert, Robert W. (1992).
2879:Mallory, John, ed. (1917).
2788:A&E Television Networks
2490:
2264:Art. VII to Art. IX, Sec. 2
1197:"Articles of Confederation"
942:Congress under the Articles
348:Declaration of Independence
325:
303:Second Continental Congress
262:Second Continental Congress
135:Second Continental Congress
10:
13476:
13307:John Dickinson High School
12892:Financial costs of the war
11399:First Continental Congress
11250:Royal Proclamation of 1763
11195:Second Rockingham ministry
11034:American Revolutionary War
10787:First Continental Congress
10223:
9985:
9647:
9518:Killing of Osama bin Laden
8606:First Continental Congress
8451:
7343:Red states and blue states
7248:City commission government
7243:Council–manager government
5257:First Continental Congress
4227:University Press of Kansas
3973:University Press of Kansas
3935:Frankel, Benjamin (2003).
3868:Twenty First Century Books
3860:Feinberg, Barbara (2002).
3724:
3525:Cambridge University Press
3517:Martin, Francisco (2007).
2883:. Vol. 10. St. Paul:
2423:Legitimacy of closing down
2316:
2309:
2240:Preamble to Art. V, Sec. 1
2202:United States Constitution
1825:
1580:
1405:
1151:
1033:
851:Allocates one vote in the
346:to prepare a draft of the
74:United States Constitution
13410:1781 in the United States
13400:1777 in the United States
13344:
13289:
13242:
13216:
13113:
13070:
12859:
12828:
12804:
12800:
12785:
12746:Constitutional Convention
12726:Society of the Cincinnati
12721:
12710:
12635:
12530:
12374:
12367:
12312:
12231:
12224:
12220:
12209:
12166:
12088:
12074:
12048:
12015:Carlisle Peace Commission
11977:
11849:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
11778:
11703:
11656:
11623:
11586:
11579:
11575:
11545:
11514:Hutchinson letters affair
11481:
11464:Articles of Confederation
11324:
11311:Proclamation of Rebellion
11223:
11175:First Rockingham ministry
11152:
11119:All men are created equal
11058:
11054:
11040:
10984:
10963:
10932:
10874:Articles of Confederation
10866:
10853:Pennsylvania Constitution
10830:
10809:
10798:
10774:
10696:
10662:
10606:
10570:
10558:
10297:
10271:
10233:
10229:
10218:
9991:
9980:
9653:
9642:
9508:
9411:
9339:
9240:
9151:
9102:Wall Street Crash of 1929
9033:
8914:
8899:Emancipation Proclamation
8830:
8753:
8701:
8668:Articles of Confederation
8621:
8506:Native American epidemics
8486:
8461:
8457:
8446:
8428:
8352:
8178:
8051:
7983:
7636:
7632:
7623:
7571:
7436:
7427:
7323:
7294:
7271:
7210:
7177:
7168:
7111:
7099:Comparison of governments
7074:
7037:
7014:
6930:
6910:
6841:
6779:
6701:
6624:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6460:
6182:
6173:
6118:
6078:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
5919:drafting and ratification
5892:Articles of Confederation
5805:
5739:
5730:
5638:
5625:French Arms Tavern (1784)
5602:
5566:
5538:Superintendent of Finance
5525:
5504:
5471:
5465:Articles of Confederation
5337:
5284:
5255:
5192:
5156:
5126:
5090:
5064:
5028:
5007:
4981:
4945:
4924:
4893:
4857:
4831:
4790:
4769:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4727:Articles of Confederation
4403:Paine: Collected Writings
4195:Main, Jackson T. (1974).
4163:George Washington, Vol. I
4137:Klos, Stanley L. (2004).
4120:Stanford University Press
3839:10.1215/01455532-2008-015
2921:Dyer, Albion M. (2008) .
2337:Constitutional Convention
2276:Art. IX, Sec. 2 to Sec. 5
2252:Art. V, Sec. 2 to Art. VI
1807:Maryland General Assembly
1078:diplomatic correspondence
518:
503:Maryland General Assembly
194:Constitutional Convention
107:
99:
89:
79:
68:
58:
48:
40:
28:
24:Articles of Confederation
23:
13140:"The Liberty Song" (1768
13104:Stamp Act Congress, 1765
12010:Entry of France into war
11625:Kingdom of Great Britain
10940:Battle of Crooked Billet
10588:Northern Mariana Islands
9161:Strike wave of 1945–1946
8118:Prescription drug prices
7238:Mayor–council government
7228:Coterminous municipality
7218:Consolidated city-county
6984:Agriculture commissioner
6634:House of Representatives
6542:National Security Agency
6192:Contiguous United States
5630:Federal Hall (1785–1789)
4630:Wood, Gordon S. (1969).
4560:Johns Hopkins University
4498:Rakove, Jack N. (1982).
4356:Murrin, John M. (2008).
4329:HarperCollins Publishers
4323:Morris, Richard (1988).
4275:Chelsea House Publishers
4201:W W Norton & Company
3802:Chadwick, Bruce (2005).
3770:Brown, Roger H. (1993).
3419:Rowman & Littlefield
2715:pabook.libraries.psu.edu
2306:Revision and replacement
1324:northwestern land claims
314:committees to draft the
133:. It was debated by the
13455:United States documents
12741:Ratification Day (1784)
12066:Second Anglo-Mysore War
11750:Northern after Saratoga
11730:New York and New Jersey
11404:Continental Association
11301:Conciliatory Resolution
11160:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
11133:Consent of the governed
10919:Battle of Matson's Ford
10792:Articles of Association
10123:Middle Eastern American
9940:Technology and industry
8810:Seneca Falls Convention
8611:Continental Association
8511:Settlement of Jamestown
8203:Criticism of government
7548:Social welfare programs
7141:State-recognized tribes
6126:Outline of U.S. history
5838:Continental Association
5496:Committee of the States
4571:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4554:. Baltimore, Maryland:
4533:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4349:Oxford University Press
3952:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
3918:Oxford University Press
3895:Oxford University Press
3804:George Washington's War
3411:Ketcham, Ralph (1990).
3098:Boyd, Julian P. (ed.).
2982:Carp, E. Wayne (1980).
2885:West Publishing Company
2194:Continental Association
1780:Chevalier de La Luzerne
1577:U.S. under the Articles
1418:Committee of the States
1291:(36 square miles), the
1270:admission of new states
946:
884:(documents authorizing
797:, thirteen articles, a
464:The final draft of the
13002:Sons of the Revolution
12731:Treaty of Paris (1783)
12061:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
12056:Cherokee–American wars
11669:Franco-American Treaty
11524:Philadelphia Tea Party
11494:Treaty of Paris (1763)
11473:Confederation Congress
11066:American Enlightenment
10243:Admission to the Union
9609:Afghanistan withdrawal
9604:January 6 insurrection
9523:Rise in mass shootings
9495:Virginia Tech shooting
9048:Paris Peace Conference
8822:Second Great Awakening
8561:American Enlightenment
8265:Environmental movement
8108:Health insurance costs
8003:Educational attainment
7528:Federal Reserve System
7486:Science and technology
6989:Insurance commissioner
6527:Intelligence Community
6222:minor outlying islands
5985:Civil rights movement
5526:Civil Offices/Officers
5505:Congressional Officers
5486:Confederation Congress
5339:Confederation Congress
4567:Stahr, Walter (2005).
4548:SatĹŤ, ShĹŤsuke (1886).
4407:The Library of America
4379:Nevins, Allan (1924).
3912:Ferling, John (2010).
3885:Ferling, John (2003).
3827:Social Science History
3754:10.1093/maghis/18.3.61
3697:. September 13, 1788.
3370:Laws of Maryland, 1781
2905:American Constitutions
2454:
2446:
2404:
2363:
1802:
1402:Presidents of Congress
1281:Land Ordinance of 1785
1262:Land Ordinance of 1785
1087:Furthermore, the 1786
1018:, but riots by unpaid
992:
971:
962:
339:
266:provisional government
220:Background and context
188:to address interstate
161:, would be organized.
72:March 4, 1789, by the
13415:Defunct constitutions
13352:Claymont Stone School
13281:Friends Burial Ground
13250:Mary Norris Dickinson
12947:Washington's Birthday
12752:The Federalist Papers
12736:Evacuation Day (1783)
11789:Lexington and Concord
11489:French and Indian War
11429:Olive Branch Petition
10945:Battle of Barren Hill
10914:Battle of White Marsh
10909:Siege of Fort Mifflin
10879:Philadelphia campaign
10235:Territorial evolution
9599:George Floyd Protests
9582:Unite the Right rally
9451:Oklahoma City bombing
9446:Republican Revolution
9393:Space Shuttle program
9215:Civil Rights Movement
9183:North Atlantic Treaty
8991:Sherman Antitrust Act
8976:Chinese Exclusion Act
8566:French and Indian War
8556:Prelude to Revolution
8541:First Great Awakening
8501:European colonization
8091:Immigrant health care
7606:Transportation safety
7601:Transportation policy
7591:Public transportation
6661:President pro tempore
6517:Executive departments
6286:National Park Service
5941:Territorial evolution
5103:William Henry Drayton
5056:Francis Lightfoot Lee
4963:Jonathan Bayard Smith
4590:. Chicago, Illinois:
4337:Morison, Samuel Eliot
4269:McNeese, Tim (2009).
3725:Further information:
3588:Notre Dame Law Review
3297:Chernow, Ron (2004).
2450:
2441:
2399:
2358:
2186:Francis Lightfoot Lee
2137:William Henry Drayton
2084:Jonathan Bayard Smith
1800:
1406:Further information:
1152:Further information:
1120:Taxation and commerce
1101:Appalachian Mountains
987:
966:
957:
333:
301:, the records of the
155:confederal government
13405:1781 in American law
13395:1777 in Pennsylvania
12952:Jefferson's Birthday
12942:Pulaski Memorial Day
11949:Guilford Court House
11600:Continental Congress
11377:Committees of safety
11352:Daughters of Liberty
11347:Virginia Association
11096:Rights of Englishmen
10904:Battle of Germantown
10889:Battle of the Clouds
10884:Battle of Brandywine
10149:Palestinian American
9576:Obergefell v. Hodges
9468:September 11 attacks
9304:Second-wave feminism
9225:Cuban Missile Crisis
9085:Bath School disaster
9003:Spanish–American War
8966:The Gospel of Wealth
8845:California Gold Rush
8805:Mexican–American War
8795:Nullification crisis
8763:Era of Good Feelings
8663:Confederation period
8571:Proclamation of 1763
8521:Atlantic slave trade
8260:Environmental issues
7925:Political ideologies
7824:Indigenous languages
7024:List of legislatures
6821:separation of powers
6522:Independent agencies
6448:World Heritage Sites
6083:September 11 attacks
6006:Spanish–American War
5946:Mexican–American War
5902:Confederation period
5833:Continental Congress
5656:Proclamation of 1783
5646:Confederation period
5164:Continental Congress
3106:. Washington, D.C.:
2822:on December 30, 2010
2533:United states portal
2346:Age of Enlightenment
2329:Annapolis Convention
1656:improve this article
1622:Annapolis Convention
1583:Confederation Period
1182:improve this article
924:Congress to execute.
391:Robert R. Livingston
264:began acting as the
170:Continental Congress
103:Continental Congress
94:Continental Congress
13357:American Revolution
12080:colony or location)
12035:Newburgh Conspiracy
11894:Sullivan Expedition
11414:Provincial Congress
11205:Fox–North coalition
11144:Settler colonialism
11091:Freedom of religion
11048:American Revolution
10598:U.S. Virgin Islands
10084:Lithuanian American
10040:Vietnamese American
9386:End of the Cold War
9376:Invasion of Grenada
9326:Iran hostage crisis
9075:Tulsa race massacre
8882:Election of Lincoln
8877:Dred Scott decision
8865:Kansas–Nebraska Act
8768:Missouri Compromise
8686:Northwest Ordinance
8676:Pennsylvania Mutiny
8671:and Perpetual Union
8631:American Revolution
8546:War of Jenkins' Ear
8103:Health care finance
7596:Rail transportation
7362:Imperial presidency
7084:State constitutions
7029:List of legislators
6979:Auditor/Comptroller
6952:Lieutenant governor
6678:Library of Congress
6569:Diplomatic Security
6212:Indian reservations
5875:American Revolution
5676:Northwest Ordinance
5671:1785 Land Ordinance
5666:1784 Land Ordinance
5594:Continental Marines
5543:Agent of the Marine
5169:American Revolution
4675:Library of Congress
4666:Library of Congress
4473:Puls, Mark (2008).
3738:Magazine of History
3695:Library of Congress
3622:Library of Congress
2957:avalon.law.yale.edu
2764:(1). Archived from
1328:Northwest Territory
1320:Northwest Ordinance
1266:Northwest Ordinance
1141:interstate commerce
1089:Jay–Gardoqui Treaty
1016:Newburgh conspiracy
829:freedom of movement
443:western land claims
131:frame of government
60:Date effective
13460:York, Pennsylvania
13450:Political charters
13258:Philemon Dickinson
12982:Semiquincentennial
12907:Libertas Americana
11337:Stamp Act Congress
11227:Acts of Parliament
11200:Shelburne ministry
11170:Grenville ministry
10248:Historical regions
10204:Transgender people
9762:Capital punishment
9621:Support of Ukraine
9570:Black Lives Matter
9478:War in Afghanistan
9403:Invasion of Panama
9359:Iran–Contra affair
9220:Early–mid Cold War
9090:Harlem Renaissance
8949:Compromise of 1877
8924:Reconstruction era
8860:Fugitive Slave Act
8855:Compromise of 1850
8800:Westward expansion
8738:Louisiana Purchase
8581:Stamp Act Congress
8526:King William's War
8213:affirmative action
8186:Capital punishment
8145:Poverty and health
8140:Physician shortage
8113:Health care prices
8043:Standard of living
7726:standard of living
7533:Financial position
7160:Hawaiian home land
7148:Indian reservation
7121:Tribal sovereignty
6964:Secretary of state
6833:United States Code
6749:Territorial courts
6721:Associate Justices
6606:Inspector generals
6093:War in Afghanistan
5956:Reconstruction era
5823:Stamp Act Congress
5615:Nassau Hall (1783)
5584:Commander in Chief
5533:Postmaster General
5118:Thomas Heyward Jr.
4782:John Wentworth Jr.
4481:Palgrave MacMillan
4252:Simon Publications
3914:John Adams: A Life
3765:. pp. 76–108.
3680:, p. 429–430.
3492:, p. 153–154.
3301:Alexander Hamilton
3211:, pp. 245–66.
3199:, pp. 178–79.
3088:, pp. 255–59.
3037:, pp. 174–76.
3025:, pp. 165–66.
2742:, pp. 127–84.
2622:, pp. 354–55.
2152:Thomas Heyward Jr.
1988:John Wentworth Jr.
1803:
1617:Alexander Hamilton
1384:Province of Quebec
1374:, and the part of
1311:). Then, when the
913:commander in chief
742:November 19, 1778
642:February 26, 1778
622:February 12, 1778
542:December 16, 1777
455:York, Pennsylvania
340:
334:1977 13-cent U.S.
238:civil disobedience
198:federal government
13377:
13376:
13336:(2015 miniseries)
13328:(2008 miniseries)
13297:Dickinson College
13262:
13254:
13030:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13022:
13021:
12781:
12780:
12768:Shays's Rebellion
12706:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12631:
12630:
12598:Richard Henry Lee
12363:
12362:
12205:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12196:
12049:Related conflicts
11919:Connecticut Farms
11699:
11698:
11592:Thirteen Colonies
11541:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11000:
10999:
10817:Independence Hall
10734:
10733:
10692:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10253:American frontier
10214:
10213:
10144:Lebanese American
10129:Egyptian American
10064:Estonian American
10054:Albanian American
10048:European American
10025:Japanese American
10015:Filipino American
9976:
9975:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9587:COVID-19 pandemic
9490:Hurricane Katrina
9431:Los Angeles riots
9321:Watergate scandal
9166:Start of Cold War
9134:Manhattan Project
8721:Whiskey Rebellion
8551:King George's War
8516:Thirteen Colonies
8477:Pre-Columbian Era
8388:
8387:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8314:National security
8023:Income inequality
7903:Statue of Liberty
7706:income inequality
7619:
7618:
7611:Trucking industry
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7350:Foreign relations
7338:Electoral College
7319:
7318:
7107:
7106:
7059:District attorney
6906:
6905:
6733:Courts of appeals
6456:
6455:
6169:
6168:
6110:COVID-19 pandemic
6063:Feminist Movement
5909:American frontier
5828:Thirteen Colonies
5689:
5688:
5430:
5429:
5388:Richard Henry Lee
5348:Samuel Huntington
5327:Samuel Huntington
5215:
5214:
5200:National Archives
5152:
5151:
5144:Edward Langworthy
5077:Cornelius Harnett
5036:Richard Henry Lee
4999:Nicholas Van Dyke
4937:Nathaniel Scudder
4916:Gouverneur Morris
4870:Samuel Huntington
4622:978-0-87013-969-7
4556:Isaac Friedenwald
4448:Higginbotham, Don
4219:McDonald, Forrest
3943:. pp. 17–24.
3904:978-0-19-515924-0
3376:on July 23, 2011.
3271:, pp. 257–8.
3223:, pp. 17–24.
3175:, pp. 107–8.
3108:National Archives
3076:, pp. 47–74.
2758:American Heritage
2646:, pp. 61–66.
2634:, pp. 45–46.
2459:Federalist No. 40
2166:Richard Henry Lee
2055:Cornelius Harnett
2036:Gouverneur Morris
2007:Nathaniel Scudder
1937:Massachusetts Bay
1911:Edward Langworthy
1887:Nicholas Van Dyke
1848:Samuel Huntington
1776:refused to ratify
1688:
1687:
1680:
1574:
1573:
1529:November 23, 1785
1516:November 30, 1784
1511:Richard Henry Lee
1446:Samuel Huntington
1429:Samuel Huntington
1285:Mississippi River
1258:
1257:
1250:
1232:
1097:Mississippi River
1063:Benjamin Franklin
1012:George Washington
789:Article summaries
786:
785:
782:February 2, 1781
762:February 1, 1779
602:February 9, 1778
582:February 6, 1778
562:February 5, 1778
495:cede their claims
427:Francis Hopkinson
344:Committee of Five
307:Richard Henry Lee
250:proclaimed rebels
230:Benjamin Franklin
139:Independence Hall
127:Thirteen Colonies
115:
114:
84:National Archives
44:November 15, 1777
13467:
13367:Founding Fathers
13276:Fair Hill estate
13271:Poplar Hall home
13260:
13252:
13106:
13099:
13092:
13085:
13078:
13057:
13050:
13043:
13034:
13033:
12972:Sesquicentennial
12932:Independence Day
12836:Founding Fathers
12802:
12801:
12787:
12786:
12712:
12711:
12640:
12639:
12372:
12371:
12229:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12211:
12210:
12086:
12085:
12081:
11909:Cape St. Vincent
11584:
11583:
11577:
11576:
11547:
11546:
11519:Boston Tea Party
11444:Halifax Resolves
11394:Suffolk Resolves
11185:Grafton ministry
11180:Chatham ministry
11076:Colonial history
11056:
11055:
11042:
11041:
11027:
11020:
11013:
11004:
11003:
10804:
10782:Carpenters' Hall
10761:
10754:
10747:
10738:
10737:
10724:
10714:
10713:
10678:
10677:
10607:Outlying islands
10564:Washington, D.C.
10559:Federal District
10258:Manifest destiny
10231:
10230:
10220:
10219:
10162:Native Americans
10134:Iranian American
10108:Mexican American
10094:Serbian American
10079:Italian American
10069:Finnish American
10059:English American
10010:Chinese American
9997:African American
9982:
9981:
9787:Direct democracy
9777:The Constitution
9736:Higher education
9659:American Century
9644:
9643:
9097:Great Depression
9070:Women's suffrage
9060:Roaring Twenties
8986:Haymarket affair
8944:Enforcement Acts
8733:Jeffersonian era
8681:Shays' Rebellion
8601:Intolerable Acts
8596:Boston Tea Party
8531:Queen Anne's War
8459:
8458:
8448:
8447:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8392:
8391:
8368:
8361:
8248:African American
8130:Health insurance
8018:Household income
7888:National symbols
7819:American English
7792:Federal holidays
7701:household income
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7434:
7433:
7372:Anti-Americanism
7296:Special district
7223:Independent city
7192:County executive
7175:
7174:
6969:Attorney general
6928:
6927:
6917:Federal District
6500:Executive Office
6480:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6227:populated places
6207:federal enclaves
6202:federal district
6180:
6179:
6043:American Century
6026:Great Depression
6021:Roaring Twenties
5981:Women's suffrage
5860:Halifax Resolves
5853:Founding Fathers
5848:military history
5813:Pre-colonial era
5737:
5736:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5693:
5692:
5661:Ratification Day
5589:Continental Navy
5579:Continental Army
5558:Court of Appeals
5548:Secretary at War
5457:
5450:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5423:
5415:
5412:Arthur St. Clair
5407:
5404:Nathaniel Gorham
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5277:
5269:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5219:
5218:
4958:Daniel Roberdeau
4932:John Witherspoon
4751:
4750:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4641:
4626:
4605:
4582:
4563:
4544:
4532:
4507:
4494:
4469:
4442:
4420:
4390:
4375:
4352:
4346:
4332:
4319:
4302:Harper & Row
4299:
4288:
4265:
4240:
4214:
4191:
4167:
4156:
4133:
4110:
4078:
4062:
4048:
4022:
4009:Praeger Pub Text
3999:
3986:
3963:
3944:
3931:
3908:
3892:
3881:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3821:
3798:
3789:
3777:
3766:
3757:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3493:
3490:Hendrickson 2003
3487:
3481:
3478:Hendrickson 2003
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2917:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2854:Elliot, Jonathan
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2768:on June 1, 2009.
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2587:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2431:of New York and
2395:Anti-Federalists
2380:Shays' Rebellion
2367:Charles Pinckney
2350:Forrest McDonald
2323:Anti-Federalists
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2079:Daniel Roberdeau
2002:John Witherspoon
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1640:
1632:
1594:Shays' Rebellion
1569:
1568:January 22, 1788
1556:
1555:February 2, 1787
1550:Arthur St. Clair
1543:
1537:Nathaniel Gorham
1530:
1517:
1504:
1503:November 3, 1783
1491:
1490:November 4, 1782
1478:
1477:November 5, 1781
1465:
1452:
1434:
1433:
1326:, organized the
1253:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1190:
1166:
1158:
1070:Thomas Jefferson
1000:Continental Army
980:Secretary of War
953:Continental Army
861:already proposed
776:
769:
756:
749:
736:
729:
716:
709:
696:
689:
676:
669:
656:
649:
636:
629:
616:
609:
596:
589:
576:
569:
556:
549:
536:
529:
516:
515:
411:(South Carolina)
381:(North Carolina)
246:armed skirmishes
242:Intolerable Acts
182:Shays' Rebellion
54:February 2, 1781
33:
21:
20:
13475:
13474:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13466:
13465:
13464:
13380:
13379:
13378:
13373:
13340:
13334:Sons of Liberty
13285:
13238:
13212:
13117:
13115:Founding of the
13109:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13081:
13074:
13066:
13061:
13031:
13018:
12957:Von Steuben Day
12855:
12824:
12796:
12777:
12717:
12694:
12636:Colonial allies
12627:
12526:
12359:
12320:King George III
12308:
12216:
12193:
12162:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12070:
12044:
11973:
11954:Lochry's Defeat
11839:Assunpink Creek
11829:Fort Washington
11774:
11708:
11706:
11695:
11686:Hortalez et Cie
11657:Colonial allies
11652:
11619:
11588:United Colonies
11571:
11533:
11499:Boston Massacre
11477:
11468:Perpetual Union
11424:United Colonies
11357:Sons of Liberty
11320:
11228:
11226:
11225:Related British
11219:
11148:
11050:
11046:Origins of the
11036:
11031:
11001:
10996:
10980:
10959:
10928:
10899:Battle of Paoli
10862:
10826:
10805:
10796:
10770:
10765:
10735:
10730:
10684:
10658:
10602:
10566:
10554:
10293:
10267:
10225:
10210:
10116:Jewish American
10089:Polish American
10030:Korean American
10020:Indian American
9987:
9972:
9827:Merchant Marine
9797:Law enforcement
9649:
9630:
9504:
9500:Great Recession
9407:
9381:Reagan Doctrine
9335:
9314:Stonewall riots
9236:
9210:Project Mercury
9171:Truman Doctrine
9147:
9055:First Red Scare
9029:
8998:Progressive Era
8910:
8870:Bleeding Kansas
8826:
8773:Monroe Doctrine
8749:
8697:
8656:Treaty of Paris
8617:
8591:Boston Massacre
8586:Sons of Liberty
8482:
8453:
8442:
8424:
8419:
8389:
8384:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8340:
8326:Opioid epidemic
8243:Native American
8223:intersex rights
8174:
8170:Life expectancy
8160:Medical deserts
8150:Race and health
8047:
8033:Personal income
7979:
7883:National anthem
7716:personal income
7681:Economic issues
7615:
7567:
7415:
7315:
7304:School district
7290:
7273:Minor divisions
7267:
7206:
7164:
7103:
7089:Statutory codes
7070:
7033:
7010:
6920:
6915:
6902:
6837:
6794:civil liberties
6775:
6766:Other tribunals
6745:District courts
6697:
6656:current members
6639:current members
6620:
6554:Law enforcement
6452:
6165:
6114:
6105:Great Recession
5976:Progressive Era
5966:Native genocide
5897:Perpetual Union
5885:Treaty of Paris
5843:United Colonies
5801:
5726:
5720:
5690:
5685:
5651:Perpetual Union
5634:
5598:
5562:
5521:
5500:
5467:
5461:
5431:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5295:Peyton Randolph
5293:
5280:
5274:Henry Middleton
5272:
5266:Peyton Randolph
5264:
5251:
5246:
5216:
5211:
5188:
5179:Charles Thomson
5148:
5122:
5086:
5060:
5024:
5003:
4977:
4968:William Clingan
4941:
4920:
4889:
4853:
4827:
4786:
4777:Josiah Bartlett
4765:
4754:Primary drafter
4742:
4733:
4731:Perpetual Union
4724:
4690:Mobile friendly
4648:
4623:
4602:
4579:
4541:
4491:
4466:
4417:
4372:
4316:
4285:
4262:
4237:
4211:
4188:
4153:
4145:. p. 261.
4130:
4099:10.2307/2144490
4083:Jensen, Merrill
4075:
4053:Jensen, Merrill
4045:
4027:Jensen, Merrill
4019:
3983:
3960:
3941:St. James Press
3928:
3905:
3878:
3844:
3843:
3818:
3786:
3734:Armitage, David
3729:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:. p. 517.
3546:
3542:
3535:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3421:. p. 383.
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3295:
3291:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3104:Founders Online
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2988:UNC Press Books
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2900:
2896:
2877:
2873:
2856:, ed. (2010) .
2851:
2847:
2843:, p. 1782.
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2754:"225 Years Ago"
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2566:Perpetual Union
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:Politics portal
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2477:
2425:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2265:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2218:
2216:Parchment pages
2212:Constitution).
2190:
2089:William Clingan
1983:Josiah Bartlett
1828:
1702:, who were the
1700:Charles Thomson
1684:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1585:
1579:
1410:
1404:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1148:Accomplishments
1122:
1074:Barbary pirates
1042:Treaty of Paris
1038:
1032:
1008:Native American
949:
944:
825:equal treatment
791:
702:March 10, 1778
483:
409:Edward Rutledge
385:Stephen Hopkins
373:Button Gwinnett
369:(New Hampshire)
367:Josiah Bartlett
363:(Massachusetts)
328:
270:United Colonies
226:Albany Congress
222:
186:some states met
159:Perpetual Union
147:came into force
125:, formerly the
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13473:
13463:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13375:
13374:
13372:
13371:
13370:
13369:
13364:
13354:
13348:
13346:
13342:
13341:
13339:
13338:
13330:
13322:
13317:
13315:(1969 musical,
13309:
13304:
13299:
13293:
13291:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13255:
13246:
13244:
13243:Life and homes
13240:
13239:
13237:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13213:
13211:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13129:
13123:
13121:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13107:
13100:
13093:
13086:
13079:
13071:
13068:
13067:
13064:John Dickinson
13060:
13059:
13052:
13045:
13037:
13028:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13005:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12962:Minor holidays
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12856:
12854:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12814:
12808:
12806:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12794:
12793:Related topics
12783:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12763:Bill of Rights
12760:
12755:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12708:
12707:
12704:
12703:
12700:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12693:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12646:
12644:
12637:
12633:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12378:
12376:
12369:
12365:
12364:
12361:
12360:
12358:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12316:
12314:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12235:
12233:
12226:
12218:
12217:
12207:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12170:
12168:
12167:Loyal colonies
12164:
12163:
12161:
12160:
12155:
12153:South Carolina
12150:
12145:
12140:
12138:North Carolina
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12094:
12092:
12090:Rebel colonies
12083:
12075:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12030:Sint Eustatius
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11990:"First Salute"
11987:
11981:
11979:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11934:Kings Mountain
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11824:Harlem Heights
11821:
11816:
11814:Valcour Island
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11785:
11783:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11711:
11709:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11660:
11658:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11629:
11627:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11596:
11594:
11581:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11543:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11485:
11483:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11449:Lee Resolution
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11367:Black Patriots
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11328:
11326:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11231:
11229:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11215:Black Loyalist
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11190:North ministry
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11156:
11154:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11129:
11122:
11115:
11110:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11062:
11060:
11052:
11051:
11038:
11037:
11030:
11029:
11022:
11015:
11007:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10978:
10973:
10967:
10965:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10870:
10868:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10843:Lee Resolution
10840:
10834:
10832:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10824:
10819:
10813:
10811:
10807:
10806:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10778:
10776:
10772:
10771:
10764:
10763:
10756:
10749:
10741:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10718:
10708:
10706:Historiography
10703:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10682:
10672:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10644:Navassa Island
10641:
10636:
10631:
10629:Johnston Atoll
10626:
10621:
10619:Howland Island
10616:
10610:
10608:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10578:American Samoa
10574:
10572:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10500:South Carolina
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10465:North Carolina
10462:
10457:
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10442:
10437:
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10427:
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10417:
10412:
10407:
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10387:
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10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10301:
10299:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10289:The West Coast
10286:
10281:
10275:
10273:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10265:
10263:Indian removal
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10239:
10237:
10227:
10226:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10209:
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10206:
10201:
10196:
10184:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10170:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10154:Saudi American
10151:
10146:
10141:
10139:Iraqi American
10136:
10131:
10119:
10112:
10111:
10110:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10074:Irish American
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10004:Asian American
10000:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9932:Sexual slavery
9922:
9915:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9802:Postal service
9799:
9794:
9792:Foreign policy
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9747:
9740:
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9409:
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9400:
9395:
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9389:
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9383:
9378:
9368:
9366:Crack epidemic
9363:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9345:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9331:Moral Majority
9328:
9323:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9309:Gay liberation
9306:
9301:
9299:Counterculture
9296:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9287:Fall of Saigon
9284:
9279:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9265:Apollo program
9262:
9260:Project Gemini
9252:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9178:Early Cold War
9175:
9174:
9173:
9163:
9157:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9142:
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9126:
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9104:
9094:
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9077:
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9015:
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8901:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8862:
8857:
8850:Prelude to War
8847:
8842:
8840:Antebellum Era
8836:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8785:Trail of Tears
8780:Jacksonian era
8777:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8759:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8716:Federalist Era
8713:
8711:Bill of Rights
8707:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8646:Lee Resolution
8643:
8638:
8627:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8492:
8490:
8484:
8483:
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8480:
8473:
8465:
8463:
8455:
8454:
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8441:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8395:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8370:
8369:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8282:Mass shootings
8279:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8270:Climate change
8267:
8257:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8208:Discrimination
8205:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8188:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7998:American Dream
7995:
7989:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7965:Transportation
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7898:Mount Rushmore
7895:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7518:Federal budget
7515:
7510:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7456:Communications
7453:
7448:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7377:exceptionalism
7374:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7355:foreign policy
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7300:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7183:
7181:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7052:Chief justices
7047:Supreme courts
7043:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6936:
6934:
6925:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6886:National Guard
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6789:Bill of Rights
6785:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6759:list of judges
6756:
6754:list of courts
6742:
6741:
6740:
6738:list of judges
6730:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6673:Capitol Police
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6594:Secret Service
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Vice President
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6486:
6484:
6477:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6291:National Parks
6283:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6251:
6246:
6244:Extreme points
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5931:Federalist Era
5928:
5927:
5926:
5924:Bill of Rights
5921:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5872:
5867:
5865:Lee Resolution
5862:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725: articles
5719:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5696:
5687:
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5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
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5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
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5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5384:
5380:Thomas Mifflin
5376:
5372:Elias Boudinot
5368:
5360:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5139:Edward Telfair
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5113:Richard Hutson
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5091:South Carolina
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5065:North Carolina
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5020:Daniel Carroll
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4994:John Dickinson
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:Oliver Wolcott
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4844:Henry Marchant
4841:
4839:William Ellery
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Elbridge Gerry
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4761:John Dickinson
4757:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4646:External links
4644:
4643:
4642:
4627:
4621:
4606:
4600:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4545:
4539:
4522:
4508:
4495:
4490:978-1403984272
4489:
4470:
4464:
4443:
4433:(3): 513–535.
4422:
4415:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4353:
4333:
4320:
4314:
4289:
4283:
4266:
4260:
4241:
4235:
4215:
4209:
4192:
4187:978-0684868547
4186:
4172:Maier, Pauline
4168:
4166:. Vol. I.
4157:
4151:
4141:. Pittsburgh:
4134:
4128:
4111:
4093:(3): 356–379.
4079:
4073:
4049:
4043:
4023:
4017:
4000:
3987:
3981:
3964:
3958:
3945:
3932:
3926:
3909:
3903:
3882:
3876:
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3822:
3816:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3767:
3758:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3682:
3667:
3639:
3609:
3574:
3567:
3540:
3533:
3509:
3494:
3482:
3480:, p. 154.
3470:
3468:, p. 230.
3458:
3446:
3427:
3403:
3401:, p. 276.
3391:
3389:, p. 276.
3379:
3357:
3342:(4): 391–418.
3322:
3315:
3289:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3247:, p. 187.
3237:
3235:, p. 104.
3225:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3187:, p. 352.
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 107.
3153:
3151:, p. 105.
3141:
3125:
3090:
3078:
3074:Dougherty 2009
3066:
3054:
3052:, p. 177.
3039:
3027:
3015:
3013:, p. 469.
3003:
2996:
2974:
2944:
2937:
2931:. p. 10.
2894:
2871:
2845:
2833:
2800:
2771:
2744:
2732:
2702:
2678:
2661:memory.loc.gov
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Libertarianism
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2508:
2492:
2489:
2476:
2473:
2424:
2421:
2371:South Carolina
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2217:
2214:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:Richard Hutson
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:South Carolina
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:Henry Marchant
2110:
2108:William Ellery
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:North Carolina
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Elbridge Gerry
1951:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:Daniel Carroll
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:Edward Telfair
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:John Dickinson
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Oliver Wolcott
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1815:Thomas Sim Lee
1788:Chesapeake Bay
1760:North Carolina
1744:South Carolina
1710:ratification.
1686:
1685:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1581:Main article:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1498:Thomas Mifflin
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:Elias Boudinot
1481:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1403:
1400:
1309:Spanish Empire
1256:
1255:
1170:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1146:
1125:legislatures.
1121:
1118:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1030:Foreign policy
1028:
1004:national force
964:Phelps wrote:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
928:
925:
918:
917:
916:
909:
906:
903:
896:
893:
874:
871:
868:
856:
849:
821:
817:
813:
790:
787:
784:
783:
780:
770:
764:
763:
760:
750:
744:
743:
740:
730:
724:
723:
722:April 5, 1778
720:
718:North Carolina
710:
704:
703:
700:
690:
684:
683:
682:March 5, 1778
680:
670:
664:
663:
662:March 4, 1778
660:
650:
644:
643:
640:
630:
624:
623:
620:
610:
604:
603:
600:
590:
584:
583:
580:
570:
564:
563:
560:
558:South Carolina
550:
544:
543:
540:
530:
524:
523:
520:
482:
479:
459:British troops
435:John Dickinson
431:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
387:(Rhode Island)
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
355:John Dickinson
327:
324:
221:
218:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13472:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13343:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13314:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13288:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13259:
13256:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13241:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13215:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13119:United States
13116:
13112:
13105:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13091:
13087:
13084:
13080:
13077:
13073:
13072:
13069:
13065:
13058:
13053:
13051:
13046:
13044:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12937:Patriots' Day
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12914:
12913:
12912:Commemoration
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12858:
12852:
12851:Yankee Doodle
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12833:
12831:
12827:
12821:
12820:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12803:
12799:
12792:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12753:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12713:
12709:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12680:de Rochambeau
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12638:
12634:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12366:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12311:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12230:
12227:
12223:
12219:
12212:
12208:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12123:New Hampshire
12121:
12119:
12118:Massachusetts
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12087:
12084:
12073:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12051:
12047:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11982:
11980:
11976:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11782:
11777:
11771:
11770:Naval battles
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11705:Campaigns and
11702:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11655:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11558:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11544:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11509:Gaspee affair
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11480:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11384:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11323:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11222:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11165:Bute ministry
11163:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11114:
11113:Spirit of '76
11111:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11086:Republicanism
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11028:
11023:
11021:
11016:
11014:
11009:
11008:
11005:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10983:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10962:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10931:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10865:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10829:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10803:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10762:
10757:
10755:
10750:
10748:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10717:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:List of years
10699:
10698:
10695:
10681:
10673:
10671:
10670:Urban history
10668:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10649:Palmyra Atoll
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10624:Jarvis Island
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10605:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10571:Insular areas
10569:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10540:West Virginia
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10445:New Hampshire
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10405:Massachusetts
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10296:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10221:
10217:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10035:Thai American
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9994:
9993:
9990:
9983:
9979:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9873:Party Systems
9870:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9812:Voting rights
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9645:
9641:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9474:
9473:War on terror
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9371:Late Cold War
9369:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9250:Great Society
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:Post-war boom
9203:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8752:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8700:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8620:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8445:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8416:
8411:
8409:
8404:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8255:Energy policy
8253:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8196:incarceration
8194:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Prenatal care
8079:
8077:
8076:Birth control
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Homeownership
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7736:working class
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7696:homeownership
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:Manufacturing
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7404:Third parties
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6771:U.S. attorney
6769:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6716:Chief Justice
6714:
6713:
6712:
6711:Supreme Court
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6616:Public policy
6614:
6612:
6611:Civil service
6609:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6279:Sierra Nevada
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:insular zones
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6088:War on Terror
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:LGBT Movement
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
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5808:
5804:
5798:
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5790:
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5753:
5750:
5748:
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5738:
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5723:United States
5717:
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5703:
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5613:
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5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:Meeting sites
5601:
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5470:
5466:
5458:
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5451:
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5444:
5439:
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5435:
5421:
5420:Cyrus Griffin
5417:
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5409:
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5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:Thomas McKean
5353:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5311:Henry Laurens
5308:
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5300:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5267:
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5260:
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5185:
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5137:
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5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Henry Laurens
5096:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5082:John Williams
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:John Banister
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:Thomas McKean
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Robert Morris
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Francis Lewis
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Roger Sherman
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
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4834:
4830:
4824:
4823:Samuel Holten
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:Massachusetts
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:New Hampshire
4768:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
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4601:9780226480503
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4552:
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4540:9780313256103
4536:
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4530:
4523:
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4520:1-55786-244-3
4517:
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4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:9781428622005
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:Paine, Thomas
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4371:9781111830861
4367:
4363:
4359:
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4350:
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4321:
4317:
4315:9780060914240
4311:
4307:
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4290:
4286:
4284:9781604133509
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
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4261:9781931313315
4257:
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4210:9780393007183
4206:
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4129:9780804722933
4125:
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4092:
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4074:9780930350147
4070:
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4044:9780299002046
4040:
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4018:9780313321610
4014:
4010:
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4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
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3974:
3970:
3965:
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3959:9781405116749
3955:
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3927:9780199752737
3923:
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3896:
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3879:
3877:9780761321149
3873:
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3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3817:9781402226106
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3791:
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3785:9780801863554
3781:
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3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3656:
3655:J.M. Morrison
3652:
3651:
3643:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3568:9781588364876
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3536:
3534:9781139467186
3530:
3527:. p. 5.
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3507:, p. 62.
3506:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3428:9780945612193
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3399:McDonald 1986
3395:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3316:9781101200858
3312:
3308:
3307:Penguin Books
3303:
3302:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3259:, p. 37.
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:Jensen (1950)
3129:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3064:, p. 98.
3063:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3011:Chadwick 2005
3007:
2999:
2997:9780807842690
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2938:9780806300986
2934:
2930:
2927:. Baltimore:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:Williams 2012
2837:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2644:Armitage 2004
2640:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:New Hampshire
2472:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:Patrick Henry
2383:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:In May 1786,
2362:
2357:
2355:
2354:Federalist 39
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
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2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:John Banister
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Henry Laurens
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Robert Morris
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:John Williams
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Francis Lewis
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:New Hampshire
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:Samuel Holten
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Thomas McKean
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Roger Sherman
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
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1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Massachusetts
1717:
1716:New Hampshire
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Henry Laurens
1693:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:This section
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1566:
1564:
1563:Cyrus Griffin
1560:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:July 10, 1781
1462:
1460:
1459:Thomas McKean
1456:
1451:March 1, 1781
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:—chaired the
1415:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Massachusetts
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1313:Homestead Act
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199: –
1198:
1194:
1193:Find sources:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:This section
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:, wrote in a
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
983:
981:
977:
970:
965:
961:
956:
954:
936:
933:
929:
926:
923:
919:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
891:
887:
883:
878:
877:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
859:stipulations
857:
854:
850:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
804:
800:
796:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
725:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
705:
701:
699:
698:Massachusetts
695:
691:
686:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
665:
661:
659:
658:New Hampshire
655:
651:
646:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
605:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
546:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
478:
476:
472:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
425:
422:
419:
417:(Connecticut)
416:
415:Roger Sherman
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:Thomas Nelson
401:
398:
397:Thomas McKean
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
351:
349:
345:
337:
336:Postage stamp
332:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
292:
291:
286:
281:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
214:taxing powers
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:United States
120:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:March 1, 1781
63:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
13333:
13325:
13312:
13217:Other events
13197:
13135:(1767, 1768)
13132:
12977:Bicentennial
12860:Other topics
12846:Liberty Tree
12818:
12758:Constitution
12750:
12655:Beaumarchais
12543:Samuel Adams
12294:William Howe
12289:Richard Howe
12189:West Florida
12174:East Florida
12148:Rhode Island
12143:Pennsylvania
12076:Involvement
12020:Gordon Riots
12005:Valley Forge
12000:Conway Cabal
11978:Other events
11740:Philadelphia
11638:British Army
11529:Powder Alarm
11463:
11459:Model Treaty
11381:
11139:Expansionism
11107:Common Sense
11105:
10924:Valley Forge
10873:
10639:Midway Atoll
10634:Kingman Reef
10614:Baker Island
10593:Puerto Rico
10505:South Dakota
10495:Rhode Island
10490:Pennsylvania
10470:North Dakota
10186:
10179:
10160:
10121:
10114:
10100:
10046:
10002:
9995:
9938:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9871:
9845:Marine Corps
9832:
9825:
9818:
9782:Debt ceiling
9767:Civil Rights
9749:
9742:
9728:
9714:
9700:
9671:
9666:Antisemitism
9664:
9657:
9613:
9574:
9510:2008–present
9462:Bush v. Gore
9460:
9398:War on drugs
9272:Mid Cold War
9124:Pearl Harbor
9119:World War II
8939:Ku Klux Klan
8667:
8536:Dummer's War
8475:
8468:
8462:Pre-Colonial
8297:Human rights
8277:Gun politics
8228:Islamophobia
8218:antisemitism
8086:Hospice care
8028:Middle class
8008:Homelessness
7985:Social class
7945:Social class
7809:Human rights
7799:Homelessness
7711:middle class
7676:Demographics
7651:Architecture
7558:Unemployment
7538:Labor unions
7286:Town meeting
7263:City council
7258:City manager
6999:State police
6861:Marine Corps
6851:Armed Forces
6826:civil rights
6806:Constitution
6378:Southwestern
6373:Southeastern
6363:Northwestern
6358:Northeastern
6323:Mid-Atlantic
6313:Great Plains
6031:World War II
5914:Constitution
5891:
5818:Colonial era
5797:2008–present
5574:Board of War
5464:
5396:John Hancock
5303:John Hancock
5108:John Mathews
5046:Thomas Adams
4946:Pennsylvania
4911:William Duer
4885:Andrew Adams
4880:Titus Hosmer
4849:John Collins
4832:Rhode Island
4818:James Lovell
4813:Francis Dana
4803:Samuel Adams
4798:John Hancock
4726:
4632:
4611:
4587:
4568:
4550:
4528:
4511:
4499:
4475:
4451:
4430:
4426:
4402:
4385:. New York:
4381:
4357:
4347:. New York:
4342:
4324:
4295:
4270:
4246:
4222:
4196:
4176:
4162:
4138:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4058:
4030:
4004:
3991:
3968:
3949:
3936:
3913:
3888:
3862:
3847:cite journal
3833:(1): 47–74.
3830:
3826:
3803:
3794:
3773:
3762:
3741:
3737:
3710:
3703:. Retrieved
3694:
3685:
3678:Maier (2010)
3658:. Retrieved
3649:
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3594:(1): 70–71.
3591:
3587:
3577:
3559:Random House
3553:
3543:
3519:
3512:
3505:Maier (2010)
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3413:
3406:
3394:
3387:Ferling 2003
3382:
3374:the original
3369:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3339:
3335:
3325:
3300:
3292:
3276:
3269:Ferling 2010
3264:
3252:
3240:
3233:McNeese 2009
3228:
3221:Frankel 2003
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3086:Ferling 2003
3081:
3069:
3057:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2983:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2923:
2904:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2857:
2848:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2815:
2791:. Retrieved
2783:
2774:
2766:the original
2761:
2757:
2747:
2735:
2725:December 30,
2723:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2681:
2671:December 30,
2669:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2485:
2478:
2475:Final months
2464:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:Thomas Burke
2426:
2417:
2413:Rhode Island
2409:
2405:
2400:
2393:, and other
2391:George Mason
2384:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2333:Philadelphia
2326:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2176:Thomas Adams
2142:John Mathews
2118:John Collins
2067:Pennsylvania
2031:William Duer
1964:James Lovell
1959:Francis Dana
1949:Samuel Adams
1944:John Hancock
1863:Andrew Adams
1858:Titus Hosmer
1829:
1820:
1804:
1772:
1768:
1736:Pennsylvania
1724:Rhode Island
1712:
1708:
1689:
1674:
1665:
1654:Please help
1649:verification
1646:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1542:June 6, 1786
1524:John Hancock
1426:
1413:
1411:
1381:
1348:Pennsylvania
1317:
1278:
1259:
1244:
1235:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1192:
1180:Please help
1175:verification
1172:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1114:Jay's Treaty
1105:British army
1086:
1082:James Monroe
1067:
1059:John Hancock
1039:
1024:
1020:Pennsylvania
1014:defused the
997:
993:
988:
985:Knox wrote:
984:
972:
967:
963:
958:
950:
921:
900:post offices
807:
792:
678:Pennsylvania
598:Rhode Island
512:
497:west of the
484:
481:Ratification
470:
465:
463:
432:
421:Thomas Stone
379:Joseph Hewes
361:Samuel Adams
341:
320:model treaty
311:a resolution
296:
290:Common Sense
288:
285:Thomas Paine
282:
274:
232:'s proposed
228:in 1754 and
223:
202:Constitution
178:
163:
143:Philadelphia
118:
116:
18:
12623:Witherspoon
12507:von Steuben
12462:Charles Lee
12179:Nova Scotia
12098:Connecticut
11969:The Saintes
11924:Springfield
11889:Stony Point
11819:Long Island
11804:Bunker Hill
11725:Nova Scotia
11316:Prohibitory
11306:Restraining
11296:Intolerable
11276:Declaratory
10992:1783 Mutiny
10654:Wake Island
10420:Mississippi
10335:Connecticut
10279:New England
9946:Agriculture
9865:Coast Guard
9860:Space Force
9708:Immigration
9436:WTC bombing
9354:Reaganomics
9282:Vietnam War
9198:McCarthyism
9080:Second Klan
9065:Prohibition
9043:World War I
9018:Square Deal
9008:Imperialism
8743:War of 1812
8470:Prehistoric
8302:Immigration
8233:LGBT rights
8135:Food safety
7970:Video games
7563:Wall Street
7543:Public debt
7446:Agriculture
7382:nationalism
7094:Uniform act
7016:Legislative
6923:Territorial
6881:Coast Guard
6876:Space Force
6626:Legislative
6421:Red (South)
6411:Mississippi
6333:New England
6269:Appalachian
6239:Earthquakes
6136:Discoveries
6131:Demographic
6073:Vietnam War
6016:World War I
6011:Imperialism
5961:Indian Wars
5936:War of 1812
5406:(1786–1787)
5398:(1785–1786)
5390:(1784–1785)
5382:(1783–1784)
5374:(1782–1783)
5366:(1781–1782)
5364:John Hanson
5329:(1779–1781)
5321:(1778–1779)
5313:(1777–1778)
5305:(1775–1777)
5134:John Walton
5051:John Harvie
5015:John Hanson
4973:Joseph Reed
4901:James Duane
4858:Connecticut
4747:Signatories
4399:Foner, Eric
3808:Sourcebooks
3602:October 31,
3549:Amar, Akhil
3466:Rakove 1988
3454:Rakove 1988
3439:February 1,
3281:Rakove 1988
3257:Jensen 1959
3245:Murrin 2008
3209:Morris 1987
3197:Jensen 1959
3023:Phelps 2001
2889:13044–13045
2784:history.com
2740:Jensen 1959
2340:close to a
2181:John Harvie
2094:Joseph Reed
2021:James Duane
1925:John Hanson
1901:John Walton
1836:Connecticut
1728:Connecticut
1472:John Hanson
1340:Connecticut
816:delegated."
618:Connecticut
439:sovereignty
316:Declaration
309:introduced
299:association
234:Albany Plan
100:Signatories
13384:Categories
13326:John Adams
13320:1972 film)
13266:Early life
12967:Centennial
12922:television
12773:Jay Treaty
12670:de Guichen
12578:Huntington
12538:John Adams
12477:Montgomery
12382:Washington
12345:Rockingham
12330:Barrington
12299:Knyphausen
12269:Cornwallis
12128:New Jersey
11959:Chesapeake
11914:Charleston
11869:Germantown
11864:Brandywine
11854:Bennington
11643:Royal Navy
11633:Parliament
11580:Combatants
11553:Combatants
11332:Loyal Nine
11265:Quartering
11235:Navigation
11081:Liberalism
11071:John Locke
11059:Philosophy
10535:Washington
10455:New Mexico
10450:New Jersey
10325:California
9820:Journalism
9772:Corruption
9751:Government
9702:Demography
9689:Newspapers
9538:Sandy Hook
9441:Waco siege
9349:Reagan era
9255:Space Race
9188:Korean War
9129:home front
8961:Gilded Age
8929:Amendments
8336:Xenophobia
8125:Disability
8066:Healthcare
7975:Visual art
7920:Philosophy
7866:television
7856:newspapers
7846:journalism
7836:Literature
7748:attainment
7399:Republican
7394:Democratic
7367:Ideologies
7328:Corruption
6893:NOAA Corps
6816:preemption
6811:federalism
6426:Rio Grande
6328:Midwestern
6308:West Coast
6303:East Coast
6146:Inventions
6058:Space Race
6053:Korean War
6036:home front
5971:Gilded Age
5473:Congresses
4925:New Jersey
4578:0826418791
4465:0813920051
4304:. p.
4236:0700603115
4152:0975262750
3982:0700612378
3283:, p.
3173:Stahr 2005
3161:Stahr 2005
3149:Stahr 2005
3135:, p.
3062:Lodge 1893
2912:. p.
2908:. Albany:
2887:. p.
2864:. p.
2826:January 3,
2632:Paine 1776
2505:Law portal
2468:Akhil Amar
2317:See also:
1995:New Jersey
1792:Destouches
1748:New Jersey
1628:Signatures
1605:John Adams
1437:President
1332:Ohio River
1305:California
1274:public use
1238:April 2020
1208:newspapers
1055:John Adams
976:Henry Knox
886:privateers
846:extradited
799:conclusion
738:New Jersey
499:Ohio River
475:unicameral
423:(Maryland)
405:(Virginia)
399:(Delaware)
393:(New York)
278:fiat money
200:under the
166:war effort
69:Superseded
13261:(brother)
12841:Diplomacy
12829:Political
12812:Prisoners
12716:Aftermath
12690:Vergennes
12665:de Grasse
12660:d'Estaing
12650:Louis XVI
12588:Jefferson
12553:Dickinson
12497:St. Clair
12482:Nicholson
12457:Lafayette
12417:Duportail
12387:Alexander
12355:Shelburne
12239:Arbuthnot
12078:(by
11944:Pensacola
11904:Gibraltar
11879:St. Lucia
11844:Princeton
11556:Campaigns
11409:Minutemen
11325:Colonials
11281:Townshend
11210:Loyalists
11153:Royalists
10545:Wisconsin
10510:Tennessee
10415:Minnesota
10390:Louisiana
10284:The South
9855:Air Force
9730:Education
9592:recession
9548:Las Vegas
9456:Columbine
9413:1991–2008
9341:1980–1991
9242:1964–1980
9153:1945–1964
9107:Dust Bowl
9035:1917–1945
8916:1865–1917
8894:Civil War
8887:Secession
8832:1849–1865
8755:1815–1849
8726:Quasi-War
8703:1789–1815
8623:1776–1789
8576:Sugar Act
8319:Terrorism
8096:Rationing
7993:Affluence
7940:Sexuality
7908:Uncle Sam
7814:Languages
7743:Education
7686:affluence
7646:Americana
7573:Transport
7471:Insurance
7461:Companies
7441:By sector
7333:Elections
6974:Treasurer
6932:Executive
6871:Air Force
6843:Uniformed
6666:President
6483:Executive
6254:Mountains
6187:Territory
6175:Geography
5999:1954–1968
5994:1896–1954
5989:1865–1896
5951:Civil War
5792:1991–2008
5787:1980–1991
5782:1964–1980
5777:1945–1964
5772:1917–1945
5767:1865–1917
5762:1849–1865
5757:1815–1849
5752:1789–1815
5747:1776–1789
5740:By period
5517:Secretary
5512:President
5491:Delegates
5072:John Penn
4387:Macmillan
4029:(1959) .
3748:: 61–66.
3705:March 13,
3660:April 16,
3632:April 16,
3350:April 19,
3185:SatĹŤ 1886
3118:April 21,
3050:Puls 2008
3035:Puls 2008
2967:April 11,
2793:April 28,
2620:Wood 1969
2577:Citations
2571:Vetocracy
2222:parchment
2220:Original
2050:John Penn
1811:Annapolis
1782:, French
1704:President
1668:July 2022
1388:Frankland
1376:Minnesota
1372:Wisconsin
1110:Loyalists
1040:The 1783
841:fugitives
837:vagabonds
451:Lancaster
447:Baltimore
375:(Georgia)
254:Loyalists
206:president
90:Author(s)
13362:patriots
13179:co-wrote
12805:Military
12558:Franklin
12531:Civilian
12512:Sullivan
12502:Schuyler
12432:Hamilton
12407:Claghorn
12375:Military
12368:Colonial
12350:Sandwich
12313:Civilian
12259:Carleton
12254:Campbell
12249:Burgoyne
12232:Military
12158:Virginia
12133:New York
12113:Maryland
12103:Delaware
11964:Yorktown
11899:Savannah
11874:Monmouth
11859:Saratoga
11765:Yorktown
11755:Southern
11745:Northern
11735:Saratoga
11707:theaters
11568:Colonies
11559:Theaters
11362:Patriots
11272:up i.p.o
11260:Currency
11245:Molasses
10716:Category
10530:Virginia
10480:Oklahoma
10460:New York
10435:Nebraska
10425:Missouri
10410:Michigan
10400:Maryland
10385:Kentucky
10365:Illinois
10340:Delaware
10330:Colorado
10320:Arkansas
10199:Lesbians
10173:Comanche
10168:Cherokee
9961:Medicine
9919:Genocide
9912:Religion
9834:Military
9807:Taxation
9757:Abortion
9673:Cultural
9553:Parkland
9483:Iraq War
9421:Gulf War
9193:Ivy Mike
9112:New Deal
8488:Colonial
8433:Timeline
8375:Category
8071:Abortion
7935:Religion
7893:Columbia
7851:internet
7787:Holidays
7782:Folklore
7753:literacy
7691:eviction
7581:Aviation
7553:Taxation
7508:Currency
7501:by state
7411:Scandals
7281:Township
7039:Judicial
6940:Governor
6703:Judicial
6589:Marshals
6462:Politics
6416:Missouri
6406:Columbia
6401:Colorado
6396:Arkansas
6389:Longest
6368:Southern
6353:Northern
6197:counties
6151:Military
6141:Economic
6119:By topic
6098:Iraq War
6048:Cold War
5806:By event
5567:Military
5319:John Jay
5029:Virginia
5008:Maryland
4982:Delaware
4894:New York
4569:John Jay
4339:(1965).
4221:(1986).
4174:(2010).
4055:(1950).
3699:Archived
3626:Archived
3596:Archived
3551:(2012).
3433:Archived
3344:Archived
3112:Archived
2961:Archived
2719:Archived
2694:Archived
2665:Archived
2599:Archived
2491:See also
2429:John Jay
2375:Congress
2342:republic
2159:Virginia
2014:New York
1918:Maryland
1870:Delaware
1784:Minister
1756:Maryland
1752:Delaware
1740:Virginia
1732:New York
1692:Congress
1392:Kentucky
1368:Michigan
1364:Illinois
1352:Virginia
1344:New York
1289:township
1134:John Jay
1130:taxation
795:preamble
778:Maryland
758:Delaware
578:New York
538:Virginia
507:de facto
491:Virginia
487:Virginia
326:Drafting
268:for the
151:ratified
80:Location
50:Ratified
13345:Related
12927:theater
12685:Suffren
12675:Luzerne
12593:Laurens
12563:Hancock
12548:Carroll
12467:Lincoln
12447:de Kalb
12437:Hopkins
12335:Germain
12325:Amherst
12264:Clinton
12225:British
12215:Leaders
12108:Georgia
11939:Cowpens
11884:Grenada
11834:Trenton
11781:battles
11760:Western
11615:Marines
11562:Battles
10550:Wyoming
10525:Vermont
10430:Montana
10370:Indiana
10350:Georgia
10345:Florida
10315:Arizona
10305:Alabama
10272:Regions
10194:Gay men
9966:Railway
9926:Slavery
9722:Banking
9716:Economy
9558:El Paso
9543:Orlando
9277:DĂ©tente
8438:Outline
8359:Outline
8307:illegal
8292:Smoking
8155:Obesity
8038:Poverty
7960:Theater
7950:Society
7804:Housing
7765:Fashion
7721:poverty
7666:Cuisine
7638:Culture
7625:Society
7586:Driving
7513:Exports
7491:Tourism
7451:Banking
7429:Economy
7389:Parties
7233:Charter
7197:Sheriff
6644:Speaker
6512:Cabinet
6475:Federal
6383:Western
6348:Eastern
6343:Central
6338:Pacific
6298:Regions
6249:Islands
5732:History
5639:Related
5193:Display
5157:Related
5127:Georgia
4450:(ed.).
4401:(ed.).
4107:2144490
3920:, USA.
3137:177–233
2605:July 5,
1894:Georgia
1826:Signers
1764:Georgia
1396:Vermont
1360:Indiana
1293:section
1222:scholar
990:Union".
865:militia
833:paupers
638:Georgia
471:en bloc
258:Patriot
108:Purpose
41:Created
13290:Legacy
13253:(wife)
12819:Turtle
12643:French
12613:Revere
12608:Morris
12603:McKean
12568:Hanson
12492:Rodney
12487:Putnam
12472:Mercer
12427:Greene
12397:Arnold
12304:Rodney
12284:Graves
12274:Fraser
12184:Quebec
11929:Camden
11809:Quebec
11794:Boston
11779:Major
11720:Quebec
11715:Boston
11664:France
11565:Events
11482:Events
11291:Quebec
10726:Portal
10680:Cities
10663:Cities
10485:Oregon
10440:Nevada
10380:Kansas
10355:Hawaii
10310:Alaska
10298:States
10224:Places
9986:Groups
9956:Lumber
9894:Fourth
9884:Second
9694:Sports
9679:Cinema
9648:Topics
9563:Uvalde
9533:Aurora
9528:Tucson
8452:Events
8380:Portal
8287:Hunger
8238:racism
8179:Issues
8053:Health
7955:Sports
7915:People
7760:Family
7731:wealth
7656:Cinema
7481:Mining
7466:Energy
7211:Cities
7179:County
7113:Tribal
6651:Senate
6495:powers
6391:rivers
6264:ranges
6232:states
6156:Postal
5422:(1788)
5414:(1787)
5358:(1781)
5350:(1781)
5297:(1775)
5276:(1774)
5268:(1774)
4619:
4598:
4575:
4558:, for
4537:
4518:
4487:
4462:
4413:
4368:
4312:
4306:245–66
4281:
4258:
4233:
4207:
4184:
4149:
4143:Evisum
4126:
4105:
4071:
4041:
4015:
3979:
3956:
3924:
3901:
3874:
3814:
3782:
3565:
3531:
3425:
3313:
3285:225–45
2994:
2935:
2196:, the
1394:, and
1370:, and
1350:, and
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1061:, and
1051:quorum
1046:quorum
839:, and
519:State
212:, and
210:courts
13183:1775)
12573:Henry
12522:Wayne
12442:Jones
12422:Gates
12412:Clark
12402:Barry
12392:Allen
12340:North
12244:Brant
11270:Stamp
11255:Sugar
10515:Texas
10395:Maine
10360:Idaho
10188:LGBTQ
10181:Women
9951:Labor
9904:Sixth
9899:Fifth
9889:Third
9879:First
9684:Music
9426:NAFTA
8366:Index
8191:Crime
8061:Aging
7878:Names
7873:Music
7861:radio
7841:Media
7671:Dance
7661:Crime
7496:Trade
7253:Mayor
7202:Clerk
7170:Local
6912:State
6431:Yukon
6274:Rocky
6259:peaks
4103:JSTOR
3744:(3).
2697:(PDF)
2690:(PDF)
1603:When
1440:Term
1301:Texas
1297:acres
1229:JSTOR
1215:books
1093:Spain
1091:with
522:Date
453:then
13313:1776
12917:film
12817:The
12618:Rush
12517:Ward
12452:Knox
12279:Gage
11679:Navy
11674:Army
11610:Navy
11605:Army
11466:and
11240:Iron
10985:1783
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