5059:"assive broad-faced proto-Europoid type is a trait of post-Mariupol’ cultures, Sredniy Stog, as well as the Pit-grave culture of the Dnieper’s left bank, the Donets, and Don... During the period of the Timber-grave culture the population of the Ukraine was represented by the medium type between the dolichocephalous narrow-faced population of the Multi-roller Ware culture (Babino) and the more massive broad-faced population of the Timber-grave culture of the Volga region... The anthropological data confirm the existence of an impetus from the Volga region to the Ukraine in the formation of the Timber-grave culture. During the Belozerka stage the dolichocranial narrow-faced type became the prevalent one. A close affinity among the skulls of the Timber-grave, Belozerka, and Scythian cultures of the Pontic steppes, on the one hand, and of the same cultures of the forest-steppe region, on the other, has been shown... This proves the genetical continuity between the Iranian-speaking Scythian population and the previous Timber-grave culture population in the Ukraine... The heir of the Neolithic Dnieper-Donets and Sredniy Stog cultures was the Pit-grave culture. Its population possessed distinct Europoid features, was tall, with massive skulls... The tribes of the Abashevo culture appear in the forest-steppe zone, almost simultaneously with the Poltavka culture. The Abashevans are marked by dolichocephaly and narrow faces. This population had its roots in the Balanovo and Fatyanovo cultures on the Middle Volga, and in Central Europe... he early Timber-grave culture (the Potapovka) population was the result of the mixing of different components. One type was massive, and its predecessor was the Pit-grave-Poltavka type. The second type was a dolichocephalous Europoid type genetically related to the Sintashta population... One more participant of the ethno-cultural processes in the steppes was that of the tribes of the Pokrovskiy type. They were dolichocephalous narrow-faced Europoids akin to the Abashevans and different from the Potapovkans... The majority of Timber-grave culture skulls are dolichocranic with middle-broad faces. They evidence the significant role of Pit-grave and Poltavka components in the Timber-grave culture population... One may assume a genetic connection between the populations of the Timber-grave culture of the Urals region and the Alakul’ culture of the Urals and West Kazakhstan belonging to a dolichocephalous narrow-face type with the population of the Sintashta culture... he western part of the Andronovo culture population belongs to the dolichocranic type akin to that of the Timber-grave culture.
3746:
2523:
3501:
2257:
2542:
5110:"European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool, as there are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age."
2720:
3560:
2714:
5659:, in: The Holocene, p. 5: "...The Andronovo people, with a similar economic base to that of the Qiemu’erqieke people, arrived from the west ca. 3800 cal year BP, by which time the climate had peaked, with the Bortala Valley experiencing a further increase in moisture but some cooling...Traces of the Andronovo culture fade out in Xinjiang around 3300 cal year BP for reasons that are not yet clear. This roughly coincides with the rise of the first mounted horsemen of the steppes, the Deer Stone-Khirigsuur (DSK) complex, emerging in Mongolia and southern Russia (Fitzhugh, 2009)..."
3823:
2533:"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov.
3710:
5141:"Many of the samples from this group are individuals buried in association with artifacts of the Corded Ware, Srubnaya, Petrovka, Sintashta and Andronovo complexes, all of which harboreda mixture of Steppe_EMBA ancestry and ancestry from European Middle Neolithic agriculturalists (Europe_MN). This is consistent with previous findings showing that following westward movement of eastern European populations and mixture with local European agriculturalists, there was an eastward reflux back beyond the Urals."
3309:
3758:
3782:
2610:
3722:
3734:
134:
2372:
2009:
2471:
3770:
29:
9859:
9849:
4929:
5068:"The Eurasian steppe nomadic Saka were not immigrants from the Near East but direct descendants of Andronovans, and the mixed character of the Indo-Iranian-speaking populations of Iran and India is the result of a new population spreading among aboriginals with whom a new language is probably to be associated. This conclusion is confirmed by the evidence of Indo-Iranian tradition. The
5873:
5795:
5226:, in: Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2019. № 4 (47): "The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the formulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC)..."
2703:. While the earliest phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with the late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians. According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the
5656:
3683:. People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with
5364:
1960:(c. 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures. Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings.
5997:"...the presence of the so-called Andronovo or steppe culture in campsites located on the sand dunes among BMAC settlements or close to them, has been clearly brought to light...This culture is characterized by a typical gray-brown handmade pottery with incised geometrical decoration (Incised Coarse Ware - ICW)..."
6107:
Viktorovich; Gnuni, Artak; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Metspalu, Mait; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Gromov, Andrei; Pokutta, Dalia; Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Foley, Robert A.; Lahr, Marta Mirazón; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (October 2015).
5354:, Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."
3745:
3197:
According to
Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia", despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near
6106:
Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten Erik; Nielsen, Kasper; Orlando, Ludovic; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Schubert, Mikkel; Van Dam, Alex; Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen; Nielsen, Henrik Bjørn; Brunak, Søren; Avetisyan, Pavel; Epimakhov, Andrey; Khalyapin, Mikhail
3275:
Rasmus G. Bjørn (2022) describes the linguistic heritage of the
Andronovo cultural complex as "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranic and Indic. Early Iranic can be associated with later stages of the Andronovo horizon. Indo-Iranian derived loanwords via the Andronovo
5896:
Ventresca Miller, A., Usmanova, E., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Shevnina, I., Logvin, A., Kolbina, A., Suslov, A., Privat, K., Haas, K. and
Rosenmeier, M., 2014. Subsistence and social change in central Eurasia: stable isotope analysis of populations spanning the Bronze Age transition. Journal of
2379:
The
Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo
2565:). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among the most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual
7682:
Ning, Chao & Zheng, Hong-Xiang & Zhang, Fan & Wu, Sihao & Li, Chunxiang & Zhao, Yongbin & Xu, Yang & Wei, Dong & Wu, Yong & Gao, Shizhu & Jin, Li & Cui, Yinqiu. (2021). "Ancient
Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe
6761:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels (June 2015).
3694:, and Priya Moorjani (in a peer-reviewed paper, July 18, 2022) estimate through DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) that genetic characteristics, typical of Andronovo culture's people formed around 900 years before this archaeological culture appeared,
2432:
is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among
Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours. The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction. According to the
6831:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (2019-09-06).
2461:
was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding. Agriculture did not play an important role in the
Andronovo economy.
5164:, in: The Digital Archaeological Record: "...Particular attention focuses on the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900-1200 BC)..."
6344:: "The settlement and cemetery of Sintashta, for example, though located far to the north on the Trans-Ural steppe, provides the type of Indo-Iranian archaeological evidence that would more than delight an archaeologist seeking their remains in Iran or India."
5128:"Genetic analysis indicates that the individuals in our study classified as falling within the Andronovo complex are genetically similar to the main clusters of Potapovka, Sintashta, and Srubnaya in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and
2276:-Kazakhstan. Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC), the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC) and the final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper
3235:, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in
5634:".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."
3414:(part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.
5119:"We observed a main cluster of Sintashta individuals that was similar to Srubnaya, Potapovka, and Andronovo in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and Anatolian Neolithic (European agriculturalist-related) ancestry."
5371:: "During the first stage of the Andronovo culture (Early Bronze Age to the end of the 3rd millennium BC), the livestock (mainly cattle) was small and natural fodder was not difficult to find in the pastures near the settlements."
5084:
population who were a dark-skinned, small people speaking another language and who did not believe in the Vedic gods... Skin color was the basis of social division of the Vedic Aryans; their society was divided into social groups
6210:
Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (May 16, 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south
Siberian Kurgan people".
5335:“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”
2590:
bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The
Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming a plague (although it was not
1995:
discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The
Andronovo culture was first identified by the Russian archaeologist
5553:
Sarazm is unique as a gateway to the steppe world, up to Southern Siberia, during the Chalcolithic period (Afanasevo) long before the spread of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium
6014:"...a significant amount of Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), related to Bronze Age nomadic stock-riders over a vast portion of Eurasia, between the Urals and . Soviet authors have often labelled ...as 'Andronovo Ware'..."
3210:. Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the
6659:, p. 405: "Moreover, the south Siberian tribes under study (Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar) have been described as exhibiting pronounced Europoid features (Kozintsev et al. 1999; Lebedynsky 2003; Moiseyev 2006)."
5323:
Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p.
3319:
In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populations. Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the
5623:
4042:
3981:
2453:. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the
2506:
in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration, spread over much of Eurasian region, from
5223:
1975:-speaking area to its eastern fringe. Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and the preceding Sintashta culture should be partially derived from the
5668:
Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 632, 634, 637.
3966:
4812:
4791:
4770:
4749:
4661:
6298:
Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019,
2699:
rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the
2522:
4645:
5710:
Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.
4653:
5694:, in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago,
2157:
Some authors have challenged the chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia.
3540:, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the
2380:
villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as much as a hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from
4271:
3231:
Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of
5383:, p. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."
3485:. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being
3500:
4894:
2165:
The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct,
6007:
2245:
south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of the former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures (
2541:
2256:
5620:
3272:, occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of the Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian.
6081:
5254:"It is assumed that the Indo–Iranian language family, which appeared around 2200 bc, was related to the cultural complex of Andronovo in eastern Central Asia."
1979:, given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population.
2633:, where the oldest known chariots have been found. The association between the Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of
5938:
6010:, in: A. Gubaev, G. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds.), Murghab: A Civilization Heartland between River and Desert, Istituto Italiano Per L'Africa E L'Oriente,
2502:
One of the characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of
2237:
area. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as
9923:
9898:
6590:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone"
2625:
It is almost universally agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was Indo-Iranian. It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled
3659:, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the
7750:
5161:
4641:
2396:. Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m, and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians.
5955:
9928:
9918:
9913:
4728:
4625:
2264:
cultures, at the easternmost edge of Adronovo culture (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).
1919:
9933:
4633:
4615:
1883:
2713:
2595:
plague). The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them.
9903:
9794:
9261:
9196:
8908:
7798:
4957:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
3383:
3225:
2805:
2700:
2503:
2023:
1081:
2637:
place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the
9893:
9568:
8843:
7247:
4237:
2726:
9618:
5987:"Who interacted with whom? redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan"
9061:
4805:
5796:"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"
2691:) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of the Andronovo. The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of
9938:
5986:
3332:, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations of
3163:
9888:
7932:
4587:
4398:
7704:
6316:
9163:
7709:
5874:"Russian Scientists Have Discovered the Most Ancient Evidence of Horsemanship in the Bronze Age - South Ural State University"
7257:
6422:
6303:
5778:
5736:
5657:"Environmental change and the timing of the settlement of the Bronze Age Andronovo culture, in far northwest Xinjiang, China"
5604:
5577:
5247:
4414:
2062:(4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.
2017:
1890:
1862:
7722:
6572:
2672:, forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon". It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the
9908:
7632:"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan"
6027:"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan"
4914:
4784:
4591:
4544:
4082:
2230:
741:
7723:
Archaic Motifs in North Russian Folk Embroidery and Parallels in Ancient Ornamental Designs of the Eurasian Steppe Peoples
5965:
9706:
9118:
7743:
2569:
in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found. Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child.
1847:
5794:
Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009).
5050:
show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases".
3345:
9608:
9113:
8114:
7454:
7419:
7389:
7226:
4579:
4569:
3552:. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the
3521:
3434:
3313:
2679:
Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the
1912:
1869:
800:
9829:
9286:
8524:
7493:
7330:
7322:
7304:
6085:
5678:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
3996:
3513:
3470:
3433:. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1800 BC to 1400 BC were surveyed. Extractions of
2434:
133:
5960:
6895:
5679:"Megalithic structure from Burabay: Gold mining and cult communities of the Late Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan"
5204:"Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages"
4826:
4372:
4360:
4261:
2226:
1876:
640:
6969:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"
5691:
5210:: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."
3257:
has suggested that the Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the
2582:
was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children. This strain's genes express
9189:
9123:
8393:
7773:
7032:
Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".
4950:
4565:
151:
5769:; Shao Huiqiu; Pan Ling (2020). "Chapter 2: The Expansion of Steppe Culture During the Second Millennium B.C.".
5076:
are tall, light-skinned people with light hair; their women were light-eyed, with long, light tresses... In the
3265:
has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type.
9852:
9561:
9356:
9158:
9103:
8353:
7736:
7716:
6889:
Fox, Lalueza; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (May 7, 2004).
4296:
4211:
3363:
3358:
The Andronovo culture and its population derived primarily from an eastwards expansion of the Central European
1732:
1507:
911:
5849:
8647:
8109:
4519:
4349:
4064:
3410:
Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of
1905:
1477:
746:
683:
484:
370:
3709:
9406:
9108:
6547:
5771:
The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
5569:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
4763:
4742:
4233:
3639:
in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of
2704:
1165:
668:
479:
474:
469:
364:
6165:
Rasmussen, 578: the phylogenetic tree has RISE505 split off before the common ancestor of historic plague.
5080:
light skin alongside language is the main feature of the Aryans, differentiating them from the aboriginal
3757:
9525:
9495:
9301:
7359:
6696:
Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (2022-01-14).
5367:, in: Eurasian steppe civilization: Human and the Historical and Cultural Environment, Almaty–Turkistan,
5299:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
4976:
4874:
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3781:
3629:
3529:
3525:
3466:
3450:
3438:
2673:
2438:
1482:
977:
678:
557:
543:
524:
97:
9883:
9456:
9182:
8373:
7218:
6549:
The southern neighbours of Finno-Ugrians: Iranians or an extinct branch of Aryans („Andronovo Aryans")?
5530:
4943:
4529:
4464:
4102:
3802:
3691:
820:
778:
378:
7631:
9653:
9554:
9341:
9251:
8609:
7903:
7148:
6356:
6026:
5177:
4657:
4649:
4174:
3944:
3576:
2987:
2047:
1522:
1487:
1160:
464:
6763:
3532:. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding
3517:
3402:, suggesing two independent routes, one via the BMAC and one via the Inner Asian mountain corridor.
2719:
9943:
9834:
9056:
8629:
8343:
8333:
8328:
7923:
7913:
7878:
6213:
4306:
2926:
2614:
1782:
1672:
1492:
1023:
855:
806:
702:
504:
459:
454:
374:
83:
6414:
3733:
3721:
9742:
9736:
9490:
9153:
9041:
8918:
8823:
8667:
8549:
7958:
7908:
7759:
7208:
5019:
4621:
4603:
4583:
4470:
4442:
3934:
3600:
3564:
3559:
3000:
2831:
1677:
1404:
514:
509:
499:
143:
3836:
9716:
9133:
8893:
7918:
7853:
7367:
6891:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians"
5129:
4152:
4030:
3840:
3375:
2762:
2445:
horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the
2035:
2013:
1964:
1953:
1667:
1639:
1423:
1325:
1091:
937:
561:
399:
291:
230:
185:
125:
117:
7698:
5567:
5404:
3349:
9648:
8968:
8943:
8853:
8484:
8318:
7243:
5932:
5594:
5237:
4986:
4452:
3395:
3329:
3281:
3277:
3258:
3228:
cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.
3180:
3067:
2954:
2324:
1814:
1643:
551:
547:
532:
528:
6401:
3353:
2272:
phase, the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern
9862:
9726:
9721:
9598:
9441:
9371:
8903:
8750:
8285:
8083:
7648:
7571:
7518:
7041:
6980:
6778:
6709:
6039:
5810:
5489:
4426:
4229:
3656:
3482:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3446:
2051:
2043:
1760:
1725:
1038:
721:
673:
610:
580:
538:
518:
382:
236:
7095:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene"
3687:
back into the steppe. This is in particular defined by the majority (n=12) of R-Z93 SNPs.
3512:, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of
2109:
Other authors identified previously the following sub-cultures also as part of Andronovo:
906:
8:
9804:
9799:
9366:
9296:
9256:
9236:
9143:
9077:
8933:
8358:
8348:
8078:
8003:
7446:
7214:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
6698:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia"
5543:
4394:
4339:
4207:
3992:
3822:
3769:
3660:
3588:
3537:
3359:
3262:
2696:
2316:
2269:
1976:
1033:
1028:
924:
848:
813:
736:
726:
585:
286:
281:
250:
7652:
7522:
7045:
6984:
6782:
6713:
6622:
6589:
6256:
Kuznetsov, P.F. (2006-09-01). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe".
6043:
5924:
5814:
5493:
5451:
5418:
5365:"The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): Territory, power and religion"
5224:
Metal Products of the Alekseyevka-Sargary Culture From the Middle and Upper Tobol Areas"
2664:, noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials, is considered the
2586:, which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric
9681:
9520:
9515:
9266:
9093:
9046:
8913:
8828:
8813:
8770:
8725:
8589:
8378:
8164:
8053:
8013:
7938:
7783:
7664:
7594:
7557:
7539:
7504:
7485:
7411:
7283:
7176:
7121:
7094:
7075:
7009:
6968:
6917:
6890:
6866:
6833:
6810:
6738:
6697:
6381:
6281:
6238:
6133:
6108:
6063:
5513:
4991:
4708:
4672:
4611:
4599:
4507:
4460:
4200:
4098:
4086:
4000:
3988:
3908:
3378:
admixture. The spread of Sintashta-Andronovo ancestry correlates with the expansion of
2941:
2242:
2039:
1739:
1690:
1624:
1608:
1233:
886:
625:
311:
216:
211:
105:
71:
7481:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
5908:
9824:
9431:
9426:
9381:
9331:
9276:
9271:
9148:
8257:
8099:
8073:
8068:
7968:
7953:
7843:
7838:
7788:
7668:
7599:
7562:
7544:
7489:
7450:
7415:
7404:
7385:
7326:
7318:
7300:
7267:
7253:
7222:
7180:
7168:
7126:
7079:
7067:
7014:
6996:
6922:
6871:
6853:
6802:
6794:
6743:
6725:
6627:
6609:
6418:
6385:
6373:
6320:
6317:"An Overview of the Andronovo Culture: Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia"
6299:
6285:
6273:
6230:
6138:
6067:
6055:
5774:
5732:
5600:
5573:
5505:
5456:
5438:
5243:
4595:
4559:
4555:
4448:
4275:
4257:
4245:
4120:
4106:
4090:
4057:
4010:
3863:
3811:
3668:
3664:
3636:
3549:
3533:
3478:
3474:
3387:
3367:
3325:
3080:
3054:
2790:
2669:
2634:
2630:
2221:
in far-western China has also been found, mainly concentrated in the area comprising
2186:
1997:
1988:
1957:
1753:
1719:
1711:
1655:
1649:
1631:
1602:
1581:
1567:
1559:
1329:
1190:
1130:
1112:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1010:
834:
697:
346:
339:
332:
318:
304:
264:
243:
180:
172:
75:
7338:
6242:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9676:
9613:
9593:
9577:
9505:
9500:
9446:
9411:
9376:
9361:
9311:
9291:
9281:
9246:
9231:
9138:
9066:
8687:
8574:
8383:
8368:
8217:
8063:
8023:
7978:
7963:
7656:
7589:
7581:
7534:
7526:
7509:
7381:
7275:
7160:
7116:
7106:
7057:
7049:
7004:
6988:
6912:
6904:
6861:
6845:
6814:
6786:
6733:
6717:
6617:
6601:
6410:
6365:
6265:
6222:
6128:
6120:
6047:
5920:
5818:
5517:
5497:
5480:
5446:
5430:
5184:"...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
5086:
5034:
5010:
4981:
4551:
4410:
4328:
4285:
4078:
4068:
3680:
3672:
3617:
3509:
3321:
3147:
3132:
3119:
3028:
2340:
2296:
2246:
1992:
1972:
1968:
1747:
1697:
1514:
1320:
1208:
1148:
1125:
1068:
1063:
1000:
987:
982:
972:
645:
258:
206:
198:
191:
6567:Уральско-арийские взаимоотношения: история исследований, новые решения и проблемы.
6369:
2335:
and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the
9711:
9701:
9436:
9351:
9336:
9321:
9128:
9071:
9011:
9001:
8963:
8705:
8398:
8197:
8154:
8136:
7973:
7943:
7848:
7823:
7778:
7660:
7479:
7440:
7375:
7212:
6576:
6569:
6051:
5627:
4691:
4225:
4163:
4141:
4020:
3913:
3684:
3676:
3545:
3430:
3422:
3391:
3371:
3289:
3285:
3269:
3254:
3203:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2578:
2487:
2450:
2442:
2288:
2261:
2198:
2089:
1828:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1768:
1704:
1683:
1661:
1246:
1135:
1058:
967:
900:
841:
707:
439:
424:
414:
409:
325:
297:
101:
93:
39:
9346:
5101:) were opposed to the varṇas of the aboriginal Dáśa, called ‘black-skinned’..."
9658:
9510:
9480:
9451:
9386:
9088:
9051:
8873:
8808:
8682:
8534:
8519:
8489:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8207:
8058:
8048:
8008:
7793:
7719:(a Russian-language article by two archaeologists who directed the excavations)
7475:
6992:
6721:
6570:Индоевропейская история в свете новых исследований. М.: МГОУ, 2010. С. 229—242.
6124:
5837:
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
5475:
4249:
4241:
4185:
4130:
3897:
3883:
3852:
3648:
3644:
3541:
3504:
Andronovo costume set (reconstruction). Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture
3308:
3244:
3106:
2861:
2818:
2618:
2292:
2287:
In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the
2281:
2273:
2250:
2182:
2166:
1573:
1440:
1315:
873:
827:
795:
731:
222:
79:
7053:
6269:
6226:
5822:
5397:
Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia.
5203:
9877:
9766:
9485:
9421:
9416:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9316:
9083:
9036:
8928:
8760:
8745:
8677:
8436:
8202:
8174:
8159:
8119:
8018:
7873:
7858:
7813:
7471:
7436:
7399:
7371:
7172:
7000:
6857:
6798:
6729:
6613:
6377:
6277:
6059:
5442:
4933:
4629:
4317:
4267:
3954:
3924:
3437:
from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup
3426:
3379:
3211:
3041:
3015:
2913:
2846:
2604:
2507:
2291:(1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the
2277:
2146:
2142:
2065:
Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture:
2031:
1945:
1833:
1297:
1213:
930:
788:
650:
404:
7585:
6849:
3296:
respectively. Some loanwords related to horse pastoralism are also found in
620:
9753:
9215:
9006:
8973:
8953:
8858:
8765:
8720:
8697:
8614:
8509:
8426:
8416:
8308:
8043:
8038:
8028:
7988:
7928:
7893:
7818:
7603:
7548:
7249:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
7164:
7149:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"
7130:
7071:
7018:
6926:
6908:
6875:
6806:
6747:
6631:
6234:
6142:
6024:
Chechushkov, Igor V.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Kosintsev, Pavel A. (2020-08-01).
5909:"THE NEW FINDS OF ORNAMENTAL SHAFT-HOLE AXES OF BRONZE AGE FROM KYRGYZSTAN"
5766:
5621:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"
5509:
5460:
5351:
5334:
5178:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"
4496:
4485:
4402:
4074:
3442:
3268:
Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and
3248:
2692:
2609:
2576:
in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of
2566:
2397:
2194:
2102:
1452:
1290:
764:
635:
434:
429:
419:
7728:
7315:
Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC
7093:
Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (July 18, 2022).
6695:
5419:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia"
5162:"Bronze Age Economy and Rituals at Krasnosamarskoe in the Russian Steppes"
3477:, while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup
1952:. Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or
9771:
9585:
9306:
9098:
9031:
8983:
8948:
8923:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8868:
8863:
8818:
8798:
8790:
8619:
8604:
8554:
8544:
8499:
8456:
8232:
8227:
8192:
7993:
7948:
7888:
5681:, in: Archaeological Research in Asia, Volume 39, September 2024, 100536.
4573:
4474:
4456:
4434:
4422:
3844:
3297:
3220:
2744:
2356:
2027:
1428:
1414:
1378:
1086:
7530:
7111:
7062:
6967:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (4 February 2019).
6790:
6605:
6319:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Archived from
5501:
5434:
615:
9781:
9691:
9623:
9466:
9223:
9205:
8978:
8803:
8735:
8730:
8657:
8639:
8599:
8584:
8564:
8529:
8514:
8476:
8466:
8451:
8441:
8408:
8295:
8222:
7998:
7898:
7828:
6109:"Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago"
4215:
3494:
3486:
3411:
3399:
2661:
2646:
2479:
2385:
2371:
2300:
2222:
2210:
2202:
2174:
2129:
2125:
2008:
1937:
1391:
1305:
1183:
948:
50:
8182:
7287:
2470:
9668:
8898:
8848:
8780:
8715:
8662:
8652:
8624:
8559:
8504:
8494:
8431:
8421:
8267:
8144:
8104:
8033:
7883:
7317:, 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002),
5094:
4686:
4406:
4221:
3490:
3232:
3207:
3199:
3168:
2665:
2657:
2642:
2583:
2573:
2446:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2308:
2238:
2213:). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the
2206:
2190:
2178:
2117:
2098:
2085:
2077:
1594:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1335:
1203:
7198:
Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995), "Birth of the Chariot",
6008:"Preliminary Report on Ornamental Elements of 'Incised Coarse Ware'"
2137:(1500–900 BC) Late Bronze Age in northern Kazakhstan, contacts with
28:
9761:
9686:
9643:
9633:
9603:
9546:
9537:
9326:
8958:
8938:
8539:
8363:
8277:
8212:
7983:
7644:
7576:
7279:
5047:
5046:
Sarianidi states that "direct archaeological data from Bactria and
4703:
4607:
4430:
4253:
3873:
3293:
2454:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2299:. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the
2218:
2121:
2081:
1537:
1528:
1419:
1220:
1195:
1099:
590:
166:
7613:
The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
6830:
1944: 2000–1150 BC, spanning from the southern Urals to the upper
9696:
9638:
8838:
8833:
8775:
8710:
8594:
8579:
8446:
8323:
8313:
8262:
7868:
7295:
Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H. P.; Tremblay, X. (2005).
5706:
5704:
5206:, in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020,
5090:
5077:
4438:
3553:
3473:
from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup
3418:
3328:, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly. Through Iranian and
3236:
2753:
2653:, throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC.
2626:
2598:
2511:
2494:
objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper.
2320:
2312:
2234:
2138:
1949:
1587:
1551:
1544:
1342:
962:
595:
7406:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
6105:
8740:
8672:
8303:
8237:
8149:
7863:
6760:
6533:
Kuzmina (1994), Klejn (1974), and Brentjes (1981), as cited in
5765:
5727:
Okladnikov, A. P. (1994), "Inner Asia at the dawn of history",
5073:
3621:
in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried
3481:, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early
3191:), and other contemporary cultures and polities circa 2000 BCE.
3093:
2687:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2527:
2491:
2483:
2409:
2352:
2059:
1310:
1264:
783:
600:
7558:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
6834:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
5701:
3563:
Admixture proportions of Andronovo populations. They combined
9731:
9628:
9174:
8569:
8461:
8388:
8338:
8187:
7833:
7092:
6656:
6209:
5850:"The most ancient evidence of horsemanship in the bronze age"
5069:
4971:
4418:
3904:
3652:
3640:
3333:
3215:
2969:
2681:
2650:
2554:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2393:
2389:
2217:. More recently, evidence for the presence of the culture in
2214:
2170:
2150:
1409:
1283:
1277:
1259:
630:
605:
7505:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
6023:
5793:
1963:
Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early
8993:
8755:
7803:
6888:
5341:, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.
5098:
5081:
3628:. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup
2978:
2735:
2638:
2458:
2421:
2381:
2304:
2073:
1801:
7556:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019).
6662:
6177:
2478:
The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
5352:“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)"
5132:-related or Anatolian agriculturalist-related ancestry."
2429:
2097:(2000–1450 BC) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of
1991:
of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist
7341:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN)
6938:
6936:
6496:, p. 220); Francfort (1989), Fouilles de Shortugai.
6460:
6458:
5950:
5948:
2181:
depression, with some sites as far west as the southern
5593:
Ibbotson, Sophie; Lovell-Hoare, Max (4 December 2017).
3536:, which was in turn closely genetically related to the
3370:, which are characterized by the combination of mainly
2545:
Reconstruction of an Andronovo burial. Lisakovsk Museum
7270:(1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins",
6674:
6638:
6436:
5956:"Central Asian Arts: Neolithic and Metal Age cultures"
5339:
Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day
3417:
Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient
1987:
The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the
7356:Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans)
6948:
6933:
6511:
6470:
6455:
5989:, in: Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A Dubova (eds.),
5945:
5024:
3675:. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the
2189:. Additional sites are scattered as far south as the
6966:
5592:
3214:
to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the
2403:
2392:, and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of
7630:
7628:
7403:
6499:
6400:
6355:
6025:
5089:, literally ‘color’. The varṇas of Aryan priests (
2351:beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by
7629:Chechushkov, Igor V.; et al. (August 2020).
7197:
6529:
6195:
5937:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5731:, Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 83,
3240:
3218:, Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the
9875:
4824:
4517:
7274:, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 473–477,
5545:Nomination to the World Heritage list of Sarazm
3312:Andronovo culture woman, dress reconstruction,
2177:interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the
7294:
6493:
6489:
6357:"The Old Avesta and Birth of Iranian Identity"
5913:Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research
5698:: "...Alekseyevka culture...(1200–1000 BC)..."
5305:
3394:, while BMAC admixture is not found among the
3382:. Andronovo ancestry (c. 57%), in tandem with
2599:Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians
2400:may have originated in the Andronovo culture.
9562:
9190:
7744:
7705:Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia
6409:, Oxford University Press, pp. 106–116,
4951:
3224:model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over
1913:
7353:
6082:"Bronze Age Necropolis Unearthed In Siberia"
5218:
5216:
3524:were determined to represent two samples of
3284:, suggesting some forms of contact near the
2514:, a pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads.
7758:
7470:
6764:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
6205:
6203:
6183:
5572:. Princeton University Press. p. 433.
5476:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
5172:
5170:
2185:, overlapping with the area of the earlier
9858:
9848:
9569:
9555:
9197:
9183:
7751:
7737:
7637:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
7555:
7336:
7297:Āryas, aryens et iraniens en Asie centrale
7202:, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 36–41
6449:
6147:, S14-15. This sample is marked "RISE505".
6032:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
5726:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5474:Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015).
5374:
5311:
5239:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
5160:Brown, Dorcas, and David Anthony, (2017).
4958:
4944:
3751:Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery
3516:from the male was determined to belong to
3346:Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture § Genetics
2557:chambers under both round and rectangular
1971:-speaking area at its northern fringe and
1967:, though it may have overlapped the early
1920:
1906:
1884:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
27:
9062:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
7593:
7575:
7538:
7502:
7313:Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.),
7266:
7146:
7120:
7110:
7061:
7008:
6954:
6942:
6916:
6882:
6865:
6737:
6621:
6415:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687859.003.0012
6353:
6314:
6255:
6249:
6132:
5729:The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia
5643:
5473:
5450:
5213:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5062:
5053:
3647:or various subclades of it (particularly
3386:admixture (c. 43%), represents the later
2003:
16:Group of Bronze Age cultures, 2000–900 BC
7272:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7207:
7031:
6200:
5380:
5167:
3558:
3499:
3307:
2608:
2540:
2521:
2469:
2370:
2255:
2012:Archaeological cultures associated with
2007:
9924:Archaeological cultures in Turkmenistan
9899:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
9795:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
8909:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
7799:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
7699:Center for the Study of Eurasian Nomads
7683:Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang". In:
7610:
7435:
7398:
7366:
7147:Grigoriev, Stanislav (1 January 2021).
6680:
6668:
6644:
6464:
6341:
5897:Archaeological Science, 42, pp.525-538.
5773:. Springer Singapore. pp. 47–131.
5761:
5759:
5750:
5713:
5565:
5296:
5284:
5280:
2701:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2504:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
9876:
9164:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
7242:
6554:Finnisch-ugrische Sprachen in Kontakt.
6534:
6517:
6505:
6476:
6398:
5906:
5649:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5242:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 136.
5235:
5187:
3303:
3276:cultural complex can be found in both
3117:
2323:from ca. the 9th century BC (see also
1936:is a collection of similar local Late
9929:Archaeological cultures in Uzbekistan
9919:Archaeological cultures in Kyrgyzstan
9914:Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan
9550:
9178:
7732:
7503:Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015).
7442:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7142:
7140:
6826:
6824:
6691:
6689:
6587:
5416:
5391:
5389:
5033:
3421:cultures, the Andronovo culture, the
3198:East, or south of the region between
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
2998:
2985:
2952:
2939:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2844:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2773:
2760:
2724:
2363:and Strabo identify them as Iranian.
1891:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1863:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
9934:Indo-Iranian archaeological cultures
9576:
7358:, Moscow: Российская академия наук (
5756:
3679:and peoples of the Central European
3548:and particularly the peoples of the
3145:
3130:
2976:
2967:
2788:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2160:
9119:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
5599:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10.
5257:
5236:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
2280:, succeeding the non-Indo-European
1848:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
9904:Archaeological cultures of Siberia
9609:List of Paleolithic sites in China
9114:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
8115:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
7621:
7137:
6821:
6686:
5991:The World of the Oxus Civilization
5566:Anthony, David W. (26 July 2010).
5524:
5386:
5363:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2022).
5222:Degtyareva, A.D., et al., (2019).
4831:
3508:In a June 2015 study published in
3339:
3314:Central State Museum of Kazakhstan
2629:around 2000 BC, if we include the
2549:The Andronovo dead were buried in
2366:
1870:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
9955:
9894:10th-century BC disestablishments
9830:List of Bronze Age sites in China
8525:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
7692:
6588:Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022).
6354:Irannejad, A. Mani (2022-06-01).
5035:[ɐnˈdronəfskəjəkʊlʲˈturə]
4845:
3350:Sintashta culture § Genetics
3239:by the 15th century BC. However,
2490:from around the 14th century BC.
2435:Journal of Archaeological Science
2404:Livestock, horse, and agriculture
2315:records after the decline of the
9857:
9847:
7687:. 12. 10.3389/fgene.2021.740167.
6896:Proceedings of the Royal Society
5677:Yarigin, Sergey, et al. (2024).
5630:, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7),
5350:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021.
5333:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021.
5180:, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7),
4927:
3821:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3635:In a genetic study published in
3354:Srubnaya culture § Genetics
2718:
2712:
2457:was nearly 20 years old and the
2437:, in July 2020, scientists from
2295:, which partly derives from the
2030:have often been associated with
1877:Journal of Indo-European Studies
641:Bible translations into Armenian
132:
9939:Iranian archaeological cultures
9124:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
8394:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
7377:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
7086:
7025:
6960:
6754:
6650:
6581:
6559:
6540:
6530:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995)
6523:
6482:
6392:
6347:
6335:
6308:
6292:
6189:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6099:
6074:
6017:
6000:
5979:
5900:
5890:
5866:
5842:
5829:
5787:
5744:
5684:
5671:
5662:
5637:
5613:
5586:
5559:
5536:
5467:
5417:Bjørn, Rasmus G. (2022-04-22).
5410:
5357:
5344:
5327:
5317:
5135:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5040:
4839:Not internationally recognized.
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3241:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995)
3185:
3173:
152:List of Indo-European languages
9889:20th-century BC establishments
9357:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
9204:
9159:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
9104:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
5961:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5655:Dodson, John, et al., (2021).
5619:Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021).
5290:
5229:
5176:Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021).
5154:
5130:early European agriculturalist
5004:
4833:
4297:General Secretariat of Ukraine
3655:samples extracted belonged to
1:
8110:Silk Road transmission of art
6556:Maastricht 1997, pp. 117–125.
6492:, p. 268); Fussman, in (
6370:10.1080/05786967.2022.2082313
6196:Anthony & Vinogradov 1995
5301:. Princeton University Press.
5148:
4847:
4065:Great Stand on the Ugra River
3695:
3622:
3615:A genetic study published in
3380:Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples
2465:
2408:Andronovo livestock included
1941:
1478:Proto-Indo-European mythology
747:Paleolithic continuity theory
60:
9407:South-Western Iberian Bronze
9109:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
7661:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420
7299:. Paris: Collège de France.
6052:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420
6006:Cerasetti, Barbara, (1998).
5985:Cerasetti, Barbara, (2020).
5839:, Walter de Gruyter, p. 371.
2705:Inner Asia Mountain Corridor
1982:
1166:Northern Black Polished Ware
365:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
9909:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
9682:Early Neolithic settlements
7360:Russian Academy of Sciences
7252:, Oxford University Press,
6594:Evolutionary Human Sciences
6399:Sharma, R.S. (2007-01-25),
5925:10.14258/tpai(2014)1(9).-08
5423:Evolutionary Human Sciences
5025:
4977:Multi-cordoned ware culture
4361:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
3792:
2439:South Ural State University
1483:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
9960:
9457:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
7717:The Discovery of Sintashta
7339:"Sintashta-Arkaim Culture"
7219:Princeton University Press
7190:
6993:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
6722:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4
6125:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009
5531:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
5297:Anthony, David W. (2007).
3701:
3405:
3343:
2602:
2536:
2517:
2497:
2048:Painted Grey Ware cultures
779:Domestication of the horse
9843:
9780:
9752:
9667:
9584:
9534:
9465:
9342:Indus Valley Civilisation
9252:Armorican Tumulus culture
9222:
9212:
9024:
8992:
8789:
8696:
8638:
8610:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
8475:
8407:
8294:
8276:
8173:
8135:
8128:
8092:
7766:
7615:, Oxford University Press
7054:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
6402:"The Age of the Rig Veda"
6270:10.1017/s0003598x00094096
6227:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0
5823:10.1017/S0033822200033798
5014:
4803:
4782:
4764:Luhansk People's Republic
4761:
4743:Donetsk People's Republic
4740:
4719:
4702:
4685:
4506:
4495:
4359:
4338:
4327:
4316:
4295:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4140:
3945:Principality of Chernigov
3787:Andronovo distribution.
3577:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
2482:. They mined deposits of
2268:In the initial Sintashta-
2241:. Mallory notes that the
1940:cultures that flourished
1488:Historical Vedic religion
765:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
89:
67:
56:
45:
35:
26:
9835:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
9057:Mogao Christian painting
8630:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
8344:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
8334:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
7710:Sintashta-Arkaim Culture
7354:Kuz'mina, E. E. (1994),
7209:Beckwith, Christopher I.
4997:
4370:
4040:
3964:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3715:Andronovo decorated bowl
2621:and across Central Asia.
2615:Indo-European migrations
2120:mountains (Northwestern
1493:Ancient Iranian religion
856:Novotitarovskaya culture
703:Indo-European migrations
84:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
9743:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
9737:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
9619:Paleolithic Mesopotamia
9302:Deverel–Rimbury culture
9154:Saksanokhur gold buckle
9042:Hephthalite silver bowl
8919:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
7959:Second Turkic Khaganate
7760:History of Central Asia
7586:10.1126/science.aat7487
7337:Koryakova, L. (1998a).
6850:10.1126/science.aat7487
6184:Mallory & Mair 2008
5966:Encyclopædia Britannica
5690:Mallory, J.P., (1997).
5202:Parpola, Asko, (2020).
4622:Eurasian Economic Union
4471:Parade of sovereignties
3935:Principality of Polotsk
3763:Andronovo axe and knife
3690:Manjusha Chintalapati,
3601:Western Hunter Gatherer
3565:Eastern Hunter Gatherer
2124:, China), southeastern
2072:(2000–1700 BC) between
2050:are candidates for the
2014:Indo-Iranian migrations
994:Northern/Eastern Steppe
98:Begazy–Dandybai culture
63: 2000 BC – 1150 BC
9853:Archaeological periods
9134:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
8894:Alexandria Prophthasia
7919:First Turkic Khaganate
7854:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7611:Parpola, Asko (2015),
7165:10.1515/opar-2020-0123
6909:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698
6315:Koryakova, L. (1998).
5927:(inactive 2024-09-12).
5835:George Erdosy (2012),
5533:, Article "Andronovo".
4212:Provisional Government
4153:Grand Duchy of Finland
4031:Principality of Moscow
3643:extracted belonged to
3612:
3505:
3441:and single samples of
3376:Early European Farmers
3316:
2622:
2546:
2530:
2475:
2474:Andronovo bronze axes.
2376:
2265:
2055:
2004:Dating and subcultures
1965:Indo-Iranian languages
1954:archaeological horizon
1465:Religion and mythology
1424:Medieval Scandinavians
715:Alternative and fringe
9649:South Asian Stone Age
8944:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
8319:Karsakpay inscription
7774:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
7685:Frontiers in Genetics
6973:Nature Communications
5907:Ivanov, S.S. (2014).
5026:Andrónovskaya kultúra
5015:Андроновская культура
4987:Prehistory of Siberia
4853:Not fully controlled.
4687:Republic of Tatarstan
4580:Constitutional crisis
3562:
3503:
3396:Indo-Aryan migrations
3330:Indo-Aryan migrations
3311:
3259:Finno-Ugric languages
3181:Seima-Turbino culture
2612:
2544:
2525:
2473:
2374:
2325:Ukrainian stone stela
2259:
2011:
1956:. The slightly older
1815:Indo-European studies
1178:Peoples and societies
9727:Neolithic South Asia
9722:Neolithic Revolution
9599:Japanese Paleolithic
9372:Mumun pottery period
8751:Kutlug Timur Minaret
8286:Noin-Ula burial site
8084:Chinese Central Asia
7447:Taylor & Francis
6407:India’s Ancient Past
5401:Sino-Platonic Papers
4626:Annexation of Crimea
4234:Constituent Assembly
4111:Second Patriotic War
3556:have been detected.
3164:class=notpageimage|
2052:Indo-Aryan migration
722:Anatolian hypothesis
674:Proto-Indo-Europeans
581:Hittite inscriptions
126:Indo-European topics
9805:Bronze Age Caucasus
9800:Bronze Age Anatolia
9367:Minoan civilization
9297:Deer stones culture
9257:Atlantic Bronze Age
9237:Aegean civilization
9144:Siberian Ice Maiden
8934:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
8349:Petrovka settlement
8079:Soviet Central Asia
8004:Great Seljuq Empire
7653:2020JArSR..32j2420C
7531:10.1038/nature16152
7523:2015Natur.528..499M
7486:Thames & Hudson
7112:10.7554/eLife.77625
7046:2018Natur.557..369D
6985:2019NatCo..10..590W
6791:10.1038/nature14507
6783:2015Natur.522..167A
6714:2022NatSR..12..733G
6671:, pp. 383–385.
6606:10.1017/ehs.2022.16
6494:Fussman et al. 2005
6490:Fussman et al. 2005
6323:on 28 February 2019
6044:2020JArSR..32j2420C
5815:2009Radcb..51..243S
5692:"Andronovo Culture"
5502:10.1038/nature14507
5494:2015Natur.522..167A
5435:10.1017/ehs.2022.16
4806:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
4638:Invasion of Ukraine
4427:Great Patriotic War
4399:Cultural revolution
4340:Transcaucasian SFSR
4208:February Revolution
4095:Emancipation reform
3993:Council of Uvetichi
3843: •
3839: •
3661:Corded Ware culture
3651:). The majority of
3589:Anatolian Neolithic
3538:Corded Ware culture
3528:and two samples of
3489:with predominantly
3390:dispersal into the
3360:Corded Ware culture
3304:Physical appearance
3263:Vladimir Napolskikh
3261:support this view.
3251:to around 2000 BC.
2697:Indian subcontinent
2567:burial of the horse
2317:Alekseyevka culture
2135:Alekseyevka-Sargary
1977:Corded Ware culture
978:Multi-cordoned ware
849:Mikhaylovka culture
737:Indigenous Aryanism
727:Armenian hypothesis
586:Hieroglyphic Luwian
23:
9692:Trialetian culture
9516:Leyla-Tepe culture
9473:and Transcaucasia)
9287:Chinese Bronze Age
9267:Bronze Age Britain
9094:Buddhas of Bamiyan
9047:Chilek silver bowl
8914:Buddhas of Bamiyan
8590:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
8379:Talapty Settlement
8165:Filippovka kurgans
8054:Khanate of Bukhara
8014:Khwarazmian Empire
7939:Ikhshids of Sogdia
7784:Afanasievo culture
7570:(6457): eaat7487.
7268:Diakonoff, Igor M.
6702:Scientific Reports
6657:Keyser et al. 2009
6575:2014-07-14 at the
6546:Helimski, Eugene.
5626:2021-12-09 at the
4992:Tazabagyab culture
4722:Republic of Crimea
4673:Russian Federation
4616:Presidential terms
4508:Karelo-Finnish SSR
4461:Chernobyl disaster
4201:Russian Revolution
4099:Russo-Japanese War
4087:1812 Patriotic War
4001:Battle of Kulikovo
3989:Council of Liubech
3739:Andronovo ceramics
3727:Andronovo ceramics
3613:
3506:
3364:Fatyanovo–Balanovo
3317:
3288:(specifically the
2674:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2623:
2547:
2531:
2476:
2377:
2375:Andronovo ceramics
2327:), and across the
2266:
2243:Tazabagyab culture
2116:(1850–1350 BC) in
2056:
2022:): The Andronovo,
558:Proto-Indo-Iranian
544:Proto-Balto-Slavic
525:Proto-Italo-Celtic
106:Tazabagyab culture
72:Kelteminar culture
36:Geographical range
21:
9884:Andronovo culture
9871:
9870:
9825:Bronze Age Levant
9790:Andronovo culture
9697:Nemrikian culture
9544:
9543:
9427:Terramare culture
9382:Nordic Bronze Age
9332:Hallstatt culture
9277:Canegrate culture
9272:Bronze Age Europe
9242:Andronovo culture
9172:
9171:
9149:Ai-Khanoum plaque
9020:
9019:
8824:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
8100:Central Asian art
8074:Russian Turkestan
8069:Chinese Turkestan
7969:Abbasid Caliphate
7933:Anxi Protectorate
7879:Kushano-Sasanians
7844:Macedonian Empire
7839:Achaemenid Empire
7809:Andronovo culture
7789:Sintashta culture
7517:(7583): 499–503.
7412:Thames and Hudson
7368:Kuzmina, Elena E.
7259:978-0-19-513777-4
7211:(16 March 2009).
7040:(7705): 369–374.
6777:(7555): 167–172.
6565:Напольских В. В.
6424:978-0-19-568785-9
6304:978-615-5766-29-9
5780:978-981-329-157-7
5738:978-0-521-24304-9
5606:978-1-78477-054-9
5579:978-1-4008-3110-4
5488:(7555): 167–172.
5249:978-1-83860-868-2
5023:
4968:
4967:
4934:Russia portal
4862:
4861:
4556:Belavezha Accords
4538:
4537:
4449:Era of Stagnation
4415:Industrialization
4381:
4380:
4258:Soviet-Polish War
4194:
4193:
4175:Russian Manchuria
4121:Tsardom of Russia
4107:October Manifesto
4091:Decembrist Revolt
4083:Petrovian reforms
4051:
4050:
4011:Novgorod Republic
3975:
3974:
3891:
3890:
3669:Sintashta culture
3665:Potapovka culture
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3550:Nordic Bronze Age
3534:Sintashta culture
3520:. Extractions of
3469:. Extractions of
3368:Sintashta culture
3326:Sintashta culture
3190:
3178:
2670:Sintashta culture
2631:Sintashta culture
2319:, migrating into
2187:Afanasevo culture
2161:Geographic extent
2141:VI in Turkmenia,
1998:Sergei Teploukhov
1989:Uzhursky District
1958:Sintashta culture
1934:Andronovo culture
1930:
1929:
1191:Anatolian peoples
1161:Painted Grey Ware
1049:Nordic Bronze Age
698:Kurgan hypothesis
651:Old Irish glosses
616:Gaulish epigraphy
111:
110:
76:Sintashta culture
22:Andronovo culture
9951:
9861:
9860:
9851:
9850:
9820:Bronze Age Korea
9815:Bronze Age India
9810:Bronze Age China
9687:Khiamian culture
9677:Fertile Crescent
9614:Natufian culture
9594:Dmanisi hominins
9578:Prehistoric Asia
9571:
9564:
9557:
9548:
9547:
9474:
9447:Urnfield culture
9412:Srubnaya culture
9377:Mycenaean Greece
9362:Lusatian culture
9312:Ewart Park Phase
9292:Cycladic culture
9282:Catacomb culture
9247:Apennine culture
9232:Abashevo culture
9199:
9192:
9185:
9176:
9175:
9139:Seal of Khingila
9067:Penjikent murals
8688:Kalai Kafirnigan
8575:Koi Krylgan Kala
8384:Turkistan (city)
8369:Steppe Geoglyphs
8133:
8132:
8064:Khanate of Khiva
8024:Chagatai Khanate
7979:Saffarid dynasty
7964:Uyghur Khaganate
7753:
7746:
7739:
7730:
7729:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7634:
7616:
7607:
7597:
7579:
7552:
7542:
7499:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7409:
7395:
7363:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7310:
7290:
7262:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7203:
7185:
7184:
7153:Open Archaeology
7144:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7065:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7012:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6869:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6768:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6741:
6693:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6625:
6585:
6579:
6563:
6557:
6544:
6538:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6453:
6447:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6404:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6359:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6312:
6306:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6264:(309): 638–645.
6253:
6247:
6246:
6207:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6136:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6084:. Archived from
6078:
6072:
6071:
6029:
6021:
6015:
6004:
5998:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5846:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5800:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5763:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5724:
5711:
5708:
5699:
5688:
5682:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5414:
5408:
5393:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5287:, pp. 20–21
5282:
5255:
5253:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5211:
5200:
5185:
5174:
5165:
5158:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5093:) and warriors (
5066:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5008:
4982:Abashevo culture
4960:
4953:
4946:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4918:
4856:
4855:
4842:
4841:
4818:
4797:
4776:
4755:
4734:
4714:
4704:Chechen Republic
4697:
4680:
4669:
4668:
4566:USSR dissolution
4482:
4481:
4411:Collectivization
4329:Byelorussian SSR
4286:Russian Republic
4282:
4281:
4117:
4116:
4079:Treaty of Nystad
4007:
4006:
3921:
3920:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3825:
3815:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3697:
3681:Middle Neolithic
3673:Srubnaya culture
3627:
3624:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3322:Srubnaya culture
3226:Bactria-Margiana
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3158:
3156:
3143:
3141:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3011:
3009:
2996:
2994:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2840:
2837:Northeast Asians
2827:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2341:Thraco-Cimmerian
2297:Abashevo culture
2247:Bishkent culture
2145:in the south of
2114:Eastern Fedorovo
2054:into South Asia.
2034:migrations. The
1993:Arkadi Tugarinov
1943:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1763:
1756:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1611:
1597:
1590:
1576:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1321:Germanic peoples
1311:Hellenic peoples
1300:
1293:
1286:
1209:Mycenaean Greeks
1198:
1126:Thraco-Cimmerian
1024:Globular Amphora
1001:Abashevo culture
940:
933:
903:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
646:Tocharian script
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
267:
253:
246:
239:
225:
201:
194:
175:
136:
113:
112:
62:
31:
24:
20:
9959:
9958:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9944:History of Ural
9874:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9839:
9776:
9748:
9717:Neolithic Korea
9712:Neolithic Tibet
9707:Neolithic China
9702:Zarzian culture
9663:
9580:
9575:
9545:
9540:
9530:
9526:Khojaly–Gadabay
9496:Shulaveri-Shomu
9472:
9471:(North Caucasus
9470:
9469:
9461:
9442:Únětice culture
9437:Tumulus culture
9352:Karasuk culture
9337:Helladic period
9327:Argaric culture
9322:Glazkov culture
9218:
9208:
9203:
9173:
9168:
9129:Afrasiab murals
9072:Sampul tapestry
9016:
9012:Shahr-e Sukhteh
9002:Bandian complex
8988:
8964:Musalla Complex
8844:Tapa-i Kafariha
8785:
8706:Cave of Dzhebel
8692:
8634:
8471:
8403:
8399:Araltobe kurgan
8290:
8272:
8198:Kizilgaha caves
8169:
8155:Pazyryk burials
8137:Southern Russia
8124:
8088:
7974:Tahirid dynasty
7944:Tokhara Yabghus
7849:Seleucid Empire
7824:Pazyryk culture
7779:Yamnaya culture
7762:
7757:
7695:
7690:
7673:
7671:
7624:
7622:Further reading
7619:
7496:
7476:Mair, Victor H.
7461:
7459:
7457:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7392:
7344:
7342:
7307:
7260:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7193:
7188:
7145:
7138:
7091:
7087:
7030:
7026:
6965:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6941:
6934:
6903:(1542): 941–7.
6887:
6883:
6829:
6822:
6766:
6759:
6755:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6586:
6582:
6577:Wayback Machine
6564:
6560:
6545:
6541:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6488:Francfort, in (
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6463:
6456:
6450:Narasimhan 2019
6448:
6437:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6397:
6393:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6313:
6309:
6297:
6293:
6254:
6250:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6190:
6182:
6178:
6174:Rasmussen, S15.
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:Rasmussen, 575.
6155:
6151:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6022:
6018:
6005:
6001:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5930:
5929:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5798:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5725:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5628:Wayback Machine
5618:
5614:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5472:
5468:
5415:
5411:
5394:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5345:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5312:Koryakova 1998a
5310:
5306:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5258:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5221:
5214:
5201:
5188:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5045:
5041:
5030:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4964:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4844:
4843:
4830:
4816:
4795:
4774:
4753:
4732:
4712:
4695:
4678:
4667:
4662:2022 annexation
4646:Mass emigration
4634:2020 amendments
4617:
4575:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4480:
4466:
4444:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4280:
4263:
4226:Kornilov affair
4204:
4203:
4195:
4164:Congress Poland
4142:Russian America
4115:
4103:1905 Revolution
4070:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4021:Vladimir-Suzdal
4005:
3997:Mongol conquest
3985:
3984:
3976:
3919:
3914:Russkaya Pravda
3909:Baptism of Rus'
3901:
3900:
3892:
3857:pre-9th century
3835:
3833:
3813:
3806:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3776:
3775:Andronovo area.
3773:
3764:
3761:
3752:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3728:
3725:
3716:
3713:
3704:
3685:steppe ancestry
3677:Yamnaya culture
3625:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3546:Unetice culture
3431:Tashtyk culture
3423:Karasuk culture
3408:
3392:Iranian Plateau
3356:
3342:
3340:Archaeogenetics
3306:
3290:Minusinsk basin
3286:Altai Mountains
3270:Proto-Yeniseian
3255:Eugene Helimski
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2607:
2601:
2588:Yersinia pestis
2579:Yersinia pestis
2539:
2526:Chariot model,
2520:
2500:
2488:Altai Mountains
2468:
2451:Kostanay region
2443:Late Bronze Age
2428:. The domestic
2406:
2369:
2367:Characteristics
2311:, appearing in
2289:Karasuk culture
2262:Minusinsk Basin
2163:
2090:Kyzylkum Desert
2058:The culture of
2006:
1985:
1926:
1897:
1896:
1829:Marija Gimbutas
1817:
1807:
1806:
1798:Winter solstice
1788:Horse sacrifice
1759:
1752:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1635:
1620:
1607:
1593:
1586:
1572:
1563:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1497:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1400:
1387:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1255:
1242:
1229:
1200:
1194:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1144:
1121:
1108:
1096:
1077:
1019:
996:
958:
951:
945:
936:
929:
920:
918:Northern Europe
899:
895:
882:
869:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
801:Steppe cultures
774:
767:
760:
752:
751:
742:Baltic homeland
716:
712:
708:Eurasian nomads
692:
688:
664:
656:
655:
626:Runic epigraphy
621:Latin epigraphy
576:
568:
567:
505:Proto-Anatolian
489:
444:
440:Thraco-Illyrian
425:Graeco-Phrygian
415:Graeco-Armenian
410:Graeco-Albanian
389:
367:
354:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
263:
249:
242:
235:
221:
197:
190:
171:
156:
148:
146:
102:Tasmola culture
94:Karasuk culture
40:Eurasian steppe
17:
12:
11:
5:
9957:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9855:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9786:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9758:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9673:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9659:Xiaochangliang
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9590:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9574:
9573:
9566:
9559:
9551:
9542:
9541:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9511:Maykop culture
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9477:
9475:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9452:Wessex culture
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9387:Okunev culture
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9228:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9202:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9179:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9089:Bimaran Casket
9086:
9081:
9078:Sogdian Daēnās
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9052:Gardez Ganesha
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8998:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8874:Takht-e Rostam
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8809:Dilberjin Tepe
8806:
8801:
8795:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8683:Takht-i Sangin
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8644:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8535:Guldursun-Kala
8532:
8527:
8522:
8520:Dalverzin Tepe
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8490:Akchakhan-Kala
8487:
8481:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8413:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8300:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8248:Dunhuang Caves
8245:
8243:Bezeklik Caves
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8208:Subashi Temple
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Durrani Empire
8056:
8051:
8049:Timurid Empire
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7794:Vakhsh culture
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7694:
7693:External links
7691:
7689:
7688:
7680:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7608:
7577:10.1101/292581
7553:
7500:
7494:
7472:Mallory, J. P.
7468:
7456:978-1884964985
7455:
7437:Mallory, J. P.
7433:
7421:978-0500050521
7420:
7400:Mallory, J. P.
7396:
7391:978-9004160545
7390:
7372:Mallory, J. P.
7364:
7351:
7334:
7311:
7305:
7292:
7280:10.2307/606224
7264:
7258:
7240:
7228:978-0691135892
7227:
7205:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7136:
7105:(11): e77625.
7085:
7024:
6959:
6955:Mathieson 2015
6947:
6943:Allentoft 2015
6932:
6881:
6820:
6753:
6685:
6683:, p. 172.
6673:
6661:
6649:
6647:, p. 171.
6637:
6580:
6558:
6539:
6522:
6520:, p. 216.
6510:
6498:
6481:
6479:, p. 206.
6469:
6454:
6435:
6423:
6391:
6346:
6334:
6307:
6291:
6248:
6221:(3): 395–410.
6214:Human Genetics
6199:
6188:
6186:, p. 261.
6176:
6167:
6158:
6149:
6119:(3): 571–582.
6098:
6073:
6016:
5999:
5978:
5944:
5899:
5889:
5865:
5841:
5828:
5809:(1): 243–273.
5786:
5779:
5755:
5743:
5737:
5712:
5700:
5683:
5670:
5661:
5648:
5644:Diakonoff 1995
5636:
5612:
5605:
5585:
5578:
5558:
5551:. p. 22.
5535:
5523:
5466:
5409:
5385:
5373:
5356:
5343:
5326:
5316:
5304:
5289:
5256:
5248:
5228:
5212:
5186:
5166:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5061:
5052:
5039:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4923:
4922:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4788:
4785:Kherson Oblast
4779:
4778:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4242:Bolshevik Coup
4198:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:Uryankhay Krai
4181:
4180:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:Russian Empire
4127:
4126:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4058:Tsarist Russia
4055:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:Rus' Khaganate
3859:
3858:
3855:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3692:Nick Patterson
3626: 1200 BC
3611:WHG) ancestry.
3542:Beaker culture
3483:Indo-Europeans
3475:C (but not C3)
3407:
3404:
3341:
3338:
3305:
3302:
3245:chariot burial
3167:
3162:
3161:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2658:Sintashta site
2619:Pontic steppes
2603:Main article:
2600:
2597:
2538:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2508:Southern Urals
2499:
2496:
2467:
2464:
2405:
2402:
2368:
2365:
2293:Srubna culture
2282:Okunev culture
2251:Vakhsh culture
2183:Ural Mountains
2167:Srubna culture
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2132:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2036:Gandhara grave
2005:
2002:
2000:in the 1920s.
1984:
1981:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Fire sacrifice
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:Zoroastrianism
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1441:Medieval India
1432:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1323:
1318:
1316:Italic peoples
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1092:Gandhara grave
1089:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
953:
952:
944:
943:
942:
941:
938:Middle Dnieper
934:
915:
914:
909:
904:
893:Eastern Europe
890:
889:
877:
876:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:
859:
852:
838:
831:
824:
821:Dnieper–Donets
817:
810:
798:
796:Kurgan culture
793:
792:
791:
781:
769:
768:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
732:Beech argument
729:
724:
718:
717:
711:
710:
705:
700:
694:
693:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
555:
541:
536:
522:
515:Proto-Germanic
512:
510:Proto-Armenian
507:
502:
500:Proto-Albanian
496:
495:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
450:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
388:
387:
386:
385:
361:
360:
353:
352:
351:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
289:
284:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
256:
255:
254:
247:
240:
228:
227:
226:
214:
209:
204:
203:
202:
195:
183:
178:
177:
176:
163:
162:
155:
154:
147:
142:
141:
138:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
109:
108:
91:
87:
86:
80:Okunev culture
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9956:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9864:
9856:
9854:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9767:Halaf culture
9765:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9745:(Mesopotamia)
9744:
9741:
9739:(Mesopotamia)
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9572:
9567:
9565:
9560:
9558:
9553:
9552:
9549:
9539:
9533:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9468:
9464:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9417:Tagar culture
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9402:Samus culture
9400:
9398:
9397:Penard Period
9395:
9393:
9392:Ordos culture
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9317:Ezero culture
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9195:
9193:
9188:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9084:Oxus Treasure
9082:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:Orlat plaques
9035:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8929:Dasht-e Nawar
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8761:Monjukli Depe
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8746:Konye-Urgench
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8678:Takht-i Kuwad
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8437:Koshoy Korgon
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8203:Kumtura Caves
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8175:Western China
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8160:Salbyk kurgan
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:Arzhan kurgan
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8120:Serindian art
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8019:Mongol Empire
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8009:Ghurid Empire
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7924:Western Turks
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7874:Kushan Empire
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7859:Guiyi Circuit
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7834:Median Empire
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7814:Tagar culture
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7725:S. Zharnikova
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7686:
7681:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7495:9780500283721
7491:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7458:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7434:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7352:
7340:
7335:
7332:
7331:0-941694-86-0
7328:
7324:
7323:0-941694-83-6
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7306:2-86803-072-6
7302:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7244:Bryant, Edwin
7241:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6951:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6514:
6507:
6502:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6473:
6467:, p. 76.
6466:
6461:
6459:
6451:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6426:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6206:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6088:on 2019-07-21
6087:
6083:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5996:
5993:, Routledge,
5992:
5988:
5982:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5893:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5680:
5674:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:Beckwith 2009
5377:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5138:
5131:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5021:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4630:War in Donbas
4627:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4612:Five-Days War
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:Privatization
4581:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:Modern Russia
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:Russian State
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:Ukrainian SSR
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:War Communism
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:Dvoyevlastiye
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:Rostov-Suzdal
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:Novgorod Land
3923:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3619:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:light-skinned
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:Tagar culture
3424:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3374:ancestry and
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:and later in
3279:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3182:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2958:Seima-Turbino
2949:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:on the upper
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:Indo-Iranians
2596:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2528:Arkaim museum
2524:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:, located by
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:Yenisei River
2275:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:Tyumen Oblast
2144:
2143:Ingala Valley
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Yenisei River
1939:
1935:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:J. P. Mallory
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:Reconstructed
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1298:Insular Celts
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:Indo-Iranians
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
957:
956:Pontic Steppe
950:
947:
946:
939:
935:
932:
928:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
896:
894:
888:
885:
884:
883:
881:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
857:
853:
850:
846:
845:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
790:
789:Kurgan stelae
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
773:
772:Pontic Steppe
766:
763:
762:
756:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
660:
659:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
572:
571:
563:
562:Proto-Iranian
559:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Daco-Thracian
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:Reconstructed
356:
355:
348:
344:
341:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
272:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
233:
232:
229:
224:
220:
219:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
200:
196:
193:
189:
188:
187:
184:
182:
179:
174:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
145:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
127:
124:
123:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
9863:Time periods
9789:
9754:Chalcolithic
9241:
9216:Chalcolithic
9076:
9007:Mount Khajeh
8974:Qala-i-Jangi
8954:Khair Khaneh
8859:Khair Khaneh
8766:Namazga-Tepe
8721:Anau culture
8698:Turkmenistan
8615:Tavka Kurgan
8510:Balalyk Tepe
8427:Burana Tower
8417:Aigyr-Zhal 2
8309:Issyk kurgan
8044:Kart dynasty
8039:Sufi dynasty
8029:Golden Horde
7954:Oghuz Yabgus
7929:Tang dynasty
7894:Hephthalites
7819:Uyuk culture
7808:
7684:
7672:. Retrieved
7640:
7636:
7612:
7567:
7561:
7514:
7508:
7480:
7462:February 15,
7460:. Retrieved
7441:
7427:February 14,
7425:. Retrieved
7405:
7376:
7355:
7345:16 September
7343:. Retrieved
7314:
7296:
7271:
7248:
7232:. Retrieved
7213:
7199:
7156:
7152:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7063:1887/3202709
7037:
7033:
7027:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6950:
6900:
6894:
6884:
6841:
6837:
6774:
6770:
6756:
6705:
6701:
6681:Kuzmina 2007
6676:
6669:Kuzmina 2007
6664:
6652:
6645:Kuzmina 2007
6640:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6566:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6535:Bryant (2001
6525:
6513:
6501:
6484:
6472:
6465:Parpola 2015
6428:, retrieved
6406:
6394:
6361:
6349:
6342:Mallory 1989
6337:
6327:16 September
6325:. Retrieved
6321:the original
6310:
6294:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6218:
6212:
6191:
6179:
6170:
6161:
6152:
6116:
6112:
6101:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6076:
6035:
6031:
6019:
6011:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5981:
5969:. Retrieved
5959:
5933:cite journal
5916:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5881:. Retrieved
5877:
5868:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5806:
5802:
5789:
5770:
5767:Yang Jianhua
5751:Mallory 1989
5746:
5728:
5695:
5686:
5673:
5664:
5651:
5639:
5631:
5615:
5595:
5588:
5568:
5561:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5526:
5485:
5479:
5469:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5400:
5396:
5376:
5368:
5359:
5346:
5338:
5329:
5319:
5307:
5298:
5292:
5285:Mallory 1997
5238:
5231:
5207:
5181:
5156:
5137:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5064:
5055:
5042:
5006:
4852:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4827:full list...
4825:
4811:
4804:
4790:
4783:
4769:
4762:
4748:
4741:
4727:
4720:
4658:Mobilization
4650:Debt default
4592:Chechen wars
4543:since 1991:
4520:full list...
4518:
4497:Russian SFSR
4486:Soviet Union
4403:Korenization
4373:full list...
4371:
4307:Russian SFSR
4216:
4075:Zemsky Sobor
4043:full list...
4041:
3967:full list...
3965:
3912:
3898:Ancient Rus'
3689:
3634:
3616:
3614:
3507:
3416:
3409:
3372:Yamnaya-like
3357:
3318:
3282:Proto-Turkic
3278:Proto-Uralic
3274:
3267:
3253:
3249:Krivoye Lake
3230:
3219:
3212:Indo-Iranian
3196:
3150:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3002:
2993:CIVILIZATION
2957:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2807:
2793:
2792:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2764:
2693:Greater Iran
2686:
2680:
2678:
2655:
2624:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2548:
2532:
2501:
2477:
2449:city in the
2441:studied two
2407:
2378:
2286:
2267:
2195:Turkmenistan
2164:
2156:
2134:
2113:
2108:
2094:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2044:Copper Hoard
2032:Indo-Iranian
2028:Yaz cultures
2018:
1986:
1962:
1933:
1931:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1855:Publications
1854:
1840:
1821:
1775:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:Paleo-Balkan
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1558:
1557:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1470:
1453:Greater Iran
1446:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1326:Paleo-Balkan
1291:Celtiberians
1270:
1269:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1016:
1015:
1005:
993:
992:
955:
954:
917:
916:
892:
891:
879:
878:
866:
865:
807:Bug–Dniester
771:
770:
636:Gothic Bible
552:Proto-Baltic
548:Proto-Slavic
533:Proto-Italic
529:Proto-Celtic
492:
447:
435:Italo-Celtic
430:Indo-Hittite
420:Graeco-Aryan
393:Hypothetical
392:
357:
292:Paleo-Balkan
274:
231:Indo-Iranian
186:Balto-Slavic
159:
18:
9772:Uruk period
9586:Paleolithic
9491:Kura–Araxes
9422:Tarim Basin
9307:Elp culture
9099:Kabul hoard
9032:Sokh snakes
8984:Surkh Kotal
8949:Haji Piyada
8924:Darra-e Kur
8889:Yemshi Tepe
8884:Tillya Tepe
8879:Tepe Fullol
8869:Tepe Narenj
8864:Tapa Sardar
8854:Fondukistan
8819:Tapa Shotor
8799:Tepe Fullol
8791:Afghanistan
8620:Toprak-Kala
8605:Shahrukhiya
8555:Kampir Tepe
8545:Itchan Kala
8500:Ancient Pap
8457:Shakh Fazil
8329:Krasnyi Yar
8233:Mogao Caves
8193:Kizil Caves
8129:Archaeology
7994:Farighunids
7949:Turk Shahis
7889:Alchon Huns
7701:(csen.org)
7200:Archaeology
7159:(1): 3–36.
6518:Bryant 2001
6506:Bryant 2001
6477:Bryant 2001
5995:p. 487-488:
5878:www.susu.ru
5803:Radiocarbon
5395:Witzel, M.
4552:August Coup
4475:War of Laws
4457:Perestroika
4435:Warsaw Pact
4423:Great Purge
4386:1923–1991:
4250:White Guard
4230:Directorate
4199:1917–1923:
4056:1480–1917:
3982:Feudal Rus'
3980:1240–1480:
3853:Rus' people
3845:Early Slavs
3812:History of
3649:R1a1a1b2a2a
3298:Old Chinese
3221:Kulturkugel
2486:ore in the
2357:Caspian Sea
2343:), and the
2038:(or Swat),
1948:in central
1733:Continental
1726:Anglo-Saxon
1429:Middle Ages
1379:Middle Ages
1234:Indo-Aryans
1227:Indo-Aryans
1034:Bell Beaker
1029:Corded ware
925:Corded ware
814:Sredny Stog
759:Archaeology
539:Proto-Greek
519:Proto-Norse
90:Followed by
68:Preceded by
9878:Categories
9782:Bronze Age
9624:Peking Man
9521:Jar-Burial
9467:Bronze Age
9347:Late Jomon
9224:Bronze Age
9206:Bronze Age
8979:Rag-i-Bibi
8804:Ai-Khanoum
8736:Gonur Depe
8731:Dev-Kesken
8668:Kafir-kala
8658:Ajina tepe
8640:Tajikistan
8600:Sarmishsay
8585:Kyzyl-Kala
8565:Khalchayan
8550:Kafir-kala
8530:Fayaz Tepe
8515:Burchmulla
8477:Uzbekistan
8467:Tash Rabat
8442:Manas Ordo
8409:Kyrgyzstan
8296:Kazakhstan
7999:Ghaznavids
7904:Ustrushana
7899:Tocharians
7829:Massagetae
7647:: 102420.
6979:(1): 590.
6708:(1): 733.
6430:2024-02-06
6092:2018-03-14
6038:: 102420.
5883:2020-07-18
5859:2020-07-18
5596:Tajikistan
5149:References
5082:Dáśa-Dasyu
5031:pronounced
4618:amendments
4530:Tannu Tuva
4453:Afghan War
4388:Soviet Era
3896:879–1240:
3837:Prehistory
3698:2900 BCE.
3495:light hair
3491:light eyes
3412:Kazakhstan
3400:South Asia
3344:See also:
2945:Chemurchek
2932:Xiajiadian
2662:Ural River
2647:Sarmatians
2480:metallurgy
2466:Metallurgy
2301:Cimmerians
2223:Tashkurgan
2211:Kyrgyzstan
2205:) and the
2203:Tajikistan
2130:Kyrgyzstan
2128:, eastern
2126:Kazakhstan
2040:Cemetery H
1938:Bronze Age
1841:Institutes
1761:Lithuanian
1515:Indo-Aryan
1501:Historical
1435:Indo-Aryan
1392:Tocharians
1306:Cimmerians
1184:Bronze Age
1075:South Asia
949:Bronze Age
887:Afanasievo
691:Mainstream
455:Vocabulary
375:Sound laws
237:Indo-Aryan
51:Bronze Age
9669:Neolithic
9432:Trzciniec
9025:Artifacts
8899:Aq Kupruk
8849:Mes Aynak
8781:Ulug Depe
8716:Altyndepe
8663:Cyropolis
8653:Penjikent
8625:Varakhsha
8560:Kara Tepe
8505:Ayaz-Kala
8495:Akhsikath
8485:Afrasiyab
8432:Issyk-Kul
8422:Balasagun
8268:Beshbalik
8145:Sintashta
8105:Silk Road
8034:Ilkhanate
7989:Ma'munids
7884:Kidarites
7669:225452095
7181:233015927
7173:2300-6560
7080:256769352
7001:2041-1723
6858:0036-8075
6799:1476-4687
6730:2045-2322
6614:2513-843X
6386:249320151
6378:0578-6967
6286:162580424
6278:0003-598X
6258:Antiquity
6068:225452095
6060:2352-409X
5443:2513-843X
5095:kṣatriyaḥ
5020:romanized
4911:1982–1991
4907:1964–1982
4903:1953–1964
4899:1927–1953
4895:1917–1927
4891:1894–1917
4887:1855–1894
4883:1796–1855
4879:1721–1796
4654:Sanctions
4604:Oligarchy
4534:1921–1944
4512:1940–1956
4501:1922–1991
4490:1922–1991
4407:Stalinism
4365:1921–1923
4354:1918–1920
4344:1922–1922
4333:1920–1922
4322:1919–1922
4311:1917–1922
4301:1917–1918
4290:1917–1918
4276:Emigrants
4262:Priamurye
4246:Civil War
4222:July Days
4190:1914–1921
4179:1900–1905
4168:1867–1915
4157:1809–1917
4146:1799–1867
4135:1721–1917
4125:1547–1721
4035:1263–1547
4025:1157–1331
4015:1136–1478
3959:1093–1157
3884:Garðaríki
3841:Antiquity
3233:Sintashta
3208:Karakorum
3200:Kopet Dag
3171:culture (
3169:Andronovo
3084:Zhukaigou
3058:Xichengyi
2794:Sintashta
2779:Andronovo
2666:type site
2643:Scythians
2617:from the
2584:flagellin
2574:Kytmanovo
2447:Lisakovsk
2361:Herodotus
2355:near the
2349:Herodotus
2337:Thracians
2309:Scythians
2260:Dates of
2239:Volgograd
2207:Tian Shan
2191:Kopet Dag
2179:Minusinsk
2118:Tian Shan
2103:fire cult
2099:cremation
2086:Syr Darya
2078:Amu Darya
1983:Discovery
1973:Yeniseian
1776:Practices
1595:Yarsanism
1405:Albanians
1385:East Asia
1372:Scythians
1364:Phrygians
1357:Paeonians
1350:Illyrians
1336:Thracians
1253:East Asia
1204:Armenians
1131:Hallstatt
1113:Chernoles
1054:Terramare
1044:Trzciniec
1011:Sintashta
1006:Andronovo
907:Cernavodă
880:East Asia
835:Khvalynsk
575:Philology
485:Particles
371:Phonology
312:Liburnian
287:Tocharian
282:Anatolian
251:Nuristani
144:Languages
9762:Daimabad
9654:Ubeidiya
9644:Solo Man
9634:Sangiran
9604:Java Man
9538:Iron Age
9506:Trialeti
9501:Colchian
8959:Mundigak
8939:Firozkoh
8829:Shotorak
8648:Bunjikat
8540:Hazorasp
8364:Shilikty
8354:Boralday
8278:Mongolia
8213:Dunhuang
7984:Samanids
7914:Farghana
7767:Polities
7674:July 16,
7645:Elsevier
7604:31488661
7549:26595274
7478:(2008).
7439:(1997).
7402:(1989).
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7246:(2001),
7131:35635751
7072:29743675
7019:30713341
6927:15255049
6876:31488661
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6748:35031610
6632:37599704
6623:10432883
6573:Archived
6364:: 1–23.
6243:21347353
6235:19449030
6143:26496604
5971:March 2,
5854:phys.org
5624:Archived
5510:26062507
5461:37599704
5452:10432883
5091:brāhmaṇa
5048:Margiana
4875:860–1721
4871:Timeline
4608:Putinism
4562:Protocol
4560:Alma-Ata
4465:Karabakh
4445:transfer
4431:Cold War
4254:Red Army
4238:election
4071:Troubles
3949:988–1402
3939:987–1397
3929:882–1136
3874:Arthania
3803:a series
3801:Part of
3793:See also
3429:and the
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3362:via the
3294:Mongolia
3243:dated a
3151:Catacomb
3136:Abashevo
3123:Shijiahe
3032:Longshan
2695:and the
2685:and the
2455:stallion
2345:Sigynnae
2333:Anatolia
2329:Caucasus
2313:Assyrian
2270:Petrovka
2219:Xinjiang
2122:Xinjiang
2095:Fëdorovo
2082:Jaxartes
1822:Scholars
1720:Germanic
1691:Scottish
1656:Thracian
1650:Illyrian
1644:Albanian
1632:European
1625:Armenian
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1603:Scythian
1588:Yazidism
1538:Buddhism
1529:Hinduism
1420:Norsemen
1330:Anatolia
1247:Iranians
1240:Iranians
1221:Iron Age
1196:Hittites
1149:Colchian
1142:Caucasus
1100:Iron Age
1069:Lusatian
1064:Urnfield
988:Srubnaya
983:Poltavka
973:Catacomb
912:Cucuteni
867:Caucasus
684:Religion
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611:Behistun
591:Linear B
480:Numerals
475:Pronouns
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347:Thracian
340:Phrygian
333:Paeonian
319:Messapic
305:Illyrian
217:Hellenic
212:Germanic
181:Armenian
173:Albanian
167:Albanoid
118:a series
116:Part of
9639:Soanian
8904:Asqalan
8839:Bimaran
8834:Paitava
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8711:Abiward
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8580:Koktepe
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8314:Jankent
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8238:Tumshuq
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8093:Culture
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7869:Xiongnu
7649:Bibcode
7595:6822619
7572:bioRxiv
7563:Science
7540:4918750
7519:Bibcode
7374:(ed.).
7191:Sources
7122:9293011
7042:Bibcode
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6981:Bibcode
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6779:Bibcode
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3645:R1a1a1b
3637:Science
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2781:culture
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2668:of the
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1664:)
1659:·
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