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in front of it in the yard at the end of a tall spar flew the
Russian flag with the double-headed eagle in the middle of it. Of course, this flag now had to give way to the flag of the United States, which is full of stripes and stars. On a predetermined day in the afternoon, a group of soldiers came from the American ships, led by one who carried the flag. Marching solemnly, but without accompaniment, they came to the governor's mansion, where the Russian troops were already lined up and waiting for the Americans. Now they started to pull the eagle down, butâwhatever had gone into its headâit only came down a little bit, and then entangled its claws around the spar so that it could not be pulled down any further. A Russian soldier was therefore ordered to climb up the spar and disentangle it, but it seems that the eagle cast a spell on his hands, tooâfor he was not able to arrive at where the flag was, but instead slipped down without it. The next one to try was not able to do any better; only the third soldier was able to bring the unwilling eagle down to the ground. While the flag was brought down, music was played and cannons were fired off from the shore, and then, while the other flag was hoisted, the Americans fired off their cannons from the ships equally many times. After that American soldiers replaced the Russian ones at the gates of the fence surrounding the Kolosh village.
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purchase was known as "Seward's folly", "Walrussia", or "Seward's icebox". Editorials contended that taxpayer money had been wasted on a "polar bear garden". Nonetheless, most newspaper editors argued that the U.S. would probably derive great economic benefits from the purchase, such as considerable mineral resources that previous geological explorations of the region suggested were available there; friendship with Russia was important; and it would facilitate the acquisition of
British Columbia. Forty-five percent of supportive newspapers cited the increased potential for annexing British Columbia in their support, and
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such peoples under our national care? The purchase price was small; the annual charges for administration, civil and military, would be yet greater, and continuing. The territory included in the proposed cession was not contiguous to the national domain. It lay away at an inconvenient and a dangerous distance. The treaty had been secretly prepared, and signed and foisted upon the country at one o'clock in the morning. It was a dark deed done in the night⊠The
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632:, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, sponsored the Senate bill authorizing the U.S. to approve the treaty to acquire the territory. He not only agreed about the benefit to trade, but also said he expected the territory to be valuable on its own; having studied the records of explorers, he believed it contained valuable animals and forests. He compared the acquisition to contemporary
802:, jobless and in want, at the rowdy troops and gun-toting civilians who looked on Sitka as merely one more western frontier settlement." Ahllund gives a vivid account of what life was like for civilians in Sitka under US rule and helps to explain why hardly any Russian subject wanted to stay there. Moreover, Ahllund's article is the only known description of the return voyage on the
561:, and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so both men believed that the purchase would help divert attention from domestic issues. The negotiations concluded after an all-night session with the signing of the treaty at 04:00 on March 30, 1867. The purchase price was set at $ 7.2 million (equivalent to $ 129 million in 2023), or about 2 cents per acre ($ 4.74/km).
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806:, a ship that was specially purchased to transport the Russians back to their native country. "The over-crowded vessel, with crewmen who got roaring drunk at every port, must have made the voyage a memorable one." Ahllund mentions stops at the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, Tahiti, Brazil, London, and finally Kronstadt, the port for
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wrote 120 years later, "one of the strongest historical myths in
American history. It persists despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, and the efforts of the best historians to dispel it", likely in part because it fits American and Alaskan writers' view of the territory as distinct and filled with self-reliant pioneers.
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Other economists and scholars, including Scott
Goldsmith and Terrence Cole, have criticized the metrics used to reach those conclusions by noting that most contiguous Western states would fail to meet the bar of "positive financial return" using the same criteria and by contending that looking at the
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After the transfer, a number of
Russian citizens remained in Sitka, but nearly all of them very soon decided to return to Russia, which was still possible at the expense of the Russian-American Company. Ahllund's story "corroborates other accounts of the transfer ceremony, and the dismay felt by many
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Seward told the nation that, according to
Russian estimates, Alaska had about 60,000 inhabitants. This included about 10,500 who were under the direct government of the Russian fur company: about 8,000 indigenous people and 2,500 people of Russian or mixed Russian and indigenous descent (for example,
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Already, so it was said, we were burdened with territory we had no population to fill. The
Indians within the present boundaries of the republic strained our power to govern aboriginal peoples. Could it be that we would now, with open eyes, seek to add to our difficulties by increasing the number of
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and
California would support a larger figure. Buchanan's increasingly unpopular presidency forced the matter to be shelved until a new presidential election. With the oncoming American Civil War, Stoeckl proposed a renewal of the RAC's charter. Two of its ports were to be open to foreign traders and
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resulted when the United States seized over 150 sealing ships flying the
British flag, based out of the coast of British Columbia. The conflict between the United States and Britain was resolved by an arbitration tribunal in 1893. The waters of the Bering Sea were deemed to be international waters,
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We had not spent many weeks at Sitka when two large steam ships arrived there, bringing things that belonged to the
American crown, and a few days later the new governor also arrived in a ship together with his soldiers. The wooden two-story mansion of the Russian governor stood on a high hill, and
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kept these hearings informal, preparations were made for further negotiations. Stoeckl reported a conversation in which he asked "in passing" what price the U.S. government might pay for the Russian colony and Senator Gwin replied that they "might go as far as $ 5,000,000", a figure Gorchakov found
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has argued that the US federal government has not earned a positive financial return on the purchase of Alaska. According to Barker, tax revenue and mineral and energy royalties to the federal government have been less than federal costs of governing Alaska plus interest on the borrowed funds used
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showed that if gold were discovered in Alaska, Americans and Canadians would overwhelm the Russian presence in what one scholar later described as "Siberia's Siberia". However, the principal reason for the sale was that the hard-to-defend colony would be easily conquered by British forces based in
205:($ 0.36 per acre in 2023), the United States had grown by 586,412 sq mi (1,518,800 km). Reactions to the Alaska Purchase among Americans were mostly positive, as many believed that Alaska would serve as a base to expand American trade in Asia. Some opponents labeled the purchase as "
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said that it was a "sucked orange." It contained nothing of value but furbearing animals, and these had been hunted until they were nearly extinct. Except for the Aleutian Islands and a narrow strip of land extending along the southern coast the country would be not worth taking as a gift⊠Unless
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Seward also said that the Russians were settled at 23 trading posts, placed on accessible islands and at points along the coast. At smaller trading posts, typically only four or five Russians were stationed: their job was to collect furs from the natives for storage and then for shipment when the
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The seal fishery was one of the chief considerations that induced the United States to purchase Alaska. It provided considerable revenue by the lease of the privilege of taking seals, an amount that was eventually more than the price paid for Alaska. From 1870 to 1890, the seal fisheries yielded
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American settlers who shared Sumner's belief in the riches of Alaska rushed to the territory but found that much capital was required to exploit its resources, many of which could also be found closer to markets in the contiguous United States. Most soon left, and by 1873, Sitka's population had
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Many Americans believed in 1867 that the purchase process had been corrupt, but W. H. Dall in 1872 wrote that, "there can be no doubt that the feelings of a majority of the citizens of the United States are in favor of it." The notion that the purchase was unpopular among Americans is, a scholar
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A majority of newspapers either supported the purchase or were neutral. A review of dozens of contemporary newspapers found general support for the purchase, especially in California; most of 48 major newspapers supported the purchase. Public opinion was not universally positive; to some the
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per skin for the total number taken. The skins were transported to London to be dressed and prepared for world markets. The business grew so large that the earnings of English laborers after the acquisition of Alaska by the United States amounted by 1890 to $ 12,000,000.
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decided to sell the territory. The Russian government discussed the proposal in 1857 and 1858 and offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Britain. However, no deal was reached, as the risk of an
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we must not deceive ourselves and must foresee that the United States, aiming constantly to round out their possessions and desiring to dominate undividedly the whole of North America will take the afore-mentioned colonies from us and we shall not be able to regain
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accepted the territory. (Peshchurov had been sent to Sitka as commissioner of the Russian government in the transfer of Alaska.) A number of forts, blockhouses and timber buildings were handed over to the Americans. The troops occupied the barracks; General
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Seward and many other Americans expected that Asia would become an important market for U.S. products, and that Alaska would serve as a base for American trade with Asia and globally, and for the extension of American power into the Pacific.
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spread to other acts, including the Alaska purchase. Some opposed the United States obtaining its first non-contiguous territory, seeing it as a colony; others saw no need to pay for land that they expected the country to obtain through
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Over the winter of 1859â1860, Stoeckl held meetings with United States officials, though he had been instructed not to initiate discussions about the sale of the RAC assets. Communicating primarily with Assistant Secretary of State
474:. Gorchakov agreed with the necessity of abandoning Russian America but argued for a gradual process leading to its sale. He found a supporter in the naval minister and former chief manager of the Russian-American Company,
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Konstantin's letter was shown to his brother, Tsar Alexander II, who wrote "this idea is worth considering" on the front page. Supporters of Konstantin's proposal to immediately withdraw from North America included Admiral
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contrary to the US contention that they were an internal sea. The US was required to make a payment to Britain, and both nations were required to follow regulations developed to preserve the resource.
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strongly protested the edict, which potentially threatened both the commerce and expansionary ambitions of the United States. Seeking favorable relations with the U.S., Alexander agreed to the
213:" as they contended that the United States had acquired useless land. Nearly all Russian settlers left Alaska in the aftermath of the purchase; Alaska would remain sparsely populated until the
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100,000 skins a year. The company to which the administration of the fisheries was entrusted by a lease from the US government paid a rental of $ 50,000 per annum and in addition thereto
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gold were found in the country much time would elapse before it would be blessed with Hoe printing presses, Methodist chapels and a metropolitan police. It was "a frozen wilderness."
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Aleksei Alekseyevich Peshchurov said, "General Rousseau, by authority from His Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska." General
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549:, to be surrounded or annexed by American territory. Following the Union victory in the Civil War in 1865, the Tsar instructed Stoeckl to re-enter into negotiations with
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A description of the events was published in Finland six years later. It was written by a blacksmith named Thomas Ahllund, who had been recruited to work in Sitka:
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increase in net national income, instead of only US Treasury revenue, would paint a much more accurate picture of the financial return of Alaska as an investment.
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During the first half of the 18th century, Russia had established a colonial presence in parts of North America, but few Russians ever settled in Alaska.
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980:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska", Primary Documents in American History, The Library of Congress, April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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established his residence in the governor's house, and most of the Russian citizens went home, leaving a few traders and priests who chose to remain.
613:), established in 1804 to handle the valuable trade in the skins of sea otters; in 1867, it had 116 small log cabins and 968 residents. The other was
452:, a younger brother of the Tsar, began to press for the handover of Russian America to the United States in 1857. In a memorandum to Foreign Minister
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The purchase of Alaska has been referenced as a "bargain basement deal" and as the principal positive accomplishment of the otherwise much-maligned
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Basin. The Emperor eventually sided with Gorchakov, deciding to postpone negotiations until the end of the RAC's patent, set to expire in 1861.
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declined from about 2,500 to a few hundred. The United States acquired an area over twice as large as Texas, but it was not until the great
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sent missionaries to the natives and built churches. About 700 Russians enforced sovereignty in a territory over twice as large as
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celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867, according to the
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Bolkhovitinov, Nikolay N. (1990). "The Crimean War and the Emergence of Proposals for the Sale of Russian America, 1853â1861".
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593:, meaning "great land" or "mainland". The United States chose the name "Alaska" to refer to the area purchased from Russia.
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1693:"Purchase of Alaska, 1867", Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs of the United States. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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neighboring Canada in any future conflict, and Russia did not wish to see its archrival being next door just across the
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The signing of the Alaska Treaty of Cessation on March 30, 1867. Left to right: Robert S. Chew, William H. Seward,
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far too low. Stoeckl informed Appleton and Gwin of this, the latter saying that his Congressional colleagues in
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for a sum of $ 7.2 million in 1867 (equivalent to $ 129 million in 2023). On May 15 of that year, the
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Kushner, Howard. "The significance of the Alaska purchase to American expansion." in S. Frederick Starr, ed.,
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Grinëv, Andrei. V. (2010). "A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years".
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Kushner, Howard I. (1975). "'Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase".
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company's boats arrived to take the furs away. There were two larger towns. One was New Archangel (now named
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Neunherz, R. E. (1989). ""Hemmed In": Reactions in British Columbia to the Purchase of Russian America".
502:, Stoeckl reported the interest expressed by the Americans in acquiring Russian America. While President
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1329:"Manifest Opportunity: The Alaska Purchase as a Bridge Between United States Expansion and Imperialism"
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stated that, consistent with Seward's reason, Alaska would increase American trade with East Asia.
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John M. Miller has taken the argument further by contending that US oil companies that developed
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on October 18, 1867. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the
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Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska and related resources at the Library of Congress
1354:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774â1875"
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commercial agreements with Peru and Chile to be signed to give "a fresh jolt" to the company.
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was almost extinct, and Russia needed money after being defeated by France and Britain in the
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Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1958). "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America".
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summarized the minority opinion of some American newspaper editors who opposed the purchase:
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in 1896 that Alaska generally came to be seen as a valuable addition to U.S. territory.
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Program featuring the purchase check cashed for gold at Riggs Bank (17:00 minute mark).
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2059:) No. 15/1873 (1 August) â No. 19/1873 (1 October)); firsthand account of the transfer
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However, exclusive US control of this resource was eventually challenged, and the
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declaring Russia's sovereignty over the North American Pacific coast north of the
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which came into effect in Alaska the day following the transfer, replacing the
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The Age of Reconstruction: How Lincoln's New Birth of Freedom Remade the World
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The fires of patriotism: Alaskans in the days of the First World War 1910â1920
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having a Russian father and a native mother). The remaining 50,000 or so were
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did not earn enough profits to compensate for the risks that they incurred.
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ratified a bilateral treaty that had been signed on March 30, and American
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Tarnished Expansion: The Alaska Scandal, the Press, and Congress 1867â1871
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Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing
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198:. Seward and Stoeckl agreed to a treaty for the sale on March 30, 1867.
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523:'s ratification of the treaty. This page just contains the Tsar's full
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405:(115 miles or 185 km) of the Russian claim. US Secretary of State
1678:"Why the Purchase of Alaska Was Far From "Folly", by Jesse Greenspan,
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640:. The United States Senate approved the treaty by a vote of 37 to 2.
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Bailey, Thomas A. (1934). "Why the United States Purchased Alaska".
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1862:. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 99-120.
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The principal urban newspaper that opposed the purchase was the
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Alaska: Speech of William H. Seward at Sitka, August 12, 1869
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The Last Alaskan Barrel: An Arctic Oil Bonanza that Never Was
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The American Historical Review 48, No. 3 (1943), pp. 521â531.
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at the time, entered into negotiations with Russian diplomat
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became legally effective across the territory on October 18.
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From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
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towards the United States' acquisition of Alaska after the
1541:(Adobe Flash). Featured Speaker, Professor Preston Jones.
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Gibson, James R. (1979). "Why the Russians Sold Alaska".
1663:"Seward's Folly: Who's Laughing Now?", by Karen Harris,
1513:. The Seward Phoenix LOG. April 3, 2014. Archived from
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Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State
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Dall, W. H. (1872). "Is Alaska a Paying Investment".
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and also agreed to open Russian ports to U.S. ships.
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Claus-M Naske; Herman E. Slotnick (March 15, 1994).
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2480:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)
2011:A History of the United States since the Civil War
1999:The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations
1984:; Kingston, Ontario & Fairbanks, Alaska, 1990.
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1579:A History of the United States since the Civil War
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377:. They arrived in Alaska in 1732, and in 1799 the
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1896:Seward's Folly: A New Look at the Alaska Purchase
1866:Dunning, William A. (1912). "Paying for Alaska".
1054:Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State
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1898:(University of Alaska Press, 2016). xiv, 225 pp.
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2307:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1992:. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
1931:(2). Translated by Bland, Richard L.: 265â278.
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1563:: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (
1291:"Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History"
1216:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska"
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1080:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 330.
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1978:Russian America: A Biographical Dictionary
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2086:Meeting of Frontiers, Library of Congress
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1037:Russian Opinion on the Cession of Alaska.
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2043:(2). Translated by Hallamaa, Panu: 1â25.
1706:"How Alaska Became a Federal Aid Magnet"
1511:"Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth"
1441:American Slavic and East European Review
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2475:Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)
2030:"From the Memoirs of a Finnish Workman"
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1757:"Was the Alaska Purchase a Good Deal?"
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1783:State of Alaska 2014 Holiday Calendar
1652:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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347:Russia and the United States, c. 1866
2816:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections
1599:Bancroft, H. H., (1885) pp. 590â629.
1370:
1326:
752:The transfer ceremony took place in
723:
529:
2575:Vice President of the United States
2460:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)
2302:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1943:
1755:Powell, Michael (August 20, 2010).
1704:Powell, Michael (August 18, 2010).
1627:
1503:
1174:
1077:Alaska: A History of the 49th State
1021:
998:"Tracing Alaska's Russian Heritage"
848:
545:, including the Royal Navy base at
13:
2547:
2465:Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)
2021:
644:Public opinion favors the purchase
201:At an original cost of $ 0.02 per
14:
3207:
2788:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
2074:
1379:. NY: Harper & Brothers: 252.
557:was busy with negotiations about
3126:Colonial United States (Russian)
3074:
3073:
2837:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
2657:
2650:
2488:
2216:
2193:Department of Alaska (1867â1884)
2168:
2068:Digitized page images & text
1327:Cook, Mary Alice (Spring 2011).
764:raised amid peals of artillery.
528:
256:
108:
95:
3191:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
3176:Territorial evolution of Russia
2627:1864 U.S. presidential election
2203:Territory of Alaska (1912â1959)
2092:"Inside the Archivist's Office"
1774:
1748:
1723:
1697:
1686:
1671:
1656:
1620:, introduction to Ahllund, T.,
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1571:
1529:
1477:California Historical Quarterly
1468:
1417:
1346:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1195:
1168:
1150:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
996:Montaigne, Fen (July 7, 2016).
964:Gross Domestic Product deflator
690:. The ongoing controversy over
686:, published by Seward opponent
3161:Treaties of the Russian Empire
3005:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
2806:1866 National Union Convention
2748:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2676:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
2632:1864 National Union Convention
2564:President of the United States
2198:District of Alaska (1884â1912)
1649:New International Encyclopedia
1067:
1042:
973:
634:European colonial acquisitions
1:
2768:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
2470:Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)
2208:Recent history (1959âpresent)
2028:Ahllund, Thomas (Fall 2006).
1538:Founding of Anchorage, Alaska
1373:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
945:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
925:
879:
411:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
3186:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
3181:Bilateral treaties of Russia
3131:History of the American West
2455:Tripartite Convention (1899)
1850:History of Alaska: 1730â1885
1246:Indian Placenames in America
855:presidency of Andrew Johnson
792:
533: Wikimedia Commons has
7:
3031:Treason must be made odious
2696:Pardons for ex-Confederates
2445:Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
2188:Russian America (1733â1867)
1952:. Oxford University Press.
1944:Herring, George C. (2008).
1868:Political Science Quarterly
1179:. Harp Week. Archived from
898:
870:Alaskan petroleum resources
358:; Alaska Purchase in purple
221:, the area was renamed the
172:Alexander II of Russia
10:
3212:
3106:1867 in the Russian Empire
2954:Andrew Johnson and slavery
2869:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
2821:1868 Democratic Convention
2783:Second impeachment inquiry
1810:
1577:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
1259:The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
1205:. Volume: 3, 1891, p. 348.
1050:"Purchase of Alaska, 1867"
638:French conquest of Algeria
476:Ferdinand von Wrangel
236:
3111:1867 in the United States
3040:
3020:Ledger-removal allegation
2997:
2946:
2887:
2829:
2778:First impeachment inquiry
2666:
2648:
2604:
2555:
2497:
2486:
2400:Louisiana Purchase (1803)
2385:
2280:Aleutian Islands campaign
2225:
2214:
2175:
2166:
2045:(Originally published in
1937:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
1925:Pacific Historical Review
1819:Pacific Historical Review
1608:Pierce, R. (1990), p 395.
1111:Pacific Historical Review
569:The Russian name for the
124:
87:
79:
64:
53:
38:
26:
3025:Buell Commission records
2901:Martha Johnson Patterson
2743:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2701:State of the Union, 1865
2435:Guano Islands Act (1856)
2410:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty (1819)
2405:Red River Cession (1818)
2390:Thirteen Colonies (1776)
2233:Russian-American Company
1968:Russia's American Colony
1590:Ahllund, T. (1873/2006).
1289:Haycox, Stephen (1990).
1024:, pp. 151â153, 157.
920:
701:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer
379:Russian-American Company
42:March 30, 1867
2811:Swing Around the Circle
2430:Gadsden Purchase (1853)
2415:Texas Annexation (1845)
2265:Alaska boundary dispute
2125:(registration required)
1997:Jensen, Ronald (1975).
1390:Jones, Preston (2013).
519:The first page of Tsar
383:Russian Orthodox Church
244:Part of a series on the
188:U.S. Secretary of State
3196:Alexander II of Russia
2895:Eliza McCardle Johnson
2596:(1853â1857, 1862â1865)
2583:Senator from Tennessee
2450:Treaty of Paris (1898)
2440:Alaska Purchase (1867)
2425:Mexican Cession (1848)
2395:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2270:1925 serum run to Nome
2121:June 14, 2008, at the
1988:Holbo, Paul S (1983).
1734:. Caseman Publishing.
1248:, Vol. 1 (2015), p. 11
1201:Seward, Frederick W.,
842:Bering Sea Controversy
774:
749:
721:
669:
538:
472:Eduard de Stoeckl
463:
367:
359:
348:
192:Eduard de Stoeckl
68:May 15, 1867
3171:Purchased territories
2738:Judicial Circuits Act
2686:Judicial appointments
2594:Governor of Tennessee
1846:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1730:Miller, John (2010).
769:
731:
705:
655:
518:
458:
450:Grand Duke Konstantin
437:. Therefore, Emperor
415:parallel 54°40âČ north
354:
346:
2801:National Union Party
2753:Tenure of Office Act
2420:Oregon Treaty (1846)
2332:History of Fairbanks
2320:History of Anchorage
2292:Alaska Statehood Act
798:of the Russians and
760:was lowered and the
430:California Gold Rush
280:Department of Alaska
219:Department of Alaska
161:United States Senate
147:was the purchase of
2919:Mary Johnson Stover
2758:Command of Army Act
2733:Reconstruction Acts
2102:. December 26, 2011
2070:), a primary source
2062:Seward, William H.
1982:The Limestone Press
1220:Library of Congress
1175:Kennedy, Robert C.
966:figures follow the
778:Captain of 2nd Rank
746:Frederick W. Seward
454:Alexander Gorchakov
399:51st parallel north
292:Territory of Alaska
227:Territory of Alaska
23:
3053:Ulysses S. Grant â
2984:William A. Johnson
2964:Elizabeth J. Forby
2907:David T. Patterson
2723:Colorado Territory
2691:Reconstruction era
2176:Timeline of Alaska
2096:American Artifacts
2007:Oberholtzer, Ellis
1970:. (1987): 295â315.
1796:on August 20, 2014
1761:The New York Times
1710:The New York Times
915:Louisiana Purchase
889:Gregorian calendar
865:for the purchase.
816:Klondike Gold Rush
787:Jefferson C. Davis
750:
675:The New York Times
670:
565:American ownership
539:
444:American Civil War
360:
349:
286:District of Alaska
223:District of Alaska
215:Klondike Gold Rush
196:American Civil War
21:
3088:
3087:
3066:Schuyler Colfax â
3061:â Hannibal Hamlin
3046:â Abraham Lincoln
3010:Alcoholism debate
2989:Florence J. Smith
2877:Tennessee Johnson
2617:Southern Unionist
2585:(1857â1862, 1875)
2515:
2514:
2345:
2344:
2226:Topics and events
2160:History of Alaska
2055:(editor-in-chief
1959:978-0-19-507822-0
1741:978-0-9828780-0-2
1425:New Orleans Times
1403:978-1-60223-205-1
1257:Elspeth Leacock,
1226:on March 29, 2015
1183:on March 26, 2013
1087:978-0-8061-2573-2
738:Eduard de Stoeckl
724:Transfer ceremony
658:William H. Seward
551:William H. Seward
439:Alexander II
407:John Quincy Adams
341:
340:
250:History of Alaska
184:William H. Seward
141:
140:
3203:
3077:
3076:
2861:Southern Justice
2661:
2654:
2597:
2586:
2578:
2567:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2506:Manifest destiny
2492:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2220:
2219:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2052:Suomen Kuvalehti
2044:
2034:
2014:
2002:
1993:
1963:
1951:
1940:
1919:
1904:Wilson Quarterly
1891:
1842:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1789:, archived from
1788:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1634:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:on June 22, 2017
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:10.2307/25157541
1472:
1466:
1465:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:, April 10, 1867
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1286:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
982:
977:
971:
961:
959:
957:
940:
910:Gadsden Purchase
905:Florida Purchase
849:Financial return
835:
834:
830:
827:
719:
697:manifest destiny
683:New York Tribune
619:Pribilof Islands
571:Alaska Peninsula
543:British Columbia
532:
531:
468:Yevfimy Putyatin
391:Alexander I
389:. In 1821, Tsar
372:
333:
326:
319:
260:
259:
241:
240:
225:in 1884 and the
114:
112:
111:
101:
99:
98:
83:October 18, 1867
75:
73:
58:Washington, D.C.
49:
47:
31:
24:
20:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3146:Russian America
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3036:
2993:
2942:
2913:Charles Johnson
2883:
2825:
2728:Alaska Purchase
2662:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2600:
2589:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2516:
2511:
2493:
2484:
2381:
2376:
2346:
2341:
2297:1964 earthquake
2238:Alaska Purchase
2221:
2217:
2212:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2123:Wayback Machine
2105:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2032:
2024:
2022:Primary sources
1974:Pierce, Richard
1960:
1894:Farrow, Lee A.
1880:10.2307/2141366
1831:10.2307/3633456
1813:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1643:"Sealing"
1635:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1473:
1469:
1454:10.2307/3001132
1436:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1295:Northern Review
1287:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1177:"The Big Thing"
1173:
1169:
1146:
1139:
1124:10.2307/3640094
1106:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
994:
985:
978:
974:
955:
953:
941:
932:
928:
923:
901:
893:Julian calendar
882:
862:David R. Barker
851:
832:
828:
825:
823:
795:
782:Lovell Rousseau
736:, Mr. Bodisco,
726:
720:
717:
662:Abraham Lincoln
646:
567:
500:William M. Gwin
456:he stated that
365:was settled by
363:Russian America
337:
308:
298:State of Alaska
274:Russian America
257:
239:
231:State of Alaska
211:Seward's Icebox
182:. To this end,
145:Alaska Purchase
137:
120:
109:
107:
96:
94:
71:
69:
45:
43:
34:
22:Alaska Purchase
17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:1867 in Alaska
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2931:Robert Johnson
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Foreign policy
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2642:Kirkwood House
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Homestead Acts
2608:
2606:
2605:Pre-presidency
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2579:
2568:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:Andrew Johnson
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
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2375:
2374:
2367:
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2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
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2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
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2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
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2262:
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2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2075:External links
2073:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2037:Alaska History
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:. Vol. 1.
2003:
1994:
1985:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1941:
1920:
1910:(3): 179â188.
1899:
1892:
1874:(3): 385â398.
1863:
1853:
1843:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1773:
1747:
1740:
1722:
1696:
1685:
1670:
1655:
1626:
1618:Richard Pierce
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1570:
1545:. July 9, 2015
1528:
1502:
1467:
1448:(4): 481â494.
1430:
1416:
1402:
1382:
1363:
1345:
1336:Alaska History
1312:
1272:
1270:Seward (1869).
1263:
1250:
1244:Sandy Nestor,
1237:
1207:
1194:
1167:
1156:(3): 101â111.
1137:
1093:
1086:
1066:
1041:
1026:
1014:
983:
972:
968:MeasuringWorth
962:United States
950:MeasuringWorth
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
900:
897:
881:
878:
850:
847:
808:St. Petersburg
794:
791:
742:Charles Sumner
734:William Hunter
725:
722:
715:
710:New York World
692:Reconstruction
688:Horace Greeley
666:Andrew Johnson
645:
642:
636:, such as the
630:Charles Sumner
603:Alaska Natives
577:("ĐĐ»ŃŃĐșĐ°") or
566:
563:
559:Reconstruction
555:Andrew Johnson
504:James Buchanan
369:promyshlenniki
339:
338:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
310:
309:
307:
306:
301:
300:(1959âpresent)
295:
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
262:
261:
253:
252:
246:
245:
238:
235:
207:Seward's Folly
180:United Kingdom
153:Russian Empire
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
128:
126:
122:
121:
119:
118:
105:
103:Russian Empire
91:
89:
85:
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81:
77:
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62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
40:
36:
35:
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9:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:1867 treaties
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Henry Johnson
2972:
2970:
2969:Dolly Johnson
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2937:Frank Johnson
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:Daniel Stover
2923:
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2313:Exxon Valdez
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2285:Project Hula
2275:World War II
2237:
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2057:Julius Krohn
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2979:Sam Johnson
2959:Henry Brown
2853:Andy's Trip
2566:(1865â1869)
1680:History.com
1483:(1): 4â26.
1059:December 4,
1007:January 20,
718:Oberholtzer
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294:(1912â1959)
288:(1884â1912)
282:(1867â1884)
276:(1733â1867)
176:Crimean War
165:sovereignty
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3095:Categories
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2799:Politics:
2668:Presidency
2183:Prehistory
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1409:August 30,
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1230:August 30,
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885:Alaska Day
880:Alaska Day
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435:Bering Sea
422:sea otters
269:Prehistory
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793:Aftermath
617:, in the
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611:Sitka
599:Inuit
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