Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

2160:, killing 6 civilians. The gun battles at this time had a death toll of over 100 according to some sources. On 5 June 1992, further conflict between forces of Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat in west Kabul was reported. Here, both sides used heavy artillery, destroying houses and other civilian structures. Three schools were reported destroyed by bombardment. The bombardment killed and injured an unknown number of civilians. Gunmen were reported killing people in shops near the Kabul Zoo. On 24 June 1992 the Jamhuriat hospital located near the Interior Ministry was bombed and closed. Jamiat-e Islami and Shura-e Nazar sometimes joined the conflict when their positions came under attack by Hezb-i Wahdat forces and in June/July bombarded Hezb-i Wahdat positions in return. Harakat forces also sometimes joined the fight. 1748:

State's defense minister Ahmad Shah Massoud tried to mediate between the factions with some success, but the ceasefire remained only temporary. As of June 1992, the Hezb-i Wahdat and the Ittehad-e Islami engaged in violent street battles against each other. With the support of Saudi Arabia, Sayyaf's forces repeatedly attacked western suburbs of Kabul resulting in heavy civilian casualties. Likewise, Mazari's forces were also accused of attacking civilian targets in the west. Mazari acknowledged taking Pashtun civilians as prisoners, but defended the action by saying that Sayyaf's forces took Hazaras first. Mazari's group started cooperating with Hekmatyar's group from January 1993.

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early morning on 10 August Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces attacked from three directions – Chelastoon, Darulaman and Maranjan mountain. A shell also struck a Red Cross hospital. On 10–11 April nearly a thousand rockets hit parts of Kabul including about 250 hits on the airport. Some estimate that as many as 1000 were killed, with the attacks attributed to Hekmatyar's forces. By 20 August it was reported that 500, 000 people had fled Kabul. On 13 August 1992, a rocket attack was launched on Deh Afghanan in which cluster bombs were used. 80 were killed and more than 150 injured according to press reports. In response to this,

63: 724: 713: 680: 669: 658: 274: 250: 238: 226: 203: 179: 928: 520: 383: 164: 103: 864: 762: 445: 299: 895: 787: 774: 505: 369: 312: 2152:. Hezb-i Wahdat was somewhat nervous about the presence of Ittehad-e Islami posts, which were deployed in Hazara areas such as Rahman Baba High school. According to the writings of Nabi Azimi, who at the time was a high ranking governor, the fighting began on 31 May 1992 when 4 members of Hezb-i Wahdat's leadership were assassinated near the Kabul Silo. Those killed were Karimi, Sayyid Isma'il Hosseini, Chaman Ali Abuzar and Vaseegh, the first 3 being members of the party's central committee. Following this the car of Haji 6706: 485: 647: 636: 625: 614: 214: 2615:

city. On 11 November alone, 36 civilians were killed when over 170 rockets as well as shells hit civilians areas. A salvo crashed into Foruzga Market, while another struck the Taimani district, where many people from other parts of Kabul have settled. Other residential areas hit by artillery and rocket attacks were the Bagh Bala district in the northwest of Kabul and Wazir Akbar Khan, where much of the city's small foreign community lived. In the north, Rabbani's forces fought for control of the

2780: 1997: 1820:, and formed relations with countries including Uzbekistan. While the rest of the country was in chaos, his region remained prosperous and functional, and it won him the support from people of all ethnic groups. Many people fled to his territory to escape the violence and fundamentalism imposed by the Taliban later on. In 1994, Dostum allied himself with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar against the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud, but in 1995 sided with the government again. 603: 592: 581: 570: 191: 1884:) and preachers from the Persian Gulf advocating the Saudi's puritanical outlook on Islam which Massoud considered abhorrent to Afghans but also bringing and distributing money and supplies; Pakistani and Arab intelligence agencies; impoverished young students from Pakistani religious schools chartered as volunteer fighters notably for this group called Taliban; and exiled Central Asian Islamic radicals trying to establish bases in Afghanistan for their revolutionary movements. 1911:, the factions of Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami, Jamiat-e Islami and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, would regularly target civilians with attacks, intentionally fire rockets into occupied civilian homes, or random civilian areas. In January–June 1994, 25,000 people died in Kabul due to fighting, with targeted attacks on civilian areas, between an alliance of Dostum's (Junbish-i Milli) with Hekmatyar's (Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin) against Massoud's (Jamiat-e Islami) forces. 413: 329: 286: 2279:. One attack during this time from Hezb-i Wahdat killed at least 9 civilians. Further rockets bombardments took place on 26 February 1993 as Shura-e Nazar and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin bombarded each other's positions. Civilians were the main victims in the fighting, which killed some 1,000 before yet another peace accord was signed on 8 March. However the following day rocketing by Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and Hezb-i Wahdat in Kabul left another 10 dead. 852: 841: 832: 823: 752: 743: 734: 2093:

the plane of President Mujaddidi. Furthermore, as part of the peace talks Hekmatyar was demanding the departure of Dostum's forces, which would have tilted the scales in his favour. This led to fighting between Dostum and Hekmatyar. On 30 May 1992, during fighting between the forces of Dostum's Junbish-i Milli and Hekmatyar's Hizb-i Islami in the southeast of Kabul, both sides used artillery and rockets, killing and injuring an unknown number of civilians.

463: 341: 940: 881: 2308:-controlled Hezb-i Wahdat together with the Pakistani-backed Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin of Hekmatyar were shelling densely populated areas in Kabul from their positions in Afshar. To counter these attack Islamic State forces attacked Afshar in order to capture the positions of Wahdat, capture Wahdat's leader Abdul Ali Mazari and to consolidate parts of the city controlled by the government. The operation took place in a densely populated district of 549: 399: 917: 906: 1872:. The movement was founded in September 1994, promising to "rid Afghanistan of warlords and criminals". Several analysts state that at least since October 1994, Pakistan and especially the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence were heavily supporting the Taliban. Amin Saikal stated: "Hekmatyar's failure to achieve what was expected of him prompted the ISI leaders to come up with a new surrogate force ." Also a publication of the 532: 431: 354: 2329: 2156:, a top Ittehad-e Islami commander was stopped near Pol-e Sorkh, and although Alem escaped, one of the passengers was killed. On 3 June 1992, heavy fighting between forces of Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat in west Kabul. Both sides used rockets, killing and injuring civilians. On 4 June, interviews with Hazara households state that Ittehad-e Islami forces looted their houses in 2316:. Afshar district is situated on the slopes of Mount Afshar in west Kabul. The district is predominantly home to the Hazara ethnic group. The Ittehad-e Islami troops of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf escalated the operation into a rampage against civilians. Both Ittehad and Wahdat forces have severely targeted civilians in their war. The Wahhabist Ittehad-e Islami supported by 1852:...Islamabad could not possibly expect the new Islamic government leaders ... to subordinate their own nationalist objectives in order to help Pakistan realize its regional ambitions. ... Had it not been for the ISI's logistic support and supply of a large number of rockets, Hekmatyar's forces would not have been able to target and destroy half of Kabul." 1840:(ISI) planned to conquer and rule Afghanistan which was delayed until 1992 as a result of US pressure to cancel it. In April 1992, according to self-made Afghan historian Nojumi, the Inter-Services Intelligence helped Hekmatyar by sending hundreds of trucks loaded with weapons and fighters to the southern part of Kabul. In June 1992, Hekmatyar with his 2931:, fleeing the fight in Badghis. On 20 November, the UNHCR halted all activities in Kabul. On 21–22 December, anti-Taliban demonstrations occurred in Herat as women demanded assistance from international organizations, but it was violently dispersed. On 28–29 December a major offensive was launched against 1250:

alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. The other mujahideen groups also entered Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over the city and the country. This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, most of them backed by

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near Rabia Balkhi girls' school. Most notable during this period was the rocket bombardments that would start against the residential area of Afshar. Some of these areas, such as Wahdat's headquarters at the Social Science Institute, were considered military targets, a disproportionate number of the

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shells, rockets and fragmentation bombs killed over 2,000 people in Kabul, most of them civilians. On 1 August the airport was attacked by rockets. 150 rockets alone were launched the following day, and according to one author these missile attacks killed as many as 50 people and injured 150. In the

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Overall, the Afghan Civil War of 1992–1996 was a period of intense conflict and suffering for the people of Afghanistan. The collapse of the Soviet-backed government, ethnic and religious divisions, and external involvement all contributed to the conflict. The legacy of this period of Afghan history

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presented its proposals for peace on the same day. On 15 October, Bamiyan fell to the Taliban. Between 11–13 November 1995 at least 57 unarmed civilians were killed and over 150 injured when rockets and artillery barrages fired from Taliban positions south of Kabul pounded the civilian areas of the

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was signed between the government and the Taliban. On 15 June, Dostum bombed Kabul and Kunduz. Two 550-pound (250 kg) bombs are dropped in a residential area of Kabul, killing two and injuring one. Three land near the defence ministry. On 20 June, the government recaptured Bamiyan. On 23 July,

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to elect the next president. On 29 December 1992, Rabbani was elected as president and he agreed to establish a parliament with representatives from all of Afghanistan. Also notable during this month was the solidification of an alliance between Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin against the

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The immediate objective of the interim government was to defeat the forces acting against the Peshawar Accord. A renewed attempt at peace talks on 25 May 1992 again agreed to give Hekmatyar the position of prime minister, however, this lasted less than a week after Hekmatyar attempted to shoot down

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The sovereignty of Afghanistan was vested formally in the Islamic State of Afghanistan, an entity created in April 1992, after the fall of the Soviet-backed Najibullah government. ... With the exception of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami, all of the parties... were ostensibly unified under this

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Starting on 12 March 1995 Massoud's forces launched an offensive against the Taliban and were able to drive them out from the area around Kabul, retaking Charasiab on 19 March and leading to a period of relative calm for a few months. The battle left hundreds of Taliban dead and the force suffered

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on 20 May under which Massoud agreed to relinquish the post of Defense Minister. Massoud had resigned in order to gain peace. Hekmatyar at first accepted the post of prime minister but after attending only one cabinet meeting he left Kabul again starting to bomb Kabul leaving more than 700 dead in

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particularly singled out. According to Afghanistan Justice Project, during this period until June 1994, 25,000 people were killed. Areas around Microraion were particularly bloody. By now the population of Kabul had dropped from 2,000,000 during Soviet times to 500,000 due to a large exodus from

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of Kabul, a fact that has been well-documented. Artillery exchanges quickly broke out escalating in late May–Early June. Shura-e Nazar was able to immediately benefit from heavy weapons left by fleeing or defecting government forces and launched rockets on Hekmatyar's positions near the Jalalabad

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and tried his best to stop the war between Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Burhanuddin Rabbani and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf. In 1996, the Taliban took control of Afghanistan. Most of the Taliban leaders were the students of Molvi Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi. Mohammadi, however, maintained a good relationship with the

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against the forces of Massoud and the interim government. During this, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin was able make use of Junbish's air force in both bombing the positions of Jamiat-e Islami and in resupplying their men. This led to greater artillery bombardment on behalf of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin.

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Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin was not however the only perpetrator of indiscriminate shelling of civilians. Particularly in West Kabul, Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami and Jamiat-e Islami all have been accused of deliberately targeting civilian areas. All sides used non-precision rockets such as Sakre

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The Hezb-i Wahdat initially took part in the Islamic State of Afghanistan and held some posts in the government. Soon, however, conflict broke out between the Hazara Hezb-i Wahdat of Mazari, the Wahabbi Pashtun Ittehad-e Islami of warlord Abdul Rasul Sayyaf supported by Saudi Arabia. The Islamic

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in which they would resume bombardment if Rabbani and his forces did not leave the city. This ultimatum was eventually withdrawn. By the end of December, more than 150 people had died in Kabul due to the repeated rocketing, shelling, and high-altitude bombing of the city, reportedly by Taliban

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was attempting to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence in the new government". Saudi agents "were trying to strengthen the Wahhabi Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and his Ittehad-e Islami faction to the same end". "Outside forces saw instability in Afghanistan as an opportunity to press their own

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and Kabul Airport. Many government forces, including generals, joined Jamiat-e Islami, including the forces of General Baba Jan, who was at the time in charge of the garrison of Kabul. On 27 April, all other major parties such as Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami and Harakat had

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Ahmad Shah Massoud, involved in the political and military turmoil of Afghanistan since 1973 and therefore not an impartial observer, in early September 1996 described the Taliban as the centre of a wider movement in Afghanistan of armed Islamic radicalism: a coalition of wealthy sheikhs (like

2942:, known in the Pakistani and Western media as the 'Northern Alliance', was created in opposition to the Taliban under the leadership of Massoud. In the following years, over 1 million people fled the Taliban, many arriving to the areas controlled by Massoud. The events of this war lead to the 1601:

and formed his own resistance group in 1979. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1992, Khalis participated in the Islamic Interim Government. He was a member of the Leadership Council (Shura-ye Qiyaadi), but held no other official post. Instead of moving to Kabul, he chose to remain in

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government in April 1992. ... Hekmatyar's Hezbe Islami, for its part, refused to recognize the government for most of the period discussed in this report and launched attacks against government forces but the shells and rockets fell everywhere in Kabul resulting in many civilian casualties.

2525:. While the Taliban retreated, large amounts of looting and pillaging was said to have taken place in south-western Kabul by the forces under Rabbani and Massoud against ethnic Hazaras. Estimates of civilian casualties from this period of fighting are 100 killed and 1000 wounded. 2501:, the provincial capital, on 10 February 1995. On 14 February 1995, Hekmatyar was forced to abandon his artillery positions at Charasiab due to the advance of the Taliban, who were, therefore, able to take control of this weaponry. During 25–27 February clashes broke out in 2203:

reported that the city's food and fuel depots were empty. The government was now under heavy pressure. At the end of 1992 Hezb-i Wahdat officially withdrew from the government and opened secret negotiations with Hizb-I Islami. In December 1992, Rabbani postponed convening a

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which saw in the Taliban a way to secure trade routes to Central Asia and establish a government in Kabul friendly to its interests. Pakistani politicians during that time repeatedly denied supporting the Taliban. But senior Pakistani officials such as Interior Minister

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district. On 4 May, the Iranian embassy in Kabul was shelled and two staff members were wounded. On 12 May, Hikmatyar's forces arrived in Kabul to help defend against the Taliban. On 24 May, another peace agreement was signed between Rabbani and Hikmatyar. On 24 June,

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Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and Junbish-i Milli were able to hold parts of central Kabul during this time. Junbish forces were particularly singled out for committing looting, rape and murder, for the sole reason that they could get away with it. Some commanders such as

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In the rest of 1992, hundreds of rockets hit Kabul, thousands, mostly civilians, were killed, half a million people fled the city. In 1993, the rivalling militia factions continued their fights over Kabul, several cease-fires and peace accords failed. According to

1606:. His party controlled major parts of this politically and strategically important province. The Taliban brought Nangarhar under their control in September 1996 and Khalis was supportive of the Taliban movement and had a close relationship with its commanders. 2258:

The authority of Burhanuddin Rabbani, interim President since June 1992 and also the leader of the Jamiat-e Islami party, remained limited to only part of Kabul; the rest of the city remained divided among rival militia factions. On 19 January, a short-lived

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Commander Massoud's Struggle by Nagakura Hiromi (from 1992, one month after the collapse of the communist regime, after Hekmatyar was repelled to the southern outskirts of Kabul, before he started the heavy bombardment of Kabul with the support of Pakistan)

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its first defeat. However, while retreating, the Taliban shelled the capital, Kabul. On 16 March, Rabbani stated, once again, that he would not resign. On 30 March, a grave of 22 male corpses, 20 of which were shot in the head, was found in Charasiab.

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while still in the centre of Kabul, and had set free all the inmates, including many criminals, who were able to take arms and commit gruesome crimes against the population. With a government structure yet to be established, chaos broke out in Kabul.

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in the Mujahideen government. However, when the Mujahideen leaders opened their weapons at each other and the civil war in Afghanistan started, he resigned from his post and forbade the troops loyal to him from taking part in the war. He remained in

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who engaged in an extremely violent struggle for power and who were not affiliated with the interim government in Kabul. The bullet-riddled city came to be a centre of lawlessness, crime and atrocities fueled by complex Pashtun tribal rivalries.

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community, and together they captured the capital city. He and Massoud fought in a coalition against Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Massoud and Dostum's forces joined together to defend Kabul against Hekmatyar. Some 4000-5000 of his troops, units of his

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movement first emerged on the military scene in August 1994, with the stated goal of liberating Afghanistan from its present corrupt leadership of warlords and establish a pure Islamic society. It was reported in the December 2009 edition of

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refused to step down at the end of his term on 28 December 1994, and on 1 January UN peace envoy Mahmoud Mistiri returned to Kabul. On 10 January Rabbani offered to step down and turn over power to a 23-member UN interim administration if

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officials providing direct orders. After the fall of Kabul, the Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the Peshawar Accords. The Peshawar Accords created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an

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Najibullah and then tortured them to death. All key government installations appeared to be in Taliban's hands within hours, including the presidential palace and the ministries of defense, security and foreign affairs.

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town and province, killing 100 people are and wounding over 120. The town fell to Dostum on 5 February. Rabbani further delayed his resignation on the 21st, stating he would resign on the 22nd. In late January,

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The Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin had been driven out of Kabul, but were still within artillery range. In May 1992 Hekmatyar started a bombardment campaign against the capital, firing thousands of rockets supplied by

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in two reports stated that nearly all armies participating in the 1992–95 period of war contributed to "destroying at least one-third of Kabul, killing thousands of civilians, driving a half million refugees to

4196:. Amazon.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018. N.B.: The relevance of this web page lies in the two 'Editorial Reviews' which suggest that mr. Nojumi is not held in great respect among acknowledged historians. 2362:

In January 1994, Dostum, for different reasons, joined with the forces of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, along with their new allies of Hezb-i Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli, launched the

3437: 3269: 3196: 1895:, Pakistani President in 2001-2008 and Chief of Army Staff since 1998, wrote in 2006: "we sided" with the Taliban to "spell the defeat" of anti-Taliban forces. According to journalist and author 2891:

changed hands before being captured by Massoud and Dostum's forces. During 21–30 October, Massoud's forces stalled on the way to the capital. On 25 October, the Taliban claimed to have captured

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that the Taliban originated in the districts around Kandahar city. By October 1994 the Taliban movement had according to academic consensus and on-the-ground reports attracted the support of

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in 1992. In April 1992, the opposition forces began their march to Kabul against the government of Najibullah. Dostum had allied himself with the opposition commanders Ahmad Shah Massoud and

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rockets, tank shells and mortars fell in civilian areas. Numerous rockets were reportedly launched from Haider-controlled frontlines of Tap-I Salaam towards the men of Division 095 under

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Dostum and Wahdat managed to recapture Bamiyan. On 3 August, the Taliban hijacked a Russian cargo aircraft in Kandahar and captured weapons intended for Rabbani. The Government captured

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also committed mass rape and executions on civilians in this period. The Taliban retreated under the bombardment, taking Mazari with them and throwing him from a helicopter en route to

2447:, and Massoud's forces had ousted them from most of their strongholds. Massoud more and more gained control of Kabul. At the same time Junbish was able to push Jamiat-e Islami out of 3828: 3604: 3351: 2433:

In October 1994 a bomb struck a wedding ceremony in Qala Fathullah in Kabul, killing 70 civilians. No fighting had been witnessed in the area in several days according to reports.

2047:, but they declined his offer and instead backed the Peshawar Accords. Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin entered the city from the south and west but were quickly expelled. The forces of 3430:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (ch. III, Battle for Kabul 1992-93; see under § Violations of International Humanitarian Law)

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The ISI's undemocratic tendencies are not restricted to its interference in the electoral process. The organisation also played a major role in creating the Taliban movement.

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The Diplomat – The Diplomat is a current-affairs magazine for the Asia-Pacific, with news and analysis on politics, security, business, technology and life across the region

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bombing raids, street battles and rocket attacks in and around Kabul. Massoud returned to the position of minister of defense to defend the city against the rocket attacks.

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would later state, "we created the Taliban" and former Pakistani President Musharraf would write "we sided" with the Taliban to "spell the defeat" of anti-Taliban forces.

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entered the city as well. After suffering heavy casualties, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces deserted their positions and fled to the outskirts of Kabul in the direction of

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was keen to see Dostum controlling as much of Afghanistan as possible, especially in the north along the Uzbek border. Dostum's men would become an important force in the

1381:, in the period 1992–95, five different mujahideen armies contributed to heavily damaging Kabul, though other analysts blame especially the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin group. 1331:'s – paralyzed – 'interim government'. But this agreement shattered already on 29 May when Mujaddidi accused Hekmatyar of having rockets fired at his plane returning from 2120:

controlled the strategic high areas, and were thus able to develop a vantage point within the city from which opposition forces could be targeted. Hekmatyar continued to

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rocket attacks killed between 20 and 24 people and wounded another 43–56. On 10 January, a peace proposal was presented to the Taliban and opposition. On 14, January

1519:'s Akbari faction. Such alliances did not stop the advance and victories of the Taliban. On 27 September 1996, the Taliban, took control of Kabul and established the 4468: 5819: 2736:

On 3 July, a 10-member cabinet is formed. Hikmatyar's party got the ministries of defense and finance; Rabbani got the ministries of interior and foreign affairs;

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regime in 1992, Sayyaf's organization's human rights record became noticeably worse, underlined by their involvement in the infamous massacres and rampages in the

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Islamic State of Afghanistan. While Hizb-i Islami joined in bombardments to support Hezb-i Wahdat, Wahdat conducted joint offensives, such as the one to secure

6695: 4189: 3358:. Website photius.com. Text from 1997, purportedly sourced on The Library of Congress Country Studies (USA) and CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 22 December 2017. 2907:

province fell to anti-Taliban forces but was retaken in early November. Fighting also occurred in Baghdis province with no significant gains from either side.

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Also in October 1994, the Taliban revolted in Kandahar. On 12 October 1994, the Taliban scored their first victory when they captured the Kandahar district of

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Rabbani and Hekmatyar handshaking after signing a power-sharing deal on 7 March 1993. However Hekmatyar soon returned to fighting against Rabbani's government.

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fought in Pul-i Khumri, Baghlan Province. Hundreds were killed before a ceasefire was reached on 4 March and the Ismaili faction lost 11 important positions.

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followed by closing the border. On 6 September, a mob swarms the Pakistani embassy in Kabul, killing one and wounding 26, including the Pakistani ambassador.

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and Rabbani's forces recaptured Farah from the Taliban. Ismail Khan reportedly used cluster bombs, killing 220–250 unarmed civilians. Between 14 and 16 May,

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forces bombard Kart-I Naw, Shah Shaheed and Chiilsatoon with aerial and ground bombardment. In this counterattack more than 100 were killed and 120 wounded.

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Kabul with rockets. Although Hekmatyar insisted that only Islamic Jihad Council areas were targeted, the rockets mostly fell over the houses of the innocent

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or Burhanuddin Rabbani (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days."

2372: 2134: 1273: 1156: 1671:, did not deny the abductions of Hazara civilians, but merely accused the Hezb-i Wahdat militia of being an agent of the theocratic Iranian government. 5677: 5672: 5609: 5604: 3860: 2380: 2276: 2810:’s interim government's forces had been encircled, and decided to quickly evacuate or withdraw those forces to the north, to avoid destruction. Also 2490:. Hikmatyar lost hundreds of men and several tanks in the battle, which included a temporary alliance between the Taliban and the forces of Rabbani. 2200: 3492: 2927:. Between 9 and 12 November, Dostum's jets bombed the Kabul airport, and between 11 and 16 approximately 50,000 people, mostly Pashtuns, arrived in 1914:

In 1993–95, leaders of Jamiat-e Islami, Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, could not stop their commanders from committing

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agreed to withdraw. On 12 January a cease fire was agreed, but bombing began again on 19 January, killing at least 22. Between 22 and 31 January,

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Afghanistan – the Squandered Victory by the BBC (documentary film directly from the year 1989 explaining the beginning of the turmoil to follow)

4359: 3899: 3225: 2271: 2157: 1844:('Islamic party') troops started shelling Kabul. The Director of the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies at the Australian National University, 1159:

fighting broke out between three, and later five or six, mujahideen armies. Alliances between the combatants were transitory throughout the war.

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broke down when Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces renewed rocket attacks on Kabul from their base in the south of the city supervised by Commander

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Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency used the students from these madrassas, the Taliban, to create a favourable regime in Afghanistan

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got planning and labor and social welfare and the Hezb-i Wahdat Akbari faction got commerce. 12 other seats were left open for other factions.

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security and political agendas." Human Rights Watch writes that "rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of Ahmad Shah Massoud,

2264: 2213:. On 30 December 1992 at least one child was apparently killed in Pul-i Artan by a BM21 Rocket launched from Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces at 1113: 129: 4972:

Pakistan was the main supporter of the Taliban since its military intelligence, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) formed the group in 1994

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who captured it from interim government troops. 50 people were killed and the Taliban captured many arms from fleeing government soldiers.

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launched an offensive against Hezb-i Wahdat trapping Wahdat forces in Karte Seh and Kote Sangi. According to other reports, the forces of

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Particularly noticeable in this period was the escalation of the fight in West Kabul between the Shi'a Hezb-i Wahdat forces supported by

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again in southern Kabul. In May or early June, Hekmatyar started shelling all around Kabul, presumably with substantial support from the

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again infiltrated Kabul trying to take power. This forced other parties to advance on the capital as well. Already before 28 April, the

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Rubin, B. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: State formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press.

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group in west Kabul starting May 1992. Amnesty International reported that Sayyaf's forces rampaged through the mainly Shi'ite Tajik (

6989: 5667: 5599: 5165: 4513: 2214: 1968: 1621: 1508: 1476:(west of Kabul) and in February approached Kabul. The Taliban then continued shelling Kabul and attacking Massoud's forces in Kabul. 1358: 1296: 230: 3028: 6350: 2676:

began to airlift supplies into Kabul. On 6 February, the road is used to bring in more food. On 26 February, Hikmatyar and the pro-

1956: 1757: 1651:. Sayyaf's faction was responsible for, "repeated human butchery", when his faction of Mujahideen turned on civilians and the Shia 1457: 1394: 1556:. During the Soviet–Afghan War, his role as a powerful mujahideen insurgent leader earned him the nickname of "Lion of Panjshir" ( 6271: 5746: 3393: 1899:, between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan on the side of the Taliban. 1094: 4548:(With horrifying pictures of civilian war casualties.) By Journeyman Pictures/Journeyman.tv. Retrieved on YouTube, 27 June 2018. 3570: 1635:, to maximize Wahhabi influence. After the forced withdrawal of the demoralised Soviet forces in 1989, and the overthrow of the 6999: 6428: 6300: 5546: 5206: 7089: 7049: 6681: 5424: 5403: 5380: 5359: 5239: 5130: 5103: 5076: 5049: 5022: 4995: 4965: 4935: 4905: 4878: 4848: 4818: 4452: 4425: 4395: 4335: 4229: 4159: 3152: 3001: 2267:. Hundreds were killed and wounded while many houses were destroyed in this clash between Hizb-i Islami and Jamiat-e Islami. 974: 266: 4287: 3548: 3328: 2141:. On 10 June it was reported that Dostum's forces had also begun nightly bombardments of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin positions. 6492: 6283: 6138: 6094: 5936: 1067: 47: 4957:

Falling Terrorism and Rising Conflicts: The Afghan "Contribution" to Polarization and Confrontation in West and South Asia

4506:

Afghanistan: Further Information on Fear for Safety and New Concern: Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings: Civilians in Kabul

4136:

The Last Warlord: The Life and Legend of Dostum, the Afghan Warrior Who Led US Special Forces to Topple the Taliban Regime

1189:

Kabul's population fell from two million to 500,000 during the 1992–1996 war; 500,000 fled during the first four months.

7059: 7054: 6767: 6602: 5975: 4541: 4475: 3373: 2598:. Some attribute this to the informal alliance between Dostum and the Taliban, along with Dostum's bombing of the city. 6845: 6840: 6089: 6001: 2695: 2546: 1876:

stated: when Hekmatyar in 1994 had failed to "deliver for Pakistan", Pakistan turned towards a new force: the Taliban.

1208: 1128: 1062: 1052: 3262:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (ch. III, Battle for Kabul 1992-93)

3189:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (chapter II, Historical background)

6968: 6939: 6759: 6556: 6523: 6317: 6011: 5959: 5874: 5338: 5329:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

4630:

Herbaugh, Sharon (5 June 1992). "Pro-Government militias intervene as fighting continues in Kabul". Associated Press.

4588: 3969: 3893: 3771: 3542: 5314: 4186: 6835: 6825: 6805: 6749: 6459: 6388: 6360: 6082: 6072: 5829: 5824: 5699: 2960: 2943: 2850: 1202: 1183: 1120: 1047: 1037: 141: 2698:; also less renowned sources suspect Taliban to have had support from Pakistan, considering their heavy weaponry. 1816:'), often referred as the Northern Autonomous Zone. He printed his own Afghan currency, ran a small airline named 6963: 6261: 5687: 5619: 2955: 2582:

and Helmand from the Taliban on 28 August, but were unable to hold Girishk. In September, Dostum forces captured

2542: 1777: 1562:) among his followers as he successfully resisted the Soviets from taking Panjshir Valley. In 1992 he signed the 1512: 2783:

Map showing political control in Afghanistan in the fall of 1996, following the capture of Kabul by the Taliban.

7009: 6742: 6405: 6295: 6217: 6112: 6017: 5730: 5631: 2653: 2599: 1663:

neighborhood of Kabul, slaughtering and raping inhabitants and burning homes. Sayyaf, who was allied with the

7014: 6815: 5626: 4114: 3851: 2899:. On 27–28 October, anti-Taliban forces attempted to recapture Kabul but were unable to do so. On 30 October 1848:, confirmed the Pakistani support in 1992 for Hekmatyar: "Pakistan was keen to gear up for a breakthrough in 1687: 1648: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 6709: 6577: 6278: 4283: 1873: 1567: 1252: 169: 108: 6673: 5522:

Starving to Death Afghanistan (documentary report) by Journeyman Pictures/ABC Australia (from March 1996)

3489: 2672:. On 1 February, Taliban jet-bombed a residential area in Kabul, killing 10 civilians. On 3 February, the 2000:

Map showing political control in Afghanistan in 1992, following the collapse of the Najibullah government.

6546: 6541: 6365: 6222: 5641: 5636: 3645: 3229: 1837: 1354: 1243: 1144: 2541:, but were later forced to retreat. In early May, Rabbani's forces attacked the Taliban in Maidan Shar. 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 6777: 6772: 6727: 6647: 6333: 6256: 6212: 5847: 5783: 5531: 5515: 5504: 5493: 5482: 5465: 5449: 4843:. Vol. 1: Afghanistan-Democracy and the Right to Participate. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 4641:

Bruno, Philip (20 August 1992). "La seconde bataille de Kaboul 'le gouvernment ne contrôle plus rien".

4050: 4024: 3998: 3233: 5351:

Doomed in Afghanistan: A UN Officer's Memoir of the Fall of Kabul and Najibullah's Failed Escape, 1992

4778:"The Master of Spin Boldak: Meet the mobsters who run the show in one of the world's deadliest cities" 4351: 3883: 6919: 6861: 6737: 6732: 6207: 5985: 5980: 5954: 5694: 5573: 2440:. They then captured Kandahar city on 5 November 1994 and soon went on to capture most of the south. 629: 7019: 6597: 6474: 6469: 6398: 4777: 4741: 4092: 2888: 2040: 1166:, a new militia formed with support from Pakistan and ISI, became dominant in 1995-96. It captured 1098: 62: 5394:

The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region

3788: 3726: 6572: 6338: 4538: 3401: 2815: 2301: 2024: 1964: 1939: 1919: 1841: 1679: 1500: 1492: 1409: 1347: 1316: 1284: 1231: 1132: 814: 673: 374: 316: 4255: 4151:

The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

3924: 3513: 1738:

for a transitional period to be followed by general elections. According to Human Rights Watch:

6587: 6266: 6240: 6133: 2406: 2005: 1473: 1328: 1256: 1178:

in early-September 1996, and Kabul by late-September 1996. The Taliban fought the newly-formed

855: 684: 5093: 5066: 5039: 5012: 4985: 4895: 4808: 4442: 4415: 4385: 4325: 4219: 4149: 6820: 6713: 6443: 6438: 6154: 5900: 5720: 5349: 5286: 5229: 5120: 4955: 4925: 4509: 3730: 2821:

By nightfall, or on the next day of 27 September, the Taliban had conquered Kabul. Taliban's

2032: 1942:

in "targeting and destroying half of Kabul" or in heavy bombardments especially in 1992. But

1869: 1802: 1594: 1032: 717: 5414: 5370: 5304:

Rashid, A. (2000). Taliban: Islam, oil, and the new great game in Central Asia. I.B. Tauris.

4868: 4838: 3850: 1978:

also engaged in bombing and shelling Kabul, causing many civilians to be killed or injured.

6898: 5725: 5310:

Marsden, P. (1998). The Taliban: war, religion and the new order in Afghanistan. Zed Books.

2876: 2860: 2138: 2085: 2060: 1590: 1431: 1027: 802: 618: 217: 5161: 4505: 2320:

was targeting Shias, while the Iran-controlled Hezb-i Wahdat was targeting Sunni Muslims.

77:, depicting the widespread destruction of city's infrastructure caused by the war, c.1993. 8: 7004: 5793: 5756: 5704: 3025: 2900: 2811: 2807: 2716:

from the Taliban, along with large stores of ammunition. Fighting continues, however, in

2702: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2297: 2106: 2020: 1833: 1765: 1668: 1636: 1575: 1488: 1484: 1453: 1437: 1405: 1390: 1366: 1312: 1235: 1230:

parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, the

1216: 1136: 1101: 1017: 868: 835: 791: 778: 766: 746: 574: 1887:

Although Pakistan initially denied supporting the Taliban, Pakistan's Interior Minister

6924: 6006: 5895: 5751: 5372:

How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

5282:"President of hell: Hamid Karzai's battle to govern post-war, post-Taliban Afghanistan" 3928: 3736: 3695: 3471: 3433: 3397: 3332: 3265: 3192: 2803: 2510: 2418: 2241: 2009: 1943: 1798: 1781: 1735: 1726: 1625: 1553: 1504: 1441: 1378: 1320: 1022: 706: 662: 651: 585: 135:

Thousands of civilians killed, millions driven from their homes, Kabul heavily damaged.

3986:

How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

2537:

On 4 April, the Taliban killed about 800 government soldiers and captured 300 more in

2521:. The Taliban then continued to launch offenses against Kabul, using the equipment of 1868:) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in 1373:– a paralyzed 'interim government' though, right from its proclamation in April 1992. 6662: 6582: 5931: 5788: 5420: 5399: 5376: 5355: 5334: 5235: 5126: 5099: 5072: 5045: 5018: 4991: 4961: 4931: 4901: 4874: 4844: 4814: 4584: 4539:'Starving to Death', Massoud defending Kabul against the Taliban siege in March 1996. 4448: 4421: 4391: 4331: 4225: 4155: 3965: 3889: 3767: 3538: 2997: 2939: 2566: 2427: 2064: 1888: 1227: 1179: 921: 640: 242: 183: 4051:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 4025:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 3999:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 3925:"Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity" 1760:('National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan') militia of former communist and ethnic 1483:. This induced some other warring factions to form new alliances, starting with the 6883: 6782: 6626: 6518: 6433: 6305: 6180: 6175: 6128: 6032: 5916: 5662: 5594: 5392: 3635: 2989: 2830: 2764: 2741: 2291: 2237: 1892: 1715: 1644: 1398: 874: 826: 737: 278: 5538: 3732:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity

3692:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity

6876: 6810: 6797: 6464: 6393: 6064: 5926: 5814: 5327: 4749: 4545: 4193: 3530: 3496: 3355: 3032: 2733:. This would later have significant impact on the balance of power in the North. 2709: 2587: 2514: 2494: 2113: 2102: 2048: 2013: 1952: 1881: 1660: 1563: 1541: 1496: 1495:

in early March. In July, a new government was formed by five factions: Rabbani's

1445: 1370: 1357:(ISI). Junbish-i Milli and Jamiat-e Islami in June shelled areas south of Kabul, 1343: 1339: 1324: 1304: 1288: 1090: 1012: 998: 932: 910: 450: 303: 195: 43: 6705: 4275: 2993: 2915:

to support the anti-Taliban alliance. On 4 November, Dostum's forces bombed the

2443:

By the end of 1994, Junbish-i Milli and Dostum were on the defensive in capital

1272:

For background on the start of the fighting, and on the interim government, see

6871: 6497: 6345: 6288: 5921: 5890: 5489:

Massoud is popular among the people who also trust him to rebuild their country

2932: 2928: 2924: 2802:

On 26 September, with the Taliban attacking Kabul, interim minister of defense

2768: 2730: 2726: 2616: 2538: 2448: 2229: 2073: 1926:. Even the various warlords in north Afghanistan descended to such horridness. 1809: 1479:

In 1996, the Taliban grew stronger, as analysts say with decisive support from

1436:

In 1995, the civil war in Afghanistan raged between at least four parties: the

1413: 728: 213: 74: 5525: 5509: 5498: 5487: 5476: 5459: 5443: 5041:

Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It

2981: 1259:

as acting President, but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan.

1251:

foreign states. Several Mujahideen groups proclaimed the establishment of the

6983: 6929: 6642: 6592: 6024: 3627: 2788: 2779: 2756: 2713: 2657: 2522: 2506: 2397: 2193: 2174: 2117: 2052: 1996: 1960: 1773: 1711: 1708: 1652: 1640: 1598: 1516: 1461: 1401: 1362: 1300: 844: 755: 695: 418: 290: 207: 4558: 4556: 4554: 3988:, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington DC. 2705:

government signed an agreement to take military action against the Taliban.

2561:

fall to Rabbani and Khan's forces. On 20 May, Hezb-i Wahdat forces captured

6703: 3535:

Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia Roots of Modern Conflict

2691: 2341: 2317: 2149: 1896: 1849: 1829: 1632: 944: 885: 596: 334: 4723: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4259: 3517: 2549:

agree to reopen their diplomatic missions in Kabul on 3–4 May. On 11 May,

2270:

Heavy fighting was reported around a Hezb-i Wahdat post held by Commander

2084:. In addition to the bombardment campaign, Hekmatyar's forces had overrun 1864:('the students') have been described as a movement of religious students ( 1327:) on 25 May 1992, was offered the position of prime minister in President 6914: 6866: 6657: 6652: 5180: 4942:

Pakistan had all but invented the Taliban, the so-called Koranic students

4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4551: 3957: 3324: 2908: 2872: 2838: 2826: 2748: 2717: 2550: 2498: 2437: 2328: 2184:

In November, in a very effective move, Hekmatyar's forces, together with

2121: 2068: 1845: 1813: 1785: 1615: 1274:

Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) § Militias fight in Kabul (24–27 April)

899: 863: 761: 723: 712: 679: 668: 657: 607: 444: 298: 273: 249: 237: 225: 202: 178: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 2729:, an Uzbek military leader in Afghanistan, was killed in an ambush near 2694:

considers the Taliban at that time to have been decisively supported by

2652:'s western route, leaving the city surrounded. However, in mid-January, 1432:

War spreads throughout Afghanistan and the rise of the Taliban (1995–96)

6787: 5682: 5614: 5122:

Islam and Global Dialogue: Religious Pluralism and the Pursuit of Peace

4597: 3503:

Stanford University. Updated 15 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

3394:"Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. (Chapter II: Background)" 3221: 2806:

in his headquarters in northern Kabul concluded that his and President

2668:

road. On 20 January, factional fighting broke out among the Taliban in

2260: 2185: 2056: 2028: 1938:

was heavily bombarded and damaged. Some analysts emphasize the role of

1790: 1769: 1552:

militias in Afghanistan since 1979. Its military wing was commanded by

1549: 1308: 1124: 851: 840: 831: 822: 751: 742: 733: 468: 346: 3640: 3468:

Havadess-e Tarikhi-e Afghanistan 1990–1997. Peshawar Markaz-e Nashrati

4580: 3628:"Kabul at War (1992–1996) : State, Ethnicity and Social Classes" 3452: 2904: 2864: 2760: 2752: 2673: 2645: 2623: 2502: 2345: 2210: 2169: 2153: 1923: 1817: 1656: 1603: 1332: 1175: 5456:

Massoud's Conversation with Hekmatyar (original document from 1992)

4469:"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001" 3964:(1st ed.). London New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 352. 1369:

took over the interim Presidency from Mujaddidi, as provided in the

6888: 6355: 5570: 4643: 3793: 2880: 2669: 2518: 2422: 2337: 2225: 2125: 2081: 1948: 1692: 1618: 1480: 1425: 1417: 1351: 1239: 1167: 1140: 939: 916: 905: 880: 554: 537: 475: 404: 5315:

Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001

3158:(Report). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. February 1997. 966: 4825:

Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central

4243:

Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central

3578: 2892: 2856: 2796: 2721: 2680: 2665: 2641: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2562: 2554: 2487: 2413: 2148:

and those of the Wahhabist Ittehad-e Islami militia supported by

1975: 1861: 1828:

According to the U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan in 1989–1992,

1629: 1579: 1465: 1449: 1421: 1365:

were fighting each other in west Kabul. At the end of June 1992,

1163: 1147:(ISI), refused to form a coalition government and tried to seize 1105: 894: 510: 4855:

In 1994 the Taliban was created, funded and inspired by Pakistan

4269: 4267: 2871:

On 5 October 1996, the Taliban attacked Massoud's forces in the

2622:

On 20 November 1995, Taliban forces gave the government a 5-day

2569:. More than 20 are killed, and both forces continue to fight in 1578:

and other warlords who were bombing the city—and eventually the

4474:. Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005. p. 63. Archived from 2920: 2896: 2884: 2737: 2677: 2558: 2483: 2478: 2304:

and Hezb-i Wahdat forces that took place in February 1993. The

2181:

rockets and the UB-16 and UB-32 S-5 airborne rocket launchers.

1915: 1761: 1545: 1469: 1212: 4327:

Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan

4276:"The September 11th Sourcebooks, Volume VII: The Taliban File" 3153:

Afghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997

2004:

As of 28 April, an interim government under interim President

1246:(ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced to conquer 4264: 2916: 2792: 2661: 2649: 2591: 2586:. The Taliban were able to capture Farah on 2 September, and 2574: 2444: 2309: 2205: 2044: 2036: 1935: 1908: 1891:(1993–96) would state in 1999, "we created the Taliban", and 1794: 1571: 1566:, a peace and power-sharing agreement, in the post-communist 1280: 1247: 1193:

continues to shape the country's politics and society today.

1171: 1152: 1148: 1109: 524: 387: 4113:

Anthony Davis, 'The Battlegrounds of Northern Afghanistan,'

2833:, as head of a national ruling council which was called the 2505:, Kote Sangi and Karte Chahar between government forces and 1412:. Fighting this year also broke out in the northern town of 1215:

halted its support to it. On 16 April 1992 Afghan President

138:

Grave mistreatment of civilians (murder, looting, extortion)

5313: 5186: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4608: 4562: 3885:

The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan

2912: 2401: 2305: 2189: 2145: 1823: 1722: 1719: 1705: 958: 436: 359: 91:(4 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) 3766:(26 November 2002 ed.). Atlantic Books. p. 224. 3035:(page 3). Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 February 2018. 2565:. On 5 June, Dostum's forces attacked Rabbani's forces in 2493:

Meanwhile, the Taliban began to approach Kabul, capturing

2039:

and Afghanistan. Hekmatyar had asked other groups such as

3919: 3917: 3307: 2660:

signed a peace agreement that lead to the opening of the

1428:

and by January 1995 they controlled 12 Afghan provinces.

5095:

Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice

4987:

US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

4387:

Confronting Al-Qaeda: New Strategies to Combat Terrorism

4302: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 2875:

but suffered heavy losses. On 1 October, Massoud retook

2477:'s Junbish-i Milli party bombed government positions in 2012:, claimed to be governing Afghanistan, as agreed in the 1812:, where he ruled, in effect, an independent region (or ' 5500:

Massoud tries to prevent war between Ittehad and Wahdat

3685: 3683: 2740:'s party got education, information and culture, while 1836:

was hired in 1990 by the Pakistani intelligence agency

1805:, where they stopped Najibullah from entering to flee. 1624:('Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan') of 128:

Taliban take control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan;

5416:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

5205:. U.S. Department of State. March 1996. Archived from 3962:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

3914: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 2690:

In 1996, the Taliban returned to seize Kabul. Analyst

5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5197: 5195: 5142: 4199: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3284: 3151: 3026:

Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008)

1544:(‘Islamic Society’) was a political party of ethnic 1346:

mujahideen forces were fighting against Hekmatyar's

1283:

had started on 25 April 1992, involving six armies:

1267: 5568: 5231:

Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban

4870:

American Global Strategy and the 'War on Terrorism'

3660: 3571:"A Decade Ago, Massoud's Killing Preceded Sept. 11" 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3344: 3342: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2863:and his brother from a tower, after they had first 1808:Dostum then left Kabul for his northern stronghold 5391: 5326: 5285: 5248: 5192: 4754: 3714: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2895:province and started to attack Dostum's forces in 2298:Burhanuddin Rabbani's Islamic State of Afghanistan 2043:and the Khalis faction to join him while entering 1609: 1089:, took place between 28 April 1992—the date a new 5044:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140–141. 4091:. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Archived from 3423: 3421: 3419: 2610:On 11 October, the Taliban retook Charasiab. The 2509:, resulting in 10 dead and 12 wounded. In March, 2296:The Afshar Operation was a military operation by 2059:and the Commander of the Kabul Garrison, General 1262: 6981: 6318:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 5901:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 5162:Women in Afghanistan: A Human Rights Catastrophe 3379: 3339: 2919:airport and anti-Taliban forces took control of 935:(alleged by northern alliance, denied by Tanai) 6493:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 6284:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 5700:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 4810:The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy 4620:Mohammaed Nabi Azimi, "Ordu va Siyasat." p 606. 4221:The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy 3821:"Pakistan Pleads for Cease-Fire in Afghanistan" 3082: 2988:, London: Macmillan Education UK, p. 193, 2887:was taken back a week later. On 15–19 October, 2168:In the month of August alone, a bombardment of 2063:that they would enter the city through Bagram, 1751: 1531: 5273: 5164:(Report). Amnesty International. 17 May 1994. 4568: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4083: 4081: 3952: 3950: 3416: 3372:For details and reference sources see section 1731:Ministry of Intelligence and National Security 6689: 5554: 3755: 3465: 3329:"Warnings About al Qaeda Ignored By The West" 2980:Maley, William (2002), Maley, William (ed.), 1674: 1622:Ittehad-e Islami bara-ye Azadi-ye Afghanistan 1557: 1063:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present) 982: 5678:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 5673:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 5627:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 5320:(Report). Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005. 5091: 5071:. University Press of America. p. 122. 5065:Harf, James E.; Lombardi, Mark Owen (2005). 5064: 4860: 4409: 4407: 1686:('Islamic Revolution Movement'), became the 5688:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 5620:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 5038:Pape, Robert A.; Feldman, James K. (2010). 5037: 4574: 4533: 4531: 4493: 4078: 3956: 3947: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3317: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3182: 3180: 3021: 3019: 2287:See the main article for more information: 2129:Custom's Post, and in the districts around 2035:with help from the US had taken command of 1597:, who separated from Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's 6696: 6682: 6160:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 5610:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5605:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5561: 5547: 5203:"Afghanistan Human Rights Practices, 1995" 4960:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. 4771: 4769: 4379: 4377: 4319: 4317: 4141: 3978: 3625: 3368: 3366: 3364: 2982:"The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992" 2392:According to Human Rights Watch, numerous 1714:('Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan') of 989: 975: 5960:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5875:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5632:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 5234:. New York University Press. p. 87. 4830: 4434: 4413: 4404: 3786: 3639: 2837:. By now, the Taliban controlled most of 2755:fell to the Taliban, who then marched on 2619:, reclaiming many districts from Dostum. 2109:became interim president of Afghanistan. 390:(pro Gulbuddin factions, until late 1994) 6750:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 6279:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 6012:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 5955:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 5695:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 5354:. Rutgers University Press. p. 70. 5085: 4836: 4629: 4528: 4274:Gandhi, Sajit, ed. (11 September 2003). 3780: 3761: 3528: 3478: 3248: 3177: 3016: 2855:In its first action while in power, the 2778: 2759:. On 12 September, the Taliban captured 2327: 1995: 1824:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin / Pakistan's ISI 1221:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 5478:Hekmatyar attacks Kabul but is repelled 5333:. Penguin Group, London, New York etc. 4953: 4866: 4806: 4800: 4766: 4383: 4374: 4323: 4314: 4217: 3881: 3361: 3216: 3214: 2787:On 25 September, the strategic town of 2747:On 8 August government forces captured 1929: 1870:traditional Islamic schools in Pakistan 1699: 1593:was an Afghan political movement under 1585: 1384: 1238:, presumably supported and directed by 14: 6982: 6060:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5658:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5412: 5389: 5368: 5347: 5148: 5092:Hinnells, John; King, Richard (2007). 4983: 4977: 4947: 4923: 4917: 4900:. Yale University Press. p. 240. 4775: 4760: 4390:. Naval Institute Press. p. 138. 4273: 4256:Taliban#Role of the Pakistani military 4205: 4147: 3702:from the original on 23 September 2019 3689: 3626:Dorronsoro, Gilles (14 October 2007). 3514:Taliban#Role of the Pakistani military 3440:from the original on 23 September 2019 3427: 3311: 3272:from the original on 23 September 2019 3259: 3199:from the original on 23 September 2019 3186: 2751:, but lost it again. On 11 September, 2656:intervened and the Khalili faction of 2192:groups, barricaded a power station in 2055:entered the city, with agreement from 1319:), after talks with mujahideen leader 1058:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 527:(pro Taliban factions, from late 1994) 6846:War with Islamic State (2022–Present) 6677: 6208:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 5747:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) 5668:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5600:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5542: 5227: 5168:from the original on 25 February 2021 5118: 5112: 5017:. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. 5010: 5004: 4893: 4887: 4640: 4516:from the original on 14 February 2020 4440: 4352:"The ISI's Great Game in Afghanistan" 3831:from the original on 18 December 2019 3801:from the original on 21 December 2008 3585:from the original on 14 February 2022 3349:"The Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992" 3220: 2979: 2708:On 11 April, the government captured 1855: 970: 6351:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 6139:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 5324: 5279: 5267: 5058: 5031: 4744:Library of Congress Country Studies 4444:The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition 4308: 4290:from the original on 31 October 2013 4168:from the original on 7 February 2023 3935:from the original on 13 January 2015 3902:from the original on 7 February 2023 3882:Marsden, Peter (15 September 1998). 3863:from the original on 3 November 2012 3648:from the original on 26 October 2014 3605:"Mujahedin Victory Event Falls Flat" 3551:from the original on 7 February 2023 3323: 3211: 3165:from the original on 12 October 2017 2774: 2635: 2336:Under the March accord, brokered by 1797:-based Guards Division, garrisoning 1548:, and included one of the strongest 1526: 1211:quickly collapsed in 1992 after the 1068:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan 6995:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) 6439:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) 6272:Western Iran clashes (2016–present) 5511:Massoud talks about his convictions 4447:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 288. 4420:. Simon and Schuster. p. 209. 4362:from the original on 8 October 2019 4154:. PublicAffairs. pp. 405–408. 4057:from the original on 19 August 2021 4031:from the original on 19 August 2021 4005:from the original on 19 August 2021 2605: 2253: 2008:, with interim minister of defense 1558: 996: 24: 6460:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6429:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 6389:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6339:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 6334:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) 5705:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) 5284:. The Sunday Times. Archived from 5187:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4776:Aikins, Matthieu (December 2009). 4730:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4718:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4706:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4694:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4682:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4670:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4658:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4609:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4563:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 2612:National Reconciliation Commission 2594:fell, with Ismail Khan fleeing to 2532: 2371:, commander of the 51st regiment, 2228:was host to three different local 2163: 2101:In June 1992, as scheduled in the 1758:Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan 1712:Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan 1536: 73:A picture of Kabul's city center, 27:1992–1996 civil war in Afghanistan 25: 7101: 6738:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 6155:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 5976:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 5789:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 5434: 4788:from the original on 11 June 2021 3743:from the original on 7 March 2016 3061: 3045: 2973: 2323: 2199:On 23 November, Minister of Food 1268:War over Kabul (28 April 1992–93) 1119:The war immediately followed the 491:Afghan Army and Airforce Remnants 349:(until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994) 306:(until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994) 89:28 April 1992 – 27 September 1996 6733:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan 6704: 6475:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 5825:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 5726:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 5642:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 5527:Taliban attack Kabul and Massoud 5398:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5280:Lamb, Christina (29 June 2003). 5014:Central Asia: A Gathering Storm? 4927:Osama: The Making of a Terrorist 4575:De Ponfilly, Christophe (2001). 4187:'The Rise of the Taliban' (etc.) 2459: 2387: 938: 926: 915: 904: 893: 879: 862: 850: 839: 830: 821: 808: 796: 785: 772: 760: 750: 741: 732: 722: 711: 700: 689: 678: 667: 656: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 590: 579: 568: 547: 530: 518: 503: 483: 461: 443: 429: 411: 397: 381: 367: 352: 339: 327: 310: 297: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 201: 189: 177: 162: 101: 61: 48:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 6627:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 6519:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 6502:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 5917:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 5663:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5595:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5375:. US Institute of Peace Press. 5298: 5221: 5154: 4735: 4634: 4623: 4614: 4461: 4248: 4211: 4180: 4129: 4120: 4107: 4069: 4043: 4017: 3991: 3875: 3843: 3813: 3619: 3597: 3563: 3522: 3506: 3501:Mapping Militant Organizations. 3400:. November 1998. Archived from 3073: 2357: 1610:Ittehad-e Islami / Saudi Arabia 1127:victory and dissolution of the 494:(allegedly, until October 1992) 142:Civil war continues (1996–2001) 6371:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 6267:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 6007:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 6002:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 5896:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 5752:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 3611:. 5 April 2003. Archived from 3466:Jamilurrahman, Kamgar (2000). 3331:. SKY Reporter. Archived from 3066: 3054: 3038: 2835:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2701:On 7 March, Hikmatyar and the 2112:From the onset of the battle, 1521:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1263:Outline of civil war (1992–96) 1114:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1053:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 130:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 13: 1: 7000:Battles involving Afghanistan 5891:Papua conflict (1969–present) 4417:In the Line of Fire: A Memoir 3787:Phil Rees (2 December 2001). 3226:"Afghanistan: power struggle" 3077: 2966: 2935:and the base was surrounded. 2911:'s forces were flown in from 2829:appointed his deputy, Mullah 2033:fought against Russian troops 1902: 1688:Vice President of Afghanistan 1196: 7090:Battles involving the Tajiks 7050:Government of Benazir Bhutto 6990:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 6593:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 6361:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 6033:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 5731:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 5390:Nojumi, Neamatollah (2002). 5068:The Unfolding Legacy of 9/11 4924:Randal, Jonathan C. (2012). 4894:Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). 4840:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 4284:George Washington University 4138:by Brian Glyn Williams, 2013 3690:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3428:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3260:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3187:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 2961:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2944:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2851:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2844: 2590:on the 3rd. On 5 September, 2096: 1991: 1874:George Washington University 1752:Junbish-i Milli / Uzbekistan 1568:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1532:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1416:. In November 1994, the new 1253:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1203:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 1093:was supposed to replace the 1048:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 1043:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 1038:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 170:Islamic State of Afghanistan 7: 6598:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 6465:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6411:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6394:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6311:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6262:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 5848:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5784:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5637:Religious violence in India 4784:. Vol. December 2009. 3762:Anderson, John Lee (2002). 3050:Timeline 1994, Januari-June 2994:10.1007/978-1-4039-1840-6_9 2949: 2720:, and the Taliban captured 2220: 1981: 1838:Inter-Services Intelligence 1355:Inter-Services Intelligence 1244:Inter-Services Intelligence 1145:Inter-Services Intelligence 1033:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89) 1028:Bala Hissar uprising (1979) 10: 7106: 7060:Wars involving the Taliban 7055:Wars involving Afghanistan 6648:Operation Inherent Resolve 6470:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6406:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6399:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6296:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6257:Kurdish separatism in Iran 5098:. Routledge. p. 154. 4930:. I.B.Tauris. p. 26. 4897:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 4837:Forsythe, David P (2009). 4813:. MIT Press. p. 267. 4414:Musharraf, Pervez (2006). 4254:See further references in 4224:. MIT Press. p. 267. 4115:Jane's Intelligence Review 3859:. London. 26 August 1992. 3474:. Meyvand. pp. 66–68. 2848: 2300:government forces against 2289: 1718:was strongly supported by 1684:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1675:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1440:'interim government' with 1420:jihadist militia known as 1293:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1279:Fighting and rivalry over 1271: 1200: 1083:1992–1996 Afghan Civil War 18:Afghan Civil War (1992-96) 6956: 6938: 6907: 6854: 6796: 6758: 6720: 6635: 6617: 6565: 6534: 6511: 6485: 6452: 6421: 6381: 6326: 6301:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 6249: 6233: 6200: 6193: 6168: 6147: 6121: 6105: 6052: 6045: 5994: 5968: 5947: 5909: 5883: 5867: 5860: 5840: 5820:Maritime border incidents 5802: 5776: 5769: 5739: 5713: 5650: 5587: 5580: 5125:. Routledge. p. 85. 4280:National Security Archive 4126:Vogelsang (2002), p. 232. 4075:Vogelsang (2002), p. 324. 3512:See reference sources in 3049: 2364:Shura Hamaghangi campaign 2282: 1974:As of November 1995, the 1801:fort, Maranjan Hill, and 1793:-based 53rd Division and 1487:'interim government' and 1458:Junbish-e Melli-ye Islami 1091:interim Afghan government 1023:Chindawol uprising (1979) 1008: 956: 951: 560: 153: 81: 54: 41: 36: 6948:UN peacekeeping missions 6603:Civil War (2014–present) 6552:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 6241:Bahraini uprising (2011) 5937:Civil war (2021–present) 5348:Corwin, Phillip (2003). 5011:Rumer, Boris Z. (2015). 4990:. Ashgate. p. 248. 4954:Peimani, Hooman (2003). 4807:Shaffer, Brenda (2006). 4742:"The Struggle for Kabul" 4330:. Ashgate. p. 208. 4324:Hussain, Rizwan (2005). 4218:Shaffer, Brenda (2006). 4192:27 November 2018 at the 3537:. ABC-CLIO. p. 49. 3529:Clements, Frank (2003). 2791:, an eastern outpost of 2041:Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami 1647:in 1992–1993 during the 1574:against militias led by 6884:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) 6588:South Yemen (2009–2015) 6444:Lebanon conflict (2008) 6366:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 6181:Andijan massacre (2005) 6176:Fergana massacre (1989) 5721:JVP insurrection (1971) 5228:Maley, William (1998). 4873:. Ashgate. p. 59. 4441:Maley, William (2009). 4384:McGrath, Kevin (2011). 2818:, withdrew from Kabul. 2816:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 2630: 2454: 2352: 2302:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 2248: 2025:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1986: 1965:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1940:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1842:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1680:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi 1643:Kabul neighbourhood of 1628:was supported by Sunni 1501:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1493:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1410:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1348:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1317:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1285:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1232:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1209:Republic of Afghanistan 1133:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1129:Republic of Afghanistan 1095:Republic of Afghanistan 1087:Second Afghan Civil War 815:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar 375:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 317:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 37:Second Afghan Civil War 6134:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 4984:Hilali, A. Z. (2005). 4867:Gardner, Hall (2007). 4748:9 January 2017 at the 4544:13 August 2021 at the 4148:Tomsen, Peter (2011). 3888:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3852:"Afghan Peace Mission" 2784: 2573:. On 9 June, a 10-day 2497:in early February and 2407:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 2333: 2006:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 2001: 1745: 1474:Maidan Wardak Province 1257:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 1255:on 28 April 1992 with 1116:on 27 September 1996. 1013:Saur Revolution (1978) 685:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 561:Commanders and leaders 7010:20th century in Kabul 6862:Arab–Israeli conflict 6714:Pakistan Armed Forces 6095:Republican insurgency 5794:Tibetan unrest (2008) 5413:Saikal, Amin (2004). 5119:Boase, Roger (2016). 4510:Amnesty International 4089:"Abdul Rashid Dostum" 3031:11 April 2019 at the 2782: 2771:fell to the Taliban. 2331: 1999: 1803:Khwaja Rawash Airport 1740: 1595:Mohammad Yunus Khalis 1472:(south of Kabul) and 1219:stepped down and the 1018:Herat uprising (1979) 952:Casualties and losses 718:Muhammad Asif Muhsini 454:(Jan. 1994-Aug. 1994) 7015:1990s in Afghanistan 6899:Grand Mosque seizure 6578:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 6557:Turkey–ISIL conflict 6356:Iraq War (2003–2011) 5369:Gutman, Roy (2008). 5325:Coll, Steve (2004). 4512:. 16 November 1995. 4117:, July 1994, p.323-4 3984:Gutman, Roy (2008): 3789:"A personal account" 3615:on 25 December 2014. 3495:17 July 2019 at the 3354:4 March 2021 at the 3327:(9 September 2007). 2986:The Afghanistan Wars 2861:President Najibullah 2139:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 2086:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 2061:Abdul Wahid Baba Jan 1930:Bombardment of Kabul 1700:Hezb-i Wahdat / Iran 1667:Kabul government of 1591:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 1586:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 1385:War expanding (1994) 1085:, also known as the 803:Abdul Jabar Qahraman 619:Mulavi Younas Khalis 255:Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli 218:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 7085:1996 in Afghanistan 7080:1995 in Afghanistan 7075:1994 in Afghanistan 7070:1993 in Afghanistan 7065:1992 in Afghanistan 6940:Foreign deployments 5757:Operation All Clear 4311:, p. 5 and 13. 3335:on 2 February 2013. 2901:Dara-I-Nur District 2767:. On 22 September, 2703:Burhanuddin Rabbani 2107:Burhanuddin Rabbani 2021:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1834:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1766:Abdul Rashid Dostum 1669:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1637:Mohammad Najibullah 1576:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1485:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1454:Abdul Rashid Dostum 1438:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1367:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1313:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1236:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1217:Mohammad Najibullah 1184:1996-2001 civil war 1137:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1131:in April 1992. The 1121:1989–1992 civil war 1102:Mohammad Najibullah 957:26,759 killed (per 869:Abdul Rashid Dostum 836:Sayyid Ali Beheshti 792:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 779:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 767:Abdul Rashid Dostum 747:Sayyid Ali Beheshti 575:Burhanuddin Rabbani 6925:Somalian civil war 6920:Sudanese civil war 6760:India and Pakistan 6663:Colour revolutions 6583:Houthi (2004–2015) 6524:Regional spillover 6434:Lebanon War (2006) 6306:Lebanon War (2006) 3929:Human Rights Watch 3857:The Independent UK 3827:. 27 August 1992. 3825:The New York Times 3737:Human Rights Watch 3696:Human Rights Watch 3472:Human Rights Watch 3434:Human Rights Watch 3404:on 2 November 2008 3398:Human Rights Watch 3266:Human Rights Watch 3193:Human Rights Watch 2804:Ahmad Shah Massoud 2785: 2685:Sayed Jafar Nadiri 2464:Interim President 2334: 2242:Mullah Naqib Ullah 2010:Ahmad Shah Massoud 2002: 1944:Human Rights Watch 1856:Taliban / Pakistan 1784:, the head of the 1782:Sayed Jafar Naderi 1772:. Uzbek President 1736:interim government 1727:Human Rights Watch 1626:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 1554:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1505:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 1442:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1404:joined sides with 1379:Human Rights Watch 1321:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1213:Russian Federation 1182:in the subsequent 707:Abdul Rahim Wardak 663:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 652:Jalaluddin Haqqani 586:Ahmad Shah Massoud 378:(until late 1994) 7045:Conflicts in 1996 7040:Conflicts in 1995 7035:Conflicts in 1994 7030:Conflicts in 1993 7025:Conflicts in 1992 6977: 6976: 6816:Panjshir Uprising 6671: 6670: 6618:Inter-continental 6613: 6612: 6547:DHKP/C insurgency 6542:Maoist insurgency 6189: 6188: 6041: 6040: 5932:Rohingya conflict 5856: 5855: 5765: 5764: 5683:Kargil War (1999) 5615:Kargil War (1999) 5574:conflicts in Asia 5426:978-0-85771-478-7 5405:978-0-312-29584-4 5382:978-1-60127-024-5 5361:978-0-8135-3171-7 5241:978-0-8147-5586-0 5132:978-1-317-11262-4 5105:978-1-134-19219-9 5078:978-0-7618-3009-2 5051:978-0-226-64564-3 5024:978-1-317-47521-7 4997:978-0-7546-4220-6 4967:978-0-275-97857-0 4937:978-1-78076-055-1 4907:978-0-300-10147-8 4880:978-1-4094-9589-5 4850:978-0-19-533402-9 4820:978-0-262-19529-4 4782:Harper's Magazine 4481:on 4 October 2013 4454:978-1-137-23295-3 4427:978-0-7432-9843-8 4397:978-1-61251-033-0 4337:978-0-7546-4434-7 4231:978-0-262-19529-4 4161:978-1-58648-763-8 3641:10.4000/samaj.212 3632:Gilles Dorronsoro 3470:. translation by 3224:(28 April 1992). 3003:978-1-4039-1840-6 2775:Taliban take-over 2636:January–September 2428:Naseerullah Babar 2373:Kasim Jangal Bagh 2188:from some of the 2135:Qala-e Zaman Khan 1889:Naseerullah Babar 1527:Main participants 1389:In January 1994, 1180:Northern Alliance 1151:with the help of 1139:and supported by 1112:establishing the 1108:'s occupation of 1076: 1075: 965: 964: 922:Ayman al-Zawahiri 641:Haji Abdul Qadeer 540:(from early 1996) 422:(after Dec. 1992) 362:(until Dec. 1992) 293:(until Dec. 1992) 243:Harakat-i-Inqilab 184:Northern Alliance 149: 148: 50:(after Dec. 1992) 16:(Redirected from 7097: 6783:Siachen conflict 6708: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6573:Civil war (1994) 6198: 6197: 6129:1990 Osh clashes 6113:Ethnic conflicts 6050: 6049: 6027: 6020: 5865: 5864: 5830:2017–2018 crisis 5808: 5774: 5773: 5585: 5584: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5528: 5512: 5501: 5490: 5479: 5462: 5461:The Conversation 5446: 5445:Afghanistan 1989 5430: 5409: 5397: 5386: 5365: 5344: 5332: 5321: 5319: 5292: 5291: 5290:on 24 July 2015. 5289: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5199: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4595: 4594: 4577:Massoud l'Afghan 4572: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4502: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4271: 4262: 4260:Taliban#Pakistan 4252: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4095:on 10 March 2009 4085: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3764:The Lion's Grave 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3723: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3687: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3643: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3526: 3520: 3518:Taliban#Pakistan 3510: 3504: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3390: 3377: 3370: 3359: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3257: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232:. 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Milli 1340:Jamiat-e Islami 1325:Jamiat-e Islami 1305:Junbish-i Milli 1289:Jamiat-e Islami 1277: 1270: 1265: 1223:was dissolved. 1205: 1199: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1004: 1000:Afghan conflict 999: 997: 995: 947: 937: 933:Shahnawaz Tanai 927: 925: 924: 914: 913: 911:Osama bin Laden 903: 902: 892: 888: 878: 872: 861: 859: 847: 838: 829: 819: 809: 807: 806: 797: 795: 794: 786: 784: 773: 771: 769: 759: 758: 749: 740: 731: 721: 720: 710: 709: 701: 699: 698: 690: 688: 687: 677: 676: 666: 665: 655: 654: 646: 644: 643: 635: 633: 632: 624: 622: 621: 613: 611: 610: 602: 600: 599: 591: 589: 588: 580: 578: 577: 569: 567: 548: 546: 545: 541: 531: 529: 528: 519: 517: 515: 504: 502: 497: 495: 484: 482: 480: 472: 462: 460: 459: 455: 451:Junbish-i Milli 442: 440: 430: 428: 427: 423: 412: 410: 408: 398: 396: 395: 391: 382: 380: 379: 368: 366: 353: 351: 350: 340: 338: 337: 328: 326: 325: 311: 309: 304:Junbish-i Milli 296: 285: 283: 271: 261: 259: 247: 235: 223: 200: 196:Jamiat-e Islami 190: 188: 176: 163: 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I.B.Tauris. 5410: 5404: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5322: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5272: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5191: 5179: 5153: 5151:, p. 342. 5141: 5131: 5111: 5104: 5084: 5077: 5057: 5050: 5030: 5023: 5003: 4996: 4976: 4966: 4946: 4936: 4916: 4906: 4886: 4879: 4859: 4849: 4829: 4819: 4799: 4765: 4753: 4734: 4732:, p. 105. 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4633: 4622: 4613: 4596: 4589: 4567: 4550: 4527: 4492: 4460: 4453: 4433: 4426: 4403: 4396: 4373: 4343: 4336: 4313: 4301: 4263: 4247: 4230: 4210: 4208:, p. 260. 4198: 4179: 4160: 4140: 4128: 4119: 4106: 4077: 4068: 4042: 4016: 3990: 3977: 3970: 3946: 3913: 3894: 3874: 3842: 3812: 3779: 3772: 3754: 3713: 3659: 3618: 3596: 3562: 3543: 3521: 3505: 3477: 3451: 3415: 3378: 3360: 3338: 3316: 3314:, p. 352. 3283: 3247: 3236:on 9 July 2007 3210: 3176: 3081: 3065: 3053: 3037: 3015: 3002: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2933:Bagram airbase 2929:Herat province 2925:Konar province 2849:Main article: 2846: 2843: 2795:, fell to the 2776: 2773: 2769:Kunar province 2731:Mazar-i Sharif 2727:Rasul Pahlawan 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2617:Balkh Province 2607: 2604: 2539:Farah Province 2534: 2531: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2449:Mazar-e Sharif 2394:Iranian agents 2389: 2386: 2377:Ismail Diwaneh 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2325: 2324:March–December 2322: 2290:Main article: 2284: 2281: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2222: 2219: 2165: 2162: 2098: 2095: 2074:Logar province 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1931: 1928: 1904: 1901: 1857: 1854: 1825: 1822: 1810:Mazar-i-Sharif 1768:was backed by 1753: 1750: 1729:, with Iran's 1701: 1698: 1676: 1673: 1611: 1608: 1587: 1584: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1433: 1430: 1414:Mazar-i-Sharif 1386: 1383: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1201:Main article: 1198: 1195: 1170:in late-1994, 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 994: 993: 986: 979: 971: 963: 962: 954: 953: 949: 948: 889: 781: 729:Hussain Anwari 597:Naqib Alikozai 563: 562: 558: 557: 498: 363: 321: 320: 307: 294: 281: 269: 257: 245: 233: 221: 210: 198: 186: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 136: 133: 124: 123: 119: 117: 113: 112: 99: 97: 93: 92: 87: 79: 78: 75:Jada-e Maiwand 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7102: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6930:War on terror 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:War on terror 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:2016 conflict 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:2001–2021 War 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5340:0-141-02080-6 5336: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5270:, p. 14. 5269: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5189:, p. 63. 5188: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5149:Saikal (2004) 5145: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4761:Gutman (2008) 4757: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4720:, p. 79. 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 78. 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 77. 4695: 4690: 4684:, p. 67. 4683: 4678: 4672:, p. 76. 4671: 4666: 4660:, p. 71. 4659: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4626: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4590:2-07-042468-5 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4565:, p. 65. 4564: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4206:Nojumi (2002) 4202: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3971:1-85043-437-9 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3901: 3897: 3895:9781856495226 3891: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3773:1-84354-118-1 3769: 3765: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3544:9781851094028 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3490:'The Taliban' 3486: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3312:Saikal (2004) 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3072:See sections 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3044:See sections 3041: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827:Muhammad Omar 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:Ghor Province 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:Hezb-i Wahdat 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523:Hizb-e Islami 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Hezb-i Wahdat 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2460:January–March 2452: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2398:Hezb-i Wahdat 2395: 2388:July–December 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2272:Sayid Ali Jan 2268: 2266: 2262: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2175:Shura-e Nazar 2171: 2161: 2159: 2158:Kohte-e Sangi 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:Shura-e Nazar 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Shura-e Nazar 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Hezb-i Wahdat 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:fall of Kabul 1775: 1774:Islam Karimov 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:Hezb-i Wahdat 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1599:Hezb-e Islami 1596: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517:Hezb-i Wahdat 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Hezb-i Wahdat 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1426:Kandahar city 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Hezb-i Wahdat 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Hezb-i Wahdat 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Hezb-i Wahdat 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 972: 969: 960: 955: 950: 946: 941: 936: 934: 923: 918: 912: 907: 901: 896: 890: 887: 882: 877: 876: 871: 870: 865: 858: 857: 853: 848: 846: 845:Karim Khalili 842: 837: 833: 828: 824: 818: 817:(until 1992) 816: 804: 793: 782: 780: 770: 768: 763: 757: 756:Karim Khalili 753: 748: 744: 739: 735: 730: 725: 719: 714: 708: 697: 696:Ahmed Gailani 686: 681: 675: 674:Mohammad Nabi 670: 664: 659: 653: 642: 631: 620: 609: 598: 587: 576: 565: 564: 559: 556: 544: 543:Supported by: 539: 526: 516: 513: 512: 499: 496: 493: 492: 479: 477: 471: 470: 458: 457:Supported by: 453: 452: 446: 439: 438: 426: 425:Supported by: 421: 420: 419:Hezb-i Wahdat 407: 406: 394: 393:Supported by: 389: 377: 376: 364: 361: 348: 336: 324: 323:Supported by: 318: 308: 305: 300: 295: 292: 291:Hezb-i Wahdat 282: 280: 275: 270: 268: 267:Mahaz-e Milli 258: 256: 251: 246: 244: 239: 234: 232: 227: 222: 219: 215: 211: 209: 208:Shura-e Nazar 204: 199: 197: 187: 185: 180: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 158: 157: 152: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 127: 126: 121: 120: 118: 115: 114: 110: 98: 95: 94: 88: 85: 84: 80: 76: 64: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 6894:Yemen crisis 6830: 6486:Saudi Arabia 6194:Western Asia 6077: 6046:Central Asia 5415: 5393: 5371: 5350: 5328: 5299:Bibliography 5287:the original 5275: 5230: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5207:the original 5182: 5170:. Retrieved 5156: 5144: 5136: 5121: 5114: 5094: 5087: 5067: 5060: 5040: 5033: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4896: 4889: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4809: 4802: 4790:. Retrieved 4781: 4756: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4616: 4576: 4570: 4518:. Retrieved 4483:. Retrieved 4476:the original 4463: 4443: 4436: 4416: 4386: 4364:. Retrieved 4355: 4346: 4326: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4279: 4250: 4242: 4237:30 September 4235:. Retrieved 4220: 4213: 4201: 4182: 4172:27 September 4170:. Retrieved 4150: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4093:the original 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 3993: 3985: 3980: 3961: 3937:. Retrieved 3904:. Retrieved 3884: 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3856: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3824: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3792: 3782: 3763: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3731: 3704:. Retrieved 3650:. 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Retrieved 3068: 3062:Bombardments 3060:See section 3056: 3046:Bombardments 3040: 3007:, retrieved 2985: 2975: 2940:United Front 2937: 2923:district in 2870: 2859:hung former 2854: 2820: 2814:, leader of 2801: 2786: 2746: 2735: 2707: 2700: 2692:Ahmed Rashid 2689: 2639: 2621: 2609: 2536: 2527: 2492: 2486:fell to the 2463: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2411: 2391: 2361: 2358:January–June 2342:Saudi Arabia 2335: 2318:Saudi Arabia 2313: 2295: 2286: 2269: 2265:Toran Kahlil 2257: 2224: 2198: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2150:Saudi Arabia 2143: 2111: 2100: 2091: 2078: 2018: 2003: 1973: 1934:In 1992–95, 1933: 1913: 1907:In 1992–93, 1906: 1897:Ahmed Rashid 1886: 1878: 1865: 1859: 1850:Central Asia 1830:Peter Tomsen 1827: 1807: 1755: 1746: 1741: 1703: 1678: 1664: 1633:Saudi Arabia 1613: 1589: 1540: 1478: 1448:forces; the 1435: 1388: 1375: 1337: 1278: 1225: 1206: 1191: 1188: 1161: 1118: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1042: 945:Nawaz Sharif 891: 886:Nawaz Sharif 873: 860: 856:Shafi Hazara 849: 820: 805:(until 1993) 783: 566: 542: 501: 500: 489: 481: 473: 456: 449: 441: 424: 417: 409: 392: 373: 365: 335:Saudi Arabia 322: 160: 159: 154:Belligerents 42:Part of the 29: 6957:Anti-piracy 6915:Bosnian War 6855:Middle East 6798:Afghanistan 6728:Martial law 6658:Arab Winter 6653:Arab Spring 6053:Afghanistan 5986:2006 crisis 5981:1999 crisis 5268:Coll (2004) 4520:21 November 4309:Coll (2004) 3958:Amin Saikal 3747:28 February 3531:"Civil War" 3222:Urban, Mark 3009:27 December 2909:Ismail Khan 2877:Jabal Saraj 2873:Salang Pass 2839:Afghanistan 2749:Chaghcharan 2718:Chaghcharan 2683:faction of 2551:Ismail Khan 2499:Maidan Shar 2438:Spin Boldak 2232:commanders 1846:Amin Saikal 1814:proto-state 1799:Bala Hissar 1397:forces and 900:Mullah Omar 608:Ismail Khan 132:established 109:Afghanistan 7005:Warlordism 6984:Categories 6821:Soviet War 6223:Second War 6201:Azerbaijan 6169:Uzbekistan 6148:Tajikistan 6122:Kyrgyzstan 6106:Kazakhstan 6069:Civil War 5969:East Timor 5807:and South) 5581:South Asia 5213:7 December 4792:26 October 4508:(Report). 4061:21 October 4035:21 October 4009:21 October 3939:21 October 3906:24 October 3835:20 October 3694:(Report). 3432:(Report). 3374:'Timeline' 3276:9 February 3264:(Report). 3191:(Report). 3074:Atrocities 2967:References 2261:cease-fire 2234:Amir Lalai 2186:guerrillas 2057:Nabi Azimi 2029:Mujahideen 2019:But soon, 1903:Atrocities 1791:Sheberghan 1770:Uzbekistan 1559:شیر پنجشیر 1550:mujahideen 1424:conquered 1309:Mujahideen 1228:mujahideen 1197:Background 1125:mujahideen 469:Uzbekistan 347:Uzbekistan 6969:Venezuela 6908:Worldwide 6836:1996-2001 6453:Palestine 6213:First War 6083:1996–2001 6078:1992–1996 6073:1989–1992 5884:Indonesia 5770:East Asia 5714:Sri Lanka 5172:19 August 4581:Gallimard 4366:8 October 4294:24 August 3727:"Ittihad" 3706:19 August 3169:19 August 2905:Nangarhar 2865:castrated 2845:Aftermath 2812:Hekmatyar 2761:Mihtarlam 2753:Jalalabad 2674:Red Cross 2646:Hikmatyar 2624:ultimatum 2503:Karte Seh 2471:Hikmatyar 2369:Shir Arab 2346:Jalalabad 2211:Darulaman 2170:artillery 2154:Shir Alam 2137:and near 2131:Hood Khil 2126:civilians 2097:June–July 1992:April–May 1924:extortion 1818:Balkh Air 1696:Taliban. 1657:Qizilbash 1604:Nangarhar 1491:with his 1489:Hekmatyar 1468:captured 1456:with his 1406:Hekmatyar 1352:Pakistani 1333:Islamabad 1329:Mujaddidi 1176:Jalalabad 1174:in 1995, 1153:Khalqists 1135:, led by 1123:with the 1104:—and the 1099:President 630:Abdul Haq 474:Regional 6889:Gulf War 6721:Domestic 6620:conflict 5948:Thailand 5868:Cambodia 5651:Pakistan 5571:Cold War 5166:Archived 4786:Archived 4746:Archived 4644:Le Monde 4542:Archived 4514:Archived 4360:Archived 4288:Archived 4190:Archived 4166:Archived 4099:18 March 4055:Archived 4029:Archived 4003:Archived 3960:(2006). 3933:Archived 3900:Archived 3867:2 August 3861:Archived 3829:Archived 3805:21 April 3799:Archived 3794:BBC News 3741:Archived 3739:. 2005. 3700:Archived 3646:Archived 3583:Archived 3555:12 March 3549:Archived 3493:Archived 3438:Archived 3352:Archived 3270:Archived 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Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

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