29:
2119:
2131:
140:
peri-cardiac arrest care: Airway management, ventilation, CPR compressions (continued from BLS), defibrillation, and medications. Due to the seriousness of the diseases treated, the paucity of data known about most ACLS patients, and the need for multiple, rapid, simultaneous treatments, ACLS is executed as a standardized, algorithmic set of treatments. Successful ACLS treatment starts with diagnosis of the correct
450:
the course is usually the final requirement to receive certification. After receiving initial certification, providers must usually recertify every two years in a class with similar content that lasts about seven hours. Widely accepted providers of ACLS certification include, non-exclusively: American Heart
Association, American Red cross, European Resuscitation Council or the Australian Resuscitation Council.
425:
104:(BLS) by adding recommendations on additional medication and advanced procedure use to the CPR guidelines that are fundamental and efficacious in BLS. ACLS is practiced by advanced medical providers including physicians, some nurses and paramedics; these providers are usually required to hold certifications in ACLS care.
482:
Some studies have raised concerns that ACLS education can be inconstantly or inadequately taught which can result in poor retention, leading to poor ACLS performance. One study from 1998 looked at the ACLS use of epinephrine, atropine, bicarbonate, calcium, lidocaine, and bretylium in cardiac arrests
473:
Like a medical intervention, researchers have had to ask whether ACLS is effective. Data generally demonstrates that patients have better survival outcomes (increased ROSC, increased survival to hospital discharge and/or superior neurological outcomes) when they receive ACLS; however a large study of
449:
BLS proficiency is usually a prerequisite to ACLS training; however the initial portions of an ACLS class may cover CPR. Initial training usually takes around 15 hours and includes both classroom instruction and hands-on simulation experience; passing a test, with a practical component, at the end of
486:
Research on ACLS can be challenging because ACLS is a bundle of care recommendations; with each individual treatment component being profoundly consequential. There is active debate within the resuscitation research community about the value of certain interventions. Active areas of research include
495:
Stemming from the need for standardized, evidence based ACLS guidelines, an international network of academic resuscitation organizations was created. The
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) is the central, international institution that regional resuscitation committees strive
187:
Successful ACLS treatment generally requires a team of trained individuals. Common team roles include: Leader, back-up leader, 2 CPR performers, an airway/respiratory specialist, an IV access and medication administration specialist, a monitor/ defibrillator attendant, a pharmacist, a lab member to
548:
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey,
196:
ACLS algorithms include multiple, simultaneous treatment recommendations. Some ACLS providers may be required to strictly adhere to these guidelines, however physicians may generally deviate to pursue different evidence-based treatment, especially if they are addressing an underlying cause of the
625:
and were updated in 1980, 1986, 1992, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015. In the 2020 update the guidelines were restructured to align with ILCOR recommendations. These changes include the transition since 2015 away from the previous 5-year update cycle to an online format that can be updated as indicated by
442:
for specialized resuscitation techniques. Specialized resuscitation techniques are not covered by ACLS certifications and their use is restricted to further specialized providers. ACLS education is based on ILCOR recommendations which are then adapted to local practices by authoritative medical
139:
Advanced cardiac life support refers to a set of guidelines used by medical providers to treat life-threatening cardiovascular conditions. These life-threatening conditions range from dangerous arrhythmias to cardiac arrest. ACLS algorithms frequently address at least five different aspects of
437:
Due to the rapidity and complexity of ACLS care, as well as the recommendation that it be performed in a standardized fashion, providers must usually hold certifications in ACLS care. Certifications may be provided by a few different, generally national, organizations but their legitimacy is
516:
process. ILCOR traditionally published updates and recommendations every five years but now conducts continuous review work. ILCOR produces international recommendations which are then adopted by regional resuscitation committees which publish guidelines. Regional guidelines can have more
188:
send samples, and a recorder to document the treatment. For in-hospital events, these members are frequently physicians, mid-level providers, nurses and allied health providers; while for out-of-hospital events, these teams are usually composed of a small number of EMTs and paramedics.
496:
to contribute to and disseminate information from. The centralization of resuscitation research around ILCOR reduces redundant work internationally, allows for collaboration between experts from many regional organizations, and produces higher quality, higher powered research.
438:
ultimately determined by hospital hiring and privileging boards; that is, ACLS certification is frequently a requirement for employment as a health care provider at most hospitals. ACLS certifications usually provide education on the aforementioned aspects of ACLS care
511:
reviews on resuscitation known as "Continuous
Evidence Evaluation (CEE) and Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTRs)". ILCOR uses 6 international task forces to review over 180 topics through a structured
1618:
Perkins, Gavin D.; Gräsner, Jan-Thorsen; Semeraro, Federico; Olasveengen, Theresa; Soar, Jasmeet; Lott, Carsten; Voorde, Patrick Van de; Madar, John; Zideman, David; Mentzelopoulos, Spyridon; Bossaert, Leo (2021-04-01).
1352:
Nolan, Jerry P.; Maconochie, Ian; Soar, Jasmeet; Olasveengen, Theresa M.; Greif, Robert; Wyckoff, Myra H.; Singletary, Eunice M.; Aickin, Richard; Berg, Katherine M.; Mancini, Mary E.; Bhanji, Farhan (2020-10-20).
986:
Kurz, Michael
Christopher; Schmicker, Robert H.; Leroux, Brian; Nichol, Graham; Aufderheide, Tom P.; Cheskes, Sheldon; Grunau, Brian; Jasti, Jamie; Kudenchuk, Peter; Vilke, Gary M.; Buick, Jason (July 2018).
638:(ERC) guidelines were developed in 1992. The 2000 ERC guidelines were developed in collaboration with ILCOR. 5-year updates were published from 2000 to 2015 and annual updates have been published since 2017.
96:) refers to a set of clinical guidelines established by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused
478:
patients showed that this effect may only be if ACLS is delivered in the first six minutes of arrest. This study also found that ACLS increases survival but does not produce superior neurological outcomes.
613:
The
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was established 1992 to serve as a way for international resuscitation organizations to communicate and collaborate.
1569:
Merchant, Raina M.; Topjian, Alexis A.; Panchal, Ashish R.; Cheng, Adam; Aziz, Khalid; Berg, Katherine M.; Lavonas, Eric J.; Magid, David J.; null, null (2020-10-20).
243:
is achieved. Note: chest compressions are not different in ACLS vs BLS, but continue to be a fundamental part of cardiac arrest care even when ACLS is being executed.
1246:"Interaction of defibrillation waveform with the time to defibrillation or the number of defibrillation attempts on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest"
1355:"Executive Summary: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations"
111:" (ALS), when used distinctly, ACLS tends to refer to the immediate cardiac care, while ALS tends to refer to more specialized resuscitation care such as
504:
1955:
1959:
197:
arrest and/or unique aspects of a patient's care. ACLS algorithms are complex but the table, below, demonstrates common aspects of ACLS care.
751:
1975:
1719:
1571:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
2081:
1970:
453:
Holding ACLS certification simply attests a provider was tested on knowledge and application of ACLS guidelines. The certification does
834:"Impact of advanced cardiac life support training program on the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a tertiary care hospital"
1947:
989:"Advanced vs. Basic Life Support in the Treatment of Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium"
1965:
1687:
1985:
33:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an avalanche victim who was medically evacuated to Craig Joint
Theater Hospital in February 2010
1995:
1835:
1990:
1807:
1093:"Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group"
2176:
2171:
2156:
2075:
2005:
1980:
401:
112:
915:
397:
116:
443:
organizations such as the
American Red Cross, the European Resuscitation Council, or the Resuscitation Council of Asia
475:
240:
1830:
1772:
1712:
2181:
2069:
2009:
1782:
673:
405:
2057:
2051:
1682:
635:
487:
determining the value of vasopressors in arrests, ideal airway use and different waveforms for defibrillation.
393:
1620:
507:
serves as a way for international resuscitation organizations to communicate and collaborate. ILCOR publishes
2134:
2022:
647:
230:
153:
2166:
2063:
2045:
2028:
1777:
1331:
415:
265:
Termination of shockable rhythms. Note: not all cardiac arrest rhythms can be treated with defibrillation.
161:
124:
2122:
1705:
1428:"Clinical Practice Guidelines as Learned Treatises: Understanding Their Use as Evidence in the Courtroom"
1302:
128:
1747:
678:
622:
941:"The efficacy of an ACLS training program for resuscitation from cardiac arrest in a rural community"
414:
Identification of underlying cause of cardiac arrest, augmentation of perfusion and/or treatment of
1244:
Hagihara, Akihito; Onozuka, Daisuke; Ono, Junko; Nagata, Takashi; Hasegawa, Manabu (January 2018).
668:
663:
149:
1402:
699:"Is advanced life support better than basic life support in prehospital care? A systematic review"
939:
Sanders, A. B.; Berg, R. A.; Burress, M.; Genova, R. T.; Kern, K. B.; Ewy, G. A. (January 1994).
409:
145:
1762:
775:
Prince, Cynthia R.; Hines, Elizabeth J.; Chyou, Po-Huang; Heegeman, David J. (September 2014).
1091:
van
Walraven, C.; Stiell, I. G.; Wells, G. A.; HĂ©bert, P. C.; Vandemheen, K. (November 1998).
28:
2103:
1874:
1847:
777:"Finding the Key to a Better Code: Code Team Restructure to Improve Performance and Outcomes"
697:
Ryynänen, Olli-Pekka; Iirola, Timo; Reitala, Janne; Pälve, Heikki; Malmivaara, Antti (2010).
376:
289:
260:
144:
rhythm causing the arrest. Common cardiac arrest rhythms covered by ACLS guidelines include:
108:
1465:
1880:
1757:
1742:
293:
8:
2161:
1859:
1853:
1841:
508:
273:
173:
169:
141:
1637:
1261:
1046:"Review of effective advanced cardiac life support training using experiential learning"
1005:
988:
2033:
1937:
1728:
1658:
1600:
1384:
1226:
1166:
1139:
1026:
868:
833:
809:
776:
725:
698:
521:
than ILCOR recommendations. ILCOR is composed of the following regional organizations:
368:
256:
101:
1692:
1108:
956:
891:
483:
and found that these medications were not associated with higher resuscitation rates.
1932:
1767:
1752:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1604:
1592:
1551:
1547:
1447:
1439:
1388:
1376:
1273:
1265:
1230:
1218:
1210:
1171:
1120:
1112:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1018:
1010:
968:
960:
873:
855:
814:
796:
730:
513:
458:
372:
277:
47:
1030:
461:
as determined by state law or employer protocols; and does not, itself, provide any
1632:
1582:
1543:
1366:
1257:
1202:
1161:
1151:
1104:
1057:
1000:
952:
863:
845:
804:
788:
720:
710:
389:
364:
100:, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. ACLS expands on
1587:
1570:
1371:
1354:
462:
1510:
832:
Sodhi, Kanwalpreet; Singla, Manender Kumar; Shrivastava, Anupam (October 2011).
1864:
1826:
1815:
658:
332:
315:
307:
281:
252:
177:
97:
1206:
2150:
1792:
1646:
1443:
1269:
1214:
1116:
1069:
1014:
964:
859:
800:
653:
1490:
1245:
1190:
1156:
1140:"Rethinking the role of epinephrine in cardiac arrest: the PARAMEDIC2 trial"
1045:
850:
715:
1787:
1654:
1596:
1555:
1451:
1380:
1277:
1222:
1175:
1092:
1077:
1022:
940:
877:
818:
734:
518:
352:
234:
1124:
972:
792:
589:
Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, United States
107:
While "ACLS" is almost always semantically interchangeable with the term "
1922:
1886:
336:
285:
181:
165:
119:. In the EMS community, "ALS" may refer to the advanced care provided by
2098:
1907:
1821:
360:
344:
328:
311:
320:
Ventilate the lungs to allow for subsequent oxygenation of the blood.
75:
2017:
1902:
1869:
1697:
348:
120:
1427:
703:
Scandinavian
Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
1927:
1917:
1912:
1621:"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary"
499:
340:
157:
597:
Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan
1617:
356:
131:; without these terms referring to cardiovascular-specific care.
1432:
Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
1323:
424:
299:
Cleat and protect the airway to allow for adequate ventilation.
1797:
1351:
1090:
916:"Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Course Options"
381:
Stabilizes arrhythmia, promote ROSC and increase perfusion.
160:. Dangerous, non-arrest rhythms typically covered includes:
60:
Cardiac arrest treatment, Cardiovascular emergency treatment
1568:
1138:
Jung, Julianna; Rice, Julie; Bord, Sharon (December 2018).
1678:
1491:"Members & Alliances – InterAmerican Heart Foundation"
1294:
696:
123:
while "BLS" may refer to the fundamental care provided by
985:
52:
Emergency Medicine, Cardiology, Critical Care, Anesthesia
1243:
938:
774:
621:
The ACLS guidelines were first published in 1974 by the
1534:
Mutchner L (January 2007). "The ABCs of CPR – again".
831:
1189:Carlson, Jestin N.; Wang, Henry E. (October 2020).
1295:"International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation"
2148:
578:Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa (RCSA)
500:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
1956:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
752:"Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support"
1960:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
1713:
1191:"Optimal Airway Management in Cardiac Arrest"
1044:Kidd, Tracy; Kendall, Sharon (January 2007).
554:Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC)
1976:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
1137:
2082:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
1971:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
1188:
1043:
490:
1720:
1706:
1533:
42:Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support, ACLS
27:
1636:
1586:
1370:
1165:
1155:
1004:
867:
849:
808:
724:
714:
1966:American College of Emergency Physicians
1425:
838:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
423:
1986:European Society for Emergency Medicine
2149:
1996:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
1727:
1289:
1287:
586:InterAmerican Heart Foundation (IAHF)
1701:
545:European Resuscitation Council (ERC)
432:
386:Specialized Resuscitation Techniques
180:with rapid ventricular response, and
1991:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
1426:Recupero, Patricia R. (2008-09-01).
746:
744:
594:Resuscitation Council of Asia (RCA)
255:, double sequential defibrillation,
90:advanced cardiovascular life support
2076:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
1981:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
1638:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.003
1562:
1284:
1262:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.11.053
1006:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.04.031
468:
222:Diagnosis of malignant arrhythmia.
13:
570:New Zealand Resuscitation Council
14:
2193:
1672:
1466:"National Resuscitation Councils"
741:
629:
616:
562:Australian Resuscitation Council
537:American Heart Association (AHA)
2129:
2118:
2117:
1773:International emergency medicine
1548:10.1097/00000446-200701000-00024
1144:Annals of Translational Medicine
1062:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01571.x
781:Clinical Medicine & Research
2130:
2070:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
1783:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
1611:
1527:
1503:
1483:
1458:
1419:
1395:
1345:
1334:from the original on 2018-06-26
1316:
1305:from the original on 2020-08-15
1237:
1182:
1131:
1084:
674:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
2058:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
2052:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
1683:European Resuscitation Council
1470:European Resuscitation Council
1037:
979:
932:
908:
884:
825:
768:
690:
636:European Resuscitation Council
1:
2040:Advanced cardiac life support
2023:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1515:Resuscitation Council of Asia
1109:10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70031-9
957:10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70009-5
684:
648:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
154:Pulseless Electrical Activity
86:Advanced cardiac life support
22:Advanced cardiac life support
2064:Pediatric basic life support
2046:Advanced trauma life support
2029:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1778:Pediatric emergency medicine
1693:2020 Guidelines from the AHA
1688:2015 Guidelines from the AHA
1588:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000918
1372:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000890
1097:Annals of Emergency Medicine
945:Annals of Emergency Medicine
626:continuous evidence review.
7:
1050:Journal of Clinical Nursing
641:
134:
10:
2198:
2177:Emergency medicine courses
2172:Emergency medical services
2157:American Heart Association
1748:Emergency medical services
679:Resuscitation Council (UK)
623:American Heart Association
603:
239:Perfusion of blood before
2112:
2091:
2004:
1946:
1895:
1806:
1735:
1581:(16_suppl_2): S337–S357.
1207:10.1016/j.ccc.2020.07.008
892:"FAQs about AHA Training"
634:The first version of the
72:
64:
56:
46:
38:
26:
21:
1923:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
1542:(1): 60–69, quiz 69–70.
669:Indian Heart Association
664:British Heart Foundation
608:
549:Ukraine, United Kingdom
491:International guidelines
191:
150:ventricular fibrillation
1157:10.21037/atm.2018.12.31
851:10.4103/0972-5229.92070
716:10.1186/1757-7241-18-62
457:supersede a provider's
288:, tracheal suctioning,
274:Endotracheal intubation
208:Possible Interventions
146:ventricular tachycardia
2182:Emergency life support
1365:(16_suppl_1): S2–S27.
529:Regional Organization
429:
428:Example ACLS algorithm
16:Emergency medical care
2104:Injury Severity Score
1875:Nasopharyngeal airway
1848:Intraosseous infusion
1195:Critical Care Clinics
793:10.3121/cmr.2014.1201
427:
410:central venous access
261:transcutaneous pacing
109:Advanced Life Support
1881:Oropharyngeal airway
1758:Emergency psychiatry
1743:Emergency department
286:waveform capnography
2167:Medical emergencies
1860:Tracheal intubation
1854:Intravenous therapy
1328:www.costr.ilcor.org
1299:www.ilcor.org/about
532:Affiliated Nations
525:
519:medicolegal bearing
509:scientific evidence
377:intraosseous access
294:oropharygeal airway
278:supraglottic airway
219:EKG, clinical exam
201:
174:atrial fibrillation
164:- and wide-complex
2034:Basic life support
1938:Sodium bicarbonate
1736:Emergency medicine
1729:Emergency medicine
524:
433:ACLS Certification
430:
373:crystalloid fluids
270:Airway Management
257:transvenous pacing
251:Mono- or biphasic
231:Chest Compressions
200:
170:torsades de pointe
102:Basic Life Support
2144:
2143:
1933:Magnesium sulfate
1842:Electrocardiogram
1768:Medical emergency
1753:Emergency nursing
1150:(Suppl 2): S129.
601:
600:
514:systematic-review
459:scope of practice
422:
421:
216:Rhythm diagnosis
83:
82:
2189:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2120:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1667:
1666:
1640:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1590:
1566:
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1531:
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1521:
1507:
1501:
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1414:
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1320:
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1311:
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1291:
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1241:
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1234:
1186:
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1135:
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1128:
1088:
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1081:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1008:
983:
977:
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936:
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906:
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902:
888:
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871:
853:
829:
823:
822:
812:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
748:
739:
738:
728:
718:
694:
526:
523:
469:Efficacy of ACLS
390:Echocardiography
365:calcium chloride
202:
199:
76:edit on Wikidata
31:
19:
18:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
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2147:
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2145:
2140:
2108:
2092:Scoring systems
2087:
2000:
1942:
1891:
1802:
1731:
1726:
1679:2015 Guidelines
1675:
1670:
1616:
1612:
1567:
1563:
1532:
1528:
1519:
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1509:
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1504:
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830:
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695:
691:
687:
644:
632:
619:
611:
606:
502:
493:
471:
435:
248:Electrotherapy
205:ACLS Component
194:
137:
79:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
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2139:
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2126:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
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2101:
2095:
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2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
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1925:
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1910:
1905:
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1889:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1865:Laryngeal tube
1862:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:Defibrillation
1824:
1819:
1816:Bag valve mask
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
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2010:Life support
1788:Major trauma
1628:
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1514:
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1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1403:"ILCOR FAQs"
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1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
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573:New Zealand
503:
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436:
353:procainamide
325:Medications
314:management,
195:
186:
166:tachycardias
138:
106:
93:
89:
85:
84:
1887:Pocket mask
1763:Golden hour
1575:Circulation
1359:Circulation
999:: 132–137.
337:vasopressin
329:Epinephrine
280:placement,
182:bradycardia
39:Other names
2162:Cardiology
2151:Categories
2099:NACA score
1908:Amiodarone
1822:Chest tube
1520:2022-01-25
1496:2022-01-25
1475:25 January
1412:2022-01-25
1338:2021-11-13
1309:2021-11-13
925:2022-01-25
901:2022-01-25
761:2022-01-25
685:References
565:Australia
345:amiodarone
312:ventilator
296:placement
121:paramedics
2018:First aid
1903:Adenosine
1870:Combitube
1844:(ECG/EKG)
1808:Equipment
1663:232407605
1647:0300-9572
1605:224824546
1536:Am J Nurs
1511:"Members"
1444:1093-6793
1389:224828809
1270:1873-1570
1256:: 54–60.
1231:221523919
1215:1557-8232
1117:0196-0644
1070:0962-1067
1015:1873-1570
965:0196-0644
860:0972-5229
801:1539-4182
369:magnesium
361:albuterol
349:lidocaine
65:Frequency
48:Specialty
2123:Category
2084:(CCrISP)
1928:Naloxone
1918:Dopamine
1913:Atropine
1655:33773824
1631:: 1–60.
1597:33081530
1556:17200636
1452:18802175
1381:33084397
1332:Archived
1303:Archived
1278:29175354
1223:32892823
1176:30740450
1078:17181667
1031:19150010
1023:29723609
878:22346031
819:24667218
735:21092256
642:See also
341:atropine
158:asystole
135:Overview
2135:Outline
2060:(ACoRN)
2006:Courses
1167:6330609
1125:9795316
973:8273960
869:3271556
810:4453307
726:3001418
604:History
557:Canada
463:license
357:sotalol
178:flutter
2078:(ALSO)
2072:(PALS)
2066:(PBLS)
2048:(ATLS)
2042:(ACLS)
1798:Triage
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440:except
162:narrow
156:, and
68:Common
2054:(NRP)
2036:(BLS)
2025:(CPR)
1896:Drugs
1883:(OPA)
1877:(NPA)
1818:(BVM)
1681:from
1659:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1385:S2CID
1227:S2CID
1027:S2CID
650:(CPR)
609:ILCOR
505:ILCOR
292:- or
192:Scope
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1651:PMID
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290:naso
241:ROSC
227:CPR
129:EMRs
127:and
125:EMTs
115:and
113:ECMO
94:ACLS
57:Uses
1836:ICD
1831:AED
1633:doi
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1583:doi
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