495:. Nasopharyngeal airways are produced in various lengths and diameters to accommodate for gender and anatomical variations. Functionally, the device is gently inserted through a patient's nose after careful lubrication with a viscous lidocaine gel. Successful placement will facilitate spontaneous ventilation, masked ventilation, or machine assisted ventilation with a modified nasopharyngeal airway designed with special attachments at the proximal end. Patients generally tolerate NPAs very well. NPAs are preferred over OPAs when the patient's jaw is clenched or if the patient is semiconscious and cannot tolerate an OPA. NPAs, however, are generally not recommended if there is suspicion of a
612:
785:
205:
424:
213:
279:
821:
laryngoscopy difficult, and therefore in those with suspected thermal burns, intubation is recommended in attempts to quickly secure an airway prior to progression of the swelling. Furthermore, blood and vomitus in the airway may prove visualization of the vocal cords difficult rendering direct and video laryngoscopy, as well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy challenging. Establishment of a surgical airway is challenging in the setting of restricted neck extension (such as in a
270:
finger sweep. If the person is conscious, they should be able to remove the foreign object themselves, and if they are unconscious, a finger sweep can cause more harm. A finger sweep can push the foreign body further down the airway, making it harder to remove, or cause aspiration by inducing the person to vomit. Additionally, there is the potential for harm to the rescuer if they are unable to clearly see the oral cavity (for example, cutting a finger on jagged teeth).
506:
3476:
544:(LMA). An LMA is a cuffed perilaryngeal sealer that is inserted into the mouth and set over the glottis. Once it is in its seated position, the cuff is inflated. Other variations include devices with oesophageal access ports, so that a separate tube can be inserted from the mouth to the stomach to decompress accumulated gases and drain liquid contents. Other variations of the device can have an endotracheal tube passed through the LMA and into the trachea.
484:(NPA). In general, features of an ideal supraglottic airway include the ability to bypass the upper airway, produce low airway resistance, allow both positive pressure as well as spontaneous ventilation, protect the respiratory tract from gastric and nasal secretions, be easily inserted by even a nonspecialist, produce high first-time insertion rate, remain in place once in seated position, minimize risk of aspiration, and produce minimal side effects.
291:
327:
3486:
631:
553:
502:. In these circumstances, insertion of the NPA can cause neurological damage by entering the cranium during placement. There is no consensus, however, regarding the risk of neurological damage secondary to a basilar skull fracture compared to hypoxia due to insufficient airway management. Other complications of Nasopharyngeal airways use includes laryngospasm, epistaxis, vomiting, and tissue necrosis with prolonged use.
29:
757:
529:, it should only be used in a deeply sedated or unresponsive patient to avoid vomiting and aspiration. Careful attention must be made while inserting an OPA. The user must avoid pushing the tongue further down the patient's throat. This is usually done by inserting the OPA with its curve facing cephalad and rotating it 180 degrees as you enter the posterior pharynx.
246:, recommend several stages, designed to apply increasingly more pressure. Most protocols recommend first encouraging the victims to cough, and allowing them an opportunity to spontaneously clear the foreign body if they are coughing forcefully. If the person's airway continues to be blocked, more forceful maneuvers such as hard back slaps and
346:. The practitioner places their index and middle fingers behind the angle of the mandible to physically push the posterior aspects of the mandible upwards while their thumbs push down on the chin to open the mouth. When the mandible is displaced forward, it pulls the tongue forward and prevents it from occluding the entrance to the trachea.
677:, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is much easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine and is associated with fewer immediate complications. Some complications of cricothyrotomy include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding skin and soft tissue structures.
540:
devices arise in morbidly obese patients, lengthy surgical procedures, surgery involving the airways, laparoscopic procedures and others due to its bulkier design and inferior ability to prevent aspiration. In these circumstances, endotracheal intubation is generally preferred. The most commonly used extraglottic device is the
262:
down position can be used for self-treatment of suffocation and appears to be an option only if other maneuvers do not work. In contrast, in children under 1 it is recommended that the child be placed in a head down position as this appears to help increase the effectiveness of back slaps and abdominal thrusts.
780:
is suspected. Endotracheal intubation carries with it many risks, particularly when paralytics are used, as maintenance of the airway becomes a challenge if intubation fails. It should therefore be attempted by experienced personnel, only when less invasive methods fail or when it is deemed necessary
560:
In contrast to supraglottic devices, infraglottic devices create a conduit between the mouth, passing through the glottis, and into the trachea. There are many infraglottic methods available and the chosen technique is reliant on the accessibility of medical equipment, competence of the clinician and
365:
are used to help hold the head in-line. Most of these airway maneuvers are associated with some movement of the cervical spine. Even though cervical collars can cause problems maintaining an airway and maintaining a blood pressure, it is not recommended to remove the collar without adequate personnel
322:
is not a concern. This maneuver involves flexion of the neck and extension of the head at
Atlanto-occipital joint (also called the sniffing position), which opens up the airway by lifting the tongue away from the back of the throat. Placing a folded towel behind the head accomplishes the same result.
265:
When the victim can not receive pressures on the abdomen (it can happen in case of pregnancy or excessive obesity, for example), chest thrusts are advised instead of abdominal thrusts. The chest thrusts are the same type of compressions but applied on the lower half of the chest bone (not in the very
261:
Abdominal thrusts can also be performed on oneself with the help of the objects near, for example: by leaning over a chair. Anyway, when the choking victim is oneself, one of the more reliable options is the usage of any specific anti-choking device. In adults, there is limited evidence that the head
720:
For the management of in-hospital cardiac arrest however, studies currently support the establishment of an advanced airway. It is well documented that quality chest compressions with minimal interruption result in improved survival. This is suggested to be due, in part, to decreased no-flow-time in
434:
The ingestion and aspiration of foreign objects pose a common and dangerous problem in young children. It remains one of the leading cause of death in children under the age of 5. Common food items (baby carrots, peanuts, etc.) and household objects (coins, metals, etc.) may lodge in various levels
257:
Performing abdominal thrusts on someone else involves standing behind them, and providing inward and upward forceful compressions in the upper abdomen, concretely in the area located between the chest and the belly button. The rescuer usually gives the compressions using a fist that is grasped with
471:
Supraglottic techniques use devices that are designed to have the distal tip resting above the level of the glottis when in its final seated position. Supraglottic devices ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract without entry into the trachea by bridging the oral and pharyngeal spaces. There
820:
as these are all components of the respiratory tract and failure anywhere along this path may impede ventilation. Excessive facial hair, severe burns, and maxillofacial trauma may prevent acquisition of a good mask seal, rendering bag-valve mask ventilation difficult. Edema of the airway can make
680:
A tracheotomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon makes incision in the neck and a breathing tube is inserted directly into the trachea. A common reason for performing a tracheotomy includes requiring to be put on a mechanical ventilator for a longer period. The advantages of a tracheotomy
539:
Extraglottic devices are used in the majority of operative procedures performed under general anaesthesia. Compared to a cuffed tracheal tube, extraglottic devices provide less protection against aspiration but are more easily inserted and causes less laryngeal trauma. Limitations of extraglottic
269:
The
American Medical Association and Australian Resuscitation Council advocate sweeping the fingers across the back of the throat to attempt to dislodge airway obstructions, once the choking victim becomes unconscious. However, many modern protocols and literature recommend against the use of the
771:
Management of the airway in trauma can be particularly complicated, and is dependent on the mechanism, location, and severity of injury to the airway and its surrounding tissues. Injuries to the cervical spine, traumatic disruption of the airway itself, edema in the setting of caustic or thermal
716:
airways) resulted in greater short-term and long-term survival, as well as improved neurological outcomes in comparison to advanced airway interventions (endotracheal intubation, laryngeal mask airway, all types of supraglottic airways (SGA), and trans-tracheal or trans-cricothyroid membrane
516:
are curved, rigid plastic devices, inserted into the patient's mouth. Oropharyngeal airways are produced in various lengths and diameters to accommodate for gender and anatomical variations. It is especially useful in patients with excessive tongue and other soft tissues. OPAs prevent airway
775:
The pre-hospital setting provides unique challenges to management of the airway including tight spaces, neck immobilization, poor lighting, and often the added complexity of attempting procedures during transport. When possible, basic airway management should be prioritized including
776:
head-tilt-chin-lift maneuvers, and bag-valve masking. If ineffective, a supraglottic airway can be utilized to aid in oxygenation and maintenance of a patent airway. An oropharyngeal airway is acceptable, however nasopharyngeal airways should be avoided in trauma, particularly if a
2236:
Sayre, Michael R.; Berg, Robert A.; Cave, Diana M.; Page, Richard L.; Potts, Jerald; White, Roger D. (2008-04-22). "Hands-Only (Compression-Only) Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation: A Call to Action for Bystander Response to Adults Who Experience Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest".
353:
is an important prevention technique for an unconscious person that is breathing casually. This position entails having the person lie in a stable position on their side with the head in a dependent position so fluids do not drain down the airway, reducing the risk of aspiration.
254:) can be performed. Some guidelines recommend alternating between abdominal thrusts and back slaps while others recommend the same starting with the back slaps first. Having the person lean forward reduces the chances of the foreign body going back down the airway when coming up.
825:), laryngotracheal disruption, or distortion of the anatomy by a penetrating force or hematoma. Tracheotomy in the operating room by trained professionals is recommended over cricothyroidotomy in the case of complete laryngotracheal disruption or children under the age of 12.
704:
The optimal method of airway management during CPR is not well established at this time given that the majority of studies on the topic are observational in nature. These studies, however, guide recommendations until prospective, randomized controlled trials are conducted.
717:
airways). Given that these are observational studies, caution must be given to the possibility of confounding by indication. That is, patients requiring an advanced airway may have had a poorer prognosis in relation to those requiring basic interventions to begin with.
201:, quick, and relatively simple to perform. The simplest way to determine if the airway is obstructed is by assessing whether the patient is able to speak. Basic airway management can be divided into treatment and prevention of an obstruction in the airway.
962:
Nolan, JP; Soar, J; Zideman, DA; Biarent, D; Bossaert, LL; Deakin, C; Koster, RW; Wyllie, J; Böttiger, B; ERC Guidelines
Writing Group (2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary".
2200:
Yeung, Joyce; Chilwan, Mehboob; Field, Richard; Davies, Robin; Gao, Fang; Perkins, Gavin D. (2014). "The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An observational study in patients during cardiac arrest".
3380:
446:
In the hospital setting, healthcare practitioners will make the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration from the medical history and physical exam findings. In some cases, providers will order chest radiographs, which may show signs of
233:
Treatment includes different maneuvers that aim to remove the foreign body that is obstructing the airway. This type of obstruction most often occurs when someone is eating or drinking. Most modern protocols, including those of the
88:. This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere. This is accomplished by either clearing a previously obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as
314:
is useful for the latter. If head-tilt/chin-lift and jaw-thrust maneuvers are performed with any objects in the airways it may dislodge them further down the airways and thereby cause more blockage and harder removal.
472:
are many methods of subcategorizing this family of devices including route of insertion, absence or presence of a cuff, and anatomic location of the device's distal end. The most commonly used devices are
2066:
Fouche, Pieter F.; Simpson, Paul M.; Bendall, Jason; Thomas, Richard E.; Cone, David C.; Doi, Suhail A. R. (2014-04-03). "Airways in Out-of-hospital
Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
380:
In contrast to basic airway management maneuvers such as head-tilt or jaw-thrust, advanced airway management relies on the use of medical equipment. Advanced airway management can be performed
3426:
589:
into the trachea. In a nasotracheal procedure, an endotracheal tube is passed through the nose and vocal apparatus into the trachea. Alternatives to standard endotracheal tubes include
96:
patient, or medical sedation. Airway obstruction can be caused by the tongue, foreign objects, the tissues of the airway itself, and bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents (
792:
Management of the airway in the emergency department is optimal given the presence of trained personnel from multiple specialties, as well as access to "difficult airway equipment" (
1011:
114:
Basic techniques are generally non-invasive and do not require specialized medical equipment or advanced training. These include head and neck maneuvers to optimize ventilation,
708:
Current evidence suggests that for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, basic airway interventions (head-tilt–chin-lift maneuvers, bag-valve-masking or mouth-to-mouth ventilations,
342:
The jaw-thrust maneuver is an effective airway technique, particularly in the patient in whom cervical spine injury is a concern. It is easiest when the patient is positioned
772:
trauma, and the combative patient are examples of scenarios a provider may need to take into account in assessing the urgency of securing an airway and the means of doing so.
392:. Advanced airway management is frequently performed in the critically injured, those with extensive pulmonary disease, or anesthetized patients to facilitate oxygenation and
3416:
2435:"Experience in Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Significantly Influences Mortality of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1774:
681:
include less risk of infection and damage to the trachea during the immediate post-surgical period. Although rare, some long term complications of tracheotomies include
3227:
1012:"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators - Article in Motion"
744:, which advocates chest compressions without rescue breaths for teens or adults. This is to minimize the reluctance to start CPR due to concern for having to provide
3431:
451:
in the affected lung. In advanced airway management, the inhaled foreign objects, however, are either removed by using a simple plastic suction device (such as a
3461:
3446:
1284:"Cervical spine motion during airway management: a cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers"
121:
Advanced techniques require specialized medical training and equipment, and are further categorized anatomically into supraglottic devices (such as
403:
Many methods are used in
Advanced airway management. Examples in increasing order of invasiveness include the use of supraglottic devices such as
736:
Bystanders without medical training who see an individual suddenly collapse should call for help and begin chest compressions immediately. The
334:
share basic principles. The head is in a dependent position so that fluid can drain from the patient's airway; the chin is well up to keep the
1503:
Manning PB, Wesley JR, Polley TZ, et al. Esophageal and tracheobronchial foreign bodies in infants and children. Pediatr Surg Int 1987;2:346.
3108:
1239:
Donaldson WF, Heil BV, Donaldson VP, Silvaggio VJ (1997). "The effect of airway maneuvers on the unstable C1-C2 segment. A cadaver study".
1019:
2288:
Struck, Manuel F.; Beilicke, André; Hoffmeister, Albrecht; Gockel, Ines; Gries, André; Wrigge, Hermann; Bernhard, Michael (2016-04-11).
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Surgical methods for airway management rely on making a surgical incision below the glottis in order to achieve direct access to the
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for safe transport of the patient, to reduce risk of failure and the associated increase in morbidity and mortality due to hypoxia.
2808:
3680:
3441:
1472:
3359:
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Bossers, Sebastiaan M.; Schwarte, Lothar A.; Loer, Stephan A.; Twisk, Jos W. R.; Boer, Christa; Schober, Patrick (2015-01-01).
741:
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or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs. The most widely used route is orotracheal, in which an
2055:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 80. CHEST WALL, PLEURA, MEDIASTINUM, AND NONNEOPLASTIC LUNG DISEASE.
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to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body,
2568:"Airway Management of the Patient with Maxillofacial Trauma: Review of the Literature and Suggested Clinical Approach"
3349:
3257:
2772:
1435:
1366:
Mobbs RJ, Stoodley MA, Fuller J (2002). "Effect of cervical hard collar on intracranial pressure after head injury".
797:
435:
of the airway tract and cause significant obstruction of the airway. Complete obstruction of the airway represents a
1812:
3588:
3212:
2890:
2165:
Wik, Lars (2003). "Rediscovering the importance of chest compressions to improve the outcome from cardiac arrest".
1994:
Andriolo, Brenda N. G.; Andriolo, Régis B.; Saconato, Humberto; Atallah, Álvaro N.; Valente, Orsine (2015-01-12).
916:
3390:
3344:
3166:
2860:
1120:
3436:
3395:
3042:
243:
2290:"Acute emergency care and airway management of caustic ingestion in adults: single center observational study"
646:. Surgical airway management is often performed as a last resort in cases where orotracheal and nasotracheal
3567:
3385:
3278:
2897:
2791:
1721:"Evolution of the Extraglottic Airway: A Review of Its History, Applications, and Practical Tips for Success"
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699:
381:
198:
149:
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which vital organs, including the heart are not adequately perfused. Establishment of an advanced airway (
535:
are another family of supraglottic devices that are inserted through the mouth to sit on top of the larynx
298:
Prevention techniques focus on preventing airway obstruction by the tongue and reducing the likelihood of
3283:
2948:
2382:
Dupanovic, Mirsad; Fox, Heather; Kovac, Anthony (2010-04-01). "Management of the airway in multitrauma".
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737:
606:
375:
235:
134:
108:
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Vunda, Aaron; Vandertuin, Lynda (2012). "Nasopharyngeal
Foreign Body following a Blind Finger Sweep".
3670:
3237:
2943:
1870:
Thierbach, Andreas R.; Werner, Christian (2005-12-01). "Infraglottic airway devices and techniques".
729:) allows for asynchronous ventilation, reducing the no-flow ratio, as compared to the basic airway (
3298:
3252:
3118:
3009:
2989:
2728:
682:
55:
1331:
Kolb JC, Summers RL, Galli RL (1999). "Cervical collar-induced changes in intracranial pressure".
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104:
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Back slaps and abdominal thrusts are performed to relieve airway obstruction by foreign objects
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801:
784:
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670:
669:
A cricothyrotomy is an emergency surgical procedure in which an incision is made through the
655:
616:
541:
481:
473:
408:
319:
228:
126:
1081:
Maconochie, Ian (2015). "European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015".
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713:
477:
452:
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Foreign objects can be removed with a Magill forceps under inspection of the airway with a
404:
299:
122:
97:
1913:
Mohan, R; Iyer, R; Thaller, S (2009). "Airway management in patients with facial trauma".
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8:
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396:. Additionally, implementation of a cuffing system is used to prevent the possibility of
307:
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283:
130:
2450:
2214:
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is a soft rubber or plastic tube that is passed through the nose and into the posterior
197:(in contrast to advanced airway management). It is mainly used in first aid since it is
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85:
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by creating a conduit. Because an oropharyngeal airway can mechanically stimulate the
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Daniel Limmer; Keith J. Karren; Brent Q. Hafen; John Mackay; Michelle Mackay (2006).
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115:
2419:
2347:
Langeron, O.; Birenbaum, A.; Amour, J. (2009-05-01). "Airway management in trauma".
2151:
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includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve
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2011:
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The jaw thrust maneuver can also open up the airway with minimal spine manipulation
34:
804:, surgical methods, etc.). Of primary concern is the condition and patency of the
439:. During such crisis, caretakers may attempt back blows, abdominal thrust, or the
423:
3644:
3078:
2953:
2913:
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343:
61:
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1974:
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2643:
2593:
2527:
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2403:
2360:
2315:
2258:
2088:
2019:
1891:
1517:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. Chapter 2016 (Pediatric Chest).
874:
805:
733:) for which compressions must be paused to adequately ventilate the patient.
582:
496:
2566:
Barak, Michal; Bahouth, Hany; Leiser, Yoav; El-Naaj, Imad Abu (2015-06-16).
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1548:
318:
The head-tilt/chin-lift is the primary maneuver used in any patient in whom
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Brimacombe J, Keller C, Künzel KH, Gaber O, Boehler M, Pühringer F (2000).
1200:
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882:
663:
463:. If removal is not possible, other surgical methods should be considered.
460:
456:
448:
428:
389:
212:
193:
Basic airway management involves maneuvers that do not require specialized
38:
2584:
1838:
1813:"Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel"
1260:
853:
Bingham, Robert M.; Proctor, Lester T. (2008-08-01). "Airway management".
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3083:
3037:
2825:
2543:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th Edition
1418:
Finucane, Brendan T.; Tsui, Ban Chi-Ho; Santora, Albert H. (2011-01-01).
936:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th edition
338:
opened. Arms and legs are locked to stabilize the position of the patient
278:
165:
153:
142:
93:
89:
1631:"The nasopharyngeal airway: Dispelling myths and establishing the facts"
1582:"Intracranial placement of nasopharyngeal airways: Is it all that rare?"
1533:"The nasopharyngeal airway: dispelling myths and establishing the facts"
505:
3123:
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647:
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to dislodge the inhaled object and reestablish airflow into the lungs.
335:
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extreme, which is a point named xiphoid process and could be broken).
71:
3654:
3531:
1122:
American Medical Association Handbook of First Aid and Emergency Care
611:
594:
169:
2294:
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
658:
for a longer period. Surgical methods for airway management include
654:. Surgical airway management is also used when a person will need a
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326:
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3068:
2767:
822:
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570:
397:
176:
42:
2119:
552:
49:
of a morbidly obese elderly person with challenging airway anatomy
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385:
46:
615:
In cricothyrotomy, the incision or puncture is made through the
28:
3639:
2287:
1993:
1238:
809:
586:
578:
518:
357:
Most airway maneuvers are associated with some movement of the
3417:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
788:
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Example of a supraglottic device.
148:
Airway management is a primary consideration in the fields of
2506:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
1775:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
3500:
2631:
International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science
2053:
Greenfield's Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, 5e
1996:"Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients"
1515:
Greenfield's Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice, 5e
1513:
TONY CAPIZZANI; RONALD B. HIRSCHL; ROBERT E. CILLEY (2011).
1115:
897:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
1281:
688:
103:
Airway management is commonly divided into two categories:
3381:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
3228:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
2065:
1810:
756:
3432:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
2565:
2432:
2120:"Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation"
1714:
2199:
961:
3462:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
2346:
1872:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
1628:
1530:
556:
A cuffed endotracheal tube used in tracheal intubation
2691:
Emergency Medical Responder (Second Canadian Version)
1811:
Davies PR, Tighe SQ, Greenslade GL, Evans GH (1990).
1490:
3447:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
1417:
1365:
569:, is the placement of a flexible plastic or rubber
361:. When there is a possibility of cervical injury,
2688:
455:) or under direct inspection of the airway with a
286:is the most reliable method of opening the airway.
2743:
2381:
2235:
16:Medical procedure ensuring an unobstructed airway
3724:
1912:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1330:
693:
216:Inward and upward force during abdominal thrusts
2118:Bernhard, Michael; Benger, Jonathan R. (2015).
1955:
1869:
1629:Roberts, K.; Whalley, H.; Bleetman, A. (2005).
1526:
1524:
1178:
2117:
1770:"Supraglottic airway devices: recent advances"
1218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.
852:
3516:
2729:
2625:Patel, Sapna A; Meyer, Tanya K (2014-01-01).
2500:Cranshaw, Julius; Nolan, Jerry (2006-06-01).
2499:
1701:
418:
369:
3109:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1521:
1359:
1324:
1275:
1016:resuscitation-guidelines.articleinmotion.com
919:. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-12-06
2000:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1232:
517:obstruction by ensuring that the patient's
3523:
3509:
3412:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
2736:
2722:
2624:
2540:
1804:
1213:
1080:
933:
547:
466:
229:Choking § Basic treatment (First-Aid)
182:
27:
3457:International Anesthesia Research Society
3064:ASA physical status classification system
2660:
2642:
2601:
2583:
2517:
2476:
2458:
2323:
2305:
2027:
1973:
1949:
1906:
1787:
1767:
1736:
1671:
1654:
1605:
1556:
1531:Roberts K, Whalley H, Bleetman A (2005).
1299:
1057:
984:
957:
955:
509:Oropharyngeal airways in a range of sizes
2809:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
1761:
1491:"National Safety Council Accident Facts"
783:
755:
689:Airway management in specific situations
629:
610:
551:
504:
422:
325:
289:
277:
211:
203:
3681:Wilderness emergency medical technician
3442:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1622:
1573:
3725:
2502:"Airway management after major trauma"
1962:Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology
1039:
952:
3504:
3422:American Society of Anesthesiologists
2717:
2050:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1865:
1863:
1579:
1449:
1447:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1042:"Head-down self-treatment of choking"
3427:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1422:(4th ed.). New York: Springer.
1006:
1004:
929:
927:
925:
366:to manually hold the head in place.
310:are useful for the former while the
129:), infraglottic techniques (such as
3452:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3360:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
3263:Postoperative residual curarization
2215:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.018
2164:
1095:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.028
1059:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.02.015
977:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.021
600:
13:
3340:Operating department practitioners
2680:
1982:
1860:
1444:
1402:
1109:
855:Pediatric Clinics of North America
411:, infraglottic techniques such as
302:of stomach contents or blood. The
14:
3744:
3350:Certified anesthesia technologist
3258:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
2773:Procedural sedation and analgesia
2384:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
2251:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189380
1956:Katos, MG; Goldenberg, D (2007).
1001:
922:
798:eschmann tracheal tube introducer
764:Airway represents the "A" in the
634:Photograph of a tracheostomy tube
561:the patient's injury or disease.
3589:Automated external defibrillator
3484:
3475:
3474:
2891:Transverse abdominis plane block
2124:Current Opinion in Critical Care
1380:10.1046/j.1445-2197.2002.02462.x
1301:10.1213/00000539-200011000-00041
1253:10.1097/00007632-199706010-00008
938:. Mc-Graw Hill. pp. Ch 28.
685:and tracheoinnominate fistulas.
585:is passed through the mouth and
476:and supraglottic tubes, such as
3485:
3391:History of neuraxial anesthesia
3345:Certified anesthesia technician
3167:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
3028:Blood–gas partition coefficient
2861:Intravenous regional anesthesia
2618:
2559:
2534:
2493:
2426:
2375:
2340:
2281:
2229:
2193:
2158:
2111:
2059:
2044:
1915:Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
1506:
1497:
1483:
1465:
1420:Principles of airway management
1207:
1172:
1143:
3437:Royal College of Anaesthetists
3396:History of tracheal intubation
3043:Minimum alveolar concentration
2980:Anesthesia provision in the US
2012:10.1002/14651858.CD007271.pub3
1074:
1033:
909:
889:
846:
565:, often simply referred to as
415:and finally surgical methods.
244:European Resuscitation Council
1:
3568:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3530:
3386:History of general anesthesia
2898:Total intravenous anaesthesia
2846:Inferior alveolar nerve block
2792:Continuous wound infiltration
2572:BioMed Research International
2545:. McGraw-Hill. p. 1403.
2179:10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00267-3
1685:. 14 May 2010. Archived from
1345:10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90044-X
915:Wright, Pearce (2003-08-13).
840:
700:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
694:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
384:or with visualization of the
273:
150:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3676:Emergency medical technician
2949:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
2460:10.1371/journal.pone.0141034
2396:10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283360b4f
2136:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000201
2081:10.3109/10903127.2013.831509
2051:REDDY, RISHINDRA M. (2011).
1927:10.1097/SCS.0b013e318190327a
1831:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92429-L
1738:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31823b6748
1117:American Medical Association
899:. McGraw Hill. pp. 178–198.
835:Choking, First-Aid treatment
746:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
222:
7:
3284:Critical emergency medicine
2541:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
1768:Cook, T; Howes, B. (2010).
1216:Emergency Airway Management
1214:Burtenshaw, Andrew (2015).
1193:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.08.061
1040:Luczak, Artur (June 2016).
934:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
895:Tintinalli, Judith (2016).
828:
760:Bag-valve mask ventilation.
37:using the Glidescope video
10:
3749:
3573:Emergency bleeding control
3330:Anesthesiologist assistant
3192:Relative analgesia machine
2069:Prehospital Emergency Care
1975:10.1016/j.otot.2007.05.002
1958:"Emergency cricothyrotomy"
1635:Emergency Medicine Journal
1586:Emergency Medicine Journal
768:for trauma resuscitation.
738:American Heart Association
697:
607:surgical airway management
604:
419:Removal of foreign objects
376:Advanced airway management
373:
370:Advanced airway management
236:American Heart Association
226:
186:
3689:
3671:Certified first responder
3663:
3627:
3581:
3538:
3470:
3404:
3368:
3317:
3271:
3238:Local anesthetic toxicity
3205:
3137:
3056:
3020:
2967:
2906:
2755:
2307:10.1186/s13049-016-0240-5
1884:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.06.001
1428:10.1007/978-0-387-09558-5
1181:The Journal of Pediatrics
986:10067/1302980151162165141
867:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.04.004
751:
68:
54:
26:
21:
3253:Postanesthetic shivering
3119:Neuromuscular monitoring
3010:Rapid sequence induction
2939:Inhalational anesthetics
2644:10.4103/2229-5151.128016
2519:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl015
1789:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkq058
1725:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1719:; Ovassapian, A (2011).
500:to the base of the skull
3304:Oral sedation dentistry
3294:Intensive care medicine
3248:Perioperative mortality
3104:Guedel's classification
2851:Intercostal nerve block
2349:Minerva Anestesiologica
1647:10.1136/emj.2004.021402
1598:10.1136/emj.2006.036541
1549:10.1136/emj.2004.021402
917:"Obituary: Peter Safar"
802:fiberoptic bronchoscopy
644:upper respiratory tract
640:lower respiratory tract
548:Infraglottic techniques
467:Supraglottic techniques
400:or airway obstruction.
189:Basic airway management
183:Basic airway management
162:intensive care medicine
3355:Anaesthetic technician
3243:Malignant hyperthermia
789:
778:basilar skull fracture
761:
635:
627:
557:
521:does not obstruct the
510:
482:nasopharyngeal airways
431:
409:nasopharyngeal airways
394:mechanical ventilation
339:
295:
287:
217:
209:
127:nasopharyngeal airways
3614:Nasopharyngeal airway
3177:Laryngeal mask airway
3021:Scientific principles
2990:Dogliotti's principle
2866:Occipital nerve block
2831:Brachial plexus block
1580:Ellis, D. Y. (2006).
787:
759:
727:laryngeal mask airway
671:cricothyroid membrane
656:mechanical ventilator
633:
617:cricothyroid membrane
614:
555:
542:laryngeal mask airway
514:Oropharyngeal airways
508:
489:nasopharyngeal airway
426:
329:
320:cervical spine injury
293:
281:
215:
207:
3619:Oropharyngeal airway
3223:Drug-induced amnesia
3218:Anesthesia awareness
3152:Anesthetic vaporizer
3129:Thyromental distance
3033:Concentration effect
2907:Pharmacologic agents
2876:Pudendal nerve block
861:(4): 873–886, ix–x.
577:to maintain an open
533:Extraglottic devices
453:Yankauer suction tip
308:jaw-thrust maneuvers
3712:Wilderness medicine
3147:Anaesthetic machine
3005:Tracheal intubation
2995:Intravenous therapy
2934:General anesthetics
2886:Sciatic nerve block
2841:Femoral nerve block
2836:Fascia iliaca block
2814:Epidural anesthesia
2780:Twilight anesthesia
2585:10.1155/2015/724032
2451:2015PLoSO..1041034B
740:currently supports
563:Tracheal intubation
413:tracheal intubation
304:head-tilt/chin-lift
284:head-tilt/chin-lift
131:tracheal intubation
3707:Good Samaritan law
3233:Emergence delirium
3213:Allergic reactions
3089:Entropy monitoring
2871:Paracervical block
2856:Interpleural block
2819:Spinal anaesthesia
2804:Neuraxial blockade
2695:. Brady. pp.
1689:on 24 January 2013
790:
762:
650:are impossible or
636:
628:
558:
511:
432:
340:
296:
288:
240:American Red Cross
218:
210:
158:emergency medicine
118:, and back blows.
86:airway obstruction
3733:Airway management
3720:
3719:
3551:Airway management
3546:Abdominal thrusts
3498:
3497:
3335:Nurse anesthetist
3162:Bronchial blocker
3157:Arterial catheter
3048:Second gas effect
2975:Airway management
2944:Local anesthetics
2881:Retrobulbar block
2706:978-0-13-127824-0
2627:"Surgical Airway"
2245:(16): 2162–2167.
1825:(8721): 977–979.
1136:978-1-4000-0712-7
905:978-0-07-180913-9
794:videolaryngoscopy
723:endotracheal tube
683:tracheal stenosis
625:cricoid cartilage
621:thyroid cartilage
583:endotracheal tube
441:Heimlich maneuver
437:medical emergency
351:recovery position
332:recovery position
330:All forms of the
312:recovery position
252:Heimlich maneuver
248:abdominal thrusts
195:medical equipment
172:. The "A" in the
116:abdominal thrusts
82:Airway management
79:
78:
33:Photograph of an
22:Airway management
3740:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3325:Anesthesiologist
3114:Mallampati score
3074:Bispectral index
2914:Anticholinergics
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2694:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2646:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2462:
2445:(10): e0141034.
2430:
2424:
2423:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2006:(12): CD007271.
1991:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:. February 2000.
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:www.uptodate.com
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:www.uptodate.com
1451:
1442:
1441:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1157:. Archived from
1147:
1141:
1140:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1018:. Archived from
1008:
999:
998:
988:
959:
950:
949:
931:
920:
913:
907:
893:
887:
886:
850:
742:"Hands-only" CPR
642:, bypassing the
601:Surgical methods
258:the other hand.
135:surgical methods
72:edit on Wikidata
64:
35:anesthesiologist
31:
19:
18:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3685:
3659:
3623:
3577:
3534:
3529:
3499:
3494:
3466:
3400:
3364:
3313:
3267:
3201:
3133:
3079:Body mass index
3052:
3016:
2963:
2929:Benzodiazepines
2902:
2751:
2742:
2707:
2683:
2681:Further reading
2678:
2623:
2619:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2539:
2535:
2498:
2494:
2431:
2427:
2380:
2376:
2345:
2341:
2286:
2282:
2234:
2230:
2198:
2194:
2163:
2159:
2116:
2112:
2064:
2060:
2049:
2045:
1992:
1983:
1954:
1950:
1911:
1907:
1868:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1809:
1805:
1766:
1762:
1717:Klock, Andranik
1715:Hernandez, MR;
1713:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1679:"Guedel airway"
1677:
1676:
1672:
1627:
1623:
1578:
1574:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1416:
1403:
1364:
1360:
1329:
1325:
1280:
1276:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1208:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1075:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1002:
971:(10): 1219–76.
960:
953:
946:
932:
923:
914:
910:
894:
890:
851:
847:
843:
831:
754:
702:
696:
691:
652:contraindicated
619:in between the
609:
603:
587:vocal apparatus
550:
474:laryngeal masks
469:
421:
378:
372:
276:
231:
225:
191:
185:
179:is for airway.
75:
60:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3664:Certifications
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Bag valve mask
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Cardiothoracic
3275:
3273:
3272:Subspecialties
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Magill forceps
3184:
3182:Laryngeal tube
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Fick principle
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Butyrophenones
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:anesthesiology
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2617:
2558:
2552:978-0071794763
2551:
2533:
2512:(3): 124–127.
2492:
2425:
2390:(2): 276–282.
2374:
2355:(5): 307–311.
2339:
2280:
2228:
2209:(7): 898–904.
2192:
2173:(3): 267–269.
2157:
2130:(3): 183–187.
2110:
2075:(2): 244–256.
2058:
2043:
1981:
1948:
1905:
1878:(4): 595–609.
1859:
1803:
1760:
1700:
1670:
1641:(6): 394–396.
1621:
1572:
1520:
1505:
1496:
1482:
1464:
1443:
1436:
1401:
1358:
1333:Am J Emerg Med
1323:
1274:
1247:(11): 1215–8.
1231:
1225:978-1107661257
1224:
1206:
1171:
1151:"Finger Sweep"
1142:
1135:
1119:(2009-05-05).
1108:
1073:
1032:
1000:
951:
945:978-0071794763
944:
921:
908:
888:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
830:
827:
753:
750:
731:bag-valve mask
710:nasopharyngeal
698:Main article:
695:
692:
690:
687:
660:cricothyrotomy
605:Main article:
602:
599:
591:laryngeal tube
549:
546:
468:
465:
420:
417:
374:Main article:
371:
368:
359:cervical spine
275:
272:
227:Main article:
224:
221:
187:Main article:
184:
181:
139:cricothyrotomy
77:
76:
69:
66:
65:
58:
52:
51:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3745:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:First aid kit
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:Organizations
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3309:Pain medicine
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:Complications
3204:
3198:
3197:Tracheal tube
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Goldman index
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:Resuscitation
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Resuscitation
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:(2): 349–68.
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1683:AnaesthesiaUK
1680:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1437:9780387095585
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:(6): 389–91.
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1294:(5): 1274–8.
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1161:on 2018-02-04
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Resuscitation
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Resuscitation
1043:
1036:
1022:on 2016-05-29
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:Resuscitation
958:
956:
947:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
918:
912:
906:
902:
898:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
845:
836:
833:
832:
826:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:maxillofacial
803:
799:
795:
786:
782:
779:
773:
769:
767:
758:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
718:
715:
714:oropharyngeal
711:
706:
701:
686:
684:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
545:
543:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
507:
503:
501:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
478:oropharyngeal
475:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
430:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
405:oropharyngeal
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
367:
364:
360:
355:
352:
347:
345:
337:
333:
328:
324:
321:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
285:
280:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
220:
214:
206:
202:
200:
196:
190:
180:
178:
175:
174:ABC treatment
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:oropharyngeal
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3550:
3172:Gas cylinder
3057:Measurements
3000:Laryngoscopy
2985:Bronchoscopy
2974:
2690:
2637:(1): 71–76.
2634:
2630:
2620:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2003:
1999:
1968:(2): 110–4.
1965:
1961:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1875:
1871:
1850:. Retrieved
1822:
1816:
1806:
1782:(2): 56–61.
1779:
1773:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1682:
1673:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1543:(6): 394–6.
1540:
1536:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1419:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1339:(2): 135–7.
1336:
1332:
1326:
1291:
1288:Anesth Analg
1287:
1277:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1215:
1209:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1155:resus.org.au
1154:
1145:
1127:Random House
1121:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1015:
968:
964:
935:
911:
896:
891:
858:
854:
848:
808:structures,
791:
774:
770:
766:ABC mnemonic
763:
735:
719:
707:
703:
679:
668:
664:tracheostomy
637:
559:
536:
532:
531:
513:
512:
488:
486:
470:
461:bronchoscope
457:laryngoscope
449:air-trapping
445:
433:
429:laryngoscope
402:
398:asphyxiation
390:laryngoscope
379:
356:
348:
341:
317:
297:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
232:
219:
199:non-invasive
192:
147:
120:
113:
102:
81:
80:
39:laryngoscope
3702:Golden hour
3376:ACE mixture
3318:Professions
3139:Instruments
3084:Capnography
3038:Fink effect
2919:Antiemetics
2826:Nerve block
2239:Circulation
1921:(1): 21–3.
1537:Emerg Med J
1089:: 223–248.
388:by using a
166:neonatology
154:anaesthesia
143:tracheotomy
90:anaphylaxis
3539:Techniques
3124:Pain scale
2968:Techniques
2745:Anesthesia
2578:: 724032.
1818:The Lancet
1592:(8): 661.
1473:"UpToDate"
1455:"UpToDate"
1368:ANZ J Surg
1187:(2): 353.
1165:2018-02-04
1026:2016-12-06
841:References
675:angioedema
648:intubation
567:intubation
527:gag reflex
523:epiglottis
480:(OPA) and
336:epiglottis
300:aspiration
274:Prevention
98:aspiration
3628:Mnemonics
3582:Equipment
3532:First aid
3299:Obstetric
3289:Geriatric
2959:Sedatives
2653:2229-5151
2594:2314-6133
2528:1743-1816
2469:1932-6203
2404:1473-6500
2361:1827-1596
2316:1757-7241
2259:0009-7322
2105:207521831
2089:1090-3127
2020:1469-493X
1892:1521-6896
875:0031-3955
595:combitube
573:into the
382:"blindly"
223:Treatment
170:first aid
137:(such as
3727:Category
3697:Bleeding
3604:Dressing
3561:Advanced
3480:Category
3069:Baricity
2768:Sedation
2671:24741501
2612:26161411
2487:26496440
2439:PLOS ONE
2420:12995535
2412:20042974
2369:19412149
2334:27068119
2267:18378619
2223:24594093
2187:12969601
2152:21363140
2144:25922892
2097:24111481
2038:25581416
1935:19164982
1900:16408536
1847:30763681
1798:49413173
1755:14421707
1747:22178627
1665:15911941
1616:16858116
1567:15911941
1396:33930416
1388:12121154
1353:10102310
1318:32473385
1310:11049921
1269:28174117
1201:22014606
1103:26477414
1068:26923159
995:20956052
883:18675024
829:See also
823:c-collar
623:and the
497:fracture
242:and the
177:mnemonic
109:advanced
94:obtunded
43:intubate
3599:Bandage
3490:Outline
3369:History
2954:Opioids
2797:Topical
2763:General
2662:3982374
2603:4486512
2478:4619807
2447:Bibcode
2325:4827211
2275:8249049
2029:6517297
1943:5459569
1852:25 July
1839:1978159
1656:1726817
1607:2564185
1558:1726817
1261:9201858
1052:: e13.
818:bronchi
814:trachea
712:and/or
575:trachea
493:pharynx
386:glottis
363:collars
133:), and
62:D058109
47:trachea
3690:Topics
3650:SAMPLE
3640:OPQRST
2703:
2669:
2659:
2651:
2610:
2600:
2592:
2549:
2526:
2485:
2475:
2467:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2367:
2359:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2300:: 45.
2273:
2265:
2257:
2221:
2185:
2150:
2142:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2036:
2026:
2018:
1941:
1933:
1898:
1890:
1845:
1837:
1796:
1753:
1745:
1693:23 May
1663:
1653:
1614:
1604:
1565:
1555:
1434:
1394:
1386:
1351:
1316:
1308:
1267:
1259:
1222:
1199:
1133:
1101:
1066:
993:
942:
903:
881:
873:
816:, and
810:larynx
752:Trauma
579:airway
519:tongue
344:supine
168:, and
92:, the
3556:Basic
2787:Local
2756:Types
2697:92–97
2416:S2CID
2271:S2CID
2148:S2CID
2101:S2CID
1939:S2CID
1843:S2CID
1794:S2CID
1751:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1314:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1241:Spine
105:basic
70:[
3655:SOAP
3645:RICE
2747:and
2701:ISBN
2667:PMID
2649:ISSN
2608:PMID
2590:ISSN
2576:2015
2547:ISBN
2524:ISSN
2483:PMID
2465:ISSN
2408:PMID
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