Anaphylaxis - Knowledge

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K, Horner C, Huntington K, Kasireddy P, Keeler D, Kim B, Lieberman P, Lindhorst E, McEnany F, Milbank J, Murphy H, Pando O, Patel AK, Ratliff N, Rhodes R, Robertson K, Scott H, Snell A, Sullivan R, Trivedi V, Wickham A, Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Bernstein JA, Campbell RL, Dinakar C, Ellis A, Golden DK, Greenhawt M, Lieberman JA, Rank MA, Stukus DR, Wang J, Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DK, Bernstein JA, Dinakar C, Ellis A, Greenhawt M, Horner C, Khan DA, Lieberman JA, Oppenheimer J, Rank MA, Shaker MS, Stukus DR, Wang J (April 2020).

352: 231:– including nuts, milk, fish, shellfish, eggs and some fresh fruits or dried fruits; allergies to sulfites – a class of food preservatives and a byproduct in some fermented foods like vinegar; allergies to medications – including some antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin; allergy to general anaesthetic (used to make people sleep during surgery); allergy to contrast agents – dyes used in some medical tests to help certain areas of the body show up better on scans; allergy to 1150:. Oral immunotherapy may be effective at desensitizing some people to certain food including milk, eggs, nuts and peanuts; however, adverse effects are common. For example, many people develop an itchy throat, cough, or lip swelling during immunotherapy. Desensitization is also possible for many medications, however it is advised that most people simply avoid the agent in question. In those who react to latex it may be important to avoid cross-reactive foods such as avocados, bananas, and potatoes among others. 5447: 1021: 5495: 5483: 5471: 1032: 5459: 1422:). In 1902, they repeated the injections in their laboratory and found that dogs normally tolerated the toxin at first injection, but on re-exposure, three weeks later with the same dose, they always developed fatal shock. They also found that the effect was not related to the doses of toxin used, as even small amounts in secondary injections were lethal. Thus, instead of inducing tolerance ( 25: 273:, commonly called an "epipen", and identification regarding the condition is recommended in people with a history of anaphylaxis. Immediately contacting ambulance / EMT services is always strongly recommended, regardless of any on-site treatment. Getting to a doctor or hospital as soon as possible is absolutely required in all cases, even if it appears to be getting better. 235:– a type of rubber found in some rubber gloves and condoms. Other causes can include physical exercise, and cases may also occur in some people due to escalating reactions to simple throat irritation or may also occur without an obvious reason. The mechanism involves the release of inflammatory mediators in a rapidly escalating cascade from certain types of 1198: 728:

occurs in about one in every 50,000 persons. If someone has a reaction to penicillin, his or her risk of a reaction to cephalosporins is greater but still less than one in 1,000. The old radiocontrast agents caused reactions in 1% of cases, while the newer lower osmolar agents cause reactions in 0.04% of cases.

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are frequently encountered as sources of anaphylaxis in Asia. Severe cases are usually caused by ingesting the allergen, but some people experience a severe reaction upon contact. Children can outgrow their allergies. By age 16, 80% of children with anaphylaxis to milk or eggs and 20% who experience

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occurs only after it binds to proteins inside the body with some agents binding more easily than others. Anaphylaxis to penicillin occurs once in every 2,000 to 10,000 courses of treatment, with death occurring in fewer than one in every 50,000 courses of treatment. Anaphylaxis to aspirin and NSAIDs

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that is rapid in onset and requires immediate medical attention regardless of the use of emergency medication on site. It typically causes more than one of the following: an itchy rash, throat closing due to swelling that can obstruct or stop breathing; severe tongue swelling that can also interfere

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Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DK, Oppenheimer J, Bernstein JA, Campbell RL, Dinakar C, Ellis A, Greenhawt M, Khan DA, Lang DM, Lang ES, Lieberman JA, Portnoy J, Rank MA, Stukus DR, Wang J, Riblet N, Bobrownicki AP, Bontrager T, Dusin J, Foley J, Frederick B, Fregene E, Hellerstedt S, Hassan F, Hess

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are implicated less frequently. Anaphylactic reactions to NSAIDs are either agent specific or occur among those that are structurally similar meaning that those who are allergic to one NSAID can typically tolerate a different one or different group of NSAIDs. Other relatively common causes include

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Worldwide, 0.05–2% of the population is estimated to experience anaphylaxis at some point in life. Globally, as underreporting declined into the 2010s, the rate appeared to be increasing. It occurs most often in young people and females. About 99.7% of people hospitalized with anaphylaxis in the

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Anaphylaxis leads to as many as 500–1,000 deaths per year (2.7 per million) in the United States, 20 deaths per year in the United Kingdom (0.33 per million), and 15 deaths per year in Australia (0.64 per million). Another estimate from the United States puts the death rate at 0.7 per million.

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administration because the latter may have delayed absorption. It is recommended that after diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis, the patient should be kept under observation in an appropriate clinical setting until symptoms have fully resolved. Minor adverse effects from epinephrine include

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into the mid anterolateral thigh as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. The injection may be repeated every 5 to 15 minutes if there is insufficient response. A second dose is needed in 16–35% of episodes with more than two doses rarely required. The intramuscular route is preferred over

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In those in whom the cause is known and prompt treatment is available, the prognosis is good. Even if the cause is unknown, if appropriate preventive medication is available, the prognosis is generally good. Usually death occurs due to either respiratory failure (typically involving

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Rates appear to be increasing: the numbers in the 1980s were approximately 20 per 100,000 per year, while in the 1990s it was 50 per 100,000 per year. The increase appears to be primarily for food-induced anaphylaxis. The risk is greatest in young people and females.

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and redistribution of intravascular volume from the central to the peripheral compartment. Other signs are laryngeal edema, eosinophilia in lungs, heart and tissues, and evidence of myocardial hypoperfusion. Laboratory findings could detect increased levels of serum

747:(kissing bugs) may cause anaphylaxis in susceptible people. Previous reactions that are anything more than a local reaction around the site of the sting, are a risk factor for future anaphylaxis; however, half of fatalities have had no previous systemic reaction. 1369:

Mortality rates have decreased between the 1970s and 2000s. In Australia, death from food-induced anaphylaxis occur primarily in women while deaths due to insect bites primarily occur in males. Death from anaphylaxis is most commonly triggered by medications.

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is the recurrence of symptoms within 1–72 hours after resolution of an initial anaphylactic episode. Estimates of incidence vary, between less than 1% and up to 20% of cases. The recurrence typically occurs within 8 hours. It is managed in the same manner as

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Anaphylaxis typically presents many different symptoms over minutes or hours with an average onset of 5 to 30 minutes if exposure is intravenous and up to 2 hours if from eating food. The most common areas affected include: skin (80–90%),

1079:. Asthma however typically does not entail itching or gastrointestinal symptoms, syncope presents with pallor rather than a rash, and a panic attack may have flushing but does not have hives. Other conditions that may present similarly include: 1315:

People prone to anaphylaxis are advised to have an allergy action plan. Parents are advised to inform schools of their children's allergies and what to do in case of an anaphylactic emergency. The action plan usually includes use of

1349:, with 0.7–20% of cases causing death. There have been cases of death occurring within minutes. Outcomes in those with exercise-induced anaphylaxis are typically good, with fewer and less severe episodes as people get older. 2329: 415:. Those with angioedema may describe a burning sensation of the skin rather than itchiness. Swelling of the tongue or throat occurs in up to about 20% of cases. Other features may include a runny nose and swelling of the 1291:

are unlikely to make a difference in the current episode of anaphylaxis, but may be used in the hope of decreasing the risk of biphasic anaphylaxis. Their prophylactic effectiveness in these situations is uncertain.

561:. Foods are the most common trigger in children and young adults, while medications and insect bites and stings are more common in older adults. Less common causes include: physical factors, biological agents such as 216:. These symptoms typically start in minutes to hours and then increase very rapidly to life-threatening levels. Urgent medical treatment is required to prevent serious harm and death, even if the patient has used an 4725: 4698: 890:

Anaphylaxis is diagnosed on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms. When any one of the following three occurs within minutes or hours of exposure to an allergen there is a high likelihood of anaphylaxis:

944:, or low oxygen levels among others. Low blood pressure is defined as a greater than 30% decrease from a person's usual blood pressure. In adults a systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg is often used. 779:

but not from injectable medications or stings. One study in children found that 60% had a history of previous atopic diseases, and of children who die from anaphylaxis, more than 90% have asthma. Those with

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Many foods can trigger anaphylaxis; this may occur upon the first known ingestion. Common triggering foods vary around the world due to cultural cuisine. In Western cultures, ingestion of or exposure to

858:, increase the leakage of fluid from blood vessels, and cause heart muscle depression. There is also a non-immunologic mechanism that does not rely on IgE, but it is not known if this occurs in humans. 1059:

allergies, but is not available for other medications. Non-immune forms of anaphylaxis can only be determined by history or exposure to the allergen in question, and not by skin or blood testing.

955:(released from mast cells) might be useful in diagnosing anaphylaxis due to insect stings or medications. However these tests are of limited use if the cause is food or if the person has a normal 1717:"Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium" 4556: 1007:, is a type of anaphylaxis that does not involve an allergic reaction but is due to direct mast cell degranulation. Non-immune anaphylaxis is the current term, as of 2018, used by the 3607:

Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DB, Oppenheimer J, Bernstein JA, Campbell RL, Dinakar C, Ellis A, Greenhawt M, Khan DA, Lang DM, Lang ES, Lieberman JA, Portnoy J, Rank MA (April 2020).

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used as adjuncts. A period of in-hospital observation for between 2 and 24 hours is recommended for people once they have returned to normal due to concerns of biphasic anaphylaxis.

4639: 261:, then placing the person "in a reclining position with feet elevated to help restore normal blood flow". Additional doses of epinephrine may be required. Other measures, such as 1393:

requested Richet and Portier join him on a scientific expedition around the French coast of the Atlantic Ocean, specifically to study on the toxin produced by cnidarians (like

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Martelli A, Ghiglioni, D, Sarratud, T, Calcinai, E, Veehof, S, Terracciano, L, Fiocchi, A (August 2008). "Anaphylaxis in the emergency department: a paediatric perspective".

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Clinical guideline 134: Anaphylaxis: assessment to confirm an anaphylactic episode and the decision to refer after emergency treatment for a suspected anaphylactic episode

5683: 2524:, citing May CD, "The ancestry of allergy: being an account of the original experimental induction of hypersensitivity recognizing the contribution of Paul Portier", 4825: 1264:

used for self-administration typically come in two doses, one for adults or children who weigh more than 25 kg and one for children who weigh 10 to 25 kg.

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Stevens W, Buchheit K, Cahill KN (December 2015). "Aspirin-Exacerbated Diseases: Advances in Asthma with Nasal Polyposis, Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis".

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Nurmatov UB, Rhatigan E, Simons FE, Sheikh A (February 2014). "H2-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock: a systematic review".

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The EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group (August 2014). "Anaphylaxis: guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology".

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epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis. Trials of sublingual epinephrine, currently called AQST-108 (dipivefrin) and sponsored by Aquestive Therapeutics, are in

1418:). In their first experiment on the ship, they injected a dog with the toxin in an attempt to immunise the dog, which instead developed a severe reaction ( 3609:"Anaphylaxis—a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis" 3347:"Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis" 6289: 1381:

had described how rabbits were killed by repeated injections of egg albumin in 1839. However, the phenomenon was discovered by two French physiologists

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The frequency of a reaction to an agent partly depends on the frequency of its use and partly on its intrinsic properties. Anaphylaxis to penicillin or

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review did not find any good-quality studies upon which to base recommendations and they are not believed to have an effect on airway edema or spasm.

6162: 4370:"The ancestry of allergy: Being an account of the original experimental induction of hypersensitivity recognizing the contribution of Paul Portier" 3517:

Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Dimov V, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal YM, Lockey RF, Sanchez-Borges M, Senna GE, Sheikh A, Thong BY, Worm M, World Allergy O (2013).

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isolated anaphylaxis to peanuts can tolerate these foods. Any type of alcohol, even in small amounts, can trigger anaphylaxis in people with AERD.

513:. Those with underlying coronary disease are at greater risk of cardiac effects from anaphylaxis. The coronary spasm is related to the presence of 1657:

Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J, Sanchez-Borges M, Senna GE, Sheikh A, Thong BY, World Allergy O (February 2011).

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muscles while stridor is related to upper airway obstruction secondary to swelling. Hoarseness, pain with swallowing, or a cough may also occur.

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Skin involvement may include: hives, itchiness or a swollen tongue among others. Respiratory difficulties may include: shortness of breath,

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anaphylaxis." Six vaccines (MMR, varicella, influenza, hepatitis B, tetanus, meningococcal) are recognized as a cause for anaphylaxis, and

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Richet and Portier extracted a toxin called hypnotoxin from their collection of jellyfish (but the real source was later identified as

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of 0.05–2%. About 30% of affected people get more than one attack. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis affects about 1 in 2000 young people.

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Modena B, White AA, Woessner KM (November 2017). "Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Hypersensitivity and Management".

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Avoidance of the trigger of anaphylaxis is recommended. In cases where this may not be possible, desensitization may be an option.

6196: 586: 4557:"Aquestive Therapeutics Successfully Demonstrates Repeatable and Predictable Oral Sublingual Film Administration of Epinephrine" 2929:

Simons FE, Ebisawa M, Sanchez-Borges M, Thong BY, Worm M, Tanno LK, Lockey RF, El-Gamal YM, Brown SG, Park HS, Sheikh A (2015).

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Tejedor-Alonso M A, Moro-Moro M, Múgica-García MV (2015). "Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis: Contributions From the Last 10 Years".

826:(IL)–4 and IL-13 are cytokines important in the initial generation of antibody and inflammatory cell responses to anaphylaxis. 34: 5533: 4984: 4488: 3922: 3455: 2857: 2593: 2555: 2230: 1768: 1481: 2184:

Clinically, anaphylaxis is considered likely to be present if any one of three criteria is satisfied within minutes to hours

2905: 680: 320: 5301: 4989: 581:. Events caused by exercise are frequently associated with cofactors such as the ingestion of certain foods or taking an 3663: 3198:"Speaking the same language: The World Allergy Organization Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System" 2877:

Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Clayton EW, Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines, Institute of Medicine (2011).

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Da Broi U, Moreschi, C (Jan 30, 2011). "Post-mortem diagnosis of anaphylaxis: A difficult task in forensic medicine".

1283:), while commonly used and assumed effective based on theoretical reasoning, are poorly supported by evidence. A 2007 6309: 6235: 6013: 3979: 3319: 2891: 2138: 1590: 243:

or non-immunologic mechanisms. Diagnosis is based on the presenting symptoms and signs after exposure to a potential

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Koplin JJ, Martin, PE, Allen, KJ (October 2011). "An update on epidemiology of anaphylaxis in children and adults".

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is available for certain triggers to prevent future episodes of anaphylaxis. A multi-year course of subcutaneous

6008: 4245:"The Nobel Prize laureate – father of anaphylaxis Charles-Robert Richet (1850–1935) and his anticancerous serum" 5591: 5911: 1307:

has been used in those not responsive to other measures due to its presumed effect of relaxing smooth muscle.

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may be resistant to the effects of epinephrine. In this situation if epinephrine is not effective intravenous

6299: 6134: 5114: 4435:"De l'action anaphylactique de certains venins | Association des amis de la Bibliothèque nationale de France" 1163: 326: 297: 4321:"Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy: Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy" 1468:, meaning "protection". On 15 February 1902, Richet and Portier jointly presented their findings before the 6294: 6191: 5311: 5120: 4644: 1332:

has been found effective against stinging insects, while oral desensitization is effective for many foods.

928: 574: 365: 2755:"Alcohol-induced respiratory symptoms are common in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease" 6093: 5896: 4959: 3434: 1386: 960: 594: 573:

changes, food additives and colors, and topical medications. Physical factors such as exercise (known as

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Itchy rash, throat swelling, numbness, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, low blood pressure, vomiting

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Cardet JC, White AA, Barrett NA, Feldweg AM, Wickner PG, Savage J, Bhattacharyya N, Laidlaw TM (2014).

1390: 1329: 1321: 1008: 601:, and latex are the most common causes. The cause remains unknown in 32–50% of cases, referred to as " 6154: 5977: 5526: 5463: 5196: 5104: 5009: 4999: 4902: 4619: 4612: 3103: 1493: 1252:

using a dilute epinephrine solution. Intravenous epinephrine, however, has been associated both with

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receptors on mast cells and basophils. This leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as

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Bilò MB (July 2011). "Anaphylaxis caused by Hymenoptera stings: from epidemiology to treatment".

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Simons KJ, Simons, FE (August 2010). "Epinephrine and its use in anaphylaxis: current issues".

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venoms is effective at desensitizing 80–90% of adults and 98% of children against allergies to

1117: 577:) or temperature (either hot or cold) may also act as triggers through their direct effects on 315: 286: 133: 82: 4780: 3969: 3912: 3309: 3061:

Klotz JH, Dorn, PL, Logan, JL, Stevens, L, Pinnas, JL, Schmidt, JO, Klotz, SA (Jun 15, 2010).

2847: 2128: 1580: 668: 5348: 5316: 5241: 5070: 5060: 2583: 1257: 842:(the foreign material that provokes the allergic reaction). Antigen-bound IgE then activates 502: 400: 4170:"The discovery of anaphylaxis, a brief but triumphant encounter of two physiologists (1902)" 6284: 6230: 6225: 6209: 6119: 6049: 5906: 5818: 5661: 5573: 5519: 5475: 5343: 1358: 1346: 1272: 1186: 1024: 916: 896: 851: 813: 785: 606: 549:

Anaphylaxis can occur in response to almost any foreign substance. Common triggers include

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Administration of intravenous fluid bolus and epinephrine is the treatment of choice with

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Androutsos G, Karamanou M, Stamboulis E, Liappas I, Lykouras E, Papadimitriou GN (2011).

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or has taken other medications in response, and even if symptoms appear to be improving.

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Brown SG, Mullins, RJ, Gold, MS (Sep 4, 2006). "Anaphylaxis: diagnosis and management".

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The number of people who get anaphylaxis is 4–100 per 100,000 persons per year, with a

1072: 484: 404: 372:(10–45%), and central nervous system (10–15%) with usually two or more being involved. 369: 361: 160: 146: 89: 4734: 4386: 4369: 4217: 4200: 4143: 3404: 2257:

Simons FE (October 2009). "Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment".

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is being studied as a method of preventing recurrence, but it is not yet recommended.

5959: 5954: 5754: 5743: 5635: 5583: 5494: 5451: 5383: 5363: 5257: 5099: 5030: 4751: 4590: 4538: 4530: 4494: 4484: 4391: 4350: 4336: 4298: 4259: 4222: 4181: 4147: 4100: 4065: 4016: 3975: 3950: 3918: 3897: 3885: 3842: 3837: 3820: 3798: 3763: 3716: 3704: 3657:"Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – Guidelines for healthcare providers" 3642: 3630: 3589: 3581: 3540: 3519:"World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Guidelines: 2013 update of the evidence base" 3499: 3461: 3451: 3408: 3368: 3315: 3254: 3219: 3170: 3166: 3123: 3084: 3035: 3031: 2997: 2962: 2931:"2015 update of the evidence base: World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines" 2897: 2887: 2853: 2825: 2784: 2724: 2686: 2630: 2589: 2561: 2551: 2515: 2501: 2453: 2439: 2391: 2321: 2274: 2226: 2175: 2134: 2085: 2028: 2024: 1934: 1868: 1764: 1738: 1688: 1586: 1179: 1167: 1159: 1045: 986:

which is by definition 30% lower than the person's baseline or below standard values.

801: 768: 488: 424: 258: 196: 138: 123: 77: 46: 4112: 4028: 3854: 3495: 3266: 3182: 3047: 2403: 2040: 1946: 1208:(adrenaline) (1 in 1,000) is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis with no absolute 1011:

with some recommending that the old terminology, "anaphylactoid", no longer be used.

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Vichyanond P (September 2011). "Omalizumab in allergic diseases, a recent review".

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Drain KL, Volcheck, GW (2001). "Preventing and managing drug-induced anaphylaxis".

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The conditions of anaphylaxis has been known since ancient times. French physician

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Demain JG, Minaei, AA, Tracy, JM (August 2010). "Anaphylaxis and insect allergy".

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Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))

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Oswalt ML, Kemp SF (May 2007). "Anaphylaxis: office management and prevention".

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in Paris. The moment is regarded as the birth of allergy (the term invented by

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Two or more of the following symptoms after a likely contact with an allergen:

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Ring J, Grosber M, Brockow K, Bergmann KC (2014), Bergmann KC, Ring J (eds.),

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Triggiani M, Patella, V, Staiano, RI, Granata, F, Marone, G (September 2008).

2171: 1480:). Richet continued to study on the phenomenon and was eventually awarded the 1433:

to describe the condition of lack of protection. He later changed the term to

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Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy

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can be useful to confirm milk, egg, peanut, tree nut and fish allergies.

983: 922: 823: 744: 740: 627: 472: 468: 460: 416: 224: 209: 3104:"Fatal anaphylaxis following jack jumper ant sting in southern Tasmania" 2671: 2425: 2011:

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may cause reactions by both immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms.

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Any medication may potentially trigger anaphylaxis. The most common are

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Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. (February 2006).

1505: 1426:) which they expected, they discovered effects of the toxin as deadly. 1296: 1056: 1035: 1020: 705: 672: 647: 602: 590: 408: 4690: 4479: 4044:"Prevention of Anaphylaxis: The Role of the Epinephrine Auto-Injector" 3940: 3535: 3518: 3447: 3196:

Cox L, Larenas-Linnemann, D, Lockey, RF, Passalacqua, G (March 2010).

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Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice 7th edition

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is available for certain foods and venoms. Blood testing for specific

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Non-immunologic mechanisms involve substances that directly cause the

495:. Rarely very low blood pressure may be the only sign of anaphylaxis. 5420: 5388: 4919: 4786: 1394: 1293: 952: 850:. These mediators subsequently increase the contraction of bronchial 847: 701: 697: 635: 578: 514: 392: 384: 4242: 3063:""Kissing bugs": potential disease vectors and cause of anaphylaxis" 1212:

to its use. It is recommended that an epinephrine solution be given

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Khan BQ, Kemp, SF (August 2011). "Pathophysiology of anaphylaxis".

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can be administered which has a mechanism of action independent of

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may show an "empty heart" attributed to reduced venous return from

948: 879: 809: 709: 655: 534: 448: 420: 244: 205: 2801: 1031: 843: 5708: 5227: 5014: 4201:"Portier, Richet, and the discovery of anaphylaxis: A centennial" 4198: 3391:

Lieberman P (September 2005). "Biphasic anaphylactic reactions".

2542:. Chemical Immunology and Allergy. Vol. 95. pp. 12–21. 1438: 1405:

for ocean exploration to make collections of the marine animals.

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among others) cause anaphylaxis by directly triggering mast cell

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Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

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Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology

3442:. Chemical Immunology and Allergy. Vol. 95. pp. 1–11. 3060: 2928: 110:

Anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylactic shock, biphasic anaphylaxis

6077: 4702: 4648: 3285:"Anaphylaxis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology" 1223: 1139: 1068: 875: 764: 760: 651: 619: 530: 440: 217: 3606: 3343: 1067:

It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish anaphylaxis from

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or irritant and in some cases, reaction to physical exercise.

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cramps. Dilation of blood vessels around the brain may cause

232: 186: 180: 5691: 3780: 2804:"Anaphylaxis and anesthesia: controversies and new insights" 1714: 4856: 1135: 639: 435:

Respiratory symptoms and signs that may be present include

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Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE (August 2007).

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Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre, C, Emala, CW (November 2009).

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of mast cells and basophils. These include agents such as

4279:"Interactions of Cnidarian Toxins with the Immune System" 4199:

Dworetzky M, Cohen S, Cohen SG, Zelaya-Quesada M (2002).

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Brown SG, Wu QX, Kelsall GR, Heddle RJ, Baldo BA (2001).

2752: 2581: 1656: 1197: 1131: 1049: 5511: 2876: 2363: 2225:. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 1511–1528. 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 2613:

Feldweg AM (May 2015). "Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis".

1827:(4th ed.). Oxford Medical Productions. p. 42. 3729: 2486:"Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy" 895:

Involvement of the skin or mucosal tissue plus either

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and flushing on the chest of a person with anaphylaxis

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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

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Halbrich M, Mack DP, Carr S, Watson W, Kim H (2015).

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There are three main classifications of anaphylaxis.

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Low blood pressure after exposure to a known allergen

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Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach

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Gastrointestinal symptoms may include severe crampy

447:. The wheezing is typically caused by spasms of the 4833: 2979: 2880:

Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality

2652: 2648: 2646: 2644: 1108:, increase in total and specific IgE serum levels. 4456: 4454: 4085:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4001:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3870:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3689:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3481: 3239:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2841: 2839: 1853:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1585:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 132. 4318: 3974:(7 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3967: 3017: 2296: 1182:may also be helpful in the emergency management. 6276: 6163:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 3914:Head and Neck Manifestations of Systemic Disease 3686: 3523:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2641: 541:or of "impending doom" has also been described. 118:Insect bites, foods, medications, drugs/vaccines 4583:Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology 4451: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3236: 2982:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2836: 2615:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1201:An old version of an EpiPen brand auto-injector 463:caused by low blood pressure is more common, a 4516: 4128:"François Magendie: Early French Physiologist" 3564:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3202:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2702: 2700: 2538:Worm M (2010). "Epidemiology of anaphylaxis". 2259:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2060:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2053: 1721:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 491:) may cause the feeling of lightheadedness or 5677: 5527: 4819: 3910: 2748: 2746: 2216: 2214: 2212: 1578: 654:is common in the Middle East, while rice and 467:has been described in 10% of people, where a 3662:. Resuscitation Council (UK). January 2008. 3332: 2582:Gausche-Hill M, Fuchs S, Yamamoto L (2007). 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 1912: 1910: 1850: 1401:). Richet and Portier boarded Albert's ship 878:, temperature (hot or cold), and vibration. 589:(AERD), alcohol is a common trigger. During 191:'guarding') is a serious, potentially fatal 3390: 3095: 2697: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2010: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1345:) or cardiovascular complications, such as 1324:, and counseling on avoidance of triggers. 771:are at high risk of anaphylaxis from food, 6290:Complications of surgical and medical care 5684: 5670: 5534: 5520: 5470: 4826: 4812: 4580: 4374:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4205:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4125: 3936: 3934: 3904: 3814: 3812: 3783:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 3613:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3307: 2924: 2922: 2849:Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions 2743: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2157: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1545: 1543: 1541: 208:, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness, 4478: 4385: 4344: 4283:Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets 4216: 4059: 3836: 3757: 3747: 3624: 3575: 3534: 3477: 3475: 3436:History and classification of anaphylaxis 3362: 3213: 3078: 3013: 3011: 2956: 2946: 2819: 2778: 2680: 2670: 2585:The pediatric emergency medicine resource 2577: 2575: 2509: 2447: 2385: 2256: 2189: 2079: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1732: 1682: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1574: 1572: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1062: 820:but sometimes non-immunologic mechanism. 4638:) is being considered for deletion. See 3736:Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology 3433:Ring J, Behrendt, H, de Weck, A (2010). 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 2845: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2410: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2239: 2054:Ma L, Danoff TM, Borish L (April 2014). 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1887: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1754: 1752: 1303:that does not resolve with epinephrine. 1196: 1030: 1019: 739:from stinging or biting insects such as 379: 350: 250:The primary treatment of anaphylaxis is 6197:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 3931: 3809: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3282: 3278: 3276: 2919: 2852:. New York: Humana Press. p. 223. 2612: 2484:Boden SR, Wesley Burks, A (July 2011). 2428:"Allergy and the cardiovascular system" 2285: 1699: 1095:In a person who died from anaphylaxis, 1090: 1015: 587:aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 391:Symptoms typically include generalized 6277: 4519:"The life and times of Charles Richet" 4167: 4041: 3861: 3557: 3472: 3008: 2935:The World Allergy Organization Journal 2572: 1663:The World Allergy Organization Journal 1603: 1569: 1518: 6019:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 5665: 5515: 4985:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme 4807: 4314: 4312: 4276: 4238: 4236: 4163: 4161: 3680: 3419: 3054: 2464: 2346: 2126: 1953: 1831: 1825:Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine 1749: 1492:There are ongoing efforts to develop 1484:for his work on anaphylaxis in 1913. 1482:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1055:Skin testing is available to confirm 1044:may help in determining the trigger. 346: 5458: 4676:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 4402: 3911:Harris JP, Weisman MH (2007-07-26). 3649: 3379: 3273: 3152: 2537: 2432:Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2306:The Medical Clinics of North America 2220: 1805:. United Kingdom: British government 1429:In 1902, Richet introduced the term 47:move details into the article's body 18: 5302:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules 4990:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar 4367: 3120:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143761.x 2297:Limsuwan T, Demoly, P (July 2010). 1796: 1248:If necessary, it can also be given 612: 223:Common causes include allergies to 13: 4309: 4233: 4158: 2653:Pravettoni V, Incorvaia C (2016). 2378:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00563.x 1027:being carried out on the right arm 947:During an attack, blood tests for 861: 791: 16:Life-threatening allergic reaction 14: 6321: 6236:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 4642:to help reach a consensus. › 4605: 4319:Boden SR, Wesley Burks A (2011). 2013:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 966: 454: 355:Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis 269:, are complementary. Carrying an 5873:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5446: 5445: 5088:Inner ear decompression sickness 4611: 4337:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01028.x 4048:The American Journal of Medicine 3988:from the original on 2015-06-20. 3949:(3): 163–75, quiz follow 174–5. 3838:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01435.x 3328:from the original on 2017-03-20. 3167:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02630.x 3142:from the original on 2012-01-14. 3032:10.2165/00002018-200124110-00005 2866:from the original on 2016-12-23. 2602:from the original on 2016-12-23. 2502:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01028.x 2440:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03714.x 2366:The Medical Journal of Australia 2147:from the original on 2016-02-05. 2025:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03779.x 1599:from the original on 2017-09-08. 704:preparations. Some medications ( 23: 6055:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 5917:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 5482: 4574: 4549: 4523:Histoire des Sciences Médicales 4510: 4467:Chemical Immunology and Allergy 4427: 4416:from the original on 2010-04-10 4361: 4270: 4192: 4174:Histoire des Sciences Médicales 4119: 4076: 4035: 3992: 3961: 3774: 3723: 3669:from the original on 2008-12-02 3600: 3510: 3496:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.039 3301: 3230: 3189: 3146: 2973: 2908:from the original on 2017-09-08 2870: 2795: 2606: 2531: 2151: 2120: 2096: 2047: 1458: 1446: 1352: 1320:, the recommendation to wear a 1310: 750: 650:are the most prevalent causes. 609:may cause anaphylaxis as well. 517:-releasing cells in the heart. 5592:Abdominal compartment syndrome 3484:Forensic Science International 2886:. U.S. Institute of Medicine. 1817: 1759:Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). 1192: 909:a. Involvement of the skin or 834:In the immunologic mechanism, 829: 804:. It is due to the release of 800:of rapid onset affecting many 430: 1: 6135:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 5322:environmental skin conditions 5115:High-altitude pulmonary edema 4627: 4517:Richet G, Estingoy P (2003). 4387:10.1016/S0091-6749(85)80022-1 4218:10.1016/S0091-6749(02)70118-8 4144:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)65446-9 3971:Patterson's Allergic Diseases 3570:(2). Elsevier BV: S161–S181. 3405:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61217-3 2659:Journal of Asthma and Allergy 2160:Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1803:NHS (National Health Service) 1582:In a Page: Emergency medicine 1579:Caterino JM, Kahan S (2003). 1511: 1153: 1111: 662: 595:neuromuscular blocking agents 6192:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 5312:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia 5121:High-altitude cerebral edema 4097:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833a6c72 4061:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.018 4013:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a41a1 3917:. CRC Press. pp. 325–. 3882:10.1097/ACI.0b013e328307a067 3701:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833bc670 3399:(3): 217–26, quiz 226, 258. 3251:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32830638c5 3208:(3): 569–74, 574.e1–574.e7. 3108:Medical Journal of Australia 3067:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2821:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181bbd443 2759:J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 1865:10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283481ab6 1675:10.1097/wox.0b013e318211496c 1464: 1452: 1335: 978:is associated with systemic 885: 575:exercise-induced anaphylaxis 332: 303: 280: 187: 181: 7: 6258:Systemic autoimmune disease 6094:Allergic contact dermatitis 6014:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 5897:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 5334:frictional/traumatic/sports 4960:Chronic radiation keratosis 4126:Shampo MA, Kyle RA (1987). 3393:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol 3308:Lewis JM, Cruse RE (2010). 2133:. F.A. Davis. p. 269. 1734:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1303 1487: 1267: 743:(ants, bees, and wasps) or 10: 6326: 5764:common allergies include: 5426:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans 4295:10.2174/187152811797200678 4042:Fromer L (December 2016). 3968:Leslie C. Grammer (2012). 3795:10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.010 3626:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.017 3577:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.981 3364:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.017 3215:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.060 2771:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.12.003 2434:. 153 Suppl 1 (s1): 7–11. 2318:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.03.007 2271:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025 2072:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029 1391:Albert I, Prince of Monaco 1372: 1226:, anxiety, headaches, and 1115: 1009:World Allergy Organization 501:may occur with subsequent 319: 290: 6218: 6184: 6175: 6153: 6107: 6086: 6067: 6037: 5991: 5976: 5935: 5887: 5880: 5866: 5836: 5811: 5726: 5703: 5628: 5600: 5582: 5549: 5541: 5441: 5278: 5250: 5205: 5197:Space adaptation syndrome 5174: 5148: 5132: 5105:Chronic mountain sickness 5048: 5023: 5010:Radiation recall reaction 5000:Radiation-induced morphea 4952: 4903:Warm water immersion foot 4875: 4849: 4842: 4766: 4684: 3749:10.1186/s13223-015-0086-9 3283:Mustafa SS (2024-02-26). 2994:10.1016/j.iac.2017.07.008 2948:10.1186/s40413-015-0080-1 2721:10.1007/s11882-015-0569-2 2627:10.1016/j.iac.2015.01.005 2265:(4): 625–36, quiz 637–8. 2172:10.1016/j.iac.2007.03.004 1504:of the anti-IgE antibody 1456:, meaning "against", and 1318:epinephrine autoinjectors 1262:Epinephrine autoinjectors 544: 285:The word is derived from 166: 152: 132: 122: 114: 106: 98: 88: 76: 71: 6310:Urticaria and angioedema 6009:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 5824:Eosinophilic esophagitis 5379:Weathering nodule of ear 4995:Radiation-induced keloid 4980:Radiation-induced cancer 4910:Non-freezing cold injury 4888:Immersion foot syndromes 4640:templates for discussion 2528:1985 Apr; 75(4):485–495. 1799:"Overview – Anaphylaxis" 1797:NHS (29 November 2019). 1178:, and close monitoring. 917:Respiratory difficulties 796:Anaphylaxis is a severe 731: 520: 271:epinephrine autoinjector 200:with or stop breathing; 6305:Type I hypersensitivity 6125:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 5912:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5307:Sclerosing lymphangitis 4898:Tropical immersion foot 4473:, S. Karger AG: 54–61, 4132:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2709:Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2526:J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2108:www.merriam-webster.com 1441:. The term is from the 788:are at increased risk. 419:. The skin may also be 375: 277:United States survive. 255:injection into a muscle 6226:Autoimmune adrenalitis 5394:Painful fat herniation 5374:Vibration white finger 5083:Decompression sickness 4940:Erythrocyanosis crurum 3351:J Allergy Clin Immunol 1502:Subcutaneous injection 1322:medical alert bracelet 1202: 1118:Allergen immunotherapy 1063:Differential diagnosis 1038: 1028: 1001:non-immune anaphylaxis 997:Anaphylactoid reaction 897:respiratory difficulty 816:, typically due to an 806:inflammatory mediators 555:insect bites or stings 388: 356: 343:'protection'. 134:Differential diagnosis 83:Allergy and immunology 5349:Fissure of the nipple 5317:UV-sensitive syndrome 5242:Adverse drug reaction 5071:Middle ear barotrauma 5061:Arterial gas embolism 4620:Medical Knowledge app 4325:Immunological Reviews 2490:Immunological Reviews 1500:as of December 2021. 1410:Portuguese man o' war 1299:may be effective for 1258:myocardial infarction 1200: 1034: 1023: 503:myocardial infarction 499:Coronary artery spasm 493:loss of consciousness 465:Bezold–Jarisch reflex 383: 354: 102:Over minutes to hours 6300:Respiratory diseases 6231:Autoimmune hepatitis 6210:Transplant rejection 6120:Giant cell arteritis 6050:Rheumatoid arthritis 5907:Goodpasture syndrome 5819:Autoimmune urticaria 5574:Toxic shock syndrome 5344:Equestrian perniosis 4662:. London, 2011. and 4439:sciences.amisbnf.org 2846:Castells MC (2010). 2104:"Definition of ANA-" 1347:cardiovascular shock 1091:Post-mortem findings 1046:Skin allergy testing 1025:Skin allergy testing 1016:Allergy skin testing 990:Biphasic anaphylaxis 818:immunologic reaction 812:from mast cells and 786:socioeconomic status 777:radiocontrast agents 669:β-lactam antibiotics 368:(30–45%), heart and 239:triggered by either 6295:Medical emergencies 5697:autoimmune diseases 5431:Narcotic dermopathy 5339:Black heel and palm 5292:Dermatosis neglecta 5166:Psychological abuse 5005:Radiation poisoning 4664:Anaphylaxis pathway 4412:. Merriam-Webster. 3311:Atlas of immunology 2672:10.2147/JAA.S109105 1474:Clemens von Pirquet 1470:Societé de Biologie 1412:) and sea anemone ( 1174:, large volumes of 1172:supplemental oxygen 963:for the diagnosis. 959:, and they are not 838:(IgE) binds to the 630:, certain types of 471:is associated with 437:shortness of breath 202:shortness of breath 143:asthma exacerbation 6140:Reactive arthritis 6130:Multiple sclerosis 6024:Reactive arthritis 5922:Pemphigus vulgaris 5902:Bullous pemphigoid 5803:Penicillin allergy 5739:Allergic urticaria 5651:Vasodilatory shock 5569:Anaphylactic shock 5401:Uranium dermatosis 5354:Pulling boat hands 5263:Lightning injuries 4767:External resources 3558:Simons FE (2010). 3289:Medscape Reference 3161:(Suppl 95): 35–7. 1403:Princesse Alice II 1203: 1176:intravenous fluids 1039: 1029: 984:low blood pressure 976:Anaphylactic shock 923:Low blood pressure 473:low blood pressure 411:) of the affected 389: 357: 347:Signs and symptoms 314:'up', and 259:intravenous fluids 229:allergies to foods 210:low blood pressure 161:intravenous fluids 147:carcinoid syndrome 6270: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6171: 6170: 6063: 6062: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5960:Pernicious anemia 5955:Myasthenia gravis 5832: 5831: 5755:Atopic dermatitis 5744:Allergic rhinitis 5659: 5658: 5509: 5508: 5258:Electrical injury 5100:Altitude sickness 4948: 4947: 4801: 4800: 4490:978-3-318-02194-3 4480:10.1159/000358503 4168:Richet G (2003). 4054:(12): 1244–1250. 3924:978-1-4200-1756-4 3536:10.1159/000354543 3457:978-3-8055-9441-7 3448:10.1159/000315934 2859:978-1-60327-950-5 2595:978-0-7637-4414-4 2557:978-3-8055-9441-7 2548:10.1159/000315935 2312:(4): 691–710, x. 2232:978-0-323-05472-0 2166:(2): 177–91, vi. 1931:10.1111/all.12437 1770:978-0-07-148480-0 1379:François Magendie 1180:Passive leg raise 1168:airway management 1166:measures such as 1162:that may require 1160:medical emergency 1158:Anaphylaxis is a 1005:pseudoanaphylaxis 798:allergic reaction 769:allergic rhinitis 759:diseases such as 461:a fast heart rate 342: 330: 313: 301: 237:white blood cells 197:medical emergency 193:allergic reaction 174: 173: 139:Allergic reaction 128:Based on symptoms 124:Diagnostic method 66:Medical condition 64: 63: 43:length guidelines 6317: 6253:Sjögren syndrome 6182: 6181: 6084: 6083: 5989: 5988: 5885: 5884: 5864: 5863: 5724: 5723: 5693:Hypersensitivity 5686: 5679: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5564:Neurogenic shock 5536: 5529: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5497: 5485: 5484: 5473: 5472: 5461: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5285:physical factors 5281:skin conditions 5213:Hypersensitivity 4930:Cold intolerance 4847: 4846: 4834:Consequences of 4828: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4615: 4599: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4482: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4277:Suput D (2011). 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3840: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3628: 3619:(4): 1082–1123. 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3441: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3357:(4): 1082–1123. 3341: 3330: 3329: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2950: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2782: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2513: 2481: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2423: 2408: 2407: 2389: 2361: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2328:. Archived from 2303: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2254: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2187: 2186: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2127:Gylys B (2012). 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2008: 1951: 1950: 1914: 1885: 1884: 1848: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1794: 1775: 1774: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1712: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1654: 1601: 1600: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1547: 1476:in 1906) study ( 1467: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1420:hypersensitivity 1210:contraindication 929:Gastrointestinal 903:causing symptoms 836:immunoglobulin E 613:Food and alcohol 366:gastrointestinal 337: 335: 325: 323: 308: 306: 296: 294: 190: 184: 69: 68: 59: 56: 50: 41:Please read the 27: 26: 19: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6262: 6214: 6177: 6167: 6149: 6145:Type 1 diabetes 6115:Coeliac disease 6103: 6075: 6059: 6033: 5999:Arthus reaction 5980: 5964: 5950:Graves' disease 5931: 5927:Rheumatic fever 5876: 5844: 5828: 5807: 5734:Allergic asthma 5715: 5699: 5690: 5660: 5655: 5624: 5596: 5578: 5545: 5540: 5510: 5505: 5437: 5327:Electrical burn 5284: 5283:resulting from 5282: 5280: 5274: 5246: 5233:Arthus reaction 5201: 5182:Motion sickness 5170: 5144: 5128: 5044: 5040:Oxygen toxicity 5019: 4944: 4871: 4838: 4836:external causes 4832: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4762: 4761: 4693: 4668: 4643: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4368:May CD (1985). 4366: 4362: 4317: 4310: 4275: 4271: 4252:Journal of BUON 4247: 4241: 4234: 4197: 4193: 4166: 4159: 4124: 4120: 4081: 4077: 4040: 4036: 3997: 3993: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3866: 3862: 3817: 3810: 3779: 3775: 3728: 3724: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3605: 3601: 3556: 3552: 3515: 3511: 3480: 3473: 3458: 3439: 3431: 3420: 3389: 3380: 3342: 3333: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3274: 3235: 3231: 3194: 3190: 3151: 3147: 3114:(11): 644–647. 3100: 3096: 3073:(12): 1629–34. 3059: 3055: 3016: 3009: 2978: 2974: 2927: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2844: 2837: 2800: 2796: 2751: 2744: 2705: 2698: 2651: 2642: 2611: 2607: 2596: 2580: 2573: 2558: 2536: 2532: 2482: 2465: 2424: 2411: 2362: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2301: 2295: 2286: 2255: 2240: 2233: 2221:Marx J (2010). 2219: 2190: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2052: 2048: 2009: 1954: 1915: 1888: 1849: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1795: 1778: 1771: 1757: 1750: 1713: 1700: 1655: 1604: 1593: 1577: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1519: 1514: 1490: 1415:Actinia sulcata 1375: 1355: 1338: 1330:desensitization 1313: 1289:Corticosteroids 1270: 1214:intramuscularly 1195: 1156: 1120: 1114: 1093: 1065: 1042:Allergy testing 1018: 969: 888: 872:contrast medium 864: 862:Non-immunologic 832: 794: 792:Pathophysiology 784:or of a higher 753: 734: 665: 615: 547: 537:. A feeling of 523: 469:slow heart rate 457: 433: 378: 349: 283: 67: 60: 54: 51: 40: 37:may be too long 32:This article's 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6029:Serum sickness 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5986: 5983:Immune complex 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5701: 5700: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5384:Wrestler's ear 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5364:Surfer's knots 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5209: 5207: 5206:Adverse effect 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5156:Physical abuse 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975:Radiation burn 4972: 4970:Radiation acne 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4783: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4722: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685:Classification 4679: 4678: 4666: 4651: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606:External links 4604: 4601: 4600: 4573: 4548: 4529:(4): 501–513. 4509: 4489: 4450: 4426: 4401: 4380:(4): 485–495. 4360: 4331:(1): 247–257. 4308: 4289:(5): 429–437. 4269: 4258:(4): 783–786. 4232: 4211:(2): 331–336. 4191: 4180:(4): 463–469. 4157: 4118: 4075: 4034: 3991: 3980: 3960: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3860: 3808: 3773: 3722: 3679: 3648: 3599: 3550: 3529:(3): 193–204. 3509: 3471: 3456: 3418: 3378: 3331: 3320: 3300: 3272: 3229: 3188: 3145: 3094: 3080:10.1086/652769 3053: 3026:(11): 843–53. 3007: 2988:(4): 727–749. 2972: 2918: 2892: 2869: 2858: 2835: 2814:(5): 1141–50. 2808:Anesthesiology 2794: 2765:(2): 208–213. 2742: 2696: 2640: 2605: 2594: 2571: 2556: 2530: 2463: 2409: 2345: 2284: 2238: 2231: 2188: 2150: 2139: 2119: 2095: 2066:(4): 1075–83. 2046: 1952: 1925:(8): 1026–45. 1886: 1830: 1816: 1776: 1769: 1748: 1698: 1602: 1591: 1568: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1498:phase 1 trials 1489: 1486: 1437:on grounds of 1383:Charles Richet 1374: 1371: 1354: 1351: 1337: 1334: 1312: 1309: 1305:Methylene blue 1273:Antihistamines 1269: 1266: 1194: 1191: 1187:antihistamines 1155: 1152: 1113: 1110: 1092: 1089: 1081:scrombroidosis 1064: 1061: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 994: 987: 968: 967:Classification 965: 957:blood pressure 938: 937: 934: 933: 932: 925: 919: 913: 904: 901:blood pressure 887: 884: 863: 860: 852:smooth muscles 831: 828: 793: 790: 752: 749: 733: 730: 725:cephalosporins 714:x-ray contrast 675:) followed by 664: 661: 614: 611: 546: 543: 527:abdominal pain 522: 519: 511:cardiac arrest 477:blood pressure 456: 455:Cardiovascular 453: 432: 429: 425:lack of oxygen 377: 374: 348: 345: 282: 279: 263:antihistamines 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 154: 150: 149: 136: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 65: 62: 61: 55:September 2024 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6322: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6273: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6204:Latex allergy 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6174: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6073:cell-mediated 6070: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Farmer's lung 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Cryptic shock 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5618:Osmotic shock 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:Skin pop scar 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Runner's rump 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5095:High altitude 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Aerosinusitis 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4670:"Anaphylaxis" 4667: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4596: 4592: 4589:(3): 209–19. 4588: 4584: 4577: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463:"Anaphylaxis" 4457: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4410:"anaphylaxis" 4405: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091:(4): 318–22. 4090: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3981:9781451148633 3977: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3789:(2): 126–31. 3788: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3695:(4): 354–61. 3694: 3690: 3683: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560:"Anaphylaxis" 3554: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3321:9781439802694 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893:9780309214353 2889: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:(2): 261–75. 2620: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:(1): 247–57. 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2335:on 2012-04-26 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2140:9780803639133 2136: 2132: 2131: 2123: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019:(7): 923–38. 2018: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859:(4): 319–25. 1858: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1592:9781405103572 1588: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1557:on 4 May 2015 1556: 1552: 1551:"Anaphylaxis" 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1359:lifetime risk 1350: 1348: 1344: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326:Immunotherapy 1323: 1319: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:intravenously 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:resuscitation 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144:yellowjackets 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Immunotherapy 1119: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:panic attacks 1074: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 988: 985: 981: 977: 974: 973: 972: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 935: 930: 926: 924: 920: 918: 914: 912: 908: 907: 905: 902: 898: 894: 893: 892: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:degranulation 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 827: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 789: 787: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 748: 746: 742: 738: 729: 726: 721: 719: 718:degranulation 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557:, foods, and 556: 552: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 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Retrieved 4563:. 2021-03-25 4560: 4551: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4502:, retrieved 4470: 4466: 4442:. Retrieved 4438: 4429: 4418:. Retrieved 4404: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4328: 4324: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4255: 4251: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4177: 4173: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4007:(5): 492–6. 4004: 4000: 3994: 3970: 3963: 3946: 3942: 3913: 3906: 3876:(4): 321–9. 3873: 3869: 3863: 3831:(8): 830–7. 3828: 3824: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3671:. Retrieved 3651: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3490:(1–3): 1–5. 3487: 3483: 3435: 3396: 3392: 3354: 3350: 3310: 3303: 3292:. Retrieved 3288: 3245:(4): 330–7. 3242: 3238: 3232: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3023: 3019: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2938: 2934: 2910:. Retrieved 2879: 2872: 2848: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2762: 2758: 2712: 2708: 2662: 2658: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2584: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2493: 2489: 2431: 2372:(5): 283–9. 2369: 2365: 2337:. Retrieved 2330:the original 2309: 2305: 2262: 2258: 2222: 2183: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2129: 2122: 2111:. Retrieved 2107: 2098: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2016: 2012: 1922: 1918: 1856: 1852: 1824: 1819: 1807:. Retrieved 1802: 1760: 1727:(2): 391–7. 1724: 1720: 1669:(2): 13–37. 1666: 1662: 1581: 1559:. Retrieved 1555:the original 1491: 1469: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1399:sea anemones 1387:Paul Portier 1376: 1367: 1363: 1356: 1353:Epidemiology 1339: 1314: 1311:Preparedness 1301:bronchospasm 1271: 1247: 1232: 1228:palpitations 1219:subcutaneous 1204: 1184: 1157: 1121: 1101:vasodilation 1094: 1066: 1054: 1040: 1004: 1000: 996: 993:anaphylaxis. 989: 982:that causes 980:vasodilation 975: 970: 946: 939: 889: 865: 856:vasodilation 833: 822: 802:body systems 795: 782:mastocytosis 755:People with 754: 751:Risk factors 735: 722: 690:chemotherapy 666: 616: 548: 524: 497: 485:distributive 475:. A drop in 458: 434: 390: 358: 284: 275: 249: 227:and stings, 225:insect bites 222: 176: 175: 52: 35:lead section 33: 6285:Allergology 5750:Anaphylaxis 5746:(Hay fever) 5636:Cardiogenic 5613:Hypovolemia 5584:Obstructive 5218:Anaphylaxis 5192:Airsickness 5187:Seasickness 4893:Trench foot 4883:Hypothermia 4843:Temperature 4776:MedlinePlus 4674:MedlinePlus 4645:Anaphylaxis 4628:‹ The 3020:Drug Safety 2665:: 191–198. 2540:Anaphylaxis 1478:allergology 1435:anaphylaxis 1424:prophylaxis 1389:. 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