532:
1120:. Despite this significant limitation, the average time to intubate the trachea with the GlideScope was only 38 seconds. In 2005, the first major clinical study comparing the Glidescope to the conventional laryngoscope was published. In 133 patients in whom both Glidescope and conventional laryngoscopy were performed, excellent or good laryngeal exposure was obtained in 124/133 (93%) of Glidescope laryngoscopy patients, compared with only 98/133 (74%) of patients in whom conventional laryngoscopy was used. Intubation was successful in 128/133 (96%) of Glidescope laryngoscopy patients. These early results suggest that this device may be a useful alternative in the management of difficult tracheal intubation.
1042:, designed the camera screen straight video laryngoscope in 1998. The first true video laryngoscope Glidescope was produced in 1999 and a production version with 60 degree angle, an onboard heater, and a custom screen was first sold in dec 2000. The true video laryngoscope has a camera on the blade with no intervening fiberoptic components. The concept is important because it is simpler to produce and handle the resultant images from CMOS cameras. The integrated camera leads to a series of low cost variants that are not possible with the hybrid Fiberoptic units.
429:
978:
227:
917:
47:
449:
1051:
290:
567:
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air, land, and sea applications. This device weighs 1.5 pounds, and is waterproof as well as airworthy to 20,000 feet altitude. The GlideScope Cobalt is a variant that has a reusable video camera with light-emitting core which has a disposable or single use external shell for prevention of cross infection.
1015:
with a light on the blade or intra-oral portion which requires a direct view of the target larynx; this view is clearly seen in 80-90% of attempts. The frequent failure of direct laryngoscopy to provide an adequate view for tracheal intubation led to the development of alternative devices such as the
1200:
Cases of mild or severe injury caused by rough and inexperienced use of laryngoscopes have been reported. These include minor damage to the soft tissues within the throat which causes a sore throat after the operation to major injuries to the larynx and pharynx causing permanent scarring, ulceration
1111:
Tracheal intubation with the GlideScope can be facilitated by the use of the
Verathon Stylet, a rigid stylet that is curved to follow the 60° angulation of the blade. To achieve a 99% successful rate of intubation with the GlideScope requires the operator to acquire a new skill set with this stylet.
365:
was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea. Jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that had a light source at the distal tip, rather than the proximal light source used by
Kirstein. This new blade incorporated a component
274:
Indirect laryngoscopy is performed whenever the provider visualizes the patient's vocal cords by a means other than obtaining a direct line of sight (e.g. a mirror). For the purpose of intubation, this is facilitated by fiberoptic bronchoscopes, video laryngoscopes, fiberoptic stylets and mirror or
254:
possible. This procedure is done in an operation theatre with full preparation for resuscitative measures to deal with respiratory distress. There are at least ten different types of laryngoscope used for this procedure, each of which has a specialized use for the otolaryngologist and medical speech
1131:
and military use. The Cobalt series of GlideScope then introduced a single-use variant that encompasses weights from 1000 grams to morbid obesity and is successful in many airway syndromes as well. The GlideScope Ranger is a variant designed for use in pre-hospital airway management including
397:
within the handle, a central notch in the blade for maintaining the tracheal tube in the midline of the oropharynx during intubation, and a slight curve to the distal tip of the blade to help guide the tube through the glottis. The success of this design led to its subsequent use in other types of
515:
blade is the most widely used of the curved laryngoscope blades, while the Miller blade is the most popular style of straight blade. Both Miller and
Macintosh laryngoscope blades are available in sizes 0 (neonatal) through 4 (large adult). There are many other styles of curved and straight blades
1171:
is possible has raised the question of whether these scopes should supersede direct laryngoscopy in routine airway management. Further evidence in support of videolaryngoscopy has accumulated over the years, indicating a favourable risk profile for video laryngoscopes over direct laryngoscopes.
1024:, Bullard scope, Upsher scope, and the WuScope. Though these devices can be effective alternatives to direct laryngoscopy, they each have certain limitations, and none of them is effective under all circumstances. One important limitation commonly associated with these devices is fogging of the
577:
The Miller, Wisconsin, Wis-Hipple, and
Robertshaw blades are commonly used for infants. It is easier to visualize the glottis using these blades than the Macintosh blade in infants, due to the larger size of the epiglottis relative to that of the glottis.
1188:. Due to the widespread availability of such devices, the technique of blind digital intubation of the trachea is rarely practiced today, though it may still be useful in emergency situations under austere conditions such as natural or man-made
255:
pathologist. This procedure is most often employed by anaesthetists for endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia, but also in direct diagnostic laryngoscopy with biopsy. It is extremely uncomfortable and is not typically performed on
479:
of one type or another. Since its introduction by
Kirstein in 1895, the conventional laryngoscope has been the most popular device used for this purpose. Today, the conventional laryngoscope consists of a handle containing batteries with a
1115:
In a 2003 study, the authors noted that the GlideScope provided adequate vision of the glottis (Cormack and Lehane grade I-II) even when the oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal axes could not be optimally aligned due to the presence of a
393:. With this in mind, he developed a laryngoscope designed for the sole purpose of tracheal intubation. Similar to Jackson's device, Janeway's instrument incorporated a distal light source. Unique however was the inclusion of
350:(1863–1922) of Germany first described direct visualization of the vocal cords. Kirstein performed the first direct laryngoscopy in Berlin, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose; he called this device an
902:
Other available fiberoptic devices include the
Bullard scope, UpsherScope, and the WuScope. These devices are widely employed for tracheal intubation, especially in the setting of the difficult intubation (see below).
1135:
In August 2009, the team at
Verathon collaborated with Professor John Sakles from the University of Arizona Emergency Department in achieving the world's first tracheal intubation conducted with the assistance of
1686:
1098:
The CMOS APS digital camera is located at the point of angulation of the blade (rather than at the tip). This placement allows the operator to more effectively view the field in front of the camera.
728:
547:, lifting it out of the visual pathway, while the Miller blade is positioned posterior to the epiglottis, trapping it while exposing the glottis and vocal folds. Incorrect usage can cause
1163:
C-Mac, Pentax-AWS(or Airway Scope), Video
Macintosh Intubating Laryngoscope System (VMS), the Berci DCI, and the Copilot VL. These laryngoscopes employ a variety of features such as a
1159:
are also currently available, such as the HEINE visionPRO, Truview PCD-R Manufactured by
Truphatek Israel, Glidescope, McGrath laryngoscope, Daiken Medical Coopdech C-scope VLP-100, the
335:(1805–1906) became the first man to view the functioning glottis and larynx in a living human. García developed a tool that used two mirrors for which the Sun served as an external
500:, and this design is still the standard pattern veterinary laryngoscopes are based upon; however the blade is difficult to control in adult humans and can cause pressure on the
516:(e.g., Phillips, Robertshaw, Sykes, Wisconsin, Wis-Hipple, etc.) with accessories such as mirrors for enlarging the field of view and even ports for the administration of
1167:
on the handle and or channels to assist in guiding the endotracheal tube into the trachea. The superior performance of video laryngoscopes in airway management where
3220:"Fiberoptic intubation through a laryngeal mask airway as a management of difficult airwary due to the fusion of the entire cervical spine - A report of two cases -"
3175:
Inada T, Fujise K, Tachibana K, Shingu K (1995). "Orotracheal intubation through the laryngeal mask airway in paediatric patients with
Treacher-Collins syndrome".
3757:
3267:
Zbinden S, Schüpfer G (1989). "Tube-Stat®: ein nützliches Hilfsmittel bei schwieriger Intubation" [The Tube-Stat: a useful aid in difficult intubation].
339:. Using this device, he was able to observe the function of his own glottic apparatus and the uppermost portion of his trachea. He presented his findings at the
3345:
Maharaj CH, Costello JF, McDonnell JG, Harte BH, Laffey JG (2007). "The Airtraq as a rescue airway device following failed direct laryngoscopy: a case series".
887:
passed through the scope can be used for performing procedures such as biopsies of suspicious masses. These instruments have become indispensable within the
398:
surgery. Janeway was thus instrumental in popularizing the widespread use of direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in the practice of anesthesiology.
1730:"Intra-Tracheal Anesthesia from the Standpoint of the Nose, Throat and Oral Surgeon with a Description of a New Instrument for Catheterizing the Trachea.*"
863:
Besides the conventional laryngoscopes, many other devices have been developed as alternatives to direct laryngoscopy. These include a number of indirect
659:
347:
373:(1873–1921) published results he had achieved using another new laryngoscope he had recently developed. An American anesthesiologist practicing at
2694:"Comparison of the Glidescope, the Pentax AWS, and the Truview EVO2 with the Macintosh laryngoscope in experienced anaesthetists: a manikin study"
1859:"Comparison of the Clinical Use of Macintosh and Miller Laryngoscopes for Orotracheal Intubation by Second-Month Nurse Students in Anesthesiology"
1095:
The steep 60-degree angulation of its blade improves the view of the glottis by reducing the requirement for anterior displacement of the tongue.
3428:
1919:
66:
3561:
2553:"Endotracheal intubation comparing a prototype Storz CMAC and a glidescope videolaryngoscope in a medical transport helicopter - a pilot study"
1857:
Somchai Amornyotin; Ungkab Prakanrattana; Phongthara Vichitvejpaisal; Thantima Vallisut; Neunghathai Kunanont; Ladda Permpholprasert (2010).
3750:
875:
can be used for office-based diagnostics or for tracheal intubation. The patient can remain conscious during the procedure, so that the
1091:, as well as for removal of foreign bodies from the airway. GlideScope owes its superior results to a combination of five key factors:
346:
All previous observations of the glottis and larynx had been performed under indirect vision (using mirrors) until 23 April 1895, when
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3743:
4376:
3440:
1931:
1705:
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1254:
511:
Two basic styles of laryngoscope blade are currently commercially available: the curved blade and the straight blade. The
250:
and then lifted with an upwards and forward motion ("away from you and towards the roof "). This move makes a view of the
4107:
3487:
1474:
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technology. During this demonstration, Sakles and the University of Arizona Telemedicine service guided physicians in a
2321:"Tracheal intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope or a GlideScope in 15 patients with cervical spine immobilization"
1348:
1297:
Bailey B (August 1996). "Laryngoscopy and laryngoscopes--who's first?: the forefathers/four fathers of laryngology".
964:
946:
531:
3627:
2277:
Foley LJ, Ochroch EA (July 2000). "Bridges to establish an emergency airway and alternate intubating techniques".
1856:
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out of the line of sight, and, depending on the type of blade used, inserted either anterior or posterior to the
3885:
2698:
2481:
942:
3095:"A comparison of three types of tracheal tube for use in laryngeal mask assisted blind orotracheal intubation"
2847:"The use of the BERCI DCI Video Laryngoscope for teaching novices direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation"
1538:
The case of Emperor Frederick III.: full official reports by the German physicians and by Sir Morell Mackenzie
1101:
The video camera is recessed for protection from blood and secretions which might otherwise obstruct the view.
4301:
4276:
938:
355:
207:
1184:(Some types of which may be used as a conduit for endotracheal tube placement), the lighted stylet, and the
416:
Evaluates difficulty in swallowing : a persistent sensation of lump in the throat, or mucus with blood.
4271:
3917:
3504:
17:
4386:
3735:
2651:"The Pentax-AWS((R)) rigid indirect video laryngoscope: clinical assessment of performance in 320 cases"
1107:
The heated lens innovation helps to prevent fogging of the lens, which might otherwise obscure the view.
528:
Additionally, paramedics are trained to use direct laryngoscopy to assist with intubation in the field.
332:
294:
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4261:
4117:
4112:
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1128:
1920:"Chapter 16: Conventional (laryngoscopic) orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation (single-lumen tube)"
215:
3979:
3300:
2751:
2191:
2187:"The UpsherScope in routine and difficult airway management: a randomized, controlled clinical trial"
456:
2477:"Use of the McGrath videolaryngoscope in the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation"
559:
upwards and forward at the same time, not to use the blade as a lever with the teeth serving as the
366:
that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endoracheal tube or bronchoscope.
4341:
4168:
4135:
4127:
927:
644:
407:
Helps in intubation during the administration of general anaesthesia or for mechanical ventilation.
374:
370:
73:
3895:
3784:
3480:
1124:
931:
410:
Detects causes of voice problems, such as breathing voice, hoarse voice, weak voice, or no voice.
382:
2403:"The Cormack-Lehane classification: twenty-fifth anniversary of the first published description"
1441:
1079:
John Allen Pacey) became the first commercially available video laryngoscope. It incorporates a
607:
Straight tongue with distal 7 cm. tubular, designed specifically for pathologic conditions
4331:
4296:
4266:
4201:
4102:
2649:
Suzuki A, Toyama Y, Katsumi N, Kunisawa T, Sasaki R, Hirota K, Henderson JJ, Iwasaki H (2008).
2526:
1088:
306:
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309:(1794–1866), who called his device the "glottiscope", with the invention of the laryngoscope.
4311:
3974:
3392:
3347:
3015:
2851:
2655:
2140:
1612:
Jackson, Chevalier (1996). "The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes".
1181:
1168:
394:
1858:
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4158:
3969:
3678:
3136:"Laryngeal mask airway and fiberoptic endoscopy in an infant with Schwartz-Jampel syndrome"
2402:
1180:
Other "noninvasive" devices which can be employed to assist in tracheal intubation are the
713:
540:
386:
8:
4371:
4306:
4288:
4256:
4206:
3831:
2099:
Gorback MS (1991). "Management of the challenging airway with the Bullard laryngoscope".
1201:
and abscesses if left untreated. Additionally, there is a risk of causing tooth damage.
1058:
997:
985:
884:
560:
336:
284:
203:
199:
2913:"Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation"
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3070:
3054:"Use of the laryngeal mask airway to facilitate fiberscope-aided tracheal intubation"
3053:
3034:
2983:
2942:
2870:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2770:
2727:
2674:
2669:
2650:
2564:
2500:
2457:
2436:"Early clinical experience with a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope) in 728 patients"
2383:
2342:
2294:
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2237:
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1977:
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1955:
1927:
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1768:
1745:
1701:
1682:
1664:
1647:
Zeitels SM (March 1998). "Chevalier Jackson's contributions to direct laryngoscopy".
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61:
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2222:
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1843:
1753:
1633:
1598:
1326:
432:
Laryngoscope handles with an assortment of Miller blades (large adult, small adult,
3401:
3356:
3309:
3239:
3231:
3184:
3147:
3106:
3065:
3024:
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2200:
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2013:
1995:
1967:
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1802:
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675:
521:
512:
302:
131:
31:
105:
4089:
4061:
3964:
3693:
2747:"The Pentax-AWS video-laryngoscope: the first experience in one hundred patients"
1565:"A historical perspective on use of the laryngoscope as a tool in anesthesiology"
1160:
1117:
1076:
310:
79:
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Detects strictures or injury to the throat, or obstructive masses in the airway.
4248:
4227:
4211:
4068:
4017:
3912:
3826:
3235:
1225:
888:
390:
329:
190:. It is a medical procedure that is used to obtain a view, for example, of the
1011:
The conventional direct laryngoscope uses a line of sight provided by a rigid
428:
4360:
4097:
4025:
3989:
3954:
3599:
3533:
1164:
1069:
1029:
1025:
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977:
864:
548:
378:
340:
92:
1123:
The Verathon design team later produced the Ranger Video Laryngoscope for a
4193:
4035:
3938:
3868:
3688:
3645:
3640:
3612:
3589:
3368:
3323:
3253:
3011:"Three cases of difficult intubation overcome by the laryngeal mask airway"
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Malik MA, O'Donoghue C, Carney J, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG (2009).
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1981:
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Fridrich P, Frass M, Krenn CG, Weinstabl C, Benumof JL, Krafft P (1997).
892:
876:
691:
501:
497:
322:
313:(1773–1809) and Garignard de la Tour were other early physicians to use
191:
99:
115:
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3847:
3821:
3816:
3793:
3719:
3650:
3635:
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3579:
2722:
2452:
2435:
2004:
1021:
896:
872:
868:
717:
544:
460:
433:
318:
263:
247:
2060:"A comparison between the Macintosh and the McCoy laryngoscope blades"
1388:
981:
Glidescope video laryngoscope, showing 60-degree angulated blade. The
4321:
3959:
3878:
3714:
3496:
1039:
880:
289:
256:
179:
1999:
1729:
1028:. In an attempt to address some of these limitations, Jon Berall, a
916:
226:
3930:
3724:
3548:
3427:
Chris C. Christodoulou; Michael F. Murphy; Orlando R. Hung (2007).
1189:
1144:
1104:
The video camera has a relatively wide viewing angle of 50 degrees.
448:
2031:
Magill, I.W. (1926). "An Improved Laryngoscope for Anæsthetists".
4140:
3775:
1185:
1084:
1004:
552:
468:
441:
259:
251:
235:
211:
195:
87:
52:
3435:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier. pp. 393–398.
2691:
2591:"Airway Scope AWS-S100, Rigid Video Laryngoscope for Intubation"
1926:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier. pp. 379–392.
1083:
digital camera, connected by a video cable to a high resolution
1050:
46:
4316:
4013:
3993:
3855:
2911:
Hansel J, Rogers AM, Lewis SR, Cook TM, Smith AF (April 2022).
1087:. It can be used for tracheal intubation to provide controlled
1066:
517:
475:
The vast majority of tracheal intubations involve the use of a
464:
437:
243:
242:
on the right side and flipped to the left to trap and move the
187:
183:
3218:
Lee JJ, Lim BG, Lee MK, Kong MH, Kim KJ, Lee JY (March 2012).
2623:. Montvale, New Jersey: Pentax Medical Company. Archived from
2593:. Montvale, New Jersey: Pentax Medical Company. Archived from
2434:
Cooper RM, Pacey JA, Bishop MJ, McCluskey SA (February 2005).
1147:
as they performed a tracheal intubation using the GlideScope.
140:
3344:
1956:"A new laryngoscope blade to overcome pharyngeal obstruction"
1270:
Koltai PJ, Nixon RE (1989). "The story of the laryngoscope".
1141:
485:
239:
3465:
2798:"A new video laryngoscope-an aid to intubation and teaching"
566:
2648:
2550:
2184:
982:
556:
520:. These specialty blades are primarily designed for use by
238:
lying on their back; the laryngoscope is inserted into the
170:
164:
146:
3174:
2433:
155:
3293:
1994:
152:
143:
2962:"The laryngeal mask--a new concept in airway management"
2745:
Asai T, Enomoto Y, Shimizu K, Shingu K, Okuda Y (2008).
2744:
2517:
996:
are located at the point of angulation of the blade. An
2889:
2525:. Osaka, Japan: Daiken Medical Co., Ltd. Archived from
2238:"A new laryngoscope: the combination intubating device"
2136:"Evaluation of the Upsherscope. A new rigid fibrescope"
1769:"How did the Macintosh laryngoscope become so popular?"
1175:
2588:
2551:
Boedeker BH, Berg BW, Bernhagen MA, Murray WB (2009).
234:
Direct laryngoscopy is carried out (usually) with the
2910:
1562:
1442:"Manuel García (1805–1906): A bicentenary reflection"
389:
would provide improved conditions for surgery of the
214:
procedures on the larynx or other parts of the upper
161:
158:
134:
3433:
Benumof's airway management: principles and practice
3133:
2318:
1924:
Benumof's airway management: principles and practice
167:
137:
30:"Laryngoscope" redirects here. For the journal, see
3134:Theroux MC, Kettrick RG, Khine HH (February 1995).
1694:
A manual of peroral endoscopy and laryngeal surgery
573:
Direct Line of Site Laryngoscope by Adroit Surgical
149:
2615:
1075:In 2001, the GlideScope (designed by vascular and
2474:
2133:
1681:
1493:"Alfred Kirstein. Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy"
1490:
4358:
2400:
1815:
1563:Burkle CM, Zepeda FA, Bacon DR, Rose SH (2004).
1531:
3389:
3266:
2844:
2795:
1491:Hirsch NP, Smith GB, Hirsch PO (January 1986).
3562:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
3296:"Lighted stylet tracheal intubation: a review"
3294:Davis L, Cook-Sather SD, Schreiner MS (2000).
2520:"Coopdech video laryngoscope portable VLP-100"
1917:
1204:
198:. Laryngoscopy may be performed to facilitate
4247:
3751:
3481:
3217:
2429:
2427:
2362:"Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics"
2359:
1558:
1556:
1525:
1127:requirement that is now rolling forward into
381:, Janeway believed that direct intratracheal
358:motivated Kirstein to develop the autoscope.
3420:
3390:Norman R. James (1950). "Blind Intubation".
3092:
2557:Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
2276:
1486:
1484:
1247:The history of the Royal Society of Medicine
1150:
423:
2319:Agrò F, Barzoi G, Montecchia F (May 2003).
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1721:
1640:
1605:
1433:
1269:
945:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
858:
712:Lever-tip for anterior displacement of the
592:
589:
586:
583:
555:; the correct technique is to displace the
354:. It is believed that the death in 1888 of
3758:
3744:
3488:
3474:
3051:
2904:
2424:
2098:
2057:
1766:
1646:
1553:
1369:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
871:. The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope or
45:
3313:
3243:
3151:
3110:
3069:
3028:
2977:
2936:
2864:
2821:
2764:
2721:
2711:
2668:
2494:
2451:
2377:
2336:
2253:
2204:
2153:
2075:
1971:
1911:
1887:
1877:
1833:
1784:
1760:
1700:: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 17–52.
1580:
1508:
1481:
1396:
1353:
1290:
1263:
1016:lighted stylet, and a number of indirect
965:Learn how and when to remove this message
539:The Macintosh blade is positioned in the
230:Anatomical parts seen during laryngoscopy
3008:
2959:
2305:
1541:. New York: Edgar S. Werner. p. 167
1439:
1296:
1049:
976:
565:
535:Intubation Macintosh Blade Sagittal View
530:
447:
427:
288:
275:prism optically enhanced laryngoscopes.
269:
225:
3093:Lim SL, Tay DH, Thomas E (March 1994).
1953:
1947:
1727:
1611:
1244:
1057:using GlideScope video laryngoscope to
14:
4359:
3429:"Chapter 17: Blind digital intubation"
2589:Pentax Medical Company (6 July 2006).
2360:Cormack RS, Lehane J (November 1984).
2235:
2030:
1475:"Con ciencia - Manuel Patricio García"
1359:
1341:Bel canto: a history of vocal pedagogy
491:
413:Detects causes of throat and ear pain.
221:
3739:
3469:
2407:Internet Journal of Airway Management
2134:Pearce AC, Shaw S, Macklin S (1996).
1343:. University of Toronto Press, p. 5.
906:
2887:
2796:Kaplan MB, Ward DS, Berci G (2002).
2475:Shippey B, Ray D, McKeown D (2008).
2401:Ernst Zadrobilek (28 October 2009).
2058:Cook, TM; Tuckey, JP (10 May 1996).
1866:Anesthesiology Research and Practice
1426:American Otological Society (1905).
1176:Other noninvasive intubation devices
943:adding citations to reliable sources
910:
615:George D. Cranton and Barry L. Wall
496:Early laryngoscopes used a straight
4108:High-resolution computed tomography
3766:Tests and procedures involving the
1020:viewing laryngoscopes, such as the
24:
3406:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1950.tb12674.x
3189:10.1111/j.1460-9592.1995.tb00260.x
3112:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03435.x
3030:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10788.x
2845:Low D, Healy D, Rasburn N (2008).
2766:10.1213/01.ane.0000287647.46165.bc
2379:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1984.tb08932.x
2155:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb12565.x
2077:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb14971.x
1626:10.1111/j.1460-9592.1996.tb00434.x
1510:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12702.x
867:viewing laryngoscopes such as the
508:to spontaneously occur in adults.
459:blades (large adult, small adult,
25:
4403:
3459:
2518:Daiken Medical Co., Ltd. (2007).
1365:"Observations on the Human Voice"
3361:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05036.x
3315:10.1097/00000539-200003000-00044
3153:10.1097/00000542-199502000-00044
3071:10.1213/00000539-199202000-00034
2866:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05323.x
2670:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05452.x
2255:10.1097/00000542-199410000-00044
2206:10.1097/00000539-199712000-00036
1973:10.1097/00000542-198711000-00021
1835:10.1097/00000542-194105000-00008
1786:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03026.x
1746:10.1288/00005537-191311000-00009
1582:10.1097/00000542-200404000-00034
1311:10.1097/00005537-199608000-00005
1195:
915:
869:flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope
262:, or on patients with an intact
130:
3383:
3338:
3287:
3260:
3211:
3168:
3127:
3086:
3045:
3002:
2953:
2881:
2838:
2789:
2759:(1): 257–9, table of contents.
2738:
2685:
2642:
2609:
2582:
2544:
2511:
2468:
2394:
2353:
2270:
2229:
2178:
2127:
2092:
2051:
2024:
1988:
1850:
1809:
1675:
1272:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
800:curved, with integrated mirror
484:, and a set of interchangeable
401:
3886:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
2929:10.1002/14651858.CD011136.pub3
2802:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
2699:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2482:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2101:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
1467:
1420:
1333:
1238:
1065:of a patient with challenging
667:curved reduced flange at heel
301:Some historians (for example,
13:
1:
4277:Positive pressure ventilation
3495:
2814:10.1016/S0952-8180(02)00457-9
2291:10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70121-4
2045:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)17109-6
2018:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)95524-8
1954:Bainton, CR (November 1987).
1661:10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80069-6
1232:
1045:
504:, which can cause unexpected
455:handle with an assortment of
208:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4377:Emergency medical procedures
4272:Negative pressure ventilator
3052:Benumof JL (February 1992).
2113:10.1016/0952-8180(91)90096-6
7:
2890:"Introducing the CoPilotVL"
1205:Etymology and pronunciation
55:as seen during laryngoscopy
10:
4408:
4262:Surgical airway management
4118:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3918:Tracheoesophageal puncture
3628:Female reproductive system
3516:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
3301:Anesthesia & Analgesia
3236:10.4097/kjae.2012.62.3.272
2917:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2752:Anesthesia & Analgesia
2192:Anesthesia & Analgesia
1767:Scott J, Baker PA (2009).
1728:Janeway, Henry H. (1913).
1245:Hunting, Penelope (2002).
282:
278:
29:
4287:
4240:
4220:
4192:
4149:
4126:
4088:
4081:
3988:
3894:
3783:
3774:
3707:
3659:
3626:
3598:
3570:
3503:
1996:Robert Reynolds Macintosh
1816:Robert A. Miller (1941).
1440:Radomski, Teresa (2005).
1249:. RSM Press. p. 79.
1151:Other video laryngoscopes
720:in difficult intubation.
424:Conventional laryngoscope
112:
98:
86:
72:
60:
44:
39:
4342:Pulmonary rehabilitation
4169:Bronchial challenge test
4136:Pneumonia severity index
4128:Clinical prediction rule
2960:Brain AI (August 1983).
2616:Pentax Medical Company.
1430:. Volume 15, pp. 402–403
859:Fiberoptic laryngoscopes
656:Reduced Flange (RF Mac)
371:Henry Harrington Janeway
3431:. In Benumof JL (ed.).
2236:Wu TL, Chou HC (1994).
1922:. In Benumof JL (ed.).
1918:James M. Berry (2007).
1125:United States Air Force
879:can be observed during
524:, most commonly in the
341:Royal Society of London
293:The laryngoscopy. From
27:Endoscopy of the larynx
4332:Hyperinflation therapy
4297:Artificial respiration
4267:Mechanical ventilation
4202:Bronchoalveolar lavage
4103:CT pulmonary angiogram
3505:Gastrointestinal tract
1381:10.1098/rspl.1854.0094
1089:mechanical ventilation
1072:
1008:
574:
536:
472:
445:
391:nose, mouth and throat
307:Benjamin Guy Babington
298:
231:
4312:Decompression chamber
3980:Heart–lung transplant
1339:Stark, James (2003).
1182:laryngeal mask airway
1169:cervical spine injury
1053:
980:
828:Direct Line of Sight
569:
534:
451:
431:
356:Emperor Frederick III
292:
270:Indirect laryngoscopy
229:
216:tracheobronchial tree
4184:Impulse oscillometry
4159:Body plethysmography
3679:Laparoscopic surgery
3224:Korean J Anesthesiol
2979:10.1093/bja/55.8.801
2000:"A new laryngoscope"
1818:"A new laryngoscope"
1773:Pediatric Anesthesia
1687:"I: Instrumentarium"
1614:Pediatric Anesthesia
939:improve this section
885:Surgical instruments
714:Epiglottic vallecula
621:straight, no flange
387:volatile anesthetics
4307:Hyperbaric medicine
4289:Respiratory therapy
4207:Nasopharyngeal swab
3832:Acoustic rhinometry
2532:on 16 February 2011
1879:10.1155/2010/432846
1157:video laryngoscopes
986:active pixel sensor
506:cardiac arrhythmias
492:Laryngoscope blades
311:Philipp von Bozzini
285:Tracheal intubation
222:Direct laryngoscopy
204:general anaesthesia
200:tracheal intubation
4387:Spanish inventions
4179:Diffusion capacity
4151:Lung function test
3768:respiratory system
2713:10.1093/bja/aen342
2496:10.1093/bja/aem303
2453:10.1007/BF03027728
2338:10.1093/bja/aeg560
1477:. 27 January 2014.
1073:
1037:emergency medicine
1013:viewing instrument
1009:
1000:is visible on the
998:anesthesia machine
907:Video laryngoscope
575:
543:, anterior to the
537:
477:viewing instrument
473:
446:
299:
232:
4382:Medical equipment
4367:Airway management
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4337:Pulmonary hygiene
4327:Postural drainage
4236:
4235:
4077:
4076:
3733:
3732:
3572:Respiratory tract
3554:Capsule endoscopy
3442:978-0-323-02233-0
3009:Brain AI (1985).
2285:(3): 429–44, vi.
1933:978-0-323-02233-0
1779:(Suppl 1): 24–9.
1740:(11): 1082–1090.
1707:978-1-4326-6305-6
1683:Chevalier Jackson
1256:978-1-85315-497-3
1155:Several types of
975:
974:
967:
856:
855:
660:George D. Cranton
630:Chevalier Jackson
375:Bellevue Hospital
363:Chevalier Jackson
123:
122:
88:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
4399:
4245:
4244:
4241:Other procedures
4086:
4085:
3781:
3780:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3269:Der Anaesthesist
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3177:Paediatr Anaesth
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2981:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1891:
1881:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1734:The Laryngoscope
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1691:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1533:Morell Mackenzie
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:Australian Voice
1446:
1437:
1431:
1428:The Laryngoscope
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1400:
1357:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1055:Anesthesiologist
970:
963:
959:
956:
950:
919:
911:
729:Robert A. Miller
676:Robert Macintosh
645:Henry H. Janeway
590:Year introduced
581:
580:
369:That same year,
330:vocal pedagogist
303:Morell Mackenzie
186:, a part of the
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
116:edit on Wikidata
108:
82:
49:
37:
36:
32:The Laryngoscope
21:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4283:
4232:
4216:
4188:
4145:
4122:
4090:Medical imaging
4073:
4062:Mediastinoscopy
4002:
3997:
3984:
3970:Transplantation
3965:Wedge resection
3890:
3770:
3764:
3734:
3729:
3703:
3694:Mediastinoscopy
3655:
3622:
3594:
3566:
3499:
3494:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3425:
3421:
3388:
3384:
3343:
3339:
3292:
3288:
3265:
3261:
3216:
3212:
3173:
3169:
3132:
3128:
3091:
3087:
3050:
3046:
3007:
3003:
2958:
2954:
2923:(4): CD011136.
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2888:Tydlaska, Jay.
2886:
2882:
2843:
2839:
2794:
2790:
2743:
2739:
2690:
2686:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2630:on 15 July 2011
2627:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2597:on 28 July 2010
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2549:
2545:
2535:
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2529:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2473:
2469:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2399:
2395:
2372:(11): 1105–11.
2358:
2354:
2317:
2306:
2275:
2271:
2234:
2230:
2183:
2179:
2132:
2128:
2097:
2093:
2070:(10): 977–980.
2056:
2052:
2029:
2025:
1993:
1989:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1814:
1810:
1765:
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1726:
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1712:
1710:
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1689:
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1676:
1645:
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1610:
1606:
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1554:
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1542:
1530:
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1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1375:(60): 399–410.
1358:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1295:
1291:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1215:combining forms
1207:
1198:
1178:
1153:
1118:cervical collar
1081:high resolution
1077:general surgeon
1048:
1002:high resolution
971:
960:
954:
951:
936:
920:
909:
861:
601:Cedric Bainton
526:operating room.
494:
426:
404:
348:Alfred Kirstein
317:to inspect the
287:
281:
272:
224:
133:
129:
119:
104:
78:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4347:
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4339:
4334:
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4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4249:Oxygen therapy
4242:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4228:Blood gas test
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4212:Sputum culture
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4069:Nuss procedure
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4018:pleural cavity
4009:
4007:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Cricothyrotomy
3910:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:Rhinomanometry
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3787:
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3772:
3771:
3763:
3762:
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3728:
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3709:
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3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
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3681:
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3670:
3668:
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3656:
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3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
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3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
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3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
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3513:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3461:
3460:External links
3458:
3456:
3455:
3441:
3419:
3400:(3): 159–160.
3382:
3355:(6): 598–601.
3337:
3286:
3259:
3210:
3167:
3140:Anesthesiology
3126:
3085:
3044:
3001:
2952:
2903:
2880:
2859:(2): 195–201.
2837:
2788:
2737:
2684:
2641:
2608:
2581:
2543:
2510:
2467:
2423:
2393:
2352:
2304:
2279:Crit Care Clin
2269:
2242:Anesthesiology
2228:
2199:(6): 1377–81.
2177:
2126:
2091:
2050:
2023:
1987:
1960:Anesthesiology
1946:
1932:
1910:
1849:
1822:Anesthesiology
1808:
1759:
1720:
1706:
1674:
1639:
1604:
1569:Anesthesiology
1552:
1524:
1480:
1466:
1432:
1419:
1361:García, Manuel
1352:
1332:
1289:
1278:(7): 494–502.
1262:
1255:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1177:
1174:
1152:
1149:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1047:
1044:
973:
972:
923:
921:
914:
908:
905:
889:otolaryngology
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
848:
846:
842:
841:
838:
836:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
793:
789:
788:
785:
783:
781:
777:
776:
773:
771:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
731:
726:
722:
721:
710:
707:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
657:
653:
652:
649:
647:
642:
638:
637:
634:
632:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
498:"Magill Blade"
493:
490:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
403:
400:
280:
277:
271:
268:
223:
220:
121:
120:
113:
110:
109:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4404:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Bronchography
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Thoracentesis
4024:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Decortication
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Pneumonectomy
3953:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:Urinary tract
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Sigmoidoscopy
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3308:(3): 745–56.
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:(in German).
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:(2): 129–32.
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Anesth. Analg
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2706:(1): 128–34.
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:Can J Anaesth
2437:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2248:(4): 1085–7.
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2039:(5349): 500.
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:(5): 767–70.
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:(3): 317–20.
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1575:(4): 1003–6.
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:0-8020-8614-4
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:(8): 939–43.
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1196:Complications
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:New York City
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
979:
969:
966:
958:
948:
944:
940:
934:
933:
929:
924:This section
922:
918:
913:
912:
904:
900:
899:communities.
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
851:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
744:C.M. Parrott
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
730:
727:
724:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
582:
579:
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
551:to the front
550:
546:
542:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
483:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
439:
435:
430:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:New York City
376:
372:
367:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:Manuel García
331:
328:In 1854, the
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:mouth mirrors
312:
308:
304:
296:
291:
286:
276:
267:
265:
261:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
228:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
127:
117:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4052:
4036:Thoracoscopy
4012:
3945:
3939:Bronchoscopy
3929:
3903:
3869:Laryngectomy
3864:Laryngoscopy
3863:
3854:
3838:
3792:
3689:Thoracoscopy
3646:Falloposcopy
3641:Hysteroscopy
3613:Ureteroscopy
3590:Bronchoscopy
3585:Laryngoscopy
3584:
3463:
3446:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3305:
3299:
3289:
3275:(3): 140–3.
3272:
3268:
3262:
3230:(3): 272–6.
3227:
3223:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3105:(3): 255–7.
3102:
3098:
3088:
3064:(2): 313–5.
3061:
3057:
3047:
3023:(4): 353–5.
3020:
3014:
3004:
2972:(8): 801–5.
2969:
2966:Br J Anaesth
2965:
2955:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2883:
2856:
2850:
2840:
2808:(8): 620–6.
2805:
2801:
2791:
2756:
2750:
2740:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2663:(6): 641–7.
2660:
2654:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2618:"Pentax AWS"
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2560:
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2513:
2489:(1): 116–9.
2486:
2480:
2470:
2446:(2): 191–8.
2443:
2439:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2406:
2396:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2331:(5): 705–6.
2328:
2325:Br J Anaesth
2324:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2196:
2190:
2180:
2148:(6): 561–4.
2145:
2139:
2129:
2107:(6): 473–7.
2104:
2100:
2094:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2003:
1990:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1869:
1865:
1852:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1698:Philadelphia
1693:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1543:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1500:
1496:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1452:
1448:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1372:
1368:
1355:
1340:
1335:
1302:
1299:Laryngoscope
1298:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1224:
1218:
1211:laryngoscopy
1210:
1208:
1199:
1179:
1154:
1138:telemedicine
1134:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1074:
1010:
994:light source
990:video camera
961:
955:October 2017
952:
937:Please help
925:
901:
862:
576:
570:
538:
522:anesthetists
510:
495:
482:light source
474:
453:Laryngoscope
452:
402:Applications
383:insufflation
368:
360:
351:
345:
337:light source
327:
300:
273:
233:
126:Laryngoscopy
125:
124:
51:View of the
40:Laryngoscopy
18:Laryngoscope
4174:Capnography
4054:mediastinum
4041:Thoracotomy
4031:Pleurodesis
3999:mediastinum
3923:Tracheotomy
3874:Laryngotomy
3812:Somnoplasty
3807:Septoplasty
3802:Rhinoplasty
3699:Coelioscopy
3684:Arthroscopy
3674:Laparoscopy
3608:Nephroscopy
3560:Accessory:
3544:Proctoscopy
3539:Pouchoscopy
3529:Colonoscopy
3524:Enteroscopy
3393:Anaesthesia
3348:Anaesthesia
3099:Anaesthesia
3016:Anaesthesia
2892:. Magaw LLC
2852:Anaesthesia
2723:10379/12608
2656:Anaesthesia
2366:Anaesthesia
2141:Anaesthesia
2064:Anaesthesia
1503:(1): 42–5.
1497:Anaesthesia
1085:LCD monitor
1005:LCD monitor
988:(CMOS APS)
893:pulmonology
877:vocal folds
833:Wis-Hipple
808:R.I. Soper
768:Robertshaw
692:Ivan Magill
502:vagus nerve
323:hypopharynx
192:vocal folds
100:MedlinePlus
4372:Anesthesia
4361:Categories
4257:Intubation
4164:Spirometry
4046:Chest tube
3990:Chest wall
3848:Sinusotomy
3822:Rhinectomy
3817:Alarplasty
3720:Angioscopy
3651:Culdoscopy
3636:Colposcopy
3618:Cystoscopy
3580:Rhinoscopy
3146:(2): 605.
2033:The Lancet
2012:(6): 205.
2005:The Lancet
1655:(1): 1–6.
1620:(3): 230.
1233:References
1046:GlideScope
1022:fiberscope
1018:fiberoptic
897:anesthesia
873:rhinoscope
865:fiberoptic
845:Wisconsin
819:Vie Scope
718:epiglottis
672:Macintosh
587:Named for
545:epiglottis
319:oropharynx
283:See also:
264:gag reflex
248:epiglottis
4392:Endoscopy
4322:Nebulizer
4113:Spiral CT
4005:diaphragm
3960:Lobectomy
3879:Thyrotomy
3715:Fetoscopy
3497:Endoscopy
3448:28 August
3414:221389855
2634:27 August
2601:27 August
2574:27 August
2536:27 August
1939:28 August
1903:27 August
1713:27 August
1545:27 August
1459:28 August
1412:28 August
1209:The word
1190:disasters
1040:physician
1033:internist
926:does not
881:phonation
852:straight
840:straight
822:N. Vasan
814:straight
787:straight
775:straight
763:straight
755:Phillips
736:straight
699:straight
651:straight
636:straight
612:Cranwall
593:Comments
571:Vie Scope
541:vallecula
513:Macintosh
461:pediatric
457:Macintosh
434:pediatric
395:batteries
361:In 1913,
352:autoscope
343:in 1855.
305:) credit
257:conscious
180:endoscopy
4194:Cytology
3931:bronchus
3896:Lower RT
3785:Upper RT
3725:Otoscopy
3666:incision
3549:Anoscopy
3377:21106547
3369:17506739
3332:26644781
3324:10702469
3254:22474556
3205:36051869
2996:21057581
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2896:5 August
2875:18211452
2832:12565125
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2775:18165587
2732:19059923
2679:18477277
2569:19377109
2563:: 37–9.
2505:17959584
2462:15684262
2416:4 August
2347:12697606
2299:10941582
2223:70552381
2172:37485173
1998:(1943).
1898:20700430
1844:72555028
1795:19572841
1754:71549386
1685:(1922).
1634:72582327
1599:36279277
1591:15087639
1535:(1888).
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1363:(1855).
1327:32925553
1220:laryngo-
1145:hospital
1059:intubate
741:Parrott
641:Janeway
626:Jackson
598:Bainton
553:incisors
260:patients
212:surgical
194:and the
62:ICD-9-CM
4141:CURB-65
3905:trachea
3776:Surgery
3660:Closed
3522:Lower:
3281:2719227
3245:3315659
3197:7489423
3162:7856930
3121:7848398
3080:1731560
3039:3890603
2988:6349667
2938:8978307
2823:4803417
2388:6507827
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2164:8694210
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2086:8984878
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1803:6345531
1669:9619973
1649:J Voice
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1455:: 25–41
1398:5180321
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1186:AirTraq
1165:monitor
1070:anatomy
1063:trachea
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780:Seward
750:curved
725:Miller
688:Magill
683:curved
561:fulcrum
469:neonate
442:neonate
279:History
252:glottis
236:patient
210:or for
202:during
196:glottis
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518:oxygen
486:blades
467:, and
465:infant
440:, and
438:infant
297:, 1884
295:García
244:tongue
188:throat
184:larynx
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4221:Other
4082:Tests
3840:sinus
3708:Other
3410:S2CID
3373:S2CID
3328:S2CID
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