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vocal fold lamina propria. Hartnick was the first one to define each layer by a change in their cellular concentration. He also found that the lamina propria monolayer at birth and shortly thereafter was hypercellular, thus confirming Hirano's observations. By 2 months of age, the vocal fold started differentiating into a bilaminar structure of distinct cellular concentration, with the superficial layer being less densely populated than the deeper layer. By 11 months, a three-layered structure starts to be noted in some specimens, again with different cellular population densities. The superficial layer is still hypocellular, followed by an intermediate more hypercellular layer, and a deeper hypercellular layer, just above the vocalis muscle. Even though the vocal cords seem to start organizing, this is not representative of the trilaminar structure seen in adult tissues, where the layer are defined by their differential elastin and collagen fiber compositions. By 7 years of age, all specimens show a three-layered vocal fold structure, based on cellular population densities. At this point, the superficial layer was still hypocellular, the middle layer was the hypercellular one, with also a greater content of elastin and collagen fibers, and the deeper layer was less cellularly populated. Again, the distinction seen between the layers at this stage is not comparable to that seen in the adult tissue. The maturation of the vocal cords did not appear before 13 years of age, where the layers could be defined by their differential fiber composition rather than by their differential cellular population. The pattern now show a hypocellular superficial layer, followed by a middle layer composed predominantly of elastin fiber, and a deeper layer composed predominantly of collagen fibers. This pattern can be seen in older specimens up to 17 years of age, and above. While this study offers a nice way to see the evolution from immature to mature vocal cords, it still does not explain what is the mechanism behind it.
863:, which are associated with acute wound healing. They found the secretions of these inflammatory mediators were significantly elevated when collected from injured vocal cords versus normal vocal cords. This result was consistent with their previous study about the function of IL-1 and PGE-2 in wound healing. Investigation about the temporal and magnitude of inflammatory response in the vocal cords may benefit for elucidating subsequent pathological events in vocal fold wounding, which is good for clinician to develop therapeutic targets to minimize scar formation. In the proliferative phase of vocal cord wound healing, if the production of hyaluronic acid and collagen is not balanced, which means the hyaluronic acid level is lower than normal, the fibrosis of collagen cannot be regulated. Consequently, regenerative-type wound healing turns to be the formation of scar. Scarring may lead to the deformity of vocal fold edge, the disruption of lipopolysaccharides viscosity and stiffness. Patients suffering from vocal fold scar complain about increased phonatory effort, vocal fatigue, breathlessness, and
619:. While the SLP is rather poor in elastic and collagenous fibers, the ILP and DLP are mostly composed of it, with the concentration of elastic fibers decreasing and the concentration of collagenous fibers increasing as the vocalis muscle is approached. Fibrous proteins and interstitial molecules play different roles within the extracellular matrix. While collagen (mostly type I) provides strength and structural support to the tissue, which are useful to withstanding stress and resisting deformation when subjected to a force, elastin fibers bring elasticity to the tissue, allowing it to return to its original shape after deformation. Interstitial proteins, such as HA, plays important biological and mechanical roles in the vocal cord tissue. In the vocal cord tissue, hyaluronic acid plays a role of shear-thinner, affecting the tissue viscosity, space-filler, shock absorber, as well as wound healing and cell migration promoter. The distribution of those proteins and interstitial molecules has been proven to be affected by both age and gender, and is maintained by the
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are: a shortening of the membranous vocal fold in males, a thickening of the vocal fold mucosa and cover in females, and a development of edema in the superficial lamina propria layer in both sexes. Hammond et al. observed that the hyaluronic acid content in the vocal fold lamina propria was significantly higher in males than in females. Although all those studies did show that there are clear structural and functional changes seen in the human vocal cords which are associated with gender and age, none really fully elucidated the underlying cause of those changes. In fact, only a few recent studies started to look at the presence and role of hormone receptors in the vocal cords. Newman et al. found that hormone receptors are indeed present in the vocal cords, and show a statistical distribution difference with respect to age and gender. They have identified the presence of
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intracellular receptors, modulating the gene expression, and subsequently regulating protein synthesis. The interaction between the endocrine system and tissues such as breast, brain, testicles, heart, bones, etc., is being extensively studied. It has clearly been seen that the larynx is somewhat affected by hormonal changes, but, very few studies are working on elucidating this relationship. The effect of hormonal changes in voice is clearly seen when hearing male and female voices, or when listening to a teenage voice changing during puberty. Actually, it is believed that the number of hormonal receptors in the pre-pubertal phase is higher than in any other age. Menstruation has also been seen to influence the voice. In fact, singers are encouraged by their instructors not to perform during their pre-menstrual period, because of a drop in their voice quality.
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fibers, stabilizing the collagen fibrils. Fibronectin also acts as a skeleton for the elastic tissue formation. Reticular and collagenous fibers were seen to run along the edges of the vocal cords throughout the entire lamina propria. Fibronectin in the Reinke's space appeared to guide those fibers and orient the fibril deposition. The elastic fibers remained sparse and immature during infancy, mostly made of microfibrils. The fibroblasts in the infant Reinke's space were still sparse but spindle-shaped. Their rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were still not well developed, indicating that despite the change in shape, the fibroblasts still remained mostly in a resting phase. Few newly released materials were seen adjacent to the fibroblasts. The ground substance content in the infant
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propria, with the superficial, intermediate and deep layers, is only present by the conclusion of adolescence. As vocal fold vibration is a foundation for vocal formants, this presence or absence of tissue layers influences a difference in the number of formants between the adult and pediatric populations. In females, the voice is three tones lower than the child's and has five to twelve formants, as opposed to the pediatric voice with three to six. The length of the vocal fold at birth is approximately six to eight millimeters and grows to its adult length of eight to sixteen millimeters by adolescence. The infant vocal fold is half membranous or anterior glottis, and half cartilaginous or posterior glottis. The adult fold is approximately three-fifths membranous and two-fifths cartilaginous.
773:, generating sound through the rhythmic opening and closing of the vocal folds. To oscillate, the vocal folds are brought near enough together such that air pressure builds up beneath the larynx. The folds are pushed apart by this increased subglottal pressure, with the inferior part of each fold leading the superior part. Such a wave-like motion causes a transfer of energy from the airflow to the fold tissues. Under the correct conditions, the energy transferred to the tissues is large enough to overcome losses by dissipation and the oscillation pattern will sustain itself. In essence, sound is generated in the larynx by chopping up a steady flow of air into little puffs of sound waves.
649:, ground substances, elastic and collagenous fibers. Fibroblasts were numerous and spindle or stellate-shaped. The fibroblasts have been observed to be in active phase, with some newly released amorphous materials present at their surface. From a biomechanical point of view, the role of the macula flava is very important. Hirano and Sato studies suggested that the macula flava is responsible for the synthesis of the fibrous components of the vocal cords. Fibroblasts have been found mostly aligned in the direction of the vocal ligament, along bundles of fibers. It then was suggested that the mechanical stresses during phonation were stimulating the fibroblasts to synthesize those fibers.
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hyaluronic acid on both the viscosity and the elasticity of vocal folds by comparing the properties of tissues with and without HA. The results showed that removal of hyaluronic acid decreased the stiffness of the vocal cords by an average of 35%, but increased their dynamic viscosity by an average of 70% at frequencies higher than 1 Hz. Newborns have been shown to cry an average of 6.7 hours per day during the first 3 months, with a sustained pitch of 400–600 Hz, and a mean duration per day of 2 hours. Similar treatment on adult vocal cords would quickly result in edema, and subsequently aphonia. Schweinfurth and al. presented the hypothesis that high
665:. Adult vocal cords have a layered structure which is based on the layers differential in extracellular matrix distribution. Newborns on the other hand, do not have this layered structure. Their vocal cords are uniform, and immature, making their viscoelastic properties most likely unsuitable for phonation. Hyaluronic acid plays a very important role in the vocal fold biomechanics. In fact, hyaluronic acid has been described as the extracellular matrix molecule that not only contributes to the maintenance of an optimal tissue viscosity that allows phonation, but also of an optimal tissue stiffness that allows frequency control.
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estrogen/androgen ratio be partly responsible for the voice changes observed at menopause. As previously said, Hammond et al. showed than the hyaluronic acid content was higher in male than in female vocal cords. Bentley et al. demonstrated that sex skin swelling seen in monkey was due to an increase in hyaluronic acid content, which was in fact mediated by estrogen receptors in dermal fibroblasts. An increase in collagen biosynthesis mediated by the estrogen receptors of dermal fibroblasts was also observed. A connection between hormone levels, and
601:(extracellular matrix) content. The most common way being to look at the extracellular matrix content. The SLP has fewer elastic and collagenous fibers than the two other layers, and thus is looser and more pliable. The ILP is mostly composed of elastic fibers, while the DLP has fewer elastic fibers, and more collagenous fibers. In those two layers, which form what is known as the vocalis ligament, the elastic and collagenous fibers are densely packed as bundles that run almost parallel to the edge of the vocal fold.
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composed of five different layers. The vocalis muscle, main body of the vocal cords, is covered by the mucosa, which consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria. The latter is a pliable layer of connective tissue subdivided into three layers: the superficial layer (SL), the intermediate layer (IL), and the deep layer (DL). Layer distinction is either made looking at differential in cell content or
55:
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The intermediate layer of the lamina propria tends to atrophy only in men. The deep layer of the lamina propria of the male vocal fold thickens because of increased collagen deposits. The vocalis muscle atrophies in both men and women. However, the majority of elderly patients with voice disorders have disease processes associated with aging rather than physiologic aging alone.
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516:. In females during puberty, the vocal muscle thickens slightly, but remains very supple and narrow. The squamous mucosa also differentiates into three distinct layers (the lamina propria) on the free edge of the vocal folds. The sub- and supraglottic glandular mucosa becomes hormone-dependent to estrogens and progesterone. For females, the actions of
576:. The thyroid prominence, which contains the vocal cords appears, the vocal folds lengthen and become rounded, and the epithelium thickens with the formation of three distinct layers in the lamina propria. These changes are also irreversible without surgery, albeit the thyroid/laryngeal prominence, also known as an
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Wound healing is a natural regeneration process of dermal and epidermal tissue involving a sequence of biochemical events. These events are complex and can be categorized into three stages: inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. The study on vocal fold wound healing is not as extensive as
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The majority of vocal fold lesions primarily arise in the cover of the folds. Since the basal lamina secures the epithelium to the superficial layer of the lamina propria with anchoring fibers, this is a common site for injury. If a person has a phonotrauma or habitual vocal hyperfunction, also known
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Maculae flavae are located at the anterior and posterior ends of the membranous parts of the vocal cords. The histological structure of the macula flava is unique, and Sato and Hirano speculated that it could play an important role in growth, development and aging of the vocal cords. The macula flava
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The infant lamina propria is composed of only one layer, as compared to three in the adult, and there is no vocal ligament. The vocal ligament begins to be present in children at about four years of age. Two layers appear in the lamina propria between the ages of six and twelve, and the mature lamina
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There is a thinning in the superficial layer of the lamina propria in old age. In aging, the vocal fold undergoes considerable sex-specific changes. In the female larynx, the vocal fold cover thickens with aging. The superficial layer of the lamina propria loses density as it becomes more edematous.
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Vocal fold phonatory functions are known to change from birth to old age. The most significant changes occur in development between birth and puberty, and in old age. Hirano et al. previously described several structural changes associated with aging, in the vocal fold tissue. Some of those changes
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Any injury to human vocal folds elicits a wound healing process characterized by disorganized collagen deposition and, eventually, formation of scar tissue. Verdolini and her group sought to detect and describe acute tissue response of injured rabbit vocal cord model. They quantified the expression
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produce changes in the extravascular spaces by increasing capillary permeability which allows the passage of intracapillary fluids to the interstitial space as well as modification of glandular secretions. Estrogens have a hypertrophic and proliferative effect on mucosa by reducing the desquamating
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Hirano et al. previously found that the newborns did not have a true lamina propria, but instead had cellular regions called maculae flavae, located at the anterior and posterior ends of the loose vocal fold tissue. Boseley and
Hartnick examined at the development and maturation of pediatric human
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affects the fluid balance in the vocal folds). Progesterone has an anti-proliferative effect on mucosa and accelerates desquamation. It causes a menstrual-like cycle in the vocal fold epithelium and a drying out of the mucosa with a reduction in secretions of the glandular epithelium. Progesterone
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content and distribution in newborn vocal cords is directly associated with newborn crying endurance. These differences in newborn vocal fold composition would also be responsible for newborns inability to articulate sounds, besides the fact that their lamina propria is a uniform structure with no
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HA is a bulky, negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, whose strong affinity with water procures hyaluronic acid its viscoelastic and shock absorbing properties essential to vocal biomechanics. Viscosity and elasticity are critical to voice production. Chan, Gray and Titze, quantified the effect of
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were altered. All those genes are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, thus suggesting that mechanical forces applied to the tissue, alter the expression levels of extracellular matrix related genes, which in turn allow the cells present in the tissue to regulate the extracellular matrix
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are immature, showing an oval shape, and a large nucleus-cytoplasm ratio. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, as shown by electron micrographs, are not well developed, indicating that the cells are in a resting phase. The collagenous and reticular fibers in the newborn the vocal
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are usually lower-pitched due to longer and thicker folds. The male's vocal folds are between 1.75 cm and 2.5 cm (approx 0.75" to 1.0") in length, while females' vocal folds are between 1.25 cm and 1.75 cm (approx 0.5" to 0.75") in length. The vocal folds of children are much
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distribution in the vocal cords depending on age and gender could be made. More particularly a connection between higher hormone levels and higher hyaluronic acid content in males could exist in the human vocal fold tissue. Although a relationship between hormone levels and extracellular matrix
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play also an important role in vocal fold maturation. Hormones are molecules secreted into the blood stream to be delivered at different targeted sites. They usually promote growth, differentiation and functionality in different organs or tissues. Their effect is due to their ability to bind to
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Furthermore, using a specially designed bioreactor, Titze et al. showed that fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stimulation have differing levels of extracellular matrix production from fibroblasts that are not exposed to mechanical stimulation. The gene expression levels of extracellular matrix
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A voice pathology called Reinke's edema, swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid, occurs in the superficial lamina propria or Reinke's space. This causes the vocal fold mucosa to appear floppy with excessive movement of the cover that has been described as looking like a loose sock. The
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Sato et al. carried out a histopathologic investigation of unphonated human vocal cords. Vocal fold mucosae, which were unphonated since birth, of three young adults (17, 24, and 28 years old) were looked at using light and electron microscopy. The results show that the vocal fold mucosae were
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In the infant, many fibrous components were seen to extend from the macula flava towards the Reinke's space. Fibronectin is very abundant in the Reinke's space of newborn and infant. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that is believed to act as a template for the oriented deposition of the collagen
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were present in the macula flava, but started to show some signs of degeneration. The stellate cells synthesized fewer extracellular matrix molecules, and the cytoplasmic processes were shown to be short and shrinking, suggesting a decreased activity. Those results confirm the hypothesis that
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Human vocal cords are paired structures located in the larynx, just above the trachea, which vibrate and are brought in contact during phonation. The human vocal cords are roughly 12 – 24 mm in length, and 3–5 mm thick. Histologically, the human vocal cords are a laminated structure
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shorter than those of adult males and females. The difference in vocal fold length and thickness between males and females causes a difference in vocal pitch. Additionally, genetic factors cause variations between members of the same sex, with males' and females' voices being categorized into
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of the vocal cords, suggesting that some of the structural changes seen in the vocal cords could be due to hormonal influences. In this specific study, androgen and progesterone receptors were found more commonly in males than in females. In others studies, it has been suggested that the
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that on animal models due to the limited availability of human vocal folds. Vocal fold injuries can have a number of causes including chronic overuse, chemical, thermal and mechanical trauma such as smoking, laryngeal cancer, and surgery. Other benign pathological phenomena like polyps,
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Vocal fold structure in adults is quite different from that in newborns. Exactly how the vocal cord mature from an immature monolayer in newborns to a mature three layer tissue in adults is still unknown, however a few studies have investigated the subjects and brought some answers.
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constituent synthesis, thus affecting the tissue's composition, structure, and biomechanical properties. In the end, cell-surface receptors close the loop by giving feedback on the surrounding extracellular matrix to the cells, affecting also their gene expression level.
795:. The harmonics are produced by collisions of the vocal folds with themselves, by recirculation of some of the air back through the trachea, or both. Some singers can isolate some of those harmonics in a way that is perceived as
608:) resulting in a decrease in the ability of the lamina propria to expand caused by cross-branching of the elastin fibers. Among other things, this leads to the mature voice being better suited to the rigors of opera.
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are responsible for synthesizing extracellular matrix molecules. Cell surface matrix receptors in return, feed back to the cells through cell-matrix interaction, allowing the cell to regulate its metabolism.
202:, are folds of throat tissues that are key in creating sounds through vocalization. The length of the vocal cords affects the pitch of voice, similar to a violin string. Open when breathing and vibrating for
568:, and a reduction in the whole body fatty mass. Androgens are the most important hormones responsible for the passage of the boy-child voice to adult male voice, and the change is irreversible without
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Hirano, M., S. Kurita, and T. Nakashima. Vocal fold physiology : contemporary research and clinical issues. in Vocal Fold
Physiology, Conference. 1981. San Diego, Calif.: College-Hill Press.
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hypoplastic, and rudimentary, and like newborns, did not have any vocal ligament, Reinke's space, or layered structure. Like newborns, the lamina propria appeared as a uniform structure. Some
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Titze IR, Hitchcock RW, Broadhead K, et al. (October 2004). "Design and validation of a bioreactor for engineering vocal fold tissues under combined tensile and vibrational stresses".
867:. Vocal fold scar is one of the most challenging problems for otolaryngologists because it is hard to be diagnosed at germinal stage and the function necessity of vocal cords is delicate.
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Hammond TH, Zhou R, Hammond EH, Pawlak A, Gray SD (March 1997). "The intermediate layer: a morphologic study of the elastin and hyaluronic acid constituents of normal human vocal folds".
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as pressed phonation, the proteins in the basal lamina can shear, causing vocal fold injury, usually seen as nodules or polyps, which increase the mass and thickness of the cover. The
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Wallis L, Jackson-Menaldi C, Holland W, Giraldo A (March 2004). "Vocal fold nodule vs. vocal fold polyp: answer from surgical pathologist and voice pathologist point of view".
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which is secreted by the gonads, causes changes in the cartilages and musculature of the larynx when present in high enough concentrations, such as during an adolescent boy's
923:, a database of 21st-century texts that contains everything from academic journal articles to unedited writing and blog entries, contemporary writers opt for the nonstandard
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Bentley JP, Brenner RM, Linstedt AD, et al. (November 1986). "Increased hyaluronate and collagen biosynthesis and fibroblast estrogen receptors in macaque sex skin".
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Newborns have a uniform single layered lamina propria, which appears loose with no vocal ligament. The monolayered lamina propria is composed of ground substances such as
463:, elastic fibers, and collagenous fibers. While the fibrous components are sparse, making the lamina propria structure loose, the hyaluronic acid (HA) content is high.
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of the sound generated by the larynx. The fundamental frequency is influenced by the length, size, and tension of the vocal folds. This frequency averages about 125
544:, an androgen secreted by the testes, will cause changes in the cartilages and musculature of the larynx for males during puberty, and to a lesser extent to females
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There is a steady increase in the elastin content of the lamina propria as humans age (elastin is a yellow scleroprotein, the essential constituent of the elastic
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Hirano S, Bless DM, Rousseau B, et al. (March 2004). "Prevention of vocal fold scarring by topical injection of hepatocyte growth factor in a rabbit model".
1968:
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Boseley ME, Hartnick CJ (October 2006). "Development of the human true vocal fold: depth of cell layers and quantifying cell types within the lamina propria".
359:. These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane that protect and sit slightly higher to the more delicate true folds. They have a minimal role in normal
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268:: The thyroid prominence appears, the vocal folds lengthen and become rounded, and the epithelium thickens with the formation of three distinct layers in the
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The length of the vocal fold at birth is approximately six to eight millimeters and grows to its adult length of eight to sixteen millimeters by adolescence.
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George NA, de Mul FF, Qiu Q, Rakhorst G, Schutte HK (May 2008). "Depth-kymography: high-speed calibrated 3D imaging of human vocal fold vibration dynamics".
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Branski RC, Rosen CA, Verdolini K, Hebda PA (January 2004). "Markers of wound healing in vocal fold secretions from patients with laryngeal pathology".
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biosynthesis in vocal fold can be established, the details of this relationship, and the mechanisms of the influence has not been elucidated yet.
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Schweinfurth JM, Thibeault SL (September 2008). "Does hyaluronic acid distribution in the larynx relate to the newborn's capacity for crying?".
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Branski RC, Rosen CA, Verdolini K, Hebda PA (June 2005). "Biochemical markers associated with acute vocal fold wound healing: a rabbit model".
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The extracellular matrix of the vocal cord LP is composed of fibrous proteins such as collagen and elastin, and interstitial molecules such as
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Hammond TH, Gray SD, Butler J, Zhou R, Hammond E (October 1998). "Age- and gender-related elastin distribution changes in human vocal folds".
130:
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Hahn MS, Teply BA, Stevens MM, Zeitels SM, Langer R (March 2006). "Collagen composite hydrogels for vocal fold lamina propria restoration".
1134:"From Air to Music: Acoustical, Physiological and Perceptual Aspects of Reed Wind Instrument Playing and Vocal-Ventricular Fold Phonation"
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and the ovaries and can have irreversible masculinizing effects if present in high enough concentration. In males, they are essential to
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properties of human vocal fold lamina propria are essential for their vibration, and depend on the composition and structure of their
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Sato K, Nakashima T, Nonaka S, Harabuchi Y (June 2008). "Histopathologic investigations of the unphonated human vocal fold mucosa".
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usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, and typically occurs between the ages of 12 and 17. During puberty, voice change is controlled by
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vocal ligament. The layered structure necessary for phonation will start to develop during the infancy and until the adolescence.
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Abitbol, A. & Abitbol, P. (2003). The Larynx: A Hormonal Target. In Rubin, J.S., Sataloff, R.T., & Korovin, G.S. (Eds.),
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Hartnick CJ, Rehbar R, Prasad V (January 2005). "Development and maturation of the pediatric human vocal fold lamina propria".
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Newman SR, Butler J, Hammond EH, Gray SD (March 2000). "Preliminary report on hormone receptors in the human vocal fold".
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seemed to decrease over time, as the fibrous component content increased, thus slowly changing the vocal fold structure.
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The vocal cords are composed of twin infoldings of 3 distinct tissues: an outer layer of flat cells that do not produce
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near to the thyroid cartilage. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the
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Stadelmann WK, Digenis AG, Tobin GR (August 1998). "Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds".
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The vocal folds are sometimes called 'true vocal folds' to distinguish them from the 'false vocal folds' known as
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Hansen JK, Thibeault SL (March 2006). "Current understanding and review of the literature: vocal fold scarring".
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Sato K, Hirano M, Nakashima T (May 2001). "Fine structure of the human newborn and infant vocal fold mucosae".
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Sato K, Hirano M (July 1995). "Histologic investigation of the macula flava of the human newborn vocal fold".
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The perceived pitch of a person's voice is determined by a number of different factors, most importantly the
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2455:"Studies in fetal wound healing. V. A prolonged presence of hyaluronic acid characterizes fetal wound fluid"
313:. Their outer edges are attached to muscle in the larynx while their inner edges form an opening called the
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Sato K, Hirano M (February 1995). "Histologic investigation of the macula flava of the human vocal fold".
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909:, possibly due to the musical connotations or to confusion with the geometrical definition of the word
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1817:"Immunohistochemical searching for estrogen and progesterone receptors in women vocal fold epithelia"
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http://www.otolaryngology.pitt.edu/centers-excellence/voice-center/conditions-we-treat/reinkes-edema
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epithelium of the anterior glottis are also a frequent site of laryngeal cancer caused by smoking.
245:, which sit slightly superior to the more delicate true folds. These have a minimal role in normal
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is an imaging method to visualize the complex horizontal and vertical movements of vocal folds.
564:. In muscles, they cause a hypertrophy of striated muscles with a reduction in the fat cells in
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Peled ZM, Chin GS, Liu W, Galliano R, Longaker MT (October 2000). "Response to tissue injury".
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Hirano M, Kurita S, Sakaguchi S (1989). "Ageing of the vibratory tissue of human vocal folds".
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constituents such as fibronectin, MMP1, decorin, fibromodulin, hyaluronic acid synthase 2, and
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cords are fewer than in the adult one, adding to the immaturity of the vocal fold tissue.
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Titze IR (April 1988). "The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds".
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Ward PD, Thibeault SL, Gray SD (September 2002). "Hyaluronic acid: its role in voice".
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Lucero, J.C. (1995). "The minimum lung pressure to sustain vocal fold oscillation".
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in an adult male, 210 Hz in adult females, and over 300 Hz in children.
405:, a gel-like layer, which allows the vocal fold to vibrate and produce sound. The
3058:
3021:
2769:
2667:
2599:
2564:
2310:
1995:
1341:
1159:
966:
915:. While both spellings have historical precedents, standard American spelling is
892:
722:
658:
612:
565:
526:
468:
452:
414:
352:
346:
334:
238:
219:
118:
237:
The 'true vocal cords' are distinguished from the 'false vocal folds', known as
3078:
3068:
2518:
1702:
1616:
1573:
1213:
976:
581:
557:
545:
402:
322:
314:
269:
1919:
1745:
683:
phonation stimulates stellate cells into producing more extracellular matrix.
534:
has a diuretic effect and decreases capillary permeability, thus trapping the
186:
3196:
2929:
2735:
2453:
Longaker MT, Chiu ES, Adzick NS, Stern M, Harrison MR, Stern R (April 1991).
2021:
856:
822:
726:
679:
142:
1303:
2607:
2572:
2526:
2436:
2393:
2358:
2318:
2187:
1892:
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1753:
1667:
1624:
1465:
1405:
1349:
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1221:
1110:
1006:
718:
541:
521:
261:
86:
44:
2646:
2488:
2283:
2136:
2085:
2003:
1954:
1927:
1710:
1581:
1538:
1503:
552:
individuals as well as those who are androgen deficient if they are given
896:
646:
620:
513:
456:
435:
430:
376:
215:
2842:
2838:
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/00134pg6
2671:
2890:
730:
670:
476:
460:
318:
76:
27:
Folds of throat tissues that help to create sounds through vocalization
2337:
Rosen CA (October 2000). "Vocal fold scar: evaluation and treatment".
761:
167:
2882:
2128:
2077:
1943:"The potential role of selected endocrine systems in aging processes"
939:
864:
360:
246:
231:
227:
178:
63:
2960:
2832:
2296:
996:
981:
792:
714:
710:
701:
549:
517:
326:
257:
2621:
Ferrein, Antoine (1741). "De la formation de la voix de l'homme".
834:
greater mass of the vocal folds due to increased fluid lowers the
413:
make up the deepest portion. These vocal folds are covered with a
230:, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during
54:
3082:
1444:
Gray SD (August 2000). "Cellular physiology of the vocal folds".
796:
509:
406:
394:
330:
310:
298:
265:
207:
297:
The vocal folds are located within the larynx at the top of the
3097:
2874:
2799:
Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and
Perception
935:
spelling is also standard in the United
Kingdom and Australia.
770:
418:
417:
and are stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the
223:
203:
1288:"The importance of hyaluronic acid in vocal fold biomechanics"
429:
Males and females have different vocal fold sizes. Adult male
781:
101:
1731:
950:, on the grounds that it is more accurate and illustrative.
769:
The larynx is a major (but not the only) source of sound in
799:
in more than one pitch at the same time—a technique called
688:
666:
249:, but can produce deep sonorous tones, screams and growls.
2550:
2504:
337:
or false vocal folds which have a small sac between them.
39:
1481:
899:, he postulated that the moving air acted like a bow on
556:. In females, androgens are secreted principally by the
321:, but they have a few muscle-fibres in them, namely the
2826:
National Center for Voice and Speech's official website
2825:
2452:
2157:
1870:
1774:
1383:
363:, but are often used to produce deep sonorous tones in
222:
stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the
2261:
1981:
538:
out of the capillaries and causing tissue congestion.
1905:
1516:
1327:
2414:
1814:
1645:
1038:
Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.
851:
and edema will also introduce disordered phonation.
2830:Lewcock, Ronald, et al. "Acoustics: The Voice." In
2371:
1199:
272:.. These changes are only partially reversible via
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
529:also affect dynamic function of the vocal folds; (
1374:(pp. 355-380). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning.
1247:
1081:Titze IR (January 2008). "The human instrument".
669:is a cell surface receptor for HA. Cells such as
3194:
1323:
1321:
2768:
2642:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
2585:
1602:
1412:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1151:
1050:The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind.
2672:"Are We Giving Free Rei(g)n to New Spellings?"
803:or throat singing such as in the tradition of
401:). Below this is the superficial layer of the
2858:
2776:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 20.
2448:
2446:
2037:(3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning.
1318:
1285:
2796:
2546:
2544:
2500:
2498:
2058:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1477:
1475:
1182:
900:
875:The vocal folds are commonly referred to as
1866:
1864:
1862:
309:via Broyles ligament. They are part of the
2865:
2851:
2443:
2332:
2330:
2328:
1688:
1559:
1372:Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders
218:. They are composed of twin infoldings of
53:
38:
2872:
2541:
2495:
2478:
1842:
1832:
1815:Rios OA, Duprat Ade C, Santos AR (2008).
1810:
1808:
1806:
1472:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
905:. The alternative spelling in English is
791:The vocal folds generate a sound rich in
2797:Reetz, Henning; Jongman, Allard (2009).
2336:
2106:
2046:SPHP 127, Class of 2009, CSU Sacramento.
1859:
1286:Chan RW, Gray SD, Titze IR (June 2001).
1281:
1279:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1080:
810:
760:
185:
177:
2734:
2660:
2620:
2325:
1443:
1062:Muscles of the larynx, seen from above.
301:. They are attached at the back to the
284:, and laser tuning of the vocal cords.
14:
3195:
2666:
2635:
2055:
1940:
1803:
1430:
895:in 1741. In his violin analogy of the
652:
525:effect on the superficial layers. The
2846:
2741:A Practical Introduction to Phonetics
1276:
1236:
1157:
695:
325:which tightens the front part of the
2744:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2625:(in French). Paris: Bondot: 409–432.
1131:
1012:
580:can be potentially diminished via a
340:
891:was coined by the French anatomist
210:, the folds are controlled via the
24:
1660:10.1097/01.mlg.0000150685.54893.e9
1398:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.022
25:
3234:
2819:
2772:; Disner, Sandra Ferrari (2012).
2020:(3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
1949:. Wiley Online Library: 377–394.
1103:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94
828:
2471:10.1097/00000658-199104000-00003
2386:10.1097/00005537-200403000-00030
1971:from the original on 2014-08-09.
1178:from the original on 2017-09-05.
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
841:
639:
2801:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 72.
2790:
2762:
2728:
2697:
2686:from the original on 2009-01-31
2629:
2614:
2579:
2408:
2365:
2290:
2255:
2211:
2208:Ingo Titze, University of Iowa.
2202:
2151:
2100:
2049:
2040:
2027:
2010:
1975:
1934:
1899:
1768:
1725:
1682:
1639:
1596:
1553:
1510:
1140:from the original on 2009-12-27
382:
2623:Mémoires de L' Académie Royale
1789:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.01.007
1377:
1364:
1161:Principles of Voice Production
1125:
1074:
870:
756:
446:
441:
13:
1:
2429:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32755-3
2351:10.1016/S0030-6665(05)70266-8
2276:10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00183-4
1885:10.1016/s0892-1997(00)80096-x
1834:10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30593-0
1531:10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70071-3
1496:10.1016/s0892-1997(97)80024-0
1458:10.1016/S0030-6665(05)70237-1
1262:10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00101-7
1067:
626:
554:masculinizing hormone therapy
2713:. 2007-10-16. Archived from
2600:10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.12.005
2565:10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.04.003
2311:10.1016/j.jvoice.2003.07.003
1996:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12456427
1342:10.1097/MLG.0b013e3181782754
855:of two biochemical markers:
591:
424:
389:Histology of the vocal cords
317:. They are constructed from
287:
7:
2507:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
2339:Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am
2219:www.otolaryngology.pitt.edu
2180:10.1088/0031-9155/53/10/015
1691:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
1605:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
1562:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
1446:Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am
1202:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
953:
751:
700:Other studies suggest that
495:
292:
10:
3239:
2519:10.1177/000348940411300105
2018:Speech and Hearing Science
1703:10.1177/000348949510400210
1617:10.1177/000348940611501012
1574:10.1177/000348949510400710
1519:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
1292:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
1214:10.1177/000348940111000505
957:
815:
742:
586:feminization laryngoplasty
574:feminization laryngoplasty
504:
386:
344:
305:, and at the front to the
282:feminization laryngoplasty
212:recurrent laryngeal branch
3169:
3096:
3049:
2959:
2881:
2705:"National Dictionary Day"
2035:Manual of Voice Treatment
1920:10.3109/00016488909127535
1746:10.1080/00016480701675643
765:The vocal folds in motion
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
95:
85:
75:
70:
52:
37:
32:
2995:Thyroepiglottic ligament
1947:Comprehensive Physiology
371:, as well as in musical
47:view of the vocal folds.
2680:Oxford University Press
1821:Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
1304:10.1067/mhn.2001.115906
1158:Titze, Ingo R. (1994).
1132:Fuks, Leonardo (1998).
879:, and less commonly as
531:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3000:Cricotracheal ligament
2973:Hyoepiglottic ligament
2033:Andrews, M.L. (2006).
1002:Articulatory phonetics
992:Vocal cord dysfunction
960:anatomical terminology
901:
766:
570:reconstructive surgery
411:thyroarytenoid muscles
274:reconstructive surgery
191:
190:Vocal folds (speaking)
183:
162:Anatomical terminology
3027:Cricothyroid ligament
3012:Quadrangular membrane
2774:Vowels and Consonants
2270:(2A Suppl): 26S–38S.
2016:Zemlin, W.R. (1988).
1955:10.1002/cphy.cp110115
1941:Nelson, J.F. (1995).
1136:. Stockholm, Sweden.
931:49% of the time. The
921:Oxford English Corpus
836:fundamental frequency
811:Clinical significance
778:fundamental frequency
764:
189:
181:
81:Sixth pharyngeal arch
3182:Cricoarytenoid joint
3147:transverse arytenoid
3008:Intrinsic ligaments
2969:Extrinsic ligaments
805:Tuvan throat singing
736:extracellular matrix
663:extracellular matrix
599:extracellular matrix
369:Tuvan throat singing
303:arytenoid cartilages
278:chondrolaryngoplasty
3223:Otorhinolaryngology
3208:Human head and neck
3088:Infraglottic cavity
2978:Thyrohyoid membrane
2836:(by subscription)/
2172:2008PMB....53.2667G
2121:1988ASAJ...83.1536T
2070:1995ASAJ...98..779L
1984:J. Invest. Dermatol
1095:2008SciAm.298a..94T
919:. According to the
653:Impact of phonation
548:and others such as
536:extracellular fluid
399:squamous epithelium
3177:Cricothyroid joint
2833:Grove Music Online
2637:Wilson, Kenneth G.
2109:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1208:(5 Pt 1): 417–24.
972:Electroglottograph
958:This article uses
946:is preferred over
849:vocal fold nodules
838:during phonation.
767:
696:Impact of hormones
192:
184:
182:Vocal folds (open)
91:Respiratory system
3213:Opera terminology
3190:
3189:
3133:oblique arytenoid
2808:978-0-631-23225-4
2783:978-1-4443-3429-6
2755:978-0-19-824217-8
2243:Missing or empty
1171:978-0-13-717893-3
1164:. Prentice Hall.
1013:Additional images
617:glycosaminoglycan
615:, a non-sulfated
606:connective tissue
546:assigned at birth
357:ventricular folds
341:False vocal folds
307:thyroid cartilage
243:ventricular folds
176:
175:
171:
16:(Redirected from
3230:
3051:Laryngeal cavity
2983:Lateral ligament
2935:Muscular process
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2770:Ladefoged, Peter
2766:
2760:
2759:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2645:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
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2241:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2129:10.1121/1.395910
2104:
2098:
2097:
2078:10.1121/1.414354
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1908:Acta Otolaryngol
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1734:Acta Otolaryngol
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1557:
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1514:
1508:
1507:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1441:
1428:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1078:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
904:
861:prostaglandin E2
801:overtone singing
786:Depth-kymography
723:epithelial cells
566:skeletal muscles
527:thyroid hormones
353:vestibular folds
335:vestibular folds
239:vestibular folds
198:, also known as
168:edit on Wikidata
165:
57:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3165:
3159:thyroepiglottic
3092:
3059:Laryngeal inlet
3045:
3022:Vestibular fold
2988:Median ligament
2955:
2877:
2873:Anatomy of the
2871:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2767:
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2733:
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2615:
2584:
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2503:
2496:
2451:
2444:
2417:Clin Plast Surg
2413:
2409:
2370:
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2335:
2326:
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2256:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
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2207:
2203:
2166:(10): 2667–75.
2156:
2152:
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2101:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2011:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1939:
1935:
1914:(5–6): 428–33.
1904:
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1804:
1773:
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1687:
1683:
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1183:
1172:
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1143:
1141:
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1126:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1015:
963:
956:
893:Antoine Ferrein
873:
844:
831:
818:
813:
759:
754:
745:
698:
655:
645:is composed of
642:
629:
594:
507:
498:
479:in the newborn
469:hyaluronic acid
453:hyaluronic acid
449:
444:
427:
415:mucous membrane
391:
385:
349:
347:Vestibular fold
343:
295:
290:
220:mucous membrane
194:In humans, the
172:
66:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
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3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
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3167:
3166:
3164:
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3162:
3161:
3154:Thyroarytenoid
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3111:Cricoarytenoid
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:Rima glottidis
3076:
3071:
3069:Rima vestibuli
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
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2820:External links
2818:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2782:
2761:
2754:
2736:Catford, J. C.
2727:
2696:
2670:(2007-10-18).
2659:
2628:
2613:
2578:
2540:
2494:
2442:
2423:(4): 489–500.
2407:
2364:
2324:
2289:
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2210:
2201:
2150:
2115:(4): 1536–52.
2099:
2064:(2): 779–784.
2048:
2039:
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2009:
1974:
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1802:
1783:(10): 1521–9.
1767:
1740:(6): 694–701.
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994:
989:
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979:
977:Vocal register
974:
969:
955:
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902:cordes vocales
872:
869:
843:
840:
830:
829:Reinke's edema
827:
817:
814:
812:
809:
758:
755:
753:
750:
744:
741:
727:granular cells
697:
694:
680:stellate cells
654:
651:
641:
638:
628:
625:
593:
590:
582:tracheal shave
562:male sexuality
558:adrenal cortex
506:
503:
497:
494:
490:Reinke's space
481:Reinke's space
448:
445:
443:
440:
426:
423:
403:lamina propria
387:Main article:
384:
381:
345:Main article:
342:
339:
323:vocalis muscle
315:rima glottidis
294:
291:
289:
286:
270:lamina propria
260:metabolite of
174:
173:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
58:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:aryepiglottic
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Aryepiglottic
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Vocal process
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2717:on 2008-12-18
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2649:on 2008-01-13
2648:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:(1): 110–20.
2593:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(3): 548–56.
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:(5): 1081–6.
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2237:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Phys Med Biol
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2022:Prentice-Hall
2019:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:(5): 668–73.
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1964:9780470650714
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1827:(4): 487–93.
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(2): 138–43.
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:(10): 784–8.
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(7): 556–62.
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:(4): 314–22.
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(4): 679–98.
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(7): 1104–9.
1391:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:(9): 1692–9.
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:(6): 607–14.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(1): 94–101.
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:interleukin 1
852:
850:
842:Wound healing
839:
837:
826:
824:
823:squamous cell
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
763:
749:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
721:receptors in
720:
716:
712:
706:
703:
693:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
640:Macula flavae
637:
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
493:
491:
485:
482:
478:
473:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
439:
437:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
380:
379:vocal style.
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Tibetan chant
362:
358:
354:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
180:
169:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
107:plica vocalis
105:
103:
99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:Laryngoscopic
41:
36:
31:
19:
3137:
3106:Cricothyroid
3031:
2908:Adam's apple
2831:
2798:
2792:
2773:
2764:
2740:
2730:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2708:
2699:
2688:. Retrieved
2675:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:the original
2641:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2559:(2): 283–9.
2556:
2552:
2510:
2506:
2465:(4): 292–6.
2462:
2458:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2377:
2374:Laryngoscope
2373:
2367:
2342:
2338:
2305:(1): 125–9.
2302:
2298:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2245:|title=
2225:. Retrieved
2218:
2213:
2204:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2017:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1946:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1879:(1): 72–81.
1876:
1872:
1824:
1820:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1651:
1648:Laryngoscope
1647:
1641:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1490:(1): 59–66.
1487:
1483:
1449:
1445:
1389:
1386:Biomaterials
1385:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1333:
1330:Laryngoscope
1329:
1295:
1291:
1256:(3): 303–9.
1253:
1249:
1205:
1201:
1160:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1127:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1026:Vocal folds.
1007:Laryngospasm
967:Adam's apple
947:
943:
937:
932:
928:
924:
916:
910:
907:vocal chords
906:
888:
884:
880:
876:
874:
853:
845:
832:
819:
790:
775:
768:
746:
719:progesterone
707:
699:
685:
676:
659:viscoelastic
656:
643:
634:
630:
610:
603:
595:
578:Adam's apple
542:Testosterone
540:
522:progesterone
514:sex hormones
508:
499:
486:
474:
465:
450:
428:
392:
383:Microanatomy
356:
350:
333:are the two
296:
262:testosterone
251:
242:
236:
199:
195:
193:
131:A06.2.09.013
106:
3203:Human voice
3032:Vocal cords
2944:Corniculate
2668:Zimmer, Ben
2513:(1): 23–9.
2264:Am. J. Surg
1654:(1): 4–15.
948:vocal cords
944:vocal folds
927:instead of
897:human voice
889:vocal cords
887:. The term
885:vocal bands
881:vocal flaps
877:vocal cords
871:Terminology
757:Oscillation
731:fibroblasts
671:fibroblasts
647:fibroblasts
621:fibroblasts
477:fibroblasts
461:fibroblasts
457:fibronectin
447:In newborns
442:Development
436:voice types
377:death growl
216:vagus nerve
200:vocal folds
196:vocal cords
96:Identifiers
33:Vocal cords
18:Vocal folds
3197:Categories
2891:Epiglottis
2721:2008-11-13
2690:2008-11-13
2653:2008-01-01
2227:2022-09-13
1144:2010-01-05
1068:References
627:Maturation
319:epithelium
3218:Phonetics
3128:Arytenoid
3116:posterior
3074:Ventricle
3064:Vestibule
3037:Histology
2963:and folds
2961:Ligaments
2949:Cuneiform
2925:Arytenoid
2896:Vallecula
2883:Cartilage
2746:9, 22, 37
2459:Ann. Surg
2196:206007976
1777:J Biomech
987:Vocal fry
940:phonetics
865:dysphonia
793:harmonics
592:Adulthood
518:estrogens
425:Variation
373:screaming
361:phonation
288:Structure
247:phonation
232:phonation
77:Precursor
64:adduction
60:Abduction
2738:(1988).
2710:ABC News
2684:Archived
2639:(1993).
2608:15964741
2573:15907442
2527:14763567
2437:11039884
2402:25132341
2394:15091233
2359:10984771
2319:15070232
2236:cite web
2188:18443389
2145:17809084
2094:24053484
1969:Archived
1893:10764118
1853:18852972
1797:15336927
1762:21410937
1754:18568507
1719:12529469
1668:15630357
1633:21613826
1625:17076102
1590:32824702
1547:71920488
1466:10918654
1406:16154633
1358:35188777
1350:18596477
1312:11391249
1270:12395982
1230:22257136
1222:11372924
1176:Archived
1138:Archived
1119:33929329
1111:18225701
997:Vocology
982:Falsetto
954:See also
752:Function
715:estrogen
711:androgen
702:hormones
572:such as
550:intersex
496:Children
375:and the
327:ligament
293:Location
276:such as
258:androgen
3121:lateral
3098:Muscles
3083:Glottis
2921:Paired
2915:Cricoid
2903:Thyroid
2676:OUPblog
2588:J Voice
2553:J Voice
2489:2009010
2480:1358347
2299:J Voice
2284:9777970
2168:Bibcode
2137:3372869
2117:Bibcode
2086:7642816
2066:Bibcode
2004:3772161
1928:2756834
1873:J Voice
1844:9442059
1711:7857016
1676:6024918
1582:7598369
1539:9781983
1504:9075177
1484:J Voice
1250:J Voice
1091:Bibcode
1083:Sci. Am
816:Lesions
797:singing
743:Old age
510:Puberty
505:Puberty
407:vocalis
395:keratin
331:glottis
311:glottis
299:trachea
266:puberty
228:vibrate
226:. They
214:of the
208:singing
119:D014827
71:Details
2875:larynx
2805:
2780:
2752:
2606:
2571:
2535:372152
2533:
2525:
2487:
2477:
2435:
2400:
2392:
2357:
2317:
2282:
2194:
2186:
2143:
2135:
2092:
2084:
2024:, Inc.
2002:
1961:
1926:
1891:
1851:
1841:
1795:
1760:
1752:
1717:
1709:
1674:
1666:
1631:
1623:
1588:
1580:
1545:
1537:
1502:
1464:
1404:
1356:
1348:
1310:
1268:
1228:
1220:
1168:
1117:
1109:
925:chords
771:speech
717:, and
431:voices
419:larynx
224:larynx
204:speech
87:System
3170:Other
2531:S2CID
2398:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2090:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1629:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1543:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1226:S2CID
1115:S2CID
933:cords
929:cords
917:cords
912:chord
256:, an
166:[
155:55457
102:Latin
2803:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2604:PMID
2569:PMID
2523:PMID
2485:PMID
2433:PMID
2390:PMID
2355:PMID
2315:PMID
2280:PMID
2249:help
2184:PMID
2133:PMID
2082:PMID
2000:PMID
1959:ISBN
1924:PMID
1889:PMID
1849:PMID
1793:PMID
1750:PMID
1707:PMID
1664:PMID
1621:PMID
1578:PMID
1535:PMID
1500:PMID
1462:PMID
1402:PMID
1346:PMID
1308:PMID
1266:PMID
1218:PMID
1166:ISBN
1107:PMID
859:and
729:and
689:CD44
667:CD44
657:The
520:and
475:The
455:and
409:and
367:and
143:3198
126:TA98
114:MeSH
62:and
2596:doi
2561:doi
2515:doi
2511:113
2475:PMC
2467:doi
2463:213
2425:doi
2382:doi
2378:114
2347:doi
2307:doi
2272:doi
2268:176
2176:doi
2125:doi
2074:doi
1992:doi
1951:doi
1916:doi
1912:107
1881:doi
1839:PMC
1829:doi
1785:doi
1742:doi
1738:128
1699:doi
1695:104
1656:doi
1652:115
1613:doi
1609:115
1570:doi
1566:104
1527:doi
1523:119
1492:doi
1454:doi
1394:doi
1338:doi
1334:118
1300:doi
1296:124
1258:doi
1210:doi
1206:110
1099:doi
1087:298
938:In
883:or
584:or
355:or
254:DHT
241:or
206:or
150:FMA
138:TA2
3199::
2748:.
2707:.
2682:.
2678:.
2674:.
2602:.
2592:20
2590:.
2567:.
2557:19
2555:.
2543:^
2529:.
2521:.
2509:.
2497:^
2483:.
2473:.
2461:.
2457:.
2445:^
2431:.
2421:27
2419:.
2396:.
2388:.
2376:.
2353:.
2343:33
2341:.
2327:^
2313:.
2303:18
2301:.
2278:.
2266:.
2240::
2238:}}
2234:{{
2190:.
2182:.
2174:.
2164:53
2162:.
2139:.
2131:.
2123:.
2113:83
2111:.
2088:.
2080:.
2072:.
2062:98
2060:.
1998:.
1988:87
1986:.
1967:.
1957:.
1945:.
1922:.
1910:.
1887:.
1877:14
1875:.
1861:^
1847:.
1837:.
1825:74
1823:.
1819:.
1805:^
1791:.
1781:37
1779:.
1756:.
1748:.
1736:.
1713:.
1705:.
1693:.
1670:.
1662:.
1650:.
1627:.
1619:.
1607:.
1584:.
1576:.
1564:.
1541:.
1533:.
1521:.
1498:.
1488:11
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