828:. For example, considering the proposition "all bachelors are unmarried:" its negation (i.e. the proposition that some bachelors are married) is incoherent due to the concept of being unmarried (or the meaning of the word "unmarried") being tied to part of the concept of being a bachelor (or part of the definition of the word "bachelor"). To the extent that contradictions are impossible, self-contradictory propositions are necessarily false as it is impossible for them to be true. The negation of a self-contradictory proposition is, therefore, supposed to be necessarily true.
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1313:, naturally without any evidence for such a monstrous assertion; instead of these, he gave sophisms and even crazy sham demonstrations whose absurdity was concealed under the mask of profundity and of the incomprehensibility ostensibly arising therefrom. Moreover, he appealed boldly and openly to
1230:
forms not in some way constitutive of him as a human subject. For instance, a person would not experience the world as an orderly, rule-governed place unless time, space and causality were determinant functions in the form of perceptual faculties, i. e., there can be no experience in general
784:
But for all its a priori reasonableness, a boundary between analytic and synthetic statements simply has not been drawn. That there is such a distinction to be drawn at all is an unempirical dogma of empiricists, a metaphysical article of
930:
presented a brief defence of Kant's three distinctions (analytic/synthetic, apriori/empirical and necessary/contingent), in that it did not assume "possible world semantics" for the third distinction, merely that some part of
938:
The relationship between aprioricity, necessity and analyticity is not easy to discern. Most philosophers at least seem to agree that while the various distinctions may overlap, the notions are clearly not identical: the
874:
were largely taken to be "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact", while synthetic propositions were not—one must conduct some sort of empirical investigation, looking to the world, to determine the
1158:
It is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions, and that which the faculty of cognition supplies from itself sensuous impressions giving merely the
738:
was first introduced by Kant. While his original distinction was primarily drawn in terms of conceptual containment, the contemporary version of such distinction primarily involves, as
American philosopher
769:, since it can be accounted for simply by one's ability to understand the meaning of the proposition in question. More simply, proponents of this explanation claimed to have reduced a dubious
1187:, or transcendental, conditions are seated in one's cognitive faculties, and are not provided by experience in general or any experience in particular (although an argument exists that
5172:
1285:
had just been discredited, at once prepared a system without any thing-in-itself. Consequently, he rejected the assumption of anything that was not through and through merely our
1478:
In this pair of articles, Stephen
Palmquist demonstrates that the context often determines how a particular proposition should be classified. A proposition that is synthetic
1465:
just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." (
918:
Kripke's definitions of these terms diverge in subtle ways from Kant's. Taking these differences into account, Kripke's controversial analysis of naming as contingent and
1293:
be all in all or at any rate produce everything from its own resources. For this purpose, he at once did away with the essential and most meritorious part of the
843:, because "ense experience can tell us only about the actual world and hence about what is the case; it can say nothing about what must or must not be the case."
1110:
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theories. Kant says, "Although all our cognition begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises from experience." According to Kant,
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1241:. The transcendental deduction argues that time, space and causality are ideal as much as real. In consideration of a possible logic of the
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17:
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After Kant's death, a number of philosophers saw themselves as correcting and expanding his philosophy, leading to the various forms of
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knowledge has undergone several criticisms. Most notably, Quine argues that the analytic–synthetic distinction is illegitimate:
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3300:
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1591:
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Although the soundness of Quine's proposition remains uncertain, it had a powerful effect on the project of explaining the
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propositions by virtue of their meaning and of certain facts about the world. According to the analytic explanation of the
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to be true in every possible world. As Jason Baehr suggests, it seems plausible that all necessary propositions are known
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and transcendental logic. He claimed that the human subject would not have the kind of experience that it has were these
870:
truths must be necessary." Since Kant, the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions has slightly changed.
1179:
cognition, in its pure form, that is without the admixture of any empirical content, is limited to the deduction of the
734:
of the early 20th century, is what
Boghossian calls the "analytic explanation of the a priori." The distinction between
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Consider the proposition: "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." This is something that (if true) one must come to know
442:
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O are the same thing, they are identical in every possible world, and truths of identity are logically necessary; and
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differentiates the terms by the direction of inference regarding proper causes and effects. To demonstrate something
980:
for 'from what comes before' (or, less literally, 'from first principles, before experience'). In contrast, the term
1088:
criteria for the possibility of a notion in his (1684) short treatise "Meditations on
Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas".
911:, because it is known only through empirical investigation. Following such considerations of Kripke and others (see
887:
Aprioricity, analyticity and necessity have since been more clearly separated from each other. American philosopher
5408:
5344:
5011:
3741:
2449:
1997:
915:), philosophers tend to distinguish the notion of aprioricity more clearly from that of necessity and analyticity.
891:(1972), for example, provides strong arguments against this position, whereby he contends that there are necessary
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without space, time or causality as particular determinants thereon. The claim is more formally known as Kant's
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35:
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3374:
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1406:
1396:
301:
31:
2258:
1963:
1245:, this most famous of Kant's deductions has made the successful attempt in the case for the fact of
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reigned at least four days, then he reigned more than three days." This is something that one knows
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5162:
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670:
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160:
135:
2226:. Synthese Historical Library. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2098:
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61:
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3184:
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2590:
1850:
1352:
1249:, what constitutes subjectivity and what relation it holds with objectivity and the empirical.
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421:
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66:
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philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any
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is to demonstrate "Proper
Efficient Causes from Proper Effects", according to his 1696 work
1064:
is to "Demonstrate Proper
Effects from Proper Efficient Causes" and likewise to demonstrate
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1999:
Meditationes de prima philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur
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8:
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Boghossian, Paul Artin (2003) . "14: Analyticity". In Hale, Bob; Wright, Crispin (eds.).
1374:
1369:
1364:
1266:
1002:
579:
569:
565:
516:
406:
326:
321:
306:
5026:
926:, best fit into Kant's epistemological framework by calling it "analytic a posteriori."
730:... that has never been described in satisfactory terms." One theory, popular among the
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2248:
2247:. Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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2900:
2855:
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2322:
1887:
Knowledge in
Perspective: (II) Naming, Necessity and the Analytic A Posteriori".
1878:(Summer 2020 ed.) – via Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
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A Historical and
Systematic Perspective on A Priori Knowledge and Justification
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knowledge is not entirely independent of the content of experience. Unlike the
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put it, the notions of "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact."
356:
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1946:
1294:
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715:
596:
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125:
95:
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2595:
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1314:
1246:
948:
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Following Kant, some philosophers have considered the relationship between
51:
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is one in which its negation is not self-contradictory. Thus, it is said
821:
796:
773:
faculty of pure reason to a legitimate linguistic notion of analyticity.
770:
520:
508:
261:
236:
150:
110:
90:
3758:
2007:
1740:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
824:
is one in which its negation is self-contradictory; it is true in every
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3040:
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2835:
2800:
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2730:
2368:
2278:
Knowledge in
Perspective: (I) Mathematics, Method and Pure Intuition".
1933:
Sloman, A. (1 October 1965). "'Necessary', 'a priori' and 'analytic'".
1925:
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1131:
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because it expresses a statement that one can derive by reason alone.
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100:
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An early philosophical use of what might be considered a notion of
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because it expresses an empirical fact unknowable by reason alone.
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494:
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3000:
2374:
1054:
703:
546:
534:
115:
30:"A priori" and "A posteriori" redirect here. For other uses, see
4633:
1167:
Contrary to contemporary usages of the term, Kant believes that
5244:
4016:
3435:
3114:
2663:
992:
899:
O (if it is true): According to Kripke, this statement is both
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276:
266:
211:
3627:
3342:
3214:
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2519:
1462:
1203:
1013:
985:
977:
478:
271:
2042:
Fodor, Jerry (21 October 2004). "Water's Water
Everywhere".
749:
are considered true by virtue of their meaning alone, while
5001:
3895:
3587:
2479:
2097:. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. pp.
1996:
Descartes, René (1641). In Cottingham; et al. (eds.).
1207:
1024:
614:
226:
2027:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1865:– via Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1309:
and the thing-in-itself. For he declared everything to be
698:
3311:
2093:
Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science
1111:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
544:
The terms originate from the analytic methods found in
1235:
and it is the central argument of his major work, the
797:
Relation to the necessary truths and contingent truths
5366:
1830:. In Boghossian, Paul; Peacocke, Christopher (eds.).
988:
for 'from what comes later' (or 'after experience').
765:
knowledge need not require a special faculty of pure
568:, which comes from definitions and first principles.
895:
truths. For example, the proposition that water is H
1962:Sommers, Tamler (March 2003). Jarman, Casey (ed.).
1665:
1663:
1269:, accused him of rejecting the distinction between
2217:
1624:
1536:
1534:
27:Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
1461:argument is one in which "you can see that it is
1194:Kant nominated and explored the possibility of a
1096:arguments for the existence of God appear in his
5390:
2295:. In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D. S. (eds.).
1660:
2181:Prolegomena zu einer jeden kĂĽnftigen Metaphysik
1531:
2241:Locke, John (1689). Nidditch, Peter H. (ed.).
2197:Kripke, Saul (2013) . "Naming and Necessity".
2151:"A Priori Knowledge: Debates and Developments"
1191:intuitions can be "triggered" by experience).
1012:knowledge (though not called by that name) is
955:; and the necessary/contingent distinction is
704:Relation to the analytic–synthetic distinction
4649:
3774:
3327:
2679:
2645:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
2450:
2426:
2224:Philosophical Papers and Letters: A Selection
2201:. Synthese Library (2nd ed.). Springer.
1974:(1). San Francisco, CA: McSweeney's McMullens
1780:Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes
443:
2116:Hume, David (2008) . Millican, Peter (ed.).
1834:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1757:Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong
1680:
1678:
1198:with which to consider the deduction of the
2299:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co.
1715:Bird, Graham (1995). Honderich, Ted (ed.).
1579:
1456:
649:
648:as nouns referring to the quality of being
627:
621:
582:, which comes from observational evidence.
573:
559:
524:
498:
471:
463:
4656:
4642:
3781:
3767:
3334:
3320:
2686:
2672:
2457:
2443:
2273:
2088:
1882:
1802:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1735:
1540:
1487:
1108:outlined the distinction in his 1710 work
1005:period as the model for precise thinking.
866:, in particular, took it for granted that
632:can be used to modify other nouns such as
450:
436:
4437:
4400:Relationship between religion and science
3788:
2404:– in the Philosophical Dictionary online.
2119:An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
2062:. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
2055:
2022:
1995:
1759:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1738:A Companion to the Philosophy of Language
1675:
1042:, a 14th-century logician, wrote on both
5173:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1402:Transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology
1218:intuitions. Kant reasoned that the pure
951:; the analytic/synthetic distinction is
2274:Palmquist, Stephen (September 1987a). "
2244:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
2215:
2148:
2122:. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press.
2025:The Philosophical Writings of Descartes
1961:
1876:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1870:Macleod, Christopher (25 August 2016).
1869:
1855:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1825:
1773:
1654:
1526:
1466:
1440:
14:
5391:
2464:
2196:
1932:
1883:Palmquist, Stephen (December 1987b). "
1630:
1580:Fred-Rivera, Ivette (10 August 2022).
1001:, a work widely considered during the
699:Aprioricity, analyticity and necessity
4637:
3762:
3315:
2667:
2438:
2425:
2290:
2240:
2186:Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics
2041:
1899:
1849:Look, Brandon C. (22 December 2007).
1754:
1701:
1642:
1618:
1606:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1150:cognition is empirical, based on the
991:They appear in Latin translations of
801:The metaphysical distinction between
714:Several philosophers, in reaction to
2177:
2115:
1848:
1810:
1782:(15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
1714:
1684:
1669:
1510:
1122:The 18th-century German philosopher
1028:, according to which something like
858:to be extremely close. According to
5335:
5101:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3509:Analytic and synthetic propositions
3380:Formal semantics (natural language)
2416:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2388:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2354:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2336:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2059:Kant's Theory of a Priori Knowledge
1721:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1708:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1586:. Springer Nature. pp. 40–45.
1222:intuitions are established via his
831:By contrast, a proposition that is
736:analytic and synthetic propositions
722:knowledge without appealing to, as
609:. Both terms are primarily used as
24:
1988:
1718:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1648:
1546:
1297:doctrine, the distinction between
1146:of all possible experience, while
533:. Examples include most fields of
503:knowledge is independent from any
25:
5445:
4663:
4420:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4415:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4368:History and philosophy of science
2321:
2315:
1900:Quine, Willard Van Orman (1951).
1482:in one context might be analytic
1181:conditions of possible experience
1080:introduced a distinction between
1032:knowledge is knowledge inherent,
935:world might have been different.
497:by their reliance on experience.
5376:
5334:
5319:
5310:
5309:
4617:
4605:
3721:
2693:
2167:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00136.x
1289:, and therefore let the knowing
1261:. One of these philosophers was
1252:
1117:
1074:Book III, Lesson IV, Section 7.
809:truths has also been related to
726:describes as "a special faculty
2004:Meditations on First Philosophy
1636:
1612:
1472:
684:
5131:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3809:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3110:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2222:. In Loemker, Leroy E. (ed.).
1828:"A Priori Knowledge Revisited"
1774:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
1600:
1573:
1561:
1520:
1446:
1425:
710:Analytic–synthetic distinction
196:Analytic–synthetic distinction
13:
1:
2199:Semantics of Natural Language
1874:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1853:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1413:
967:
882:
605:, an influential work in the
36:A posteriori (disambiguation)
5414:Justification (epistemology)
2408:"Rationalism vs. Empiricism"
2331:Justification and Knowledge"
2216:Leibniz, Gottfried (1976) .
2089:Heisenberg, Werner (2007) .
1964:"Galen Strawson (interview)"
1497:
1281:... Fichte who, because the
1265:. His student (and critic),
1126:(1781) advocated a blend of
776:The analytic explanation of
7:
5424:Latin philosophical phrases
5208:Libertarian theories of law
4142:Hypothetico-deductive model
4117:Deductive-nomological model
4102:Constructivist epistemology
3155:Internalism and externalism
2149:Jenkins, C. S. (May 2008).
1851:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
1704:"A Priori and A Posteriori"
1340:
879:of synthetic propositions.
662:
657:
550:, a collection of works by
18:A posteriori (epistemology)
10:
5450:
4719:International legal theory
2056:Greenberg, Robert (2001).
1902:"Two Dogmas of Empiricism"
1832:New Essays on the A Priori
1814:Kritik der reinen Vernunft
1694:
1305:and thus that between the
1022:, related in the dialogue
962:
793:in terms of the analytic.
761:knowledge is analytic; so
707:
29:
5305:
5236:
5153:
5060:
4742:
4684:
4671:
4596:
4428:
4330:
4260:
4203:Semantic view of theories
4122:Epistemological anarchism
4074:
4059:dependent and independent
3796:
3716:
3676:
3648:
3641:
3593:Necessity and sufficiency
3496:
3461:
3413:
3367:
3349:
3341:
3281:
3230:
3079:
2986:Evolutionary epistemology
2956:
2701:
2627:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2609:
2548:
2485:A priori and a posteriori
2472:
2432:
2427:Links to related articles
2280:The Review of Metaphysics
1889:The Review of Metaphysics
1407:Transcendental nominalism
1397:Transcendental empiricism
469:('from the earlier') and
302:Evolutionary epistemology
32:A priori (disambiguation)
5429:Definitions of knowledge
5404:Concepts in epistemology
5290:Rational-legal authority
5178:German historical school
5163:Analytical jurisprudence
3945:Intertheoretic reduction
3934:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3911:Functional contextualism
3258:Philosophy of perception
3061:Representational realism
3031:Naturalized epistemology
2530:Multiple time dimensions
1906:The Philosophical Review
1826:Kitcher, Philip (2001).
1702:Baehr, Jason S. (2006).
1418:
1332:Parerga and Paralipomena
1233:transcendental deduction
1224:transcendental aesthetic
595:and were popularized by
485:to distinguish types of
417:Philosophy of perception
5409:Conceptual distinctions
5258:Judicial interpretation
4430:Philosophers of science
4208:Scientific essentialism
4157:Model-dependent realism
4092:Constructive empiricism
3985:Evidence-based practice
3238:Outline of epistemology
3071:Transcendental idealism
2652:An Experiment with Time
2178:Kant, Immanuel (1783).
1821:]. Im Insel-Verlag.
1819:Critique of Pure Reason
1811:Kant, Immanuel (1781).
1238:Critique of Pure Reason
636:. Philosophers may use
602:Critique of Pure Reason
477:('from the later') are
312:Historical epistemology
5345:WikiProject Philosophy
4699:Critical legal studies
4513:Alfred North Whitehead
4503:Charles Sanders Peirce
3185:Problem of other minds
2591:Growing block universe
2044:London Review of Books
1947:10.1093/analys/26.1.12
1857:(Spring 2020 ed.)
1457:
1353:A posteriori necessity
1338:
1165:
1019:theory of recollection
820:A proposition that is
787:
650:
628:
622:
574:
560:
525:
499:
472:
464:
5268:Law without the state
4612:Philosophy portal
4363:Hard and soft science
4358:Faith and rationality
4227:Scientific skepticism
4007:Scientific Revolution
3790:Philosophy of science
3728:Philosophy portal
3263:Philosophy of science
3243:Faith and rationality
3125:Descriptive knowledge
2996:Feminist epistemology
2936:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2638:The Unreality of Time
2490:A series and B series
2297:Plato: Complete Works
2188:]. Archived from
2006:]. Archived from
1755:Fodor, Jerry (1998).
1320:, that is, really to
1279:
1156:
1071:The Method to Science
1055:Thomistic philosopher
1003:early European modern
903:, because water and H
872:Analytic propositions
782:
747:Analytic propositions
708:Further information:
607:history of philosophy
585:Both terms appear in
529:knowledge depends on
422:Philosophy of science
5228:Virtue jurisprudence
5168:Deontological ethics
4338:Criticism of science
4213:Scientific formalism
4097:Constructive realism
4002:Scientific pluralism
3975:Problem of induction
3195:Procedural knowledge
3180:Problem of induction
1776:"a priori knowledge"
1490:, pp. 269, 273)
1385:Relativized a priori
1348:A priori probability
1214:are considered pure
1196:transcendental logic
922:would, according to
718:, sought to explain
297:Applied epistemology
4405:Rhetoric of science
4343:Descriptive science
4087:Confirmation holism
3980:Scientific evidence
3940:Inductive reasoning
3869:Demarcation problem
3390:Philosophy of logic
3273:Virtue epistemology
3268:Social epistemology
3248:Formal epistemology
3135:Epistemic injustice
3130:Exploratory thought
2931:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2576:Four-dimensionalism
2076:on 1 September 2006
1455:has stated that an
1375:Inductive reasoning
1370:Deductive reasoning
1365:Abductive reasoning
1267:Arthur Schopenhauer
1175:, Kant thinks that
1036:in the human mind.
732:logical positivists
570:Posterior analytics
507:. Examples include
407:Epistemic cognition
327:Virtue epistemology
322:Social epistemology
307:Formal epistemology
46:Part of a series on
5121:The Concept of Law
5111:Pure Theory of Law
4624:Science portal
4553:Carl Gustav Hempel
4508:Wilhelm Windelband
4395:Questionable cause
4218:Scientific realism
4039:Underdetermination
3874:Empirical evidence
3864:Creative synthesis
3689:Rules of inference
3658:Mathematical logic
3400:Semantics of logic
2926:Timothy Williamson
2716:Augustine of Hippo
2466:Philosophy of time
2192:on 31 August 2000.
2173:on 5 January 2013.
2155:Philosophy Compass
1872:"John Stuart Mill"
1202:in its pure form.
1142:, or based on the
539:personal knowledge
531:empirical evidence
5434:Concepts in logic
5364:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5330:Philosophy portal
5091:The Spirit of Law
4729:Philosophy of law
4709:Economic analysis
4694:Constitutionalism
4631:
4630:
4473:
4472:
4385:Normative science
4242:Uniformitarianism
3997:Scientific method
3891:Explanatory power
3756:
3755:
3712:
3711:
3546:Deductive closure
3492:
3491:
3431:Critical thinking
3309:
3308:
3175:Privileged access
2811:Søren Kierkegaard
2661:
2660:
2261:on 29 August 2006
2136:on 7 October 2008
1968:Believer Magazine
1798:cite encyclopedia
1789:978-1-59339-837-8
1593:978-3-031-06874-4
1053:The early modern
924:Stephen Palmquist
833:contingently true
460:
459:
16:(Redirected from
5441:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5338:
5337:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5193:Legal positivism
5146:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
4734:Sociology of law
4658:
4651:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4583:Bas van Fraassen
4538:Hans Reichenbach
4518:Bertrand Russell
4435:
4434:
4261:Philosophy of...
4044:Unity of science
3837:Commensurability
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3646:
3645:
3411:
3410:
3375:Computer science
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3253:Metaepistemology
3231:Related articles
3205:Regress argument
3140:Epistemic virtue
2891:Bertrand Russell
2866:Duncan Pritchard
2826:Hilary Kornblith
2741:Laurence BonJour
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2610:Related articles
2561:B-theory of time
2556:A-theory of time
2549:Theories of time
2473:Concepts in time
2459:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2410:– an article by
2392:
2340:
2323:Zalta, Edward N.
2310:
2287:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2237:
2221:
2212:
2193:
2174:
2169:. Archived from
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2112:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:. Archived from
2051:
2038:
2023:— (1984).
2019:
2017:
2015:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1958:
1929:
1896:
1879:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1770:
1751:
1732:
1711:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1429:
1380:Off the verandah
1336:
1040:Albert of Saxony
901:necessarily true
822:necessarily true
729:
653:
631:
625:
577:
563:
528:
502:
481:phrases used in
475:
467:
452:
445:
438:
352:Sextus Empiricus
317:Metaepistemology
43:
42:
21:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5340:WikiProject Law
5301:
5285:Question of law
5232:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5081:Treatise on Law
5074:
5056:
4738:
4704:Comparative law
4680:
4667:
4662:
4632:
4627:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4592:
4573:Paul Feyerabend
4533:Michael Polanyi
4469:
4455:Galileo Galilei
4424:
4410:Science studies
4326:
4256:
4247:Verificationism
4152:Instrumentalism
4137:Foundationalism
4112:Conventionalism
4070:
3906:Feminist method
3792:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3722:
3720:
3708:
3672:
3663:Boolean algebra
3637:
3488:
3479:Metamathematics
3457:
3409:
3363:
3345:
3340:
3310:
3305:
3277:
3226:
3145:Gettier problem
3075:
3006:Foundationalism
2952:
2901:Wilfrid Sellars
2856:Alvin Plantinga
2736:George Berkeley
2703:Epistemologists
2697:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2605:
2544:
2468:
2463:
2428:
2373:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2291:Plato (1997) .
2264:
2262:
2255:
2234:
2209:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2109:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2035:
2013:
2011:
2010:on 15 July 2013
1991:
1989:Further reading
1986:
1977:
1975:
1918:10.2307/2181906
1860:
1858:
1842:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1767:
1748:
1729:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1541:Boghossian 2003
1539:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1488:Palmquist 1987b
1477:
1473:
1451:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1283:thing-in-itself
1259:German Idealism
1255:
1154:of experience:
1120:
1106:George Berkeley
970:
965:
949:epistemological
947:distinction is
906:
898:
885:
799:
727:
724:Paul Boghossian
712:
706:
701:
689:
667:
660:
580:inductive logic
566:deductive logic
556:Prior analytics
537:and aspects of
456:
427:
426:
412:Epistemic logic
402:
401:
392:
391:
342:
341:
340:Epistemologists
332:
331:
292:
291:
282:
281:
186:
185:
176:
175:
121:Foundationalism
86:
85:
76:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
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5386:
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5362:
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5352:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5317:
5306:
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5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5287:
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5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5223:Utilitarianism
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:Legal moralism
5185:
5183:Interpretivism
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5127:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
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4904:
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4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
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4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
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4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
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4739:
4737:
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4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
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4701:
4696:
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4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
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4669:
4668:
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4660:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:W. V. O. Quine
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:Rudolf Steiner
4490:
4485:
4483:Henri Poincaré
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Exact sciences
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4331:Related topics
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4290:Social science
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:Space and time
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4182:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Scientific law
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:Falsifiability
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:Mill's Methods
3822:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
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3615:
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3605:
3600:
3595:
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3585:
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3569:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
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3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
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3407:
3402:
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3364:
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3270:
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3260:
3255:
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3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
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3202:
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3192:
3187:
3182:
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3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
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3053:
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3038:
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3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Constructivism
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Baruch Spinoza
2918:
2916:P. F. Strawson
2913:
2908:
2906:Susanna Siegel
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:W. V. O. Quine
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Nelson Goodman
2778:
2773:
2771:Edmund Gettier
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:René Descartes
2753:
2748:
2746:Gilles Deleuze
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:William Alston
2718:
2713:
2711:Thomas Aquinas
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:Temporal parts
2532:
2527:
2525:Imaginary time
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Eternal return
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2393:
2371:
2356:
2341:
2317:
2316:External links
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:978-0872203495
2305:
2288:
2271:
2254:978-0198245957
2253:
2238:
2233:978-9027706935
2232:
2213:
2208:978-9027703101
2207:
2194:
2175:
2161:(3): 436–450.
2146:
2129:978-0199549900
2128:
2113:
2108:978-0061209192
2107:
2086:
2069:978-0271020839
2068:
2053:
2039:
2034:978-0521288088
2033:
2020:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1959:
1930:
1897:
1880:
1867:
1846:
1841:978-0199241279
1840:
1823:
1808:
1788:
1771:
1766:978-0198236368
1765:
1752:
1747:978-0631213260
1746:
1733:
1727:
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1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
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1572:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1471:
1453:Galen Strawson
1445:
1433:associationist
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1329:Schopenhauer,
1326:
1287:representation
1254:
1251:
1140:transcendental
1119:
1116:
969:
966:
964:
961:
904:
896:
884:
881:
826:possible world
798:
795:
741:W. V. O. Quine
705:
702:
700:
697:
688:
683:
666:
661:
659:
656:
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
400:Related fields
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
382:W. V. O. Quine
379:
374:
369:
367:René Descartes
364:
359:
357:Edmund Gettier
354:
349:
343:
339:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
198:
193:
187:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5446:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Legal realism
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
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5035:
5033:
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5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Legal history
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:Jurisprudence
4659:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Rudolf Carnap
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Auguste Comte
4476:
4475:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Francis Bacon
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:Pseudoscience
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Structuralism
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:Received view
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Contextualism
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3705:
3704:Logic symbols
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Logical truth
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:Contradiction
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Argumentation
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3453:Philosophical
3451:
3449:
3448:Non-classical
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Justification
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Phenomenalism
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:NaĂŻve realism
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Contextualism
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:Vienna Circle
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Hilary Putnam
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Robert Nozick
2849:
2847:
2846:John McDowell
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Immanuel Kant
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Alvin Goldman
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:(2): 255–282.
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
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242:Justification
240:
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171:Structuralism
169:
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4744:Philosophers
4686:Legal theory
4588:Larry Laudan
4568:Imre Lakatos
4523:Otto Neurath
4498:Karl Pearson
4488:Pierre Duhem
4460:Isaac Newton
4390:Protoscience
4348:Epistemology
4222:Anti-realism
4220: /
4201: /
4192: /
4178: /
4176:Reductionism
4174: /
4147:Inductionism
4127:Evolutionism
3932:
3819:a posteriori
3818:
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3443:Mathematical
3368:Major fields
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3120:Common sense
3098:A posteriori
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3051:Reductionism
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2259:the original
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1650:
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1621:, p. 86
1614:
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1582:
1575:
1570:, p. 34
1563:
1558:, p. 21
1527:Kitcher 2001
1522:
1506:
1483:
1480:a posteriori
1479:
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1467:Sommers 2003
1448:
1441:Macleod 2016
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1085:
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1018:
1009:
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957:metaphysical
945:a posteriori
944:
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892:
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575:a posteriori
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473:a posteriori
470:
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205:
201:
200:
52:Epistemology
40:
5218:Paternalism
5213:Natural law
5075:(c. 355 BC)
4922:Montesquieu
4714:Legal norms
4578:Ian Hacking
4563:Thomas Kuhn
4548:Karl Popper
4528:C. D. Broad
4445:Roger Bacon
4373:Non-science
4315:Linguistics
4295:Archaeology
4190:Rationalism
4180:Determinism
4167:Physicalism
4132:Fallibilism
4082:Coherentism
4012:Testability
3965:Observation
3960:Objectivity
3921:alternative
3852:Correlation
3842:Consilience
3738:WikiProject
3608:Proposition
3603:Probability
3556:Description
3497:Foundations
3200:Proposition
3170:Objectivity
3056:Reliabilism
3046:Rationalism
2991:Fallibilism
2966:Coherentism
2911:Ernest Sosa
2886:Thomas Reid
2871:James Pryor
2841:G. E. Moore
2831:David Lewis
2821:Saul Kripke
2816:Peter Klein
2796:Susan Haack
2726:Robert Audi
2622:Metaphysics
2566:Endurantism
2540:Temporality
1687:, p. 1
1657:, p. 1
1631:Sloman 1965
1439:knowledge (
1391:Tabula rasa
1322:inspiration
1277:knowledge:
1128:rationalist
889:Saul Kripke
877:truth-value
860:Jerry Fodor
852:analyticity
848:aprioricity
817:knowledge.
671:proposition
646:aprioricity
578:) is about
564:) is about
521:pure reason
513:tautologies
509:mathematics
262:Rationality
237:Information
151:Rationalism
111:Fallibilism
91:Coherentism
5419:Kantianism
5393:Categories
5383:Philosophy
5325:Law portal
4952:PetraĹĽycki
4942:Pashukanis
4937:Olivecrona
4872:Hägerström
4787:Blackstone
4465:David Hume
4438:Precursors
4320:Psychology
4300:Economics‎
4194:Empiricism
4185:Pragmatism
4172:Positivism
4162:Naturalism
4032:scientific
3916:Hypothesis
3879:Experiment
3668:Set theory
3566:Linguistic
3561:Entailment
3551:Definition
3519:Consequent
3514:Antecedent
3301:Discussion
3291:Task Force
3210:Simplicity
3190:Perception
3066:Skepticism
3041:Positivism
3016:Infinitism
2981:Empiricism
2836:John Locke
2801:David Hume
2791:Anil Gupta
2786:Paul Grice
2761:John Dewey
2731:A. J. Ayer
2601:Presentism
2571:Eternalism
2520:Eviternity
2369:PhilPapers
2286:(1): 3–22.
1643:Baehr 2006
1619:Fodor 1998
1607:Baehr 2006
1568:Quine 1951
1556:Quine 1951
1513:, p.
1414:References
1307:phenomenon
1132:empiricist
1099:Monadology
968:Early uses
953:linguistic
883:Separation
864:positivism
807:contingent
505:experience
483:philosophy
372:David Hume
232:Experience
161:Skepticism
156:Relativism
146:Pragmatism
136:Naturalism
131:Infinitism
106:Empiricism
5085:(c. 1270)
4967:Pufendorf
4902:Llewellyn
4762:Aristotle
4305:Geography
4273:Chemistry
4232:Scientism
4027:ladenness
3847:Construct
3825:Causality
3699:Fallacies
3694:Paradoxes
3684:Logicians
3618:Statement
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3578:Induction
3541:Deduction
3504:Abduction
3474:Metalogic
3421:Classical
3385:Inference
3165:Knowledge
3150:Induction
3100:knowledge
3092:knowledge
2632:Teleology
2265:29 August
2140:28 August
2014:25 August
1685:Kant 1781
1670:Look 2007
1511:Bird 1995
1498:Citations
1359:Ab initio
1318:intuition
1212:causality
1034:intrinsic
972:The term
856:necessity
803:necessary
767:intuition
642:apriorist
638:apriority
618:knowledge
611:modifiers
552:Aristotle
517:deduction
487:knowledge
347:Aristotle
252:Knowledge
247:Induction
222:Certainty
166:Solipsism
101:Dogmatism
5399:A priori
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5237:Concepts
5203:Legalism
5155:Theories
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5012:Scaevola
4972:Radbruch
4947:Perelman
4932:Nussbaum
4877:Jellinek
4842:Habermas
4837:Gurvitch
4807:Durkheim
4777:Beccaria
4600:Category
4252:Vitalism
4075:Theories
4049:Variable
3970:Paradigm
3857:function
3815:A priori
3804:Analysis
3797:Concepts
3733:Category
3633:Validity
3534:Antinomy
3462:Theories
3426:Informal
3286:Category
3105:Analysis
3090:A priori
3081:Concepts
3021:Innatism
2958:Theories
2617:Etiology
2586:Finitism
2581:Fatalism
2510:Eternity
2500:Duration
2397:A priori
2377:A priori
2360:A priori
2345:A priori
2329:A Priori
2276:A Priori
1955:17118371
1935:Analysis
1885:A Priori
1484:a priori
1458:a priori
1437:a priori
1341:See also
1327:—
1311:a priori
1299:a priori
1271:a priori
1243:a priori
1228:a priori
1220:a priori
1216:a priori
1200:a priori
1189:a priori
1185:a priori
1183:. These
1177:a priori
1169:a priori
1161:occasion
1136:a priori
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1090:A priori
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1062:a priori
1044:a priori
1030:a priori
1010:a priori
998:Elements
974:a priori
941:a priori
920:a priori
868:a priori
841:a priori
811:a priori
791:a priori
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759:a priori
755:a priori
720:a priori
679:a priori
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664:A priori
658:Examples
651:a priori
629:A priori
623:a priori
592:Elements
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495:argument
465:A priori
217:Credence
202:A priori
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67:Category
5350:changes
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5007:Savigny
4987:Reinach
4912:Maistre
4907:Luhmann
4882:Jhering
4832:Grotius
4817:Ehrlich
4812:Dworkin
4802:Cardozo
4782:Bentham
4772:Bastiat
4757:Aquinas
4310:History
4278:Physics
4268:Biology
4066:more...
4054:control
3950:Inquiry
3748:changes
3740: (
3598:Premise
3529:Paradox
3359:History
3354:Outline
3221:more...
3001:Fideism
2947:more...
2414:in the
2352:at the
2325:(ed.).
1978:10 July
1926:2181906
1695:Sources
1295:Kantian
1291:subject
1152:content
963:History
620:(i.e.,
613:to the
547:Organon
535:science
387:more...
290:Domains
257:Meaning
116:Fideism
84:Schools
62:Outline
5369:Portal
5245:Dharma
5145:(1986)
5135:(1980)
5125:(1961)
5115:(1934)
5105:(1820)
5095:(1748)
5047:Walzer
5027:Suárez
4992:Renner
4957:Posner
4927:MĂĽller
4892:Kelsen
4867:Hobbes
4847:Haller
4827:Fuller
4822:Finnis
4792:Bobbio
4767:Austin
4022:choice
4017:Theory
3955:Nature
3884:design
3650:topics
3436:Reason
3414:Logics
3405:Syntax
3115:Belief
3011:Holism
2495:Action
2303:
2293:"Meno"
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2230:
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2105:
2080:30 May
2066:
2031:
1953:
1924:
1861:22 May
1838:
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1725:
1645:, §2-3
1590:
993:Euclid
785:faith.
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587:Euclid
277:Wisdom
267:Reason
212:Belief
191:Action
5062:Works
5052:Weber
5037:Unger
5032:Stahl
5022:Shang
4977:Rawls
4962:Pound
4897:Leoni
4862:Hegel
4752:Alexy
4676:Index
3677:other
3642:Lists
3628:Truth
3395:Proof
3343:Logic
3296:Stubs
3215:Truth
2861:Plato
2515:Event
2184:[
2101:–92.
2050:(21).
2002:[
1951:S2CID
1922:JSTOR
1817:[
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1419:Notes
1204:Space
1014:Plato
986:Latin
978:Latin
634:truth
519:from
493:, or
479:Latin
272:Truth
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5071:Laws
5002:Rumi
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4887:Kant
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3817:and
3742:talk
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2124:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2082:2007
2064:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2016:2006
1980:2013
1863:2020
1836:ISBN
1804:link
1784:ISBN
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1742:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1609:, §3
1588:ISBN
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