4058:
1355:
1222:
4754:
1317:
3444:
1005:
1455:
nearly 96% of carbon to be broken down in these systems. Whereas for anoxic systems, POC breakdown takes 125 days, over four times longer. It takes approximately 1 mg of oxygen to break down 1 mg of POC in the environment, and therefore, hypoxia takes place quickly as oxygen is used up quickly to digest POC. About 9% of POC in phytoplankton can be broken down in a single day at 18 °C. Therefore, it takes about eleven days to completely break down phytoplankton.
31:
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3406:
4768:
3454:
1017:
66:
3435:
3427:
4386:
3419:
1851:
1281:
1454:
In this equation, G(t) is the amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) overall at a given time, t. G(0) is the concentration of POC before breakdown takes place. k is a rate constant in year-1, and t is time in years. For most POC of phytoplankton, the k is around 12.8 years-1, or about 28 days for
1176:
Hypoxia can occur throughout the water column and also at high altitudes as well as near sediments on the bottom. It usually extends throughout 20-50% of the water column, but depends on the water depth and location of pycnoclines (rapid changes in water density with depth). It can occur in 10-80% of
1386:
The breakdown of phytoplankton in the environment depends on the presence of oxygen, and once oxygen is no longer in the bodies of water, ligninperoxidases cannot continue to break down the lignin. When oxygen is not present in the water, the time required for breakdown of phytoplankton changes from
1462:
As phytoplankton breakdown, free phosphorus and nitrogen become available in the environment, which also fosters hypoxic conditions. As the breakdown of this phytoplankton takes place, the more phosphorus turns into phosphates, and nitrogens turn into nitrates. This depletes the oxygen even more so
1458:
After POC is broken down, this particulate matter can be turned into other dissolved carbon, such as carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ions, and carbonate. As much as 30% of phytoplankton can be broken down into dissolved carbon. When this particulate organic carbon interacts with 350 nm ultraviolet
1288:
Hypoxia may also occur in the absence of pollutants. In estuaries, for example, because freshwater flowing from a river into the sea is less dense than salt water, stratification in the water column can result. Vertical mixing between the water bodies is therefore reduced, restricting the supply of
1212:
light, and therefore reduce rates of photosynthesis. The freezing over of a lake also prevents air-water interactions that allow the exchange of oxygen. This creates a lack of oxygen while respiration continues. When the oxygen becomes badly depleted, anaerobic organisms can die, resulting in a
1550:
Benway, H.M., Lorenzoni, L., White, A.E., Fiedler, B., Levine, N.M., Nicholson, D.P., DeGrandpre, M.D., Sosik, H.M., Church, M.J., O'Brien, T.D. and Leinen, M. (2019) "Ocean time series observations of changing marine ecosystems: an era of integration, synthesis, and societal applications",
1707:
Rabalais, Nancy; Turner, R. Eugene; Justic´, Dubravko; Dortch, Quay; Wiseman, William J. Jr. Characterization of
Hypoxia: Topic 1 Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Ch. 3. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Decision Analysis Series No. 15. May 1999. <
1463:
in the environment, further creating hypoxic zones in higher quantities. As more minerals such as phosphorus and nitrogen are displaced into these aquatic systems, the growth of phytoplankton greatly increases, and after their death, hypoxic zones are formed.
1289:
oxygen from the surface waters to the more saline bottom waters. The oxygen concentration in the bottom layer may then become low enough for hypoxia to occur. Areas particularly prone to this include shallow waters of semi-enclosed water bodies such as the
34:
Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal waters, 2009. The map indicates coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have exacerbated or caused oxygen declines to <2 mg/L (<63 ÎĽmol/L) (red dots), as well as ocean
1208:. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms, like fish, may die, resulting in what is known as a "summer kill". The same phenomena can occur in the winter, but for different reasons. During winter, ice and snow cover can
1459:
light, dissolved inorganic carbon is formed, removing even more oxygen from the environment in the forms of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ions, and carbonate. Dissolved inorganic carbon is made at a rate of 2.3–6.5 mg/(m⋅day).
1156:
is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity. A system with low concentration—in the range between 1 and 30% saturation—is called
1334:, where aquatic life suddenly rushes to the shallows, perhaps trying to escape oxygen-depleted water. Recent widespread shellfish kills near the coasts of Oregon and Washington are also blamed on cyclic
1782:
Gubernatorova, T. N.; Dolgonosov, B. M. (2010-05-01). "Modeling the biodegradation of multicomponent organic matter in an aquatic environment: 3. Analysis of lignin degradation mechanisms".
1313:
has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones around the world, concentrated in coastal areas in
Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and East Asia, particularly in Japan.
1893:
Harvey, H. Rodger (1995). "Kinetics of phytoplankton decay during simulated sedimentation: Changes in biochemical composition and microbial activity under oxic and anoxic conditions".
3155:
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the water column. For example, in a 10-meter water column, it can reach up to 2 meters below the surface. In a 20-meter water column, it can extend up to 8 meters below the surface.
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964:
4217:
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959:
4709:
1450:
1165:. Most fish cannot live below 30% saturation since they rely on oxygen to derive energy from their nutrients. Hypoxia leads to impaired reproduction of remaining fish via
1146:
In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate. Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to
1378:. Cross-shelf gradients in productivity and bottom water residence times drive the strength of DO (DIC) decrease (increase) as water transits across a productive
2159:
4212:
1955:
Johannessen, Sophia C.; Peña, M. Angelica; Quenneville, Melanie L. (2007). "Photochemical production of carbon dioxide during a coastal phytoplankton bloom".
1696:
1525:
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Gregoire, M., Chavez, F. P., and Conley, D. J. (2018) "Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters".
1284:
Still frame from an underwater video of the sea floor. The floor is covered with crabs, fish, and clams apparently dead or dying from oxygen depletion.
2063:
4242:
1107:, where the percentage of oxygen in the air (or blood) is decreased. This is common in the sealed burrows of some subterranean animals, such as
3393:
969:
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4082:
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1832:
Chan, F., Barth, J.A., Kroeker, K.J., Lubchenco, J. and Menge, B.A. (2019) "The dynamics and impact of ocean acidification and hypoxia".
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1994:; Havens, Karl E.; Lancelot, Christiane; Likens, Gene E. (2009-02-20). "Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus".
1346:
Phytoplankton are mostly made up of lignin and cellulose, which are broken down by oxidative mechanism, which consume oxygen.
1083:
organisms, hypoxia is essential. Hypoxia applies to many situations, but usually refers to the atmosphere and natural waters.
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228:
4345:
4207:
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355:
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Jewell, William J. (1971). "Aquatic Weed Decay: Dissolved Oxygen
Utilization and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regeneration".
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863:
305:
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805:
710:
3872:
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3357:
2149:
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1354:
3103:
2840:
2230:
1040:
750:
513:
95:
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Oxygen depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence of
4829:
3596:
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3413:
2718:
985:
435:
1115:, which is a standard part of training for elite athletes. Several companies mimic hypoxia using normobaric
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4704:
3584:
2889:
2638:
2618:
2370:
523:
375:
350:
145:
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Roper, T.J.; et al. (2001). "Environmental conditions in burrows of two species of
African mole-rat,
1580:
Diaz, Robert J.; Rosenberg, Rutger (2008). "Spreading Dead Zones and
Consequences for Marine Ecosystems".
4714:
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390:
240:
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3125:
3083:
3045:
2610:
2404:
1310:
765:
730:
690:
343:
310:
160:
1265:, a process that further reduces DO in the water column. If oxygen depletion progresses to hypoxia,
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380:
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252:
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decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as
790:
365:
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1316:
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518:
215:
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Kils, U., U. Waller, and P. Fischer (1989). "The Fish Kill of the Autumn 1988 in Kiel Bay".
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173:
17:
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8:
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2911:
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2749:
2323:
1991:
1507:
1482:
1375:
1359:
1335:
1298:
1169:. A "healthy" aquatic environment should seldom experience less than 80% saturation. The
1166:
1128:
775:
720:
685:
611:
538:
488:
483:
468:
125:
36:
2117:
1968:
1906:
1795:
1593:
1301:" can be created. Low dissolved oxygen conditions are often seasonal, as is the case in
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2801:
2673:
2437:
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2235:
2172:
2027:
1815:
1613:
1331:
1320:
1147:
1080:
1009:
770:
646:
408:
190:
130:
100:
47:
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3832:
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3337:
3197:
3017:
2926:
2894:
2811:
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2691:
2663:
2432:
2427:
2225:
2019:
2011:
1937:
1914:
1807:
1605:
1379:
1116:
1112:
658:
581:
574:
528:
395:
185:
180:
90:
2031:
1819:
1617:
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4416:
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2703:
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2121:
2003:
1972:
1910:
1876:
1841:
1799:
1648:
1597:
1560:
1534:
1367:
1261:. When phytoplankton cells die, they sink towards the bottom and are decomposed by
1197:
1076:
918:
815:
755:
641:
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543:
503:
478:
463:
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360:
245:
195:
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4661:
4522:
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4087:
4012:
3857:
3842:
3701:
3616:
3145:
3055:
3021:
2906:
2860:
2786:
2713:
2633:
2536:
2478:
2333:
1769:
1502:
1492:
1104:
703:
663:
533:
498:
430:
370:
298:
235:
135:
1133:
An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic,
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4512:
4507:
4479:
4446:
4315:
4174:
4102:
4092:
3942:
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3800:
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3192:
3078:
3035:
3029:
3025:
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2855:
2806:
2796:
2708:
2562:
2318:
2289:
1976:
1855:
1497:
1294:
1250:
1238:
1021:
825:
725:
680:
673:
668:
425:
120:
1803:
1652:
4798:
4772:
4666:
4631:
4532:
4527:
4502:
4032:
3997:
3972:
3822:
3785:
3611:
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3519:
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3212:
3113:
2899:
2828:
2600:
2348:
2212:
2015:
1845:
1811:
1739:
http://www.eopugetsound.org/science-review/section-4-dissolved-oxygen-hypoxia
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1193:
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1004:
840:
330:
325:
320:
78:
2007:
1601:
1538:
1390:
The rate of phytoplankton breakdown can be represented using this equation:
1253:, will raise DO saturation during daylight hours, the dense population of a
4758:
4537:
4517:
4421:
4159:
4042:
3962:
3922:
3912:
3882:
3696:
3514:
3233:
3207:
3187:
3011:
2974:
2938:
2574:
2521:
2397:
2353:
2338:
2267:
2146:
2023:
1609:
1477:
1472:
1188:
oxygen depletion can lead to both summer and winter "kills". During summer
873:
835:
820:
651:
616:
561:
280:
140:
1990:
Conley, Daniel J.; Paerl, Hans W.; Howarth, Robert W.; Boesch, Donald F.;
1941:
1103:
hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from
30:
4671:
4646:
4641:
4611:
4394:
4370:
4335:
4144:
4047:
3967:
3927:
3780:
3509:
3170:
3165:
2850:
2845:
2816:
2781:
2754:
2284:
1306:
1254:
1209:
1205:
1185:
795:
493:
473:
110:
1751:
Eutrophication: An
Overview of Status, Trends, Policies, and Strategies.
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4375:
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3347:
2964:
2279:
2272:
2255:
2240:
2126:
2093:
1697:
Aquatic
Hypoxia Is an Endocrine Disruptor and Impairs Fish Reproduction
1330:
Hypoxia may also be the explanation for periodic phenomena such as the
1324:
1302:
1226:
845:
601:
105:
4767:
4676:
4581:
4365:
4129:
4122:
4097:
4007:
3712:
3691:
3646:
3621:
3559:
3276:
3228:
3202:
3150:
2984:
2946:
2696:
2686:
2358:
2220:
2195:
1363:
1290:
1266:
1262:
1234:
1225:
Decline of oxygen saturation to anoxia, measured during the night in
1100:
913:
868:
830:
780:
715:
621:
85:
55:
1880:
4626:
4436:
3982:
3977:
3902:
3467:
2921:
2865:
2526:
2375:
2343:
2047:
1092:
285:
4636:
4596:
4566:
4544:
4164:
3952:
3852:
2882:
2385:
2363:
2250:
2245:
1854:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1297:, where land run-off is substantial. In these areas a so-called "
1108:
65:
4385:
3755:
4621:
3947:
3286:
3266:
3160:
2835:
2328:
2098:
investigations on the respiration and behaviour of the eelpout
1772:– Dead Zone Causing a Wave of Death Off Oregon Coast (8/9/2006)
1072:
923:
903:
810:
800:
508:
2091:
3296:
3238:
2579:
2511:
2409:
2301:
1850:
933:
878:
270:
2164:
1366:
shelf systems. Equatorward winds drive the upwelling of low
1280:
4117:
3271:
2392:
2380:
2296:
2075:
Investigations on
Respiration and Behaviour of Stickleback
1274:
1270:
1173:
zone is found at the boundary of anoxic and hypoxic zones.
908:
155:
150:
115:
1954:
4179:
4169:
1989:
2147:
Scientific
Assessment of Hypoxia in U.S. Coastal Waters
1781:
1710:
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/products/hypox_t1final.pdf
1856:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1398:
2085:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
2050:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
1867:
Gewin, V. (2010) "Oceanography: Dead in the water".
1249:
blooms are encouraged. While phytoplankton, through
1936:(7). Water Pollution Control Federation: 1457–67.
1444:
2070:
4796:
1079:organisms, hypoxia is problematic. But for many
4018:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3728:
3483:
2180:
1579:
1091:Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high
1041:
2062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4083:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2092:Fischer P.; K. Rademacher; U. Kils (1992).
1720:
1718:
1630:
1111:. Atmospheric hypoxia is also the basis of
3735:
3721:
3490:
3476:
2187:
2173:
1341:
1257:reduces DO saturation during the night by
1048:
1034:
64:
2125:
1826:
1715:
1624:
1353:
1349:
1315:
1279:
1220:
29:
3328:Pollutant release and transfer register
14:
4797:
3742:
1927:
1892:
1575:
1573:
1086:
4271:
4270:
3754:
3716:
3471:
2168:
1737:Encyclopedia of Puget Sound: Hypoxia
1277:on the bottom may be killed as well.
3672:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
3497:
3418:
2659:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1957:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
1726:Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems
1216:
4346:Oceanic physical-biological process
4208:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3434:
3426:
2517:Radium and radon in the environment
2155:Dead zone in front of Atlantic City
1570:
1245:enter a river, lake, or ocean, and
276:Radium and radon in the environment
24:
1775:
1712:>. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
1673:. Water on the Web. Archived from
1387:10.7 days to a total of 160 days.
1122:
25:
4846:
2135:
1269:can occur and invertebrates like
4779:
4778:
4766:
4752:
4384:
4056:
3873:Colored dissolved organic matter
3545:Environmental impact of shipping
3452:
3442:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3405:
3404:
2150:Council on Environmental Quality
1849:
1445:{\displaystyle G(t)=G(0)e^{-kt}}
1180:
1015:
1003:
4218:Latin America and the Caribbean
2231:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1983:
1948:
1921:
1895:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1886:
1861:
1756:
1743:
1192:, inputs or organic matter and
96:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
39:at 300 m (blue shaded regions).
27:Low oxygen conditions or levels
4700:Ecological values of mangroves
4243:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1731:
1701:
1689:
1659:
1544:
1519:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1370:(DO), high nutrient, and high
1071:: "oxygenated") refers to low
965:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
13:
1:
2719:Electrical resistance heating
2194:
2142:Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
2071:Fischer P.; U. Kils (1990). "
1513:
436:Electrical resistance heating
4720:Marine conservation activism
4705:Fisheries and climate change
2371:Persistent organic pollutant
1915:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00217-n
1728:. San Diego: Academic Press.
146:Persistent organic pollutant
70:Air pollution from a factory
7:
4715:Human impact on marine life
4592:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3828:Aquatic population dynamics
3555:Fish diseases and parasites
3381:Least polluted cities by PM
2083:During Low Oxygen Stress".
1553:Frontiers in Marine Science
1466:
1374:(DIC) water from above the
1309:, in Washington State. The
10:
4851:
3323:Pollution haven hypothesis
3246:Brain health and pollution
2484:Ecological light pollution
2314:Internal combustion engine
2041:
1977:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.01.006
1753:World Resources Institute.
1372:dissolved inorganic carbon
1126:
4746:
4685:
4557:
4493:
4455:
4402:
4393:
4382:
4331:Marine primary production
4283:
4279:
4266:
4225:List of marine ecoregions
4200:
4065:
4054:
3768:
3764:
3750:
3627:Nonpoint source pollution
3505:
3402:
3356:
3305:
3254:
3221:
3126:Nonpoint source pollution
3054:
3046:War and environmental law
2993:
2955:
2937:
2737:
2672:
2609:
2535:
2504:
2469:
2453:
2418:
2405:Volatile organic compound
2211:
2202:
2102:under short term hypoxia"
1804:10.1134/S0097807810030085
1653:10.1017/S0952836901000590
1311:World Resources Institute
691:War and environmental law
311:Health effects from noise
161:Volatile organic compound
4820:Water quality indicators
4577:Coastal biogeomorphology
4572:Marine coastal ecosystem
3662:Plastic pellet pollution
2585:Marine mammals and sonar
2496:Radio spectrum pollution
2160:Hypoxia in Oregon Waters
1846:10.5670/oceanog.2019.312
1565:10.3389/fmars.2019.00393
316:Marine mammals and sonar
4485:Paradox of the plankton
4296:Diel vertical migration
4190:Freshwater swamp forest
3908:GIS and aquatic science
3756:General components and
3530:Cultural eutrophication
3431:WikiProject Environment
3389:Most polluted countries
3333:Polluter pays principle
3064:Agricultural wastewater
2008:10.1126/science.1167755
1602:10.1126/science.1156401
1539:10.1126/science.aam7240
1358:Drivers of hypoxia and
1342:Phytoplankton breakdown
791:Freshwater salinization
711:Agricultural wastewater
4311:Large marine ecosystem
4003:Shoaling and schooling
3667:Point source pollution
3449:Environment portal
2682:Agricultural pollution
2077:Gasterosteus aculeatus
1724:Wetzel, R. G. (2001).
1446:
1383:
1327:
1285:
1230:
1229:, Germany. Depth = 5 m
1200:can increase rates of
1010:Environment portal
40:
4815:Environmental science
4810:Chemical oceanography
4730:Marine protected area
4657:Salt pannes and pools
4432:Marine larval ecology
4407:Census of Marine Life
4291:Deep scattering layer
4248:San Francisco Estuary
4213:Africa and Madagascar
4038:Underwater camouflage
3818:Aquatic biomonitoring
3758:freshwater ecosystems
3104:Industrial wastewater
2970:Clutter (advertising)
2878:Municipal solid waste
2724:Soil guideline values
2568:Sustainable transport
2461:Information pollution
2261:Open burning of waste
1749:Selman, Mindy (2007)
1447:
1357:
1350:Environmental factors
1319:
1283:
1224:
1117:artificial atmosphere
751:Industrial wastewater
519:Municipal solid waste
441:Soil guideline values
33:
4830:Endocrine disruptors
4465:Marine bacteriophage
4427:Marine invertebrates
3677:Silver nanoparticles
3376:Most polluted cities
3069:Biological pollution
2980:Overhead power lines
1992:Seitzinger, Sybil P.
1695:Wu, R. et al. 2003.
1637:Cryptomys damarensis
1488:Cyanobacterial bloom
1396:
1167:endocrine disruption
1097:atmospheric pressure
960:Most polluted cities
612:Overhead power lines
37:oxygen minimum zones
4341:Ocean fertilization
4150:Trophic state index
4108:Lake stratification
3838:Aquatic respiration
3642:Ocean deoxygenation
3637:Ocean acidification
3439:WikiProject Ecology
3136:Ocean acidification
3041:Unexploded ordnance
2912:Post-consumer waste
2772:Foam food container
2750:Biodegradable waste
2324:Global distillation
2118:1992MEPS...88..181F
1969:2007ECSS...73..236J
1907:1995GeCoA..59.3367H
1796:2010WRes...37..332G
1677:on 13 December 2012
1594:2008Sci...321..926D
1508:Oxygen minimum zone
1483:Dead zone (ecology)
1376:oxygen minimum zone
1362:intensification in
1360:ocean acidification
1129:ocean deoxygenation
1087:Atmospheric hypoxia
776:Ocean acidification
686:Unexploded ordnance
607:Advertising clutter
539:Post-consumer waste
484:Foam food container
469:Biodegradable waste
126:Global distillation
4607:Intertidal wetland
4602:Intertidal ecology
4470:Marine prokaryotes
4412:Deep-sea community
4306:Iron fertilization
4229:Specific examples
4155:Upland and lowland
4073:Freshwater biology
3938:Microbial food web
3848:Aquatic toxicology
3791:Aquatic adaptation
3744:Aquatic ecosystems
3632:Nutrient pollution
3525:Aquatic toxicology
3459:Ecology portal
3343:Waste minimisation
3318:Industrial ecology
3313:Cleaner production
3131:Nutrient pollution
3008:Herbicidal warfare
2802:Construction waste
2438:Introduced species
2309:Indoor air quality
2236:Chlorofluorocarbon
2127:10.3354/meps088181
1768:2006-09-01 at the
1667:"Dissolved Oxygen"
1641:Journal of Zoology
1633:Georychus capensis
1442:
1384:
1332:Mobile Bay jubilee
1328:
1286:
1231:
1148:anaerobic bacteria
1022:Ecology portal
647:Herbicidal warfare
191:Introduced species
131:Indoor air quality
101:Chlorofluorocarbon
41:
4792:
4791:
4773:Oceans portal
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4617:Hydrothermal vent
4553:
4552:
4442:Seashore wildlife
4273:Marine ecosystems
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4028:Thermal pollution
3993:Ramsar Convention
3933:Microbial ecology
3893:Fisheries science
3833:Aquatic predation
3710:
3709:
3565:Friendly Floatees
3465:
3464:
3338:Pollution control
3018:Nuclear holocaust
2927:Thermal treatment
2895:Plastic pollution
2812:Mercury poisoning
2765:Battery recycling
2664:Radioactive waste
2433:Genetic pollution
2428:Biological hazard
2226:Air quality index
2106:Mar Ecol Prog Ser
2100:Zoarces viviparus
2081:Zoaraes viviparus
2002:(5917): 1014–15.
1588:(5891): 926–929.
1380:continental shelf
1217:Causes of hypoxia
1198:primary producers
1113:altitude training
1075:conditions. For
1058:
1057:
993:
992:
659:Nuclear holocaust
582:Urban heat island
396:Radioactive waste
181:Biological hazard
91:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
4842:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4761:
4759:Lakes portal
4757:
4756:
4755:
4725:Marine pollution
4417:Deep-water coral
4400:
4399:
4388:
4321:Marine chemistry
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4185:Freshwater marsh
4078:Freshwater biome
4060:
3776:Acoustic ecology
3766:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3607:Invasive species
3499:Marine pollution
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3282:Legacy pollution
3141:Oil exploitation
3003:Chemical warfare
2917:Waste management
2824:Industrial waste
2792:Biomedical waste
2760:Electronic waste
2745:Advertising mail
2729:Phytoremediation
2704:Land degradation
2489:Overillumination
2443:Invasive species
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2131:
2129:
2088:
2087:. C M 1990/F:23.
2079:and the Eelpout
2067:
2061:
2053:
2052:. C M 1989/L:14.
2036:
2035:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
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1918:
1890:
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1577:
1568:
1548:
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1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1368:dissolved oxygen
1154:Oxygen depletion
1050:
1043:
1036:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1007:
939:
938:
642:Chemical warfare
544:Waste management
504:Industrial waste
479:Electronic waste
464:Advertising mail
446:Phytoremediation
421:Land degradation
361:Depleted uranium
246:Overillumination
196:Invasive species
68:
58:
43:
42:
21:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4805:Aquatic ecology
4795:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4765:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4734:
4695:Coral bleaching
4681:
4662:Seagrass meadow
4559:Marine habitats
4549:
4523:Coral reef fish
4489:
4475:Marine protists
4451:
4389:
4380:
4351:Ocean turbidity
4326:Marine food web
4275:
4254:
4196:
4135:River ecosystem
4088:Freshwater fish
4061:
4052:
3858:Bioluminescence
3843:Aquatic science
3760:
3746:
3741:
3711:
3706:
3702:Water pollution
3617:Mercury in fish
3501:
3496:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3398:
3384:
3352:
3301:
3250:
3217:
3156:Pharmaceuticals
3146:Oil exploration
3050:
3022:Nuclear fallout
2989:
2951:
2933:
2907:Packaging waste
2861:Deep sea mining
2787:Hazardous waste
2733:
2714:Open defecation
2668:
2634:Nuclear fallout
2629:Nuclear fission
2605:
2531:
2500:
2471:Electromagnetic
2465:
2449:
2414:
2334:Ozone depletion
2207:
2198:
2193:
2138:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
1988:
1984:
1963:(1–2): 236–42.
1953:
1949:
1926:
1922:
1901:(16): 3367–77.
1891:
1887:
1881:10.1038/466812a
1866:
1862:
1831:
1827:
1784:Water Resources
1780:
1776:
1770:Wayback Machine
1763:oregonstate.edu
1761:
1757:
1748:
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1694:
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1629:
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1571:
1549:
1545:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1503:Hypoxia in fish
1493:Denitrification
1469:
1430:
1426:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1352:
1344:
1243:plant nutrients
1219:
1213:"winter kill".
1183:
1131:
1125:
1123:Aquatic hypoxia
1105:hypoxic hypoxia
1089:
1054:
1016:
1014:
1002:
995:
994:
894:
886:
885:
859:
851:
850:
786:Pharmaceuticals
766:Nonpoint source
706:
696:
695:
664:Nuclear fallout
637:
627:
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597:
587:
586:
577:
567:
566:
557:
549:
548:
534:Packaging waste
499:Hazardous waste
459:
451:
450:
411:
401:
400:
371:Nuclear fallout
366:Nuclear fission
346:
336:
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291:
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266:
258:
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231:
229:Electromagnetic
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136:Ozone depletion
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4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4513:Saltwater fish
4510:
4508:Marine reptile
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4480:Marine viruses
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4457:Microorganisms
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4447:Wild fisheries
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Thorson's rule
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Marine biology
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
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4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Brackish marsh
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Lake ecosystem
4100:
4095:
4093:Hyporheic zone
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4050:
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4030:
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4010:
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Microbial loop
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Eutrophication
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Cascade effect
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3796:Aquatic animal
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Surface runoff
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:North Atlantic
3582:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Eutrophication
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:Law by country
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
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3274:
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3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Surface runoff
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Eutrophication
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Scorched earth
3033:
3030:nuclear winter
3026:nuclear famine
3015:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
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2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:Uranium mining
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Surface mining
2853:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Lead poisoning
2804:
2799:
2797:Chemical waste
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Bioremediation
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Bioremediation
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:Transportation
2541:
2539:
2533:
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2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
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2502:
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2402:
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2390:
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2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Global dimming
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2290:Diesel exhaust
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2136:External links
2134:
2133:
2132:
2089:
2068:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
1982:
1947:
1920:
1885:
1860:
1825:
1790:(3): 332–346.
1774:
1755:
1742:
1730:
1714:
1700:
1688:
1658:
1623:
1569:
1543:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Eutrophication
1495:
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1407:
1404:
1401:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1295:Gulf of Mexico
1251:photosynthesis
1239:eutrophication
1218:
1215:
1190:stratification
1182:
1179:
1124:
1121:
1088:
1085:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1027:
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1025:
1024:
1012:
997:
996:
991:
990:
989:
988:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Law by country
952:
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937:
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931:
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921:
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895:
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849:
848:
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833:
828:
826:Surface runoff
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
726:Eutrophication
723:
718:
713:
707:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
681:Scorched earth
678:
677:
676:
674:Nuclear winter
671:
669:Nuclear famine
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550:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Bioremediation
423:
418:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:Bioremediation
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
306:Transportation
302:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
253:Radio spectrum
250:
249:
248:
243:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
188:
183:
177:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Global dimming
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4847:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4785:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Sponge ground
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Marine biomes
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Demersal fish
4531:
4529:
4528:Deep-sea fish
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Marine mammal
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Trophic level
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Sediment trap
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Phytoplankton
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Aquatic plant
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Anoxic waters
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Marine debris
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:South Pacific
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Great Pacific
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:Garbage patch
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Anoxic waters
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3213:Water quality
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Traffic signs
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:Microplastics
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Nanomaterials
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:Lead smelting
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Radioactivity
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2601:Noise control
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Metal working
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1875:(7308): 812.
1874:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1671:Water Quality
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1647:(1): 101–07.
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:and areas of
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:phytoplankton
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:sedimentation
1191:
1187:
1181:Seasonal kill
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:for example.
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:air-breathing
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
977:
976:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:
941:
940:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
890:
889:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
841:Water quality
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
657:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
631:
630:
623:
620:
618:
617:Traffic signs
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:
591:
590:
583:
580:
579:
576:
571:
570:
563:
560:
559:
553:
552:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:Nanomaterials
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
454:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:Radioactivity
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
339:
332:
331:Soundproofing
329:
327:
326:Noise control
324:
322:
321:Noise barrier
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
254:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
213:
207:
206:
197:
194:
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109:
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99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
32:
19:
4687:Conservation
4538:Pelagic fish
4518:Coastal fish
4422:Marine fungi
4160:Water garden
4043:Water column
3988:Productivity
3963:Pelagic zone
3923:Macrobenthos
3917:
3913:Hydrobiology
3883:Ecohydrology
3697:Urban runoff
3657:Plastic bags
3601:
3580:Indian Ocean
3515:Anoxic event
3292:Point source
3234:Heavy metals
3208:Urban runoff
3188:Sulfur water
3166:Septic tanks
3098:
3012:Agent Orange
2866:Mining waste
2692:Manure waste
2522:Volcanic ash
2398:Black carbon
2354:Oil refining
2339:Particulates
2268:Construction
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2058:cite journal
2049:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1840:(3): 62–71.
1837:
1834:Oceanography
1833:
1828:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1733:
1725:
1703:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1670:
1661:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1585:
1581:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1533:: eaam7240.
1530:
1526:
1521:
1478:Anoxic event
1473:Algal blooms
1461:
1457:
1453:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1345:
1329:
1287:
1232:
1186:Hypolimnetic
1184:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1090:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
929:Point source
874:Heavy metals
836:Urban runoff
821:Sulfur water
796:Septic tanks
745:
652:Agent Orange
562:Space debris
416:Agricultural
281:Volcanic ash
141:Particulates
4672:Sponge reef
4647:Rocky shore
4642:Oyster reef
4612:Kelp forest
4495:Vertebrates
4395:Marine life
4371:Viral shunt
4336:Marine snow
4238:Maharashtra
4145:Stream pool
4048:Zooplankton
3968:Photic zone
3928:Meiobenthos
3781:Algal bloom
3510:Algal bloom
3262:Area source
3171:Pit latrine
3094:Groundwater
2851:Gold mining
2846:Coal mining
2817:Toxic waste
2782:Green waste
2755:Brown waste
2738:Solid waste
2285:Exhaust gas
1681:21 December
1323:photo from
1307:Puget Sound
1259:respiration
1206:hypolimnion
1202:respiration
1067:: "below",
899:Area source
741:Groundwater
494:Green waste
474:Brown waste
458:Solid waste
216:Information
111:Exhaust gas
4799:Categories
4652:Salt marsh
4587:Coral reef
4376:Whale fall
4356:Photophore
4233:Everglades
4201:Ecoregions
4140:Stream bed
4113:Macrophyte
4066:Freshwater
3898:Food chain
3811:Water bird
3682:Stormwater
3535:Cyanotoxin
3414:by country
3410:Categories
3348:Zero waste
3229:Pollutants
3183:Stagnation
3121:Monitoring
3089:Freshwater
2965:Air travel
2777:Food waste
2697:Pesticides
2687:Herbicides
2591:Industrial
2420:Biological
2280:Demolition
2273:Renovation
2256:Joss paper
2241:Combustion
2112:: 181–84.
1514:References
1325:Mobile Bay
1303:Hood Canal
1267:fish kills
1227:Kiel Fjord
1127:See also:
986:By country
978:Categories
869:Pollutants
846:Wastewater
816:Stagnation
761:Monitoring
736:Freshwater
602:Air travel
489:Food waste
431:Defecation
241:Ecological
174:Biological
106:Combustion
46:Part of a
4835:Limnology
4677:Tide pool
4582:Cold seep
4366:Upwelling
4130:Rheotaxis
4123:Fish pond
4098:Limnology
4023:Substrate
4008:Siltation
3878:Dead zone
3692:Upwelling
3647:Oil spill
3622:Microbead
3560:Fish kill
3540:Dead zone
3306:Responses
3277:Garbology
3203:Turbidity
3151:Oil spill
3084:Firewater
2985:Vandalism
2947:Satellite
2644:Poisoning
2639:Plutonium
2619:Actinides
2611:Radiation
2359:Wood dust
2221:Acid rain
2196:Pollution
2016:0036-8075
1812:0097-8078
1432:−
1364:upwelling
1338:ecology.
1336:dead zone
1299:dead zone
1291:Waddenzee
1241:in which
1235:pollution
1210:attenuate
1171:exaerobic
1101:hypobaric
1093:altitudes
1081:anaerobic
914:Garbology
831:Turbidity
781:Oil spill
731:Firewater
716:Biosolids
622:Vandalism
381:Poisoning
376:Plutonium
351:Actinides
344:Radiation
86:Acid rain
57:Pollution
4784:Category
4710:HERMIONE
4627:Mangrove
4437:Seagrass
3983:Pleuston
3978:Plankton
3958:Particle
3903:Food web
3652:Particle
3394:Treaties
3366:Diseases
3178:Shipping
3074:Diseases
2922:Landfill
2597:Abstract
2594:Military
2527:Wildfire
2376:Smelting
2344:Asbestos
2032:28502866
2024:19229022
1820:98068128
1766:Archived
1618:32818786
1610:18703733
1467:See also
1263:bacteria
1135:reducing
1109:blesmols
1095:. Total
970:Treaties
950:Diseases
806:Shipping
771:Nutrient
721:Diseases
286:Wildfire
4637:Mudflat
4597:Estuary
4567:Bay mud
4545:Seabird
4301:f-ratio
4284:General
4165:Wetland
3953:Neuston
3918:Hypoxia
3863:Biomass
3853:Benthos
3769:General
3602:Hypoxia
3423:Commons
3198:Thermal
3099:Hypoxia
2883:Garbage
2654:Uranium
2505:Natural
2454:Digital
2386:Aerosol
2364:Welding
2251:Biomass
2246:Biofuel
2205:History
2114:Bibcode
2096:In situ
2073:In situ
2042:Sources
1996:Science
1965:Bibcode
1942:5568364
1930:Journal
1903:Bibcode
1792:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1582:Science
1559:(393).
1527:Science
1321:Jubilee
1293:or the
1204:in the
1163:dysoxic
1159:hypoxic
1061:Hypoxia
864:History
746:Hypoxia
575:Thermal
529:Plastic
391:Uranium
265:Natural
210:Digital
186:Genetic
4825:Oxygen
4622:Lagoon
3948:Nekton
3806:Mammal
3801:Insect
3287:Midden
3267:Debris
3222:Topics
3161:Sewage
3114:debris
3109:Marine
2957:Visual
2841:Mining
2836:Litter
2329:Mining
2030:
2022:
2014:
1940:
1869:Nature
1818:
1810:
1616:
1608:
1140:anoxic
1073:oxygen
924:Midden
919:Legacy
904:Debris
858:Topics
811:Sludge
801:Sewage
756:Marine
595:Visual
514:Mining
509:Litter
48:series
4013:Spawn
3358:Lists
3297:Waste
3239:Paint
3056:Water
2939:Space
2580:Sonar
2575:Urban
2553:Water
2537:Noise
2512:Ozone
2479:Light
2410:Waste
2302:Smoke
2028:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1614:S2CID
1275:clams
1271:worms
1255:bloom
1137:, or
942:Lists
934:Waste
879:Paint
704:Water
556:Space
299:Noise
271:Ozone
236:Light
4118:Pond
3597:GASB
3272:Dust
3255:Misc
2674:Soil
2563:Rail
2549:Land
2393:Soot
2381:Smog
2297:Haze
2064:link
2020:PMID
2012:ISSN
1938:PMID
1808:ISSN
1683:2012
1635:and
1606:PMID
1273:and
1237:and
1069:oxia
1065:hypo
909:Dust
893:Misc
409:Soil
156:Soot
151:Smog
116:Haze
18:Oxic
4180:Fen
4170:Bog
3383:2.5
2995:War
2558:Air
2213:Air
2122:doi
2004:doi
2000:323
1973:doi
1911:doi
1877:doi
1873:466
1842:doi
1800:doi
1649:doi
1645:254
1639:".
1598:doi
1586:321
1561:doi
1535:doi
1531:359
1196:of
1161:or
635:War
79:Air
4801::
3416:)
3028:-
3024:-
2120:.
2110:88
2108:.
2104:.
2060:}}
2056:{{
2026:.
2018:.
2010:.
1998:.
1971:.
1961:73
1959:.
1934:43
1932:.
1909:.
1899:59
1897:.
1871:,
1848:.
1838:32
1836:,
1814:.
1806:.
1798:.
1788:37
1786:.
1717:^
1669:.
1643:.
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