Margarine - Knowledge

441: 695: 1880:

This law proved ineffective, as it would have required an army of inspectors and chemists to enforce it. By the mid-1880s, the U.S. federal government had introduced a tax of two cents per pound, and manufacturers needed an expensive license to make or sell the product. The simple expedient of requiring oleo manufacturers to color their product distinctively was, however, left out of early federal legislation. But individual states began to require the clear labeling of margarine. The color bans, drafted by the butter lobby, began in the dairy states of New York and

1872: 271: 1550:(60%) and the common margarine oils corn (60%), cottonseed (50%) and sunflower (50%), have large amounts, but most temperate oil seeds have over 10% LA. Margarine is very high in omega-6 fatty acids. Modern Western diets are frequently quite high in omega-6 but very deficient in omega-3. The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is typically 5:1 to 10:1. Large amounts of omega-6 decreases the effect of omega-3. Therefore, it is recommended that the ratio in the diet should be less than 4:1, although the optimal ratio may be closer to 1:1. 449: 775:. The fat soluble additives are mixed into the oil. These include carotenoids for coloring and antioxidants. Then the two mixtures are emulsified by slowly adding the oil into the milk/water mixture with constant stirring. Next, the mixture is cooled. Rapid chilling avoids the production of large crystals and results in a smooth texture. The product is then rolled or kneaded. Finally, the product may be aerated with nitrogen to facilitate spreading it. 362: 714:, with skimmed milk which may be fermented or soured, salt, citric or lactic acid, chilling the mixture to solidify it, and working it to improve the texture. Margarines and vegetable fat spreads found in the market can range from 10% to 90% fat, depending on dietary marketing and purpose (spreading, cooking or baking). The softer tub margarines are made with less hydrogenated and more liquid oils than block margarines. 790: 93: 1950: 31: 510:, led to a reduction in supply of animal fat and butter, and, by 1945, "original" margarine had almost completely disappeared from the market. In the United States, problems with supply, coupled with changes in legislation, caused margarine manufacturers to switch almost completely to vegetable oils and fats by 1950, and the margarine industry was ready for an era of product development. 2626: 474:) with animal fats. In 1874, the first commercial cargo arrived in the UK. By the late-19th century, some 37 companies were manufacturing margarine in the US, in opposition to the butter industry, which protested and lobbied for government intervention, eventually leading to the 1886 Margarine Act imposing punitive fees against margarine manufacturers. 805:. Fats that are liquid at room temperature are generally known as oils. The melting points are related to the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds in the fatty acids components. A higher number of double bonds gives a lower melting point. Oils can be converted into solid substances at room temperature through hydrogenation. 1802:

would see it as being virtually the same thing as butter, and as a quasi-natural product. Bans on adding color became commonplace in the United States, Canada, and Denmark and, in some cases, those bans endured for almost 100 years. The rivalry between the dairy industry and the oleomargarine industry persists even today.

828:. If hydrogenation is incomplete (partial hardening), the relatively high temperatures used in the hydrogenation process tend to flip some of the carbon–carbon double bonds into the "trans" form. If these particular bonds are not hydrogenated during the process, they remain present in the final margarine in molecules of 3946: 763:. Oils may undergo a full or partial hydrogenation process to solidify them. The milk/water mixture is kept separate from the oil mixture until the emulsion step. The fats are warmed so that they are liquid during the mixing process. The water-soluble additives are added to the water or milk mixture, and 623:, and brand marketing became prevalent. The competition among the major producers was given further impetus with the beginning of commercial television advertising in 1955 and, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, competing companies vied with each other to produce the margarine that tasted most like butter. 1801:

Since margarine intrinsically appears white or almost white, by preventing the addition of artificial coloring agents, legislators found they could protect the dairy industries by discouraging the consumption of margarine based on visual appeal. If margarine were colored the same as butter, consumers

1779:

Spread that contains 60 to 62% of fat may be called "three-quarter-fat margarine" or "reduced-fat margarine". Spread that contains 39 to 41% of fat may be called "half-fat margarine", "low-fat margarine", or "light margarine". Spreads with any other percentage of fat are called "fat spread" or "light

823:

between the saturated molecules compared with the unsaturated molecules. However, as there are possible health benefits in limiting the amount of saturated fats in the human diet, the process is controlled so that only enough of the bonds are hydrogenated to give the required texture. Margarines made

331:

Per federal regulation, margarine must have a minimum fat content of 80 percent (with a maximum of 16% water) to be labeled as such in the United States, although the term is used informally to describe vegetable-oil-based spreads with lower fat content. In Britain, it can be referred to colloquially

1895:

colored margarine became common, and manufacturers began to supply food-coloring capsules so the consumer could knead the yellow color into margarine before serving it. Nevertheless, the regulations and taxes had a significant effect: the 1902 restrictions on margarine color, for example, cut annual

1879:

In 1877, New York became the first U.S. state to attempt legal restriction of the sale of oleomargarine through compulsory labeling. The law, "to prevent deception in sales of butter," required retailers to provide customers with a slip of paper that identified the "imitation" product as margarine.

1626:

formation. The narrowing of blood vessels can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, heart, kidneys and other parts of the body. Cholesterol, though needed metabolically, is not essential in the diet, because the body's production increases as needed when dietary intake falls. The human body makes

1783:

Many member states currently require the mandatory addition of vitamins A and D to margarine and fat spreads for reasons of public health. Voluntary fortification of margarine with vitamins had been practiced by manufacturers since 1925, but in 1940 with the advent of the war, certain governments

1656:

Margarine, particularly polyunsaturated margarine, has become a major part of the Western diet and had overtaken butter in popularity in the mid-20th century. In the United States, for example, in 1930, the average person ate over 18 lb (8.2 kg) of butter a year and just over 2 lb

1712:

Margarine is common in Australian supermarkets. Sales of the product have decreased in recent years due to consumers "reducing their use of spreads in their daily diet". Butter-colored margarine was sold from its introduction in Australia, but dairy and associated industries lobbied governments

602:

such as that synthesized from propylene. Margarine made from them was found to be nutritious and of agreeable taste, and it was incorporated into diets contributing as much as 700 calories per day. The process required at least 60 kilograms of coal per kilogram of synthetic butter. That

1838:

In 1950, as a result of a court ruling giving provinces the right to regulate the product, rules were implemented in much of Canada regarding margarine's color, requiring that it be bright yellow or orange in some provinces or colorless in others. By the 1980s, most provinces had lifted the

1660:

Consumers may choose margarine for a number of reasons, including lower cost, ease of availability, a perception (primarily relevant for vegetable-based margarines) that it is healthier than butter, a desire to avoid consuming animal-based products (of particular concern for

4493: 1592:

has been common as a result of preference for domestically produced oils. However, since the mid-1990s, many countries have started to move away from using partially hydrogenated oils. This led to the production of new margarine varieties that contain less or no trans fat.

1565:

Unlike essential fatty acids, trans fatty acids are not essential and provide no known benefit to human health besides providing calories. There is a positive linear trend between trans fatty acid intake and LDL cholesterol concentration, and therefore increased risk of

2937:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

532:, became alarmed at the potential threat to their business, and succeeded in getting legislation passed to prohibit the coloring of the stark white margarine by 1902. In response, margarine companies distributed margarine together with a packet of yellow 3115:

Müller, Hanne; Lindman, Anja S.; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Pedersen, Jan I. (January 2003). "The Serum LDL/HDL Cholesterol Ratio Is Influenced More Favorably by Exchanging Saturated with Unsaturated Fat Than by Reducing Saturated Fat in the Diet of Women".

1630:

Overall intake of cholesterol as food has less effect on blood cholesterol levels than the type of fat eaten. Most margarines are vegetable-based and thus contain no cholesterol, while a teaspoon (5 grams) of butter contains 10.8 mg of cholesterol.

2354: 819:, under controlled conditions. The addition of hydrogen to the unsaturated bonds (alkenic double C=C bonds) results in saturated C–C bonds, effectively increasing the melting point of the oil and thus "hardening" it. This is due to the increase in 1792:

In the United Kingdom, no brands of spread on sale contain partially hydrogenated oils. Fortification with vitamins A and D is no longer mandatory for margarine, this brings it in line with other spreads wherein fortification is not required.

424:

invented margarine in 1869. Mège-Mouriès patented the product, which he named "oleomargarine", and expanded his initial manufacturing operation from France, but had little commercial success. In 1871, he sold the patent to the Dutch company

1835:. That year, Newfoundland negotiated its entry into the Canadian Confederation, and one of its three non-negotiable conditions for union with Canada was a constitutional protection for the new province's right to manufacture margarine. 1784:

took action to safeguard the nutritional status of their nations by making the addition of vitamin A and D compulsory. This mandatory fortification was justified in the view that margarine was being used to replace butter in the diet.

1884:. In several states, legislatures enacted laws to require margarine manufacturers to add pink colorings to make the product look unpalatable, despite the objections of the oleo manufacturers that butter dairies themselves added 2084:"Spread thickly with innovation: with the basic concept of spreads unchanged for decades, producers have to be increasingly innovative in their product development and marketing. Kanes Rajah outlines some successful strategies" 1627:

cholesterol in the liver, adapting the production according to its food intake, producing about 1 g of cholesterol each day or 80% of the needed total body cholesterol. The remaining 20% comes directly from food intake.

4093: 554:

The artificial coloring laws began being repealed around 1955, and margarine could once again be sold colored like butter in most states. The final hold out was Wisconsin, which finally repealed its restrictions in 1967.

1647:

have been added to some margarines and spreads because of their cholesterol-lowering effect. Several studies have indicated that consumption of about 2 grams per day provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of about 10%.

1680:. One brand known to the Kosher-keeping public is Fleischmann's Margarine. These are often used by the kosher-observant consumers to adapt recipes that use meat and butter or in baked goods served with meat meals. The 550:

for a method to place a capsule of yellow dye inside a plastic package of margarine. After purchase, the capsule was broken by pressing on the outside of the package, and the package was kneaded to distribute the dye.

2936: 1903:, margarine consumption increased enormously, even in countries away from the front, such as the United States. In the countries closest to the fighting, dairy products became almost unobtainable and were strictly 489:

of plant materials, soon accelerated the use of Bradley's method, and between 1900 and 1920 commercial oleomargarine was produced from a combination of animal fats and hardened and unhardened vegetable oils. The

2985:

Jędrkiewicz, R.; Głowacz, A.; Gromadzka, J.; Namieśnik, J. (January 2016). "Determination of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD esters in edible oils, fish oils and lipid fractions of margarines available on Polish market".

272: 1810:

In Canada, margarine was prohibited from 1886 to 1948, though this ban was temporarily lifted from 1917 until 1923 due to dairy shortages. Nevertheless, bootleg margarine was produced in the neighboring

1463:

There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as

666:

free. Many brands launched refrigerator-stable margarine spreads that contain only one-third of the fat and calorie content of traditional spreads. Other varieties of spreads include those with added

2051: 4083:"Consultation on revoking Regulation 4 of the Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) and Milk and Milk Products (Protection of Designations) (England) Regulations 2008 – margarine fortification" 1875:

Cudahy's Delrich brand of margarine used a "color berry" to color its white vegetable-based margarine yellow. This 1948 advertisement demonstrates how to color the margarine inside the package

536:. The product was placed in a bowl and the coloring mixed in manually, taking some time and effort, especially if the mixing needed to be done by hand – typically the case at the time since 2141: 824:

in this way are said to contain hydrogenated fat. This method is used today for some margarines although the process has been developed and sometimes other metal catalysts are used such as

1764:"A water-in-oil emulsion derived from vegetable/animal fats, with a fat content of at least 10% but less than 90%, that remain solid at a temperature of 20°C and are suitable as spread." 1752:

that recommended Canadians choose "soft" margarine spreads that are low in saturated and trans fats and limit traditional "hard" margarines, butter, lard, and shortening in their diets.

771:

are added to help disperse the water phase evenly throughout the oil. Other water-soluble additives include powdered skim milk, salt, citric acid, lactic acid, and preservatives such as

3390:

Kris-Etherton, Pm; Taylor, Denise Shaffer; Yu-Poth, Shaomei; Huth, Peter; Moriarty, Kristin; Fishell, Valerie; Hargrove, Rebecca L; Zhao, Guixiang; Etherton, Terry D (January 2000).

1716:

Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 2.4.2 – Edible Oil Spreads requires that edible oil spreads and table margarine must contain no less than 55 μg/kg of vitamin D.

1922:, a swing back to margarine. Post-war, the margarine lobby gained power and, little by little, the main margarine restrictions were lifted, the most recent states to do so being 2466: 1657:(0.91 kg) of margarine. By the end of the 20th century, an average American ate around 5 lb (2.3 kg) of butter and nearly 8 lb (3.6 kg) of margarine. 2915: 2083: 1460:

acids has been found to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

1382:

The roles of butter and traditional margarine (80% fat) are similar with respect to their energy content, but low-fat margarines and spreads are also widely available.

521:

in the milk of grass-fed cows gives butter produced from such milk a slightly yellow color. However, being a synthetic product, margarine has a white color resembling

797:

of a typical plant oil to a typical component of margarine. Most of the C=C double bonds are removed in this process, which elevates the melting point of the product.

540:

were rarely used before the 1920s. It was therefore not unusual for the final product to be served as a light and dark yellow, or even white, striped product. During

1285: 639:, clouded the issue of what should be called "margarine" and began the debate that led to the introduction of the term "spread". In 1978, an 80% fat product called 6193: 1665:

and also based on the assumption that the margarine is vegetable-based) and/or a simple personal preference to butter and/or other spreads on account of taste.

1600:

ordered that trans fat is to be eliminated from food processing after a three-year grace period beginning in June 2015, to then be implemented by 18 June 2018.

6521: 4082: 1732:

of vitamin A and 530 IU of vitamin D, and may contain (i) skim milk powder, buttermilk powder or liquid buttermilk, (ii) whey solids or modified whey solids,"

1585:, and possibly some other diseases, prompting a number of government health agencies across the world to recommend that the intake of trans fats be minimized. 1427:) oils are at the high end of the scale. A margarine blend is a mixture of both types of components. Generally, firmer margarines contain more saturated fat. 1400:

fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease than reducing overall fat intake. See

6225: 1772:"To avoid any possible confusion, the Regulation limits the use of the terms "butter" and "margarine" to products with a fat content of not less than 80%." 5295: 2055: 1516:

contains 30–50% of ALA, and is becoming a popular dietary supplement to rival fish oils; both are often added to premium margarines. An ancient oil plant,

702:

The basic method of making margarine today consists of emulsifying a blend of oils and fats from vegetable and animal sources, which can be modified using

4311: 686:

oils. In the early 21st century, manufacturers provided margarines in plastic squeeze bottles to ease dispensing and offered pink margarine as a novelty.

1859:

and made it illegal to "mix, colour, stain, or powder margarine with any ingredient or material so as to imitate butter". The acts were repealed by the

1728:"An emulsion of fat, or water in fat, oil, or fat and oil that are not derived from milk and shall contain not less than 80% fat and not less than 3300 1479:

oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats. During the manufacture of margarine, makers may convert some unsaturated fat into hydrogenated fats or

5482: 3862: 2646: 3154:

Hu, Frank B.; Manson, JoAnn E.; Willett, Walter C. (February 2001). "Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review".

2149: 3454: 643:, made by churning a blend of dairy cream and vegetable oils, was introduced in Europe and, in 1982, a blend of cream and vegetable oils called 1891:

By the start of the 20th century, eight out of ten Americans could not buy yellow margarine, and those who could had to pay a hefty tax on it.

1508:

caught in northern waters. They are comparatively uncommon in vegetable sources, including margarine. However, one type of omega-3 fatty acid,

5951: 2633:. ("Filbert has moved into the Syracuse, Albany, and Pittsburgh markets with a one-pound blend called "I Can't Believe It's Not Butter."") 1935: 544:, there was a shortage of butter in the United States, causing margarine to became popular. In 1951, the W. E. Dennison Company received 4236: 2848: 5492: 5152: 3297: 3783: 6489: 6313: 2944:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 1776:

Margarines may not have a milk fat content of more than 3%. For blends and blended spreads, the milk fat may be between 10% and 80%.

3523:; Rosner, B.A.; Sampson, L.A.; Hennekes, C.H. (1993). "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women". 2306: 563:

Around the 1930s and 1940s, Arthur Imhausen developed and implemented an industrial process in Germany for producing edible fats by

6139: 5497: 5288: 4211: 4119: 3483:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)

2907: 2816:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)

2091: 1401: 612: 503: 6726: 4546: 3993: 658:

In the 21st century, margarine spreads had many developments to improve their consumer appeal. Most brands phased out the use of

2121:. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Subchapter B, Food for Human Consumption, US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2017 1847:, the last Canadian province to regulate margarine coloring, repealed its law requiring margarine to be colorless in July 2008. 7887: 6164: 3779: 3697: 3650: 3579: 2672: 652: 525:, which many people found unappetizing. Around the late 1880s, manufacturers began coloring margarine yellow to improve sales. 3351:"Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: a systematic review" 6281: 5941: 3956: 3278: 2949: 2832: 2765: 2541: 2289: 2248: 2015: 1856: 4046: 499: 7474: 7164: 3972: 3323: 2963: 3888: 7509: 6022: 5864: 5281: 4015: 2162:

Although margarine was originally made primarily from beef fat, the products most people call margarine today are spreads

1522:, has recently gained popularity because of its high omega-3 content (30–45%), and it has been added to some margarines. 1504:, so called because humans cannot manufacture it and must get it from food. Omega-3 fatty acids are mostly obtained from 836:. For this reason, partially hardened fats are used less and less in the margarine industry. Some tropical oils, such as 3724: 6217: 4467: 1855:

In New Zealand, the Margarine Acts of 1895 and 1908 prohibited the manufacture of margarine without a licence from the

4388: 4292: 6185: 6079: 4346: 2495:

Imhausen, Arthur (1943). "Die Fettsäure-Synthese und ihre Bedeutung für die Sicherung der deutschen Fettversorgung".

1938:, led the move in the United States to lift the restrictions on margarine. Some unenforced laws remain on the books. 2118: 7902: 7329: 6032: 5899: 4514: 1695:

extracts. However, margarine that strictly does not contain animal products also exists. Such margarines provide a

1681: 631:

In the mid-1960s, the introduction of two lower-fat blends of butter oil and vegetable oils in Scandinavia, called

4413:

Dupré, Ruth (June 1999). "'If It's Yellow, It Must Be Butter': Margarine Regulation in North America Since 1886".

8129: 7519: 7088: 6473: 6441: 2428: 339:

Margarine can be used as an ingredient in other food products, such as pastries, doughnuts, cakes, and cookies.

316:

Margarine consists of a water-in-fat emulsion, with tiny droplets of water dispersed uniformly throughout a fat

8034: 7574: 6124: 6109: 6052: 5145: 2383: 2369: 2216: 1907:. The United Kingdom, for example, depended on imported butter from Australia and New Zealand, and the risk of 1439: 460:

The principal raw material in the original formulation of margarine was beef-fat. In 1871, Henry W. Bradley of

4449: 8049: 7973: 7811: 7219: 6654: 6566: 6345: 6209: 5976: 1281: 6393: 5904: 5613: 5487: 2903: 2474:

Paper presented to a seminar on Marketing and Advertising in the 20th Century at Central London Polytechnic

1597: 1435: 1397: 365: 1581:

Several large studies have indicated a link between consumption of high amounts of trans fat and coronary

8124: 8018: 7073: 6433: 5551: 5406: 4539: 3866: 3479: 2812: 2650: 1824: 1497: 619:

being used in its manufacture. With the end of rationing in 1955, the market was opened to the forces of

567: 421: 72: 8139: 7319: 7038: 6529: 6465: 6305: 6273: 6047: 5961: 5596: 1371: 1272: 440: 96: 3675: 3458: 7369: 7224: 7184: 6622: 6513: 6497: 6042: 6037: 6027: 5730: 5693: 5373: 5138: 2785: 2349: 1983: 1914:

The long-running battle between the margarine and dairy lobbies continued: in the United States, the

698:

Postcard of "Incorporating Salt and Working Moisture out of "Swift's Premium" Oleomargarine", undated

426: 373: 382: 7942: 7917: 7801: 7299: 7189: 6598: 6114: 5929: 5772: 5456: 5411: 1812: 1575: 324:

of milk through agitation, modern margarine is made through a more intensive processing of refined

7504: 2352:, Bradley, Henry W., "Improvement in compounds for culinary use", published 1871-01-03 1896:

consumption in the United States from 120,000,000 to 48,000,000 pounds (54,000 to 22,000 t).

8144: 8064: 7656: 7169: 6369: 6265: 6084: 5609: 5571: 5441: 5426: 5331: 4258: 3566:

Hayakawa, K.; Linko, Y.Y.; Linko, P. (2000). "The role of trans fatty acids in human nutrition".

1828: 1740:"Containing not less than 40% fat and having 50% of the calories normally present in margarine." 1615: 1571: 820: 571: 482: 402: 4338: 3810: 3740:"Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels" 3194:"Low Triglycerides–High High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease" 2270:

C.G. Lehmann, Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie, Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig (1853) p71.

2174: 1816: 1169: 7444: 7344: 7028: 6773: 6425: 6377: 6361: 5924: 5919: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5604: 5446: 5401: 4864: 4532: 3929:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 2.4.2 – Edible Oil Spreads (PDF version)" 2374: 1749: 1567: 833: 452:

Newspaper ad for an American oleomargarine product, 1919. Product made by the American company

437:, founded the first margarine factory in Germany, producing the brands Overstolz and Botteram. 7741: 5755: 2612: 2531: 2238: 1130: 8134: 8079: 7871: 7786: 7539: 7199: 6878: 6505: 6289: 5651: 5636: 5556: 5361: 5226: 4767: 2855: 1143: 694: 655:

was introduced into the United States in 1981, and in the United Kingdom and Canada in 1991.

3301: 7922: 7776: 7691: 7599: 7449: 7259: 7119: 6694: 6385: 6353: 6241: 6233: 6144: 6094: 5646: 5451: 3787: 3015:"3-MCPD and glycidol levels in edible oils and fats obtained from local markets in Türkiye" 1509: 1501: 1195: 1156: 648: 461: 62: 405:

analyzed margaric acid as simply a combination of stearic acid and the previously unknown

8: 8039: 7968: 7771: 7529: 7524: 7514: 7499: 7489: 7419: 7399: 7354: 7008: 6868: 6686: 6549: 6401: 5819: 5502: 5472: 5421: 5109: 5085: 4275: 4150: 2581: 2314: 1863:, however previous amendments in 1972 and 1980 had allowed "virtually an opened market". 1832: 1542:

Omega-6 fatty acids are also important for health. They include the essential fatty acid

1538: 1492: 1284:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

707: 7559: 7249: 7093: 4200: 4178: 4127: 3192:

Jeppesen, Jørgen; Hein, Hans Ole; Suadicani, Poul; Gyntelberg, Finn (12 February 2001).

2370:"The Perfect Solution: How Trans Fats Became the Healthy Replacement for Saturated Fats" 1871: 1668:

Margarine has a particular market value to those who observe the Jewish dietary laws of

286:. Although originally made from animal fats, most margarine consumed today is made from 8119: 7993: 7983: 7897: 7826: 7761: 7711: 7569: 7274: 7129: 6903: 6409: 6257: 6119: 6089: 5869: 5859: 5641: 5586: 5436: 4430: 4331: 3548: 3481: 3270: 2814: 2533:

Organic Chemistry, Volume One: Part I: Aliphatic Compounds Part II: Alicyclic Compounds

2512: 2403: 1729: 1407:

Vegetable fats can contain anything from 7% to 86% saturated fatty acids. Liquid oils (

1331: 1307: 1182: 1110: 927: 724:

Soft vegetable fat spreads, high in mono- or polyunsaturated fats, which are made from

667: 564: 453: 386: 1827:

and was smuggled to Canada where it was widely sold for half the price of butter. The

615:, only two types of margarine were available: a premium brand and a budget brand with 7907: 7791: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7544: 7279: 7254: 7159: 7144: 7109: 7053: 7003: 6958: 6908: 6863: 6813: 6710: 6638: 6606: 6590: 6574: 6249: 6201: 5981: 5794: 5431: 5378: 5231: 4672: 4342: 3952: 3761: 3540: 3536: 3497: 3413: 3372: 3274: 3215: 3171: 3133: 3094: 2955: 2945: 2828: 2761: 2757: 2605: 2537: 2395: 2285: 2244: 2212: 2011: 1546:(LA), which is abundant in vegetable oils grown in temperate climates. Some, such as 1370:. They are contaminants that are created during the oil refining process (especially 1208: 784: 772: 675: 620: 537: 317: 3837: 2676: 2516: 2407: 760: 756: 401:

that, in combination, form most animal fats. In 1853, the German structural chemist

8069: 8059: 7998: 7912: 7861: 7831: 7806: 7766: 7676: 7429: 7409: 7334: 7149: 6983: 6938: 6893: 6858: 6759: 6752: 6702: 6670: 6558: 6337: 6099: 5854: 5767: 5619: 5060: 5045: 4662: 4422: 3751: 3630: 3575: 3552: 3532: 3520: 3403: 3362: 3266: 3205: 3167: 3163: 3125: 3084: 3026: 2999: 2995: 2820: 2753: 2719: 2504: 2387: 2204: 1919: 1915: 1319: 1025: 659: 491: 448: 282:

used for flavoring, baking, and cooking. It is most often used as a substitute for

237: 231: 157: 113: 6923: 4739: 3480:

Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005).

3261:

Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013). "Lipids Basics: Fats and Oils in Foods and Health".

2881: 2813:

Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005).

2699: 2119:"Margarine, Part 166: Subpart B, Requirements for Specific Standardized Margarine" 1713:

strongly in a (vain) attempt to have them change its color, or banned altogether.

8074: 8013: 8003: 7978: 7821: 7751: 7746: 7716: 7631: 7589: 7454: 7424: 7414: 7374: 7364: 7304: 7264: 7244: 7194: 7154: 7124: 7083: 7078: 6848: 6823: 6678: 6449: 6321: 6067: 6001: 5661: 5368: 5161: 4980: 4848: 4792: 4614: 4363: 4057: 3327: 2433: 1968: 1619: 1526:

contains about 20% ALA. Small amounts of ALA are found in vegetable oils such as

1518: 1457: 1451: 644: 151: 7988: 3651:"Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)" 3300:. National Institute for Health and Welfare (Finland). 2003–2010. Archived from 3089: 3072: 1672:, which forbids the mixing of meat and dairy products; hence there are strictly 8096: 8091: 8086: 7781: 7756: 7731: 7564: 7404: 7384: 7349: 7294: 7284: 7234: 7229: 7139: 7114: 7068: 7013: 6978: 6963: 6933: 6928: 6853: 6838: 6818: 6808: 6582: 6481: 6329: 6297: 6062: 5971: 5698: 5536: 5523: 5477: 5336: 5005: 4995: 4985: 3928: 3892: 3210: 3193: 3046: 2939: 1391: 1295: 478: 471: 303: 4426: 4023: 3914: 3367: 3350: 1294:

In a 100-gram reference amount, margarine – manufactured from soybean oil and

546: 8113: 8044: 7947: 7851: 7736: 7701: 7686: 7554: 7534: 7494: 7484: 7469: 7439: 7434: 7389: 7314: 7239: 7204: 7063: 7033: 6993: 6828: 6803: 6614: 5946: 5889: 5531: 5393: 5383: 5356: 5341: 5308: 5273: 5241: 5119: 5070: 5055: 5040: 4957: 4932: 4858: 4833: 4718: 4648: 4293:"DAIRY INDUSTRY AMENDMENT BILL : Report of Primary Production Committee" 4020:

Website of the International Margarine Association of the Countries of Europe

3408: 3391: 2208: 2003: 1973: 1745: 1589: 1582: 1543: 1483:

to give them a higher melting point so they stay solid at room temperatures.

1424: 1412: 1335: 1327: 802: 794: 711: 703: 533: 486: 466: 406: 325: 287: 279: 52: 4471: 3237: 1684:

in America caused much consternation within the kosher-observant community.

470:

for a process of creating margarine that combined vegetable oils (primarily

8008: 7952: 7937: 7932: 7846: 7836: 7726: 7721: 7626: 7594: 7549: 7394: 7214: 7134: 7058: 7043: 7023: 7018: 6998: 6988: 6913: 6888: 6873: 6843: 6718: 6457: 6417: 6134: 6129: 6017: 5956: 5844: 5762: 5750: 5703: 5624: 5561: 5546: 5351: 5346: 5236: 5080: 5050: 4952: 4777: 4713: 4677: 3765: 3417: 3376: 3219: 3175: 3137: 2959: 2399: 2391: 1644: 1640: 1338:

during manufacturing, there are no other nutrients in significant content.

1303: 1221: 879: 541: 507: 413: 394: 3635: 3618: 3544: 3129: 3098: 2902: 7841: 7816: 7696: 7681: 7636: 7584: 7579: 7459: 7359: 7339: 7324: 7309: 7289: 7209: 7174: 6973: 6948: 6943: 6918: 6898: 6883: 6833: 6072: 5799: 5740: 5688: 5666: 5576: 5566: 5114: 5075: 5030: 5020: 5015: 4883: 4874: 4843: 4797: 4772: 4708: 4687: 4588: 3432: 1963: 1955: 1900: 1892: 1609: 1527: 1430:

Typical soft tub margarine contains 10% to 20% of saturated fat. Regular

1416: 1315: 863: 841: 764: 671: 417: 4312:"The 1870s Dairy Lobby Turned Margarine Pink So People Would Buy Butter" 3676:"Guideline for Treating Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk" 3031: 3014: 2748:

Hamm, W. (2003). "VEGETABLE OILS | Oil Production and Processing".

2236: 1760:

Under European Union directives, distinguishes between spreadable fats:

603:

industrial process was discontinued after WWII due to its inefficiency.

8054: 7892: 7866: 7796: 7706: 7671: 7666: 7621: 7479: 7464: 7269: 7179: 6745: 6662: 6537: 6057: 5986: 5966: 5824: 5804: 5581: 5416: 5262: 5195: 5065: 5025: 4990: 4962: 4937: 4922: 4903: 4802: 4524: 4434: 4047:"Code of Practice on Vitamin A&D fortification of fats and spreads" 3994:"Spreadable fats (dairy and non-dairy): Definition, labelling and sale" 2508: 1978: 1881: 1480: 1355: 1042: 1008: 829: 737: 398: 390: 4333:

Fair Play in the Marketplace: The First Battle for Pure Food and Drugs

3580:

10.1002/1438-9312(200006)102:6<419::aid-ejlt419>3.3.co;2-p

7379: 7048: 6953: 6646: 5991: 5849: 5789: 5221: 5035: 4947: 4917: 4888: 4838: 4782: 4749: 3756: 3739: 3592: 1927: 1923: 1908: 1904: 1560: 1505: 1472: 1468: 1431: 1343: 1339: 1311: 1088: 1075: 981: 825: 729: 725: 679: 663: 616: 529: 495: 321: 4912: 3392:"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States" 3073:"Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women" 2984: 1687:

Regular margarine contains trace amounts of animal products such as

7856: 6104: 5935: 5839: 5323: 5304: 5185: 5130: 5010: 5000: 4972: 4942: 4927: 4893: 4825: 4723: 4638: 4623: 3607:(editor F.D. Gunstone), Woodhead, Cambridge, UK, 2006, pp. 429–443. 3324:"Search the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference" 2824: 1820: 1696: 1623: 1523: 1513: 1420: 1367: 1299: 991: 837: 816: 809: 768: 741: 599: 518: 430: 2142:"Unilever Adds Butter to Margarine as the Foods' Fortunes Reverse" 832:, the consumption of which has been shown to be a risk factor for 320:

in a stable solid form. While butter is made by concentrating the

7927: 6766: 6630: 5745: 5541: 5175: 4699: 4578: 4570: 3603:

E. Flöter, G. van Duijn, "Trans-free fats for use in foods," in:

1931: 1885: 1840: 1669: 961: 733: 434: 1736:

Calorie reduced margarine is specified in standard B.09.017 as:

789: 6968: 5996: 5829: 5809: 5723: 5718: 5629: 5200: 5190: 5180: 4744: 4657: 4633: 4600: 3722: 3191: 3114: 1844: 1692: 1677: 1673: 1464: 1408: 1363: 1359: 1323: 1058: 813: 801:

Vegetable and animal fats are similar compounds with different

283: 92: 3389: 1843:

it was not legal to sell butter-colored margarine until 1995.

611:

During the Second World War and immediate post-war years amid

309:("pearl", indicating luster). The name was later shortened to 199: 134: 7641: 5814: 5784: 5713: 5708: 5246: 5216: 4583: 1888:

to their product to imitate the yellow of mid-summer butter.

1662: 1476: 844:, are naturally semi-solid and do not require hydrogenation. 745: 683: 295: 3500:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) 3452: 1949: 433:. In the same year a German pharmacist, Benedict Klein from 246: 214: 184: 166: 122: 30: 5834: 5779: 5735: 5656: 4682: 4667: 4628: 4610: 4595: 4494:"21 U.S.C. 347 – Intrastate sales of colored oleomargarine" 4237:"Resolving Canada's conflicted relationship with margarine" 3519:

Willett, W.C.; Stampfer, M.J.; Mason, J.E.; Colditz, G.A.;

3518: 3149: 3147: 2627:"Filbert can't believe you won't like its new butter blend" 2237:

Baker Christopher G.J; Ranken H.D; Kill R.C., eds. (1997).

1724:

Canadian standard B.09.016 states that margarine shall be:

1688: 1547: 751:

Hard margarine (sometimes uncolored) for cooking or baking.

522: 381:

Margarine has its roots in the discovery by French chemist

252: 220: 190: 172: 128: 4450:"The "Oleo Wars": Wisconsin's Fight over the Demon Spread" 2930: 2908:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 249: 217: 125: 4816: 4561: 2282:

Sciencepower 9: Science, Technology, Society, Environment

1442:

recommend saturated fat intake to be as low as possible.

903: 258: 187: 169: 6194:

An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty

3784:"Functional Foods Fact Sheet: Plant Stanols and Sterols" 3144: 2232: 2230: 2228: 1634: 477:

Shortages in beef-fat supply, combined with advances by

16:

Semi-solid oily spread often used as a butter substitute

4389:"Voices of the First World War: Life On The Home Front" 3619:"Technical aspects of trans reduction in modified fats" 3187: 3185: 3013:

Gündüz, A.O.; Ceylan, M.M.; Baştürk, A. (25 May 2023).

3944: 2243:. Vol. 24th Edition. Springer. pp. 285–289. 416:

issued a challenge to create a butter-substitute from

389:. Scientists at the time regarded margaric acid, like 6226:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

3723:

Harvard School of Public Health (18 September 2012).

3349:

Aranceta, Javier; Pérez-Rodrigo, Carmen (June 2012).

3348: 3110: 3108: 2225: 2199:

Ian P. Freeman (2005). "Margarines and Shortenings".

1918:

brought a renewed wave of pro-dairy legislation; the

261: 208: 202: 178: 137: 3838:"What's Different This Passover? No Margarine - WSJ" 3698:"How it's made: Cholesterol production in your body" 3653:. US Food and Drug Administration. 29 September 2017 3182: 2786:"The Hydrogenation of Alkenes:Margarine Manufacture" 1945: 255: 196: 131: 4515:"Yellow margarine: I Can't Believe It's Not Legal!" 4468:"The Founders of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology" 3430: 3012: 2849:"Palm Oil/Palm Kernel Oil Applications – Margarine" 2713: 2711: 808:Commonly, natural oils are hydrogenated by passing 456:

from by-products of the animal processing business.

347: 243: 240: 211: 193: 181: 163: 160: 119: 116: 4330: 3945:Gunstone, Frank D.; Fred B. Padley (13 May 1997). 3565: 3105: 2941:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 2604: 2580: 1415:) tend to be on the low end, while tropical oils ( 4179:"Canada's conflicted relationship with margarine" 4124:Website of the Margarines and Spreads Association 3498:"Trans fat: Avoid this cholesterol double whammy" 3433:"Omega-3 and Omega-6 Essential fatty Acids (EFA)" 3424: 2348: 1120: 971: 8111: 4337:. Northern Illiinois University Press. pp. 3568:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 3453:Chico College of Agriculture (18 January 2007). 2854:. The Malaysian Palm Oil Council. Archived from 2708: 2054:. The Plate: National Geographic. Archived from 4151:"The Claim: Margarine Is Healthier Than Butter" 3153: 2879: 721:Bottled liquid margarine to cook or top dishes. 5303: 3889:"Meadow Lea's healthy message to boost market" 2896: 2790:Chemguide: Helping you to understand Chemistry 2337:Auf den Spuren der alten Ehrenfelder Industrie 2201:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2198: 858:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 755:To produce margarine, first oils and fats are 5952:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 5289: 5146: 4540: 4201:"Chapter 2, Expectations as We Joined Canada" 3725:"The Nutrition Source – Fats and Cholesterol" 3235: 3039: 2139: 1310:(table). The reference margarine was rich in 4148: 4142: 3881: 3156:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2779: 2777: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 4299:. New Zealand Parliament. 12 December 1989. 3940: 3938: 3066: 3064: 2750:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2555: 2553: 1618:, are associated with an increased risk of 1512:(ALA) can be found in some vegetable oils. 574:and the edible fats were obtained from the 5296: 5282: 5153: 5139: 4547: 4533: 4456:. Vol. 85, no. 1. pp. 2–15. 3396:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3231: 3229: 3047:"Dietary fats: Know which types to choose" 2904:United States Food and Drug Administration 2880:Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2007). 2592:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. pp. 78–79. 2052:"The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink" 1349: 44:Marge, oleo, oleomargarine, buttery spread 6490:Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows 6314:Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian 3755: 3670: 3668: 3634: 3616: 3407: 3366: 3292: 3290: 3209: 3088: 3030: 2819:. National Academies Press. p. 423. 2774: 2449: 2367: 2113: 2111: 2109: 1930:in 1967. Lois Dowdle Cobb (1889–1987) of 1676:non-dairy margarines available, known as 1614:High levels of cholesterol, particularly 812:gas through the oil in the presence of a 6140:World Esperantist Vegetarian Association 4554: 4322: 4038: 3986: 3973:"What Type and Amount of Fat Do I Need?" 3935: 3486:. National Academies Press. p. 504. 3070: 3061: 2691: 2619: 2596: 2572: 2550: 2529: 2494: 2488: 1870: 1831:lifted the margarine ban in 1948 in the 1402:saturated fat and cardiovascular disease 788: 759:, e.g. by pressing from seeds, and then 693: 689: 447: 439: 420:for the armed forces and lower classes, 6727:You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment 4309: 4208:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador 4173: 4171: 3772: 3716: 3226: 3071:F. B. Hu; et al. (November 1997). 2808: 2806: 2697: 2077: 2075: 2073: 1434:contains 52 to 65% saturated fats. The 8112: 6165:List of vegetarian and vegan companies 3678:. American College of Cardiology. 2016 3665: 3287: 3260: 2873: 2106: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 853:Margarine, soybean oil spread, 70% fat 6282:Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses 5942:Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme 5277: 5134: 4528: 4447: 4412: 4361: 4217:from the original on 19 November 2022 4007: 3835: 3737: 3446: 3256: 3254: 2743: 2741: 2578: 2464: 2279: 2090:. The Gale Group, Inc. Archived from 2081: 2002: 1934:, wife of the agricultural publisher 1702: 1635:Plant sterol esters and stanol esters 717:Three types of margarine are common: 651:. The vegetable oil and cream spread 7888:Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli 7475:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 5160: 4328: 4229: 4168: 4149:O'Connor, Anahad (16 October 2007). 3778: 3617:Van Duijn, Gerrit (September 2005). 3473: 3238:"Fats, Cooking Oils and Fatty Acids" 2841: 2803: 2747: 2602: 2536:. Courier Corporation. p. 256. 2307:"Stork Margarine:How it all started" 2070: 1651: 1496:Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of 429:, which subsequently became part of 4517:. AP / USA Today. 16 December 2008. 4364:"The War on Margarine | Adam Young" 3948:Lipid technologies and applications 3077:The New England Journal of Medicine 2607:The Development of Modern Chemistry 2024: 1748:released an updated version of the 1574:cholesterol and lowering levels of 13: 6218:Reasons for not Eating Animal Food 4099:from the original on 31 March 2022 3455:"Grass Fed Beef – Health Benefits" 3271:10.1016/B978-0-12-391882-6.00006-6 3251: 2918:from the original on 27 March 2024 2738: 2560:"Synthetic Soap and Edible Fats". 1445: 626: 570:made from coal. The products were 290:. The spread was originally named 14: 8156: 6186:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 6080:North American Vegetarian Society 3811:"Eating less butter and more fat" 3605:Modifying Lipids for Use in Foods 2783: 2673:"I Can't Believe It's Not Butter" 2429:"Jubilee of Craigmillar Creamery" 2368:Schleifer, David (January 2012). 2140:Matthew Boyle (31 January 2014). 2010:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 1861:Dairy Industry Amendment Act 1989 1787: 1755: 598:fraction which were reacted with 444:Dutch margarine advertising, 1893 7903:Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro 6033:Christian Vegetarian Association 4181:. CBC News Online. 18 March 2005 4117: 4044: 4013: 3808: 2717: 2304: 2284:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Limited. 2008:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 1948: 1866: 1682:2008 Passover margarine shortage 1385: 1377: 1354:Margarine contains the possible 1346:may be added for fortification. 778: 653:I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! 647:was introduced in the UK by the 506:, among other countries, during 360: 348:Invention and early distribution 236: 156: 112: 91: 29: 6442:Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone 4507: 4486: 4460: 4441: 4415:The Journal of Economic History 4406: 4381: 4355: 4303: 4285: 4268: 4251: 4193: 4120:"What's in a margarine spread?" 4111: 4075: 3965: 3921: 3907: 3855: 3829: 3802: 3731: 3690: 3643: 3623:Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 3610: 3597: 3586: 3559: 3512: 3490: 3383: 3342: 3316: 3006: 2978: 2966:from the original on 9 May 2024 2665: 2639: 2625:Lazarus, George (1 June 1981). 2523: 2421: 2361: 2342: 2329: 2298: 2273: 1796: 1302:and is composed of 70% fat, 2% 613:rationing in the United Kingdom 513: 8035:Vegetarian and vegan symbolism 6386:Moosewood Collective Cookbooks 6125:Vegetarian Society (Singapore) 6110:Toronto Vegetarian Association 6053:International Vegetarian Union 4239:. CBC News Online. 9 July 2008 3593:The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) 3168:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719008 3049:. Mayo Clinic. 31 January 2007 3000:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.039 2882:"History of Soy Oil Margarine" 2758:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/01226-8 2476:. Emeral Backfiles. p. 54 2384:Johns Hopkins University Press 2264: 2192: 2167: 2133: 1996: 1911:attacks meant little arrived. 1850: 1603: 1588:In the United States, partial 1440:European Food Safety Authority 1436:American Institute of Medicine 558: 1: 8050:Vegetarian and vegan dog diet 7974:Food for Thought (restaurant) 6567:Diet for a New America (film) 6346:The Benefits of Vegetarianism 6210:A Vindication of Natural Diet 5977:Vegan Prisoners Support Group 4470:. msstate.edu. Archived from 4454:Wisconsin Magazine of History 3198:Archives of Internal Medicine 1989: 1530:(7.8%) and canola oil (9.2%). 1318:, DV), containing 35 mg 868:2,627 kJ (628 kcal) 6394:The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook 5614:Seventh-day Adventist Church 4448:Strey, Gerry (Autumn 2001). 4310:Eschner, Kat (23 May 2017). 4281:. Government of New Zealand. 4264:. Government of New Zealand. 3537:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90350-p 3431:Clear Springs Press (2006). 3355:British Journal of Nutrition 2611:. Harper & Row. p. 2467:"The marketing of margarine" 1707: 1598:Food and Drug Administration 1554: 1306:, 26% water, and negligible 1280:Percentages estimated using 847: 606: 7: 8019:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel 6434:The Sexual Politics of Meat 5552:Environmental vegetarianism 5407:Environmental vegetarianism 4362:Young, Adam (1 June 2002). 3865:. about.com. Archived from 3738:Katan; et al. (2003). 3090:10.1056/NEJM199711203372102 2530:Whitmore, Frank C. (2012). 2082:Rajah, Kanes (1 May 2005). 1984:Margarine brands (Category) 1941: 1825:Newfoundland Butter Company 1805: 1498:polyunsaturated fatty acids 1330:as salt for flavor. Unless 1273:Link to USDA Database entry 528:Dairy firms, especially in 10: 8161: 6530:Making a Stand for Animals 6306:Fifty Years of Food Reform 6048:Hare Krishna Food for Life 5962:Vegan Awareness Foundation 4016:"EU Margarine legislation" 3951:. CRC Press. p. 311. 3211:10.1001/archinte.161.3.361 2579:Maier, Elke (April 2016). 2465:Clark, Paul (6 May 1983). 2313:. Unilever. Archived from 1607: 1558: 1536: 1490: 1449: 1389: 782: 342: 8027: 7961: 7880: 7612: 7185:Maximilian Bircher-Benner 7102: 6796: 6783: 6737: 6623:Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead 6548: 6514:The End of Animal Farming 6498:The Vegan Studies Project 6173: 6157: 6043:French Vegetarian Society 6038:European Vegetarian Union 6028:Boston Vegetarian Society 6010: 5912: 5898: 5679: 5595: 5522: 5515: 5465: 5392: 5374:Vegan organic agriculture 5322: 5315: 5255: 5209: 5168: 5102: 4971: 4902: 4873: 4857: 4824: 4815: 4760: 4732: 4698: 4647: 4609: 4569: 4560: 4427:10.1017/S0022050700022865 4090:United Kingdom Government 3368:10.1017/S0007114512001444 2704:. Longmans, Green and Co. 2698:Clayton, William (1920). 2050:Rupp R (13 August 2014). 1839:restriction. However, in 1719: 1500:. This is one of the two 1279: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1220: 1207: 1194: 1181: 1168: 1155: 1142: 1129: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1087: 1074: 1057: 1041: 1024: 1007: 990: 980: 959: 955: 951: 944: 940: 924: 920: 916: 900: 896: 892: 876: 872: 862: 857: 412:After the French Emperor 374:Science History Institute 359: 354: 86: 78: 68: 58: 48: 40: 28: 7943:The Sound Lounge, London 7918:Little Pine (restaurant) 7802:Colleen Patrick-Goudreau 7300:Narasinh Narayan Godbole 6474:The Bloodless Revolution 6115:Vegetarian Federal Union 5930:Food Empowerment Project 5773:List of meat substitutes 3118:The Journal of Nutrition 2209:10.1002/14356007.a16_145 1813:Dominion of Newfoundland 1396:Replacing saturated and 670:, low or no salt, added 538:domestic electric mixers 8065:Plant-based action plan 7812:Satchidananda Saraswati 7657:Tabitha Brown (actress) 6466:Livestock's Long Shadow 6370:Diet for a Small Planet 6274:Shelley's Vegetarianism 6085:Order of the Golden Age 5572:Replaceability argument 5442:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid 5427:Lacto-ovo vegetarianism 5332:Animal-free agriculture 4329:Okun, Mitchell (1986). 4056:. IMACE. Archived from 4022:. IMACE. Archived from 3815:Butter through the Ages 3744:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2724:Butter through the ages 2635:(subscription required) 2603:Ihde, Aaron J. (1964). 2582:"Coal – in Liquid Form" 2203:. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 1857:Minister of Agriculture 1829:Supreme Court of Canada 1699:substitute for butter. 1616:low-density lipoprotein 1570:, by raising levels of 1350:Processing contaminants 1282:US recommendations 403:Wilhelm Heinrich Heintz 8130:Animal product analogs 7445:Francis William Newman 7345:Martin Luther Holbrook 6426:Diet for a New America 6378:The Vegetarian Epicure 6266:What is Vegetarianism? 6023:Bible Christian Church 5925:Beauty Without Cruelty 5920:American Vegan Society 5402:Economic vegetarianism 5016:Linseed (flaxseed) oil 4054:IMACE Code of practice 3409:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.179S 3326:. USDA. Archived from 3236:NutriStrategy (2005). 2752:. pp. 5904–5916. 2392:10.1353/tech.2012.0018 2375:Technology and Culture 2240:Food industries manual 2179:in Collins Dictionary" 1876: 1774: 1766: 1742: 1734: 1568:coronary heart disease 1423:) and fully hardened ( 1286:the National Academies 834:cardiovascular disease 798: 699: 572:fractionally distilled 568:synthetic paraffin wax 457: 445: 422:Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès 397:, as one of the three 383:Michel Eugène Chevreul 366:“Butter vs. Margarine” 73:Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès 7787:Isa Chandra Moskowitz 7540:Russell Thacher Trall 7505:Johan Lindström Saxon 7200:Lucius Duncan Bulkley 6506:Animal (De)liberation 6290:Why I Am a Vegetarian 5557:Ethics of eating meat 5227:International Delight 5051:Rapeseed (canola) oil 4126:. MSA. Archived from 3863:"Is margarine vegan?" 3636:10.1051/ocl.2005.0422 2280:Wolfe, Elgin (2000). 1874: 1770: 1762: 1738: 1726: 1502:essential fatty acids 946:Vitamins and minerals 821:van der Waals' forces 792: 697: 690:Manufacturing process 547:U.S. patent 2,553,513 451: 443: 7923:Moosewood Restaurant 7777:Moosewood Collective 7692:Crescent Dragonwagon 7600:Kathleen Keen Zolber 7260:James Elmslie Duncan 7120:Bertrand P. Allinson 6354:Living the Good Life 6242:Fruits and Farinacea 6145:World Vegetarian Day 6095:ProVeg International 5483:Fictional characters 4803:Vegetable shortening 4555:Edible fats and oils 4393:Imperial War Museums 4316:Smithsonian Magazine 4276:"Margarine Act 1908" 4259:"Margarine Act 1895" 3915:"The Canberra Times" 3265:. pp. 231–277. 2350:US patent 110626 2339:, Köln 2005, page 55 2311:Unilever :Our Brands 1510:alpha-linolenic acid 649:Milk Marketing Board 462:Binghamton, New York 97:Media: Margarine 8040:List of vegan media 7969:Cranks (restaurant) 7772:Joanne Lee Molinaro 7742:Frances Moore Lappé 7530:William O. Stephens 7525:Ernest Lester Smith 7515:Richard H. Schwartz 7500:Henry Stephens Salt 7490:Ulma Doyle Register 7420:Harry Willis Miller 7400:Alice Garrett Marsh 7355:John Harvey Kellogg 7009:James E. McWilliams 6774:The Animals' Agenda 5756:Microbial cellulose 5731:Gelatin substitutes 5694:Chicken fillet roll 5422:Lacto vegetarianism 5086:Watermelon seed oil 3917:. 9 September 1968. 3130:10.1093/jn/133.1.78 3032:10.3989/gya.0333221 2861:on 25 February 2020 2590:Max Planck Research 2497:Kolloid-Zeitschrift 2094:on 30 November 2007 2088:Al Business website 1899:With the coming of 1833:Margarine Reference 1750:Canada's Food Guide 1539:Omega-6 fatty acids 1534:Omega-6 fatty acids 1493:Omega-3 fatty acids 1488:Omega-3 fatty acids 1026:Pantothenic acid (B 854: 708:interesterification 674:(claimed to reduce 668:omega-3 fatty acids 467:U.S. patent 110,626 454:Swift & Company 25: 8125:1869 introductions 7994:New Riverside Cafe 7984:Lentil as Anything 7962:Former restaurants 7898:Crossroads Kitchen 7827:Alicia Silverstone 7762:Hetty Lui McKinnon 7712:Carol Lee Flinders 7570:Severin Wielobycki 7275:Charles W. Forward 7130:Charles R. Attwood 6904:Caldwell Esselstyn 6410:Moosewood Cookbook 6258:The Ethics of Diet 6120:Vegetarian Society 6090:ProVeg Deutschland 4130:on 28 October 2009 3869:on 12 January 2014 3263:Culinary Nutrition 2679:on 9 November 2009 2647:"Brands in action" 2509:10.1007/BF01502087 2335:Johannes Maubach: 2317:on 12 October 2009 2152:on 31 January 2014 1877: 1703:National standards 1596:The United States 1247:Other constituents 852: 799: 700: 458: 446: 35:Margarine in a tub 21: 8140:French inventions 8107: 8106: 7908:Greens Restaurant 7792:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen 7662:Suzy Amis Cameron 7652:Edward Espe Brown 7647:Martha Brotherton 7608: 7607: 7545:Frederick Towgood 7510:James Scholefield 7450:R. E. O'Callaghan 7280:Michael Allen Fox 7255:Daniel Dombrowski 7160:George Bedborough 7145:Horace A. Barrows 7110:Phyllis B. Acosta 7004:John A. McDougall 6959:Avery Yale Kamila 6909:Gary L. Francione 6864:T. Colin Campbell 6814:Suzanne M. Babich 6711:The Game Changers 6655:Live and Let Live 6639:Forks Over Knives 6599:Peaceable Kingdom 6591:Post Punk Kitchen 6575:A Cow at My Table 6522:Vegetable Kingdom 6250:The Pleasure Boat 6234:Nature's Own Book 6202:Vegetable Cookery 6153: 6152: 5982:The Vegan Society 5795:Nutritional yeast 5675: 5674: 5511: 5510: 5432:Ovo vegetarianism 5379:Vegan school meal 5271: 5270: 5128: 5127: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5093: 4811: 4810: 4733:Other animal fats 4673:Manteiga-da-terra 4092:. February 2014. 4063:on 3 October 2011 3958:978-0-8247-9838-3 3817:. webexhibits.org 3704:. 6 February 2017 3531:(8845): 581–585. 3280:978-0-12-391882-6 3083:(21): 1491–1499. 2951:978-0-309-48834-1 2834:978-0-309-08525-0 2767:978-0-12-227055-0 2726:. webexhibits.org 2543:978-0-486-31115-9 2291:978-0-07-560905-6 2250:978-0-7514-0404-3 2017:978-1-4058-8118-0 1652:Market acceptance 1458:unsaturated fatty 1398:trans unsaturated 1292: 1291: 1237: 1236: 785:Fat hydrogenation 773:potassium sorbate 676:blood cholesterol 660:hydrogenated oils 621:supply and demand 379: 378: 148: 105: 104: 41:Alternative names 8152: 8080:Planetary health 8070:Sustainable diet 8060:Plant-based diet 7999:Nix (restaurant) 7913:Hiltl Restaurant 7862:Umberto Veronesi 7832:Hannah Sunderani 7807:Mathew Pritchard 7767:Tracye McQuirter 7677:Chloe Coscarelli 7615:cookbook authors 7560:Emil Weilshäuser 7430:Reuben D. Mussey 7410:William Metcalfe 7335:Philippe Hecquet 7250:Daniël de Clercq 7150:Geoffrey Barstow 7094:Sophie Zaïkowska 6984:Thomas Lepeltier 6939:A. Breeze Harper 6894:George Dornbusch 6859:Jodey Castricano 6794: 6793: 6760:Vegetarian Times 6703:Eating You Alive 6671:PlantPure Nation 6559:The Animals Film 6402:Laurel's Kitchen 6338:A Fleshless Diet 6100:ProVeg Nederland 5910: 5909: 5855:Vegetarian bacon 5768:Meat alternative 5520: 5519: 5320: 5319: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5162:Milk substitutes 5155: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5046:Pumpkin seed oil 4943:Mongongo nut oil 4871: 4870: 4822: 4821: 4663:Clarified butter 4567: 4566: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4336: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3891:. Archived from 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3836:Zimmerman, Ann. 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3790:on 11 April 2008 3786:. Archived from 3776: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3757:10.4065/78.8.965 3735: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3629:(5–6): 422–426. 3614: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3457:. Archived from 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3402:(1): 179S–188S. 3387: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3019:Grasas y Aceites 3010: 3004: 3003: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2884:. Soyinfo Center 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2675:. Archived from 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2653:on 14 April 2005 2649:. Archived from 2643: 2637: 2636: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2471: 2462: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2437:. 6 January 1935 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2234: 2223: 2222: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2148:. Archived from 2146:Businessweek.com 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2058:on 1 August 2018 2047: 2022: 2021: 2006:(3 April 2008). 2000: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1920:Second World War 1916:Great Depression 1320:gamma-tocopherol 1124: 1062: 1046: 1029: 1012: 995: 975: 942: 941: 855: 851: 633:Lätt & Lagom 597: 596: 595: 585: 584: 583: 549: 492:Great Depression 469: 364: 363: 352: 351: 302:(olive oil) and 277: 276: 275: 274: 267: 264: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 235: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 155: 146: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 95: 79:Main ingredients 33: 26: 24: 20: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8023: 8014:The Hollow Reed 8004:Penny Cafeteria 7979:InSpiral Lounge 7957: 7876: 7822:Miyoko Schinner 7752:Linda McCartney 7747:Deborah Madison 7717:Alexis Gauthier 7632:Carleigh Bodrug 7614: 7604: 7590:Jon Wynne-Tyson 7575:Howard Williams 7455:Josiah Oldfield 7425:J. Howard Moore 7415:Eli Peck Miller 7375:W. R. C. Latson 7365:Daniel H. Kress 7305:Jeremiah Hacker 7265:Eknath Easwaran 7245:Lenna F. Cooper 7195:Ernest Bonnejoy 7155:Sidney H. Beard 7125:Thomas Allinson 7098: 7084:Corey Lee Wrenn 7079:Kim A. Williams 6849:Will Bulsiewicz 6824:Neal D. Barnard 6789: 6787: 6785: 6779: 6733: 6679:What the Health 6550:Films and shows 6544: 6450:The China Study 6322:The Meat Fetish 6177: 6175: 6169: 6149: 6068:Meatless Monday 6006: 6002:World Vegan Day 5902: 5894: 5865:Vegetarian mark 5681: 5671: 5591: 5507: 5461: 5388: 5311: 5302: 5272: 5267: 5251: 5205: 5164: 5159: 5129: 5124: 5090: 4981:Ambadi seed oil 4967: 4898: 4860: 4853: 4849:Shark liver oil 4807: 4793:Palm kernel oil 4756: 4728: 4694: 4643: 4605: 4556: 4553: 4523: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4446: 4442: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4327: 4323: 4308: 4304: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3943: 3936: 3931:. 11 July 2011. 3927: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3773: 3736: 3732: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3564: 3560: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3388: 3384: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3330:on 3 March 2015 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3304:on 19 July 2011 3296: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3190: 3183: 3152: 3145: 3113: 3106: 3069: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3011: 3007: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2952: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2811: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2709: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631:Chicago Tribune 2624: 2620: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2434:The Sunday Post 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2235: 2226: 2219: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2155: 2153: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2048: 2025: 2018: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1969:List of spreads 1954: 1947: 1944: 1869: 1853: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1768:and margarine: 1758: 1722: 1710: 1705: 1654: 1637: 1620:atherosclerosis 1612: 1606: 1563: 1557: 1541: 1519:Camelina sativa 1495: 1456:Consumption of 1454: 1452:Unsaturated fat 1448: 1446:Unsaturated fat 1421:palm kernel oil 1394: 1388: 1380: 1352: 1298:– provides 628 1275: 1270: 1228: 1215: 1202: 1189: 1176: 1163: 1150: 1137: 1125: 1095: 1082: 1069: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1036: 1027: 1019: 1010: 1002: 993: 976: 947: 936: 931: 912: 907: 888: 883: 850: 787: 781: 692: 682:, or certified 629: 627:Spread products 609: 594: 591: 590: 589: 587: 582: 579: 578: 577: 575: 561: 545: 516: 465: 361: 350: 345: 270: 269: 239: 230: 229: 207: 177: 159: 150: 149: 115: 111: 101: 59:Place of origin 36: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8158: 8148: 8147: 8145:Spreads (food) 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8097:Pollotarianism 8094: 8092:Pescetarianism 8087:Flexitarianism 8084: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7782:Charity Morgan 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7757:Mary McCartney 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7732:Madhur Jaffrey 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7565:Ellen G. White 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7405:Elmer McCollum 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7385:Susan M. Levin 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:Isaac Jennings 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7330:William Harvey 7327: 7322: 7320:Alexander Haig 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7295:Mahatma Gandhi 7292: 7287: 7285:Peter Foxcroft 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:Antonio Cocchi 7232: 7230:Henry S. Clubb 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7140:Eduard Baltzer 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7115:William Alcott 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7069:Sunaura Taylor 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7014:Vesanto Melina 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6979:Maxwell G. Lee 6976: 6971: 6966: 6964:Michael Klaper 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6934:Michael Greger 6931: 6929:Lewis Gompertz 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Georges Butaud 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839:Yves Bonnardel 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6819:Martin Balluch 6816: 6811: 6809:Carol J. Adams 6806: 6800: 6798: 6791: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6583:Meet Your Meat 6579: 6571: 6563: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6482:Eating Animals 6478: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6330:The New Ethics 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6063:Meat-free days 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5972:Vegan Outreach 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5907: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699:Coconut burger 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5652:Pythagoreanism 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:Animal welfare 5534: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5337:Black veganism 5334: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Grape seed oil 5003: 4998: 4996:Cottonseed oil 4993: 4988: 4986:Apple seed oil 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4868: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4761:Vegetable fats 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4506: 4485: 4459: 4440: 4421:(2): 353–371. 4405: 4380: 4354: 4347: 4321: 4302: 4284: 4267: 4250: 4228: 4192: 4167: 4155:New York Times 4141: 4110: 4074: 4037: 4026:on 14 May 2015 4006: 3985: 3964: 3957: 3934: 3920: 3906: 3880: 3854: 3828: 3801: 3771: 3730: 3715: 3702:Harvard Health 3689: 3664: 3642: 3609: 3596: 3585: 3574:(6): 419–425. 3558: 3511: 3489: 3472: 3461:on 6 July 2008 3445: 3423: 3382: 3361:(S2): S8–S22. 3341: 3315: 3286: 3279: 3250: 3225: 3204:(3): 361–366. 3181: 3143: 3104: 3060: 3038: 3005: 2977: 2950: 2929: 2895: 2872: 2840: 2833: 2825:10.17226/10490 2802: 2773: 2766: 2737: 2707: 2690: 2664: 2638: 2618: 2595: 2571: 2549: 2542: 2522: 2503:(2): 105–108. 2487: 2448: 2420: 2360: 2341: 2328: 2297: 2290: 2272: 2263: 2249: 2224: 2217: 2191: 2166: 2132: 2105: 2069: 2023: 2016: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1943: 1940: 1868: 1865: 1852: 1849: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1788:United Kingdom 1786: 1757: 1756:European Union 1754: 1721: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1653: 1650: 1636: 1633: 1608:Main article: 1605: 1602: 1559:Main article: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1537:Main article: 1531: 1491:Main article: 1450:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1392:Saturated fats 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1372:deodorization 1351: 1348: 1336:micronutrients 1290: 1289: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1000: 998: 988: 987: 984: 978: 977: 970: 965: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 938: 937: 934: 932: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 908: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 884: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 860: 859: 849: 846: 803:melting points 783:Main article: 780: 777: 753: 752: 749: 722: 691: 688: 628: 625: 608: 605: 592: 580: 560: 557: 515: 512: 504:United Kingdom 494:, followed by 479:James F. Boyce 472:cottonseed oil 377: 376: 357: 356: 355:External audio 349: 346: 344: 341: 103: 102: 100: 99: 87: 84: 83: 82:Vegetable oils 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8157: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045:Juice fasting 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7948:Veggie Galaxy 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Lauren Toyota 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737:Mollie Katzen 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702:Rip Esselstyn 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Sue Donaldson 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7611: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Alan Stoddard 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520:James Simpson 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Rollo Russell 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7485:James Rachels 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7470:Cyril V. Pink 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Scott Nearing 7438: 7436: 7435:Helen Nearing 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390:Andrew Linzey 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7370:William Lambe 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Walter Hadwen 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240:Edwin Collier 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:George Cheyne 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:J. L. Buttner 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Richard Twine 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7064:David Sztybel 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:David Olivier 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924:Valéry Giroux 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:David Benatar 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Elisa Aaltola 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615:A Sacred Duty 6612: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298:Figs or Pigs? 6295: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189:(3rd century) 6188: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Our Hen House 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5890:Veggie burger 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Animal rights 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Organizations 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5394:Vegetarianism 5391: 5385: 5384:Vegan studies 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357:Straight edge 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Fruitarianism 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309:vegetarianism 5306: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Yeo Hiap Seng 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5121: 5120:Essential oil 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Sunflower oil 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Safflower oil 5059: 5057: 5056:Rice bran oil 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Poppyseed oil 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Pistachio oil 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Macadamia oil 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:Cod liver oil 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4768:Borneo tallow 4766: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4474:on 7 May 2019 4473: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4348:9780875801155 4344: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4277: 4271: 4260: 4254: 4238: 4232: 4213: 4210:. p. 5. 4209: 4202: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3895:on 7 May 2005 3894: 3890: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3782:(July 2007). 3781: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3750:(8): 965–78. 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3652: 3646: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521:Speizer, F.E. 3515: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2883: 2876: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Spread (food) 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1867:United States 1864: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:Health Canada 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1714: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1645:stanol esters 1642: 1641:sterol esters 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1590:hydrogenation 1586: 1584: 1583:heart disease 1579: 1578:cholesterol. 1577: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1549: 1545: 1544:linoleic acid 1540: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:sunflower oil 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1386:Saturated fat 1383: 1378:Amount of fat 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:carbohydrates 1301: 1297: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1009:Riboflavin (B 1006: 999: 997: 989: 985: 983: 979: 974: 969: 966: 964: 963: 958: 954: 950: 943: 939: 933: 930: 929: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 905: 899: 895: 891: 885: 882: 881: 880:Carbohydrates 875: 871: 867: 865: 861: 856: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 818: 815: 811: 806: 804: 796: 795:hydrogenation 791: 786: 779:Hydrogenation 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 750: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 720: 719: 718: 715: 713: 712:hydrogenation 709: 705: 704:fractionation 696: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:plant sterols 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 624: 622: 618: 614: 604: 601: 573: 569: 566: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 535: 534:food coloring 531: 526: 524: 520: 511: 509: 505: 501: 500:United States 497: 493: 488: 487:hydrogenation 484: 483:Paul Sabatier 480: 475: 473: 468: 463: 455: 450: 442: 438: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 407:palmitic acid 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:margaric acid 384: 375: 371: 370:Distillations 367: 358: 353: 340: 337: 335: 329: 327: 326:vegetable oil 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:oleomargarine 289: 288:vegetable oil 285: 281: 273: 266: 233: 225: 153: 142: 109: 98: 94: 89: 88: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 8135:Cooking fats 8009:Pink Peacock 7989:Minerva Café 7953:Veggie Grill 7938:Souley Vegan 7933:Slutty Vegan 7872:Alan Wakeman 7847:Haile Thomas 7837:Bryant Terry 7727:Richa Hingle 7722:Dick Gregory 7627:Mayim Bialik 7595:Tzachi Zamir 7550:Sidney Trist 7395:Clair Linzey 7215:Job Caudwell 7190:George Black 7135:William Axon 7089:Laura Wright 7059:Peter Singer 7054:Jérôme Segal 7044:Emelia Quinn 7039:David Pearce 7024:David Nibert 7019:Gemma Newman 6999:Reed Mangels 6989:Howard Lyman 6914:Joel Fuhrman 6889:Alan Desmond 6874:Brenda Davis 6844:Will Bonsall 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6725: 6719:Maa Ka Doodh 6717: 6709: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6557: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6458:Skinny Bitch 6456: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6418:Fit for Life 6416: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6304: 6296: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6135:Viva! Health 6130:Veggie Pride 6018:Alcott House 5957:Plamil Foods 5934: 5875:Sausage roll 5751:Konjac jelly 5704:Coconut milk 5610:Christianity 5562:Meat paradox 5547:Deep ecology 5352:Raw veganism 5316:Perspectives 5081:Tea seed oil 4953:Pine nut oil 4928:Hazelnut oil 4787: 4783:Mango butter 4778:Cocoa butter 4678:Niter kibbeh 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4488: 4476:. Retrieved 4472:the original 4462: 4453: 4443: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4396:. Retrieved 4392: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4367: 4357: 4341:, 263, 266. 4332: 4324: 4315: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4270: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4207: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4158:. Retrieved 4154: 4144: 4132:. Retrieved 4128:the original 4123: 4113: 4101:. Retrieved 4089: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4058:the original 4053: 4040: 4028:. Retrieved 4024:the original 4019: 4009: 3997:. Retrieved 3988: 3976:. Retrieved 3967: 3947: 3923: 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3893:the original 3883: 3871:. Retrieved 3867:the original 3857: 3845:. Retrieved 3841: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3814: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3788:the original 3774: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3701: 3692: 3680:. Retrieved 3655:. Retrieved 3645: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3604: 3599: 3588: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3492: 3482: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3459:the original 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3426: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3332:. Retrieved 3328:the original 3318: 3306:. Retrieved 3302:the original 3262: 3241:. Retrieved 3201: 3197: 3159: 3155: 3124:(1): 78–83. 3121: 3117: 3080: 3076: 3051:. Retrieved 3041: 3022: 3018: 3008: 2991: 2988:Food Control 2987: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2940: 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2911: 2898: 2886:. Retrieved 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2856:the original 2843: 2815: 2793:. Retrieved 2789: 2784:Clark, Jim. 2749: 2728:. Retrieved 2723: 2700: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2677:the original 2667: 2655:. Retrieved 2651:the original 2641: 2630: 2621: 2606: 2598: 2589: 2574: 2568:: 308. 1946. 2565: 2562:Chemical Age 2561: 2532: 2525: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2473: 2439:. Retrieved 2432: 2423: 2411:. Retrieved 2379: 2373: 2363: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2319:. Retrieved 2315:the original 2310: 2300: 2281: 2275: 2266: 2254:. Retrieved 2239: 2200: 2194: 2182:. Retrieved 2176: 2169: 2161: 2154:. Retrieved 2150:the original 2145: 2135: 2123:. Retrieved 2096:. Retrieved 2092:the original 2087: 2060:. Retrieved 2056:the original 2007: 1998: 1926:in 1963 and 1913: 1898: 1890: 1878: 1860: 1854: 1837: 1815:from whale, 1809: 1800: 1797:Legal issues 1791: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1686: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1638: 1629: 1613: 1595: 1587: 1580: 1564: 1533: 1517: 1487: 1462: 1455: 1429: 1425:hydrogenated 1406: 1395: 1381: 1356:carcionogens 1353: 1314:(37% of the 1293: 1251: 1246: 1121: 1116: 1109: 972: 967: 960: 926: 902: 878: 807: 800: 754: 716: 701: 657: 640: 636: 632: 630: 610: 562: 553: 542:World War II 527: 517: 514:Color debate 508:World War II 476: 459: 414:Napoleon III 411: 395:stearic acid 380: 369: 338: 333: 330: 328:and water. 315: 310: 306: 299: 291: 107: 106: 18: 7881:Restaurants 7842:Anna Thomas 7817:Derek Sarno 7697:Rose Elliot 7682:Yamuna Devi 7637:Gypsy Boots 7585:W. A. Sibly 7580:Frank Wokes 7460:Dean Ornish 7360:Norman Kerr 7340:Brian Hines 7325:Edward Hare 7310:John Haddon 7290:Greta Gaard 7220:James Clark 7210:Paul Carton 7175:Ragnar Berg 7170:Robert Bell 7165:Ernest Bell 7029:Jack Norris 6974:Renan Larue 6949:Melanie Joy 6944:Oscar Horta 6919:Kristi Funk 6899:Mylan Engel 6884:Jan Deckers 6879:Garth Davis 6869:Robert Cook 6834:Steven Best 6786:activists, 6784:Academics, 6594:(2003–2005) 6362:Ten Talents 6073:Friday Fast 5800:Plant cream 5741:Carrageenan 5689:Agave syrup 5577:Sentientism 5567:Nonviolence 5503:Vegan media 5498:Restaurants 5473:Vegetarians 5447:Ecofeminism 5115:Cooking oil 5076:Soybean oil 5031:Perilla oil 5021:Mustard oil 4884:Avocado oil 4844:Seaweed oil 4826:Marine oils 4798:Shea butter 4773:Coconut oil 4709:Chicken fat 4688:Urfa butter 4134:10 November 4067:10 November 4030:11 November 3821:10 November 3504:10 December 3162:(1): 5–19. 3025:(2): e501. 2994:: 487–492. 2730:10 November 2720:"Margarine" 2683:10 November 2480:10 November 2413:24 November 2256:13 November 2098:10 November 2004:Wells, John 1964:Cooking oil 1956:Food portal 1901:World War I 1851:New Zealand 1823:oil by the 1610:Cholesterol 1604:Cholesterol 1528:soybean oil 1417:coconut oil 1358:and toxins 1316:Daily Value 1296:pasteurized 992:Thiamine (B 842:coconut oil 765:emulsifiers 662:and became 559:Coal butter 502:and in the 464:, received 418:beef tallow 399:fatty acids 385:in 1813 of 8114:Categories 8075:Low-carbon 8055:Vegaphobia 7893:Cinnaholic 7867:Nisha Vora 7797:Gaz Oakley 7707:Toni Fiore 7672:Pinky Cole 7667:Hannah Che 7622:Nava Atlas 7480:Rod Preece 7465:Felix Ortt 7270:T. Forster 7180:Rynn Berry 7103:Vegetarian 6994:Al-Ma'arri 6790:physicians 6746:Naked Food 6663:Cowspiracy 6607:Earthlings 6538:Meat Atlas 6058:Jewish Veg 6011:Vegetarian 5987:Veganmania 5967:Vegan flag 5850:Vegetables 5825:Soy yogurt 5805:Plant milk 5587:Tirukkuṟaḷ 5582:Speciesism 5457:By country 5417:Orthopathy 5263:Plant milk 5110:Plant oils 5066:Sesame oil 5026:Peanut oil 4991:Castor oil 4963:Walnut oil 4938:Marula oil 4923:Cashew oil 4913:Almond oil 4859:Vegetable 4499:11 January 4160:10 October 3978:11 January 3873:12 January 3682:5 December 3657:5 December 3334:11 January 3308:10 October 2795:9 November 2657:11 January 2386:: 94–119. 2321:21 October 2218:3527306730 2156:11 January 2125:5 December 2062:5 December 1990:References 1979:Shortening 1936:Cully Cobb 1882:New Jersey 1481:trans fats 1409:canola oil 1183:Phosphorus 830:trans fats 738:cottonseed 391:oleic acid 69:Created by 8120:Margarine 7613:Chefs and 7380:Elmer Lee 7049:Tom Regan 6954:Joel Kahn 6788:authors, 6738:Magazines 6647:Vegucated 6158:Companies 5992:Veganuary 5790:Mock duck 5682:and drink 5657:Rastafari 5597:Religious 5488:Festivals 5452:Nutrition 5369:Nutrition 5222:Cool Whip 5169:Beverages 5036:Pequi oil 4973:Seed oils 4948:Pecan oil 4918:Argan oil 4889:Olive oil 4839:Krill oil 4788:Margarine 4750:Whale oil 4719:Goose fat 4571:Pork fats 4185:28 August 3999:5 January 2888:4 January 2865:4 January 2701:Margarine 1928:Wisconsin 1924:Minnesota 1909:submarine 1780:spread". 1744:In 2007, 1708:Australia 1691:or dairy 1643:or plant 1561:Trans fat 1555:Trans fat 1506:oily fish 1473:safflower 1469:sunflower 1432:butterfat 1344:vitamin D 1340:Vitamin A 1332:fortified 1326:(47% DV) 1312:vitamin E 1196:Potassium 1170:Manganese 1157:Magnesium 1089:Vitamin E 1076:Vitamin C 1059:Folate (B 1043:Vitamin B 982:Vitamin A 848:Nutrition 826:palladium 757:extracted 730:sunflower 726:safflower 680:olive oil 664:trans fat 617:whale oil 607:Post-WWII 565:oxidizing 530:Wisconsin 496:rationing 372:Podcast, 322:butterfat 311:margarine 307:margarite 108:Margarine 23:Margarine 7857:Jeeca Uy 7555:Valluvar 6695:Dominion 6541:(annual) 6178:journals 6176:reports, 6105:Swissveg 5936:Go Vegan 5840:Tofurkey 5620:Hinduism 5605:Buddhism 5362:Hardline 5324:Veganism 5305:Veganism 5186:Horchata 5106:See also 5011:Hemp oil 5001:Corn oil 4894:Palm oil 4724:Schmaltz 4714:Duck fat 4639:Tail fat 4624:Dripping 4212:Archived 4094:Archived 3766:12911045 3418:10617969 3377:22591906 3220:11176761 3176:11293467 3138:12514271 2964:Archived 2960:30844154 2922:28 March 2916:Archived 2906:(2024). 2517:93119728 2441:11 March 2408:26343964 2400:22530389 1942:See also 1905:rationed 1624:atheroma 1524:Hemp oil 1514:Flax oil 1438:and the 1368:Glycidol 1300:calories 1252:Quantity 1177:0.014 mg 1117:Quantity 1111:Minerals 1053:0.003 mg 1037:0.001 mg 1020:0.025 mg 1003:0.052 mg 968:Quantity 962:Vitamins 838:palm oil 817:catalyst 810:hydrogen 793:Partial 769:lecithin 767:such as 742:rapeseed 600:glycerol 519:Carotene 431:Unilever 8028:Related 7928:Purezza 6767:VegNews 6687:Carnage 6631:Planeat 5870:Sausage 5860:Hot dog 5746:Gulaman 5724:legumes 5719:cereals 5662:Sikhism 5647:Judaism 5642:Jainism 5625:Sattvic 5542:Carnism 5524:Secular 5437:Cuisine 5412:History 5347:History 5256:Related 5232:Mr Bean 5176:Amazake 4740:Blubber 4700:Poultry 4579:Fatback 4478:16 July 4435:2566555 4398:2 March 4373:2 March 4368:fee.org 4297:Hansard 4243:10 July 3899:3 April 3847:2 March 3794:8 April 3708:2 March 3553:2616254 3545:8094827 3465:18 July 3438:18 July 3298:"Foods" 3099:9366580 2970:21 June 1932:Atlanta 1893:Bootleg 1886:annatto 1841:Ontario 1670:Kashrut 1308:protein 1229:0.06 mg 1151:0.12 mg 1131:Calcium 986:3571 IU 928:Protein 761:refined 734:soybean 637:Bregott 498:in the 485:in the 435:Cologne 427:Jurgens 343:History 278:) is a 6969:Aph Ko 6730:(2024) 6722:(2023) 6714:(2018) 6706:(2018) 6698:(2018) 6690:(2017) 6682:(2017) 6674:(2015) 6666:(2014) 6658:(2013) 6650:(2011) 6642:(2011) 6634:(2010) 6626:(2010) 6618:(2007) 6610:(2005) 6602:(2004) 6586:(2002) 6578:(1998) 6570:(1991) 6562:(1981) 6533:(2022) 6525:(2020) 6517:(2018) 6509:(2016) 6501:(2015) 6493:(2009) 6485:(2009) 6477:(2006) 6469:(2006) 6461:(2005) 6453:(2005) 6445:(1997) 6437:(1990) 6429:(1987) 6421:(1985) 6413:(1977) 6405:(1976) 6397:(1975) 6389:(1973) 6381:(1972) 6373:(1971) 6365:(1968) 6357:(1954) 6349:(1927) 6341:(1910) 6333:(1907) 6325:(1904) 6317:(1903) 6309:(1898) 6301:(1896) 6293:(1895) 6285:(1892) 6277:(1891) 6269:(1886) 6261:(1883) 6253:(1845) 6245:(1845) 6237:(1835) 6229:(1824) 6221:(1814) 6213:(1813) 6205:(1812) 6197:(1802) 6174:Books, 5997:Veganz 5905:events 5900:Groups 5845:Cheese 5830:Tempeh 5820:Seitan 5810:Quinoa 5763:Jambon 5714:Grains 5709:Fruits 5667:Taoism 5630:Ahimsa 5516:Ethics 5478:Vegans 5210:Brands 5201:Sikhye 5191:Kokkoh 5181:Douzhi 4745:Muktuk 4658:Butter 4634:Tallow 4615:mutton 4601:Lardon 4433: 4345: 4221:19 May 4118:Anon. 4103:19 May 4045:Anon. 4014:Anon. 3955: 3809:Anon. 3764: 3551: 3543: 3525:Lancet 3416: 3375: 3277: 3243:18 May 3218: 3174: 3136: 3097: 3053:18 May 2958: 2948: 2831: 2764: 2718:Anon. 2540: 2515: 2406: 2398: 2356: 2305:Anon. 2288: 2247: 2215: 2014: 1845:Quebec 1819:, and 1806:Canada 1720:Canada 1693:casein 1678:pareve 1674:kosher 1663:vegans 1639:Plant 1475:, and 1465:canola 1364:2-MCPD 1360:3-MCPD 1324:sodium 1322:) and 1261:26.2 g 1216:700 mg 1209:Sodium 1096:5.6 mg 911:70.2 g 864:Energy 814:nickel 645:Clover 284:butter 280:spread 90: 63:France 53:Spread 7642:BOSH! 6797:Vegan 6753:Satya 5913:Vegan 5815:Quorn 5785:Mochi 5637:Islam 5466:Lists 5247:Oatly 5217:Alpro 4875:Fruit 4649:Dairy 4584:Lardo 4431:JSTOR 4279:(PDF) 4262:(PDF) 4215:(PDF) 4204:(PDF) 4097:(PDF) 4086:(PDF) 4061:(PDF) 4050:(PDF) 3549:S2CID 2859:(PDF) 2852:(PDF) 2586:(PDF) 2513:S2CID 2470:(PDF) 2404:S2CID 2382:(1). 2184:5 May 2177:marge 1697:vegan 1477:olive 1334:with 1328:added 1258:Water 1203:46 mg 1190:10 mg 935:0.3 g 887:1.5 g 746:olive 744:, or 684:vegan 641:Krona 334:marge 318:phase 304:Greek 300:oleum 296:Latin 294:from 268: 5903:and 5885:Wine 5880:Beer 5835:Tofu 5780:Miso 5736:Agar 5680:Food 5307:and 5237:Silk 4906:oils 4877:oils 4865:List 4861:oils 4817:Oils 4702:fats 4683:Smen 4668:Ghee 4651:fats 4629:Suet 4617:fats 4611:Beef 4596:Lard 4589:Salo 4562:Fats 4501:2015 4480:2010 4400:2024 4375:2024 4343:ISBN 4245:2008 4223:2023 4187:2007 4162:2009 4136:2009 4105:2023 4069:2009 4032:2009 4001:2010 3980:2015 3953:ISBN 3901:2009 3875:2014 3849:2024 3823:2009 3796:2008 3780:IFIC 3762:PMID 3710:2024 3684:2017 3659:2017 3541:PMID 3506:2007 3467:2008 3440:2008 3414:PMID 3373:PMID 3336:2015 3310:2010 3275:ISBN 3245:2008 3216:PMID 3172:PMID 3134:PMID 3095:PMID 3055:2008 2972:2024 2956:PMID 2946:ISBN 2924:2024 2890:2010 2867:2010 2829:ISBN 2797:2009 2762:ISBN 2732:2009 2685:2009 2659:2015 2538:ISBN 2482:2009 2443:2023 2415:2013 2396:PMID 2323:2009 2286:ISBN 2258:2009 2245:ISBN 2213:ISBN 2186:2018 2158:2015 2127:2017 2100:2009 2064:2017 2012:ISBN 1821:fish 1817:seal 1689:whey 1622:and 1548:hemp 1366:and 1342:and 1222:Zinc 1164:2 mg 1144:Iron 1138:7 mg 1083:0 mg 1070:1 μg 840:and 748:oil. 635:and 523:lard 481:and 393:and 298:for 147:also 49:Type 5196:Poi 4904:Nut 4423:doi 4339:254 3842:WSJ 3752:doi 3631:doi 3576:doi 3572:102 3533:doi 3529:341 3404:doi 3363:doi 3359:107 3267:doi 3206:doi 3202:161 3164:doi 3126:doi 3122:133 3085:doi 3081:337 3027:doi 2996:doi 2912:FDA 2821:doi 2754:doi 2613:683 2505:doi 2501:103 2388:doi 2205:doi 1576:HDL 1572:LDL 1374:). 1214:30% 1122:%DV 1094:37% 973:%DV 904:Fat 710:or 678:), 332:as 247:ɑːr 215:ɑːr 185:ɑːr 167:ɑːr 123:ɑːr 8116:: 4452:. 4429:. 4419:59 4417:. 4391:. 4366:. 4314:. 4295:. 4206:. 4170:^ 4153:. 4122:. 4088:. 4052:. 4018:. 3937:^ 3840:. 3813:. 3760:. 3748:78 3746:. 3742:. 3700:. 3667:^ 3627:12 3625:. 3621:. 3570:. 3547:. 3539:. 3527:. 3412:. 3400:71 3398:. 3394:. 3371:. 3357:. 3353:. 3289:^ 3273:. 3253:^ 3228:^ 3214:. 3200:. 3196:. 3184:^ 3170:. 3160:20 3158:. 3146:^ 3132:. 3120:. 3107:^ 3093:. 3079:. 3075:. 3063:^ 3023:74 3021:. 3017:. 2992:59 2990:. 2962:. 2954:. 2914:. 2910:. 2827:. 2805:^ 2788:. 2776:^ 2760:. 2740:^ 2722:. 2710:^ 2629:. 2588:. 2566:54 2564:. 2552:^ 2511:. 2499:. 2472:. 2451:^ 2431:. 2402:. 2394:. 2380:53 2378:. 2372:. 2309:. 2227:^ 2211:. 2160:. 2144:. 2108:^ 2086:. 2072:^ 2026:^ 1730:IU 1471:, 1467:, 1419:, 1411:, 1404:. 1362:, 1227:1% 1201:2% 1188:1% 1175:1% 1162:0% 1149:1% 1136:1% 1081:0% 1068:0% 1051:0% 1035:0% 1018:2% 1001:4% 740:, 736:, 732:, 728:, 706:, 593:16 409:. 368:, 336:. 313:. 250:dʒ 234:: 232:US 228:, 224:-/ 218:dʒ 200:iː 176:-, 154:: 152:UK 145:, 135:iː 126:dʒ 5616:) 5612:( 5297:e 5290:t 5283:v 5154:e 5147:t 5140:v 4867:) 4863:( 4613:/ 4548:e 4541:t 4534:v 4503:. 4482:. 4437:. 4425:: 4402:. 4377:. 4351:. 4318:. 4247:. 4225:. 4189:. 4164:. 4138:. 4107:. 4071:. 4034:. 4003:. 3982:. 3961:. 3903:. 3877:. 3851:. 3825:. 3798:. 3768:. 3754:: 3727:. 3712:. 3686:. 3661:. 3639:. 3633:: 3582:. 3578:: 3555:. 3535:: 3508:. 3469:. 3442:. 3420:. 3406:: 3379:. 3365:: 3338:. 3312:. 3283:. 3269:: 3247:. 3222:. 3208:: 3178:. 3166:: 3140:. 3128:: 3101:. 3087:: 3057:. 3035:. 3029:: 3002:. 2998:: 2974:. 2926:. 2892:. 2869:. 2837:. 2823:: 2799:. 2770:. 2756:: 2734:. 2687:. 2661:. 2615:. 2546:. 2519:. 2507:: 2484:. 2445:. 2417:. 2390:: 2325:. 2294:. 2260:. 2221:. 2207:: 2188:. 2175:" 2129:. 2102:. 2066:. 2020:. 1288:. 1063:) 1061:9 1045:6 1030:) 1028:5 1013:) 1011:2 996:) 994:1 588:C 586:– 581:9 576:C 265:/ 262:n 259:ɪ 256:r 253:ə 244:m 241:ˈ 238:/ 221:ə 212:m 209:ˌ 206:, 203:n 197:r 194:ˈ 191:ə 188:ɡ 182:m 179:ˌ 173:ə 170:ɡ 164:m 161:ˈ 158:/ 141:/ 138:n 132:r 129:ə 120:m 117:ˈ 114:/ 110:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index