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in Paris, in response to complaints about technical inadequacies. He found that some dyes were indeed deficient, but that the oft-criticized black dye was first-rate. Yet fabrics dyed with this black were perceived as weak and reddish when surrounded by deep blues and/or purples. Chevreul called this
418:
He explored the ramifications of the concept at book-length in 1839, intending to form a comprehensive theory for all the visual arts. It offered design principles for tapestries, carpets, furniture, mosaics, churches, museums, apartments, formal gardens, theaters, maps, typography, framing, stained
460:
took the advice to heart, making lavish use of complementaries to intensify one another. Van Gogh wrote, "this reciprocal heightening is what's called the law of simultaneous contrast…If the complementary colors are taken at equal value, that is to say, at the same degree of brightness and light,
382:
in 1833, and his 1854 paper "De la baguette", Chevreul explains how human muscular reactions, totally involuntary and subconscious, are responsible for seemingly magical movements. In the end, Chevreul discovered that once a person holding divining rods/magic pendulum became aware of the brain's
322:
Chevreul began to study the effects of aging on the human body shortly before his death at the age of 102, which occurred in Paris on 9 April 1889. He was honoured with a public funeral. In 1901, a statue was erected to his memory in the museum with which he was connected for so many years.
443:
reported that he had interviewed Seurat, who had described the style as a search for "the modern synthesis with scientifically based means which will be founded on the theory of colors discovered by M. Chevreul and in accordance with the experiments of
143:(31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine, and art. Chevreul's early work with animal fats revolutionized soap and candle manufacturing and led to his isolation of the
306:
at the
National Museum of Natural History in 1830, and thirty-three years later assumed its directorship also; this he relinquished in 1879, though he still retained his professorship. A bronze medal was minted for the occasion of Chevreul's
455:
Chevreul stressed the importance of accurate portrayal of lighting in promoting realism, but added, "It is almost always so that accurate, yet exaggerated coloring is found more pleasing than absolute fidelity to the scene."
224:, France, where his father was a physician. Chevreul's birth certificate, kept in the registry book of Angers, bears the signature of his father, grandfather, and a great-uncle, all of whom were surgeons.
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De la baguette divinatoire, du pendule dit explorateur et des tables tournantes, au point de vue de l'histoire de la critique et de la méthode expérimentale
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339:
Chevreul's scientific work covered a wide range, but he is best known for the classical researches he carried out on animal fats, published in 1823 (
876:
461:
their juxtaposition will raise both the one and the other to an intensity so violent that human eyes will scarcely be able to bear to look at it."
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in 1886, and it was celebrated as a national event. Chevreul received letters of commendation from many heads of state and monarchs, including
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1707:
415:, defining it as the tendency for a color to appear to shift toward the complementary of its neighbor, both in terms of hue and darkness.
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232:
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Catalogue de l'exposition « Robert
Delaunay, de l’impressionnisme à l'abstraction » au centre Georges Pompidou, p. 94.
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483:, the bright edges that seem to exist between adjacent strips of identical colors having different intensities. See Chevreul's
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252:, where he carried out his research on colour contrasts. (In 1839, he published the results of his research under the title
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reaction, the movements stopped and could not be willingly reproduced. His was one of the earliest explanations of the
631:
281:
355:, the names of which he invented. This work led to important improvements in the processes of candle-manufacture.
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889:
Chevreul, M. E., De la Loi du
Contraste Simultané des Couleurs, Chez Pitois-Levrault, Paris, 1839, Avant-Propos.
1558:
312:
319:, whose son Paul Nadar took photographs, resulting in the first photo-interview ever to appear in a magazine.
1027:
Carmichael, E B (April 1973). "Michel Eugene
Chevreul. Experimental chemist and physicist: lipids and dyes".
646:"Note sur les étoffes de soie teintes avec la fuchsine, et réflexions sur la commerce des étoffes de couleur"
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343:). These enabled him to elucidate the true nature of soap; he was also able to discover the composition of
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472:. Delaunay's style of mixing relatively large blocks of near-complementaries is today usually known as
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glass, women's clothing, and even military uniforms. It is most noted, however, for its influence on
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72 French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers whose names are inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
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Des couleurs et de lueurs applications aux arts industriels a l'aide des cercles chromatiques
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476:. Delaunay himself, however, preferred the name "Simultanism," a clear nod to Chevreul.
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817:"Bronze medal of Michel Eugene Chevreul from France | Yale University Art Gallery"
511:Œuvres scientifiques de Michel-Eugène Chevreul: doyen des étudiants de France 1806-1886
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that "provided the scientific basis for
Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painting."
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The
Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours, and Their Applications to the Arts
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De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs et de l'assortiment des objets colorés
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347:, a white substance found in the solid parts of most animal and vegetable fats, and
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Paper on
Chevreul's life-long work on colour contrast by Prof Georges Roque, Paris
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De la méthode a posteriori expérimentale, et de la généralité de ses applications
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154:. In the process, Chevreul became the first scientist to define the concept of a
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Chevreul was also influential in twentieth-century painting, especially that of
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Lemay, Pierre; Oesper, Ralph (1948). "Michel Eugene
Chevreul (1786 – 1889)".
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859:"Chevreul's Report on the Mysterious Oscillations of the Hand-Held Pendulum"
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Considérations générales sur l'analyse organique et sur ses applications
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Considérations générales sur l'analyse organique et sur ses applications
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he was awarded in 1857. In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the
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It was translated into
English and published in 1854 under the title
128:
83:
829:"L'Art de vivre cent ans. Trois entretiens avec Monsieur Chevreul",
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which had begun in his time. His research on the "magic pendulum",
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Presentation of a way to define and name the colors, Chevreul, 1861
227:
At around the age of seventeen, Chevreul went to Paris and entered
178:
170:
75:
995:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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231:'s chemical laboratory, afterwards becoming his assistant at the
174:
1101:
264:, with commentary, additional chapters, and colour graphics by
221:
44:
439:, which featured tiny juxtapositions of complementary colors.
268:, appeared in 2020.) In 1826, Chevreul became a member of the
244:
In 1813, Chevreul was appointed professor of chemistry at the
1160:
Exposé d’un moyen de définir et de nommer les couleurs. Atlas
1048:
Kalugai, I (June 1980). "Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 1786–1889".
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In 1824, Chevreul was named director of the dye works at the
348:
169:
In the medical field, Chevreul was first to demonstrate that
63:
619:
506:
For a list of Chevreul's scientific writings up to 1886 see
589:(2 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
272:, and in the same year was elected a foreign member of the
1068:
468:, who was introduced to Chevreul's theories by his friend
302:
Chevreul succeeded his master, Vauquelin, as professor of
181:. Chevreul's study of textile dyes while director of the
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Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d'origine animale
351:, the liquid part of any fat, and to isolate stearic and
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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Spitz, Herman H.; Marcuard, Yves (July–August 2001).
248:, and subsequently undertook the directorship of the
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and the first to formally characterize the nature of
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
707:"Origins of Organic Chemistry and Organic Synthesis"
479:
Chevreul is also linked to what is sometimes called
162:; he is consequently considered a founder of modern
965:. London: Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p.
679:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
1698:National Museum of Natural History (France) people
1208:
577:The principles of harmony and contrast of colours
394:Chevreul's 1855 "chromatic diagram" based on the
258:The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors.
1688:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1629:
1175:- digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
693:Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale
575:- translated into English by Charles Martel as
341:Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale
698:
254:De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs;
1194:
856:
779:On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors
623:On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors
540:(in French). Paris: François George Levrault.
366:as to the "scientific" psychical research or
262:On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors
1014:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
675:McKenna, Charles. "Michel-Eugène Chevreul".
315:. He had a series of recorded meetings with
235:(National Museum of Natural History) in the
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29:
1683:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
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548:Leçons de chimie appliquée à la teinture
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330:
290:
211:
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1029:The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences
925:Letter to Theo van Gogh, 18 April 1885.
797:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
792:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C"
704:
620:Chevreul, M. E.; Margulis, Dan (2020).
378:is revolutionary. In an open letter to
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1495:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
974:- English translation by John Spanton.
1182:
1097:
711:European Journal of Organic Chemistry
286:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
284:and a Foreign Honorary Member of the
1668:Foreign members of the Royal Society
916:Chevreul, Contraste Simultané, §311.
601:Histoire des connaissances chimiques
233:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
1708:People of the Industrial Revolution
898:Chevreul, Contraste Simultané, §16.
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777:Chevreul, M. E., and Margulis, Dan
358:Chevreul was a determined enemy of
13:
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200:and was a pioneer in the field of
14:
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907:Letter to Paul Durand-Ruel, 1886.
741:, Annales de Chemie, Paris, 1815.
282:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
220:Chevreul was born in the town of
988:
959:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1861).
609:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1870).
598:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1866).
583:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1855).
567:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1839).
556:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1854).
545:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1829).
534:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1824).
523:Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1823).
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901:
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705:Wentrup, Curt (23 March 2022).
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1713:Recipients of the Copley Medal
962:The Laws of Contrast of Colour
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485:The Laws of Contrast of Colour
362:in every form, and a complete
1:
1163:- digital facsimile from the
1071:Journal of Chemical Education
981:
752:"An Introduction to Creatine"
739:Note sur le Sucre de Diabetes
695:, F.G. Levrault, Paris, 1823.
216:Chevreul in his younger years
177:in the urine and to isolate
1648:19th-century French chemists
207:
7:
833:, Paris, September 5, 1886.
626:. Atlanta: MCW Publishing.
427:painting, particularly the
10:
1729:
1439:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
1415:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
1148:Chevreul on cyberlipid.org
1143:. Vol. 35. June 1889.
1098:Kalba, Laura Anne (2017).
957:See page 4 and plate 1 of
656:. Paris: Baillière: 62–65.
642:Chevreul, Michel-Eugène E.
562:. Paris: Mallet-Bachelier.
551:. Paris: Pichon et Didier.
16:French chemist (1786–1889)
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677:The Catholic Encyclopedia
260:A new translation titled
134:
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117:
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71:
52:
37:
28:
21:
945:"Simultanism – Art Term"
662:
529:. Paris: F. G. Levrault.
448:and the measurements of
145:heptadecanoic (margaric)
1383:Julius Robert von Mayer
1140:Popular Science Monthly
1011:Encyclopædia Britannica
1006:Chevreul, Michel Eugène
844:"Weekly Medical Review"
781:, MCW Publishing, 2020.
650:Répertoire de Pharmacie
591:Michel Eugène Chevreul.
402:and other relationships
250:Gobelins tapestry works
192:Chevreul is one of the
1678:French Roman Catholics
1455:James Joseph Sylvester
1271:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1231:Alexander von Humboldt
1134:"Obituary Notes"
971:The Chevreul Illusion.
875:: 35–9. Archived from
724:10.1002/ejoc.202101492
503:
487:for more information.
403:
336:
299:
217:
141:Michel Eugène Chevreul
23:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1559:George Gabriel Stokes
1463:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
1399:Hermann von Helmholtz
1367:Henri Victor Regnault
1247:Johannes Peter Müller
1239:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
594:(English translation)
498:
413:simultaneous contrast
393:
334:
295:Chevreul in 1886, by
294:
215:
1543:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1511:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1375:James Prescott Joule
1287:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
681:accessed 10 May 2008
408:Gobelins Manufactory
400:complementary colors
183:Gobelins Manufactory
1673:French centenarians
1615:Marcellin Berthelot
1607:John William Strutt
1591:Albert von Kölliker
1519:Thomas Henry Huxley
1503:Franz Ernst Neumann
1351:Karl Ernst von Baer
1263:Henri Milne-Edwards
1083:1948JChEd..25...62L
831:Le Journal Illustré
604:. Paris: L. Guérim.
481:Chevreul's illusion
431:style developed by
270:Academy of Sciences
1703:People from Angers
1359:Charles Wheatstone
1169:Chevreul's (1888)
1165:Linda Hall Library
1157:Chevreul's (1861)
1056:(11–12): 796–802.
873:Center for Inquiry
864:Skeptical Inquirer
504:
404:
380:André-Marie Ampère
337:
300:
238:Jardin des Plantes
218:
1625:
1624:
1431:James Dwight Dana
1210:Copley Medallists
1115:978-0-271-07978-3
768:, New York, 1961.
764:Itten, Johannes,
691:Chevreul, M. E.,
517:by G. Malloizel.
425:Neo-Impressionist
304:organic chemistry
276:of London, whose
246:Lycée Charlemagne
164:organic chemistry
160:organic compounds
156:chemical compound
138:
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119:Scientific career
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1693:Men centenarians
1653:Color scientists
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1567:Edward Frankland
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385:ideomotor effect
185:in Paris led to
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615:. Paris: Dunod.
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466:Robert Delaunay
396:RYB color model
329:
327:Chevreul's work
229:L. N. Vauquelin
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198:lived to be 102
147:, stearic, and
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88:Chevreul's salt
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1423:Claude Bernard
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1343:Julius Plücker
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1335:Michel Chasles
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1327:Charles Darwin
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1002:Chisholm, Hugh
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309:100th birthday
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58:(1889-04-09)
56:9 April 1889
1643:1889 deaths
1638:1786 births
1487:Carl Ludwig
1212:(1851–1900)
801:9 September
437:Paul Signac
429:Pointillist
353:oleic acids
202:gerontology
152:fatty acids
80:Fatty acids
1632:Categories
982:References
450:N. O. Rood
398:, showing
374:rods and
288:in 1868.
208:Biography
171:diabetics
129:Chemistry
84:Margarine
1062:11630731
644:(1861).
179:creatine
173:excrete
76:Creatine
66:, France
47:, France
1079:Bibcode
1041:4582698
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846:. 1889.
515:. 1886.
474:Orphism
446:Maxwell
411:effect
372:Dowsing
364:sceptic
345:stearin
175:glucose
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222:Angers
125:Fields
112:(1873)
105:(1857)
98:Awards
45:Angers
1050:Korot
871:(4).
795:(PDF)
663:Notes
349:olein
317:Nadar
297:Nadar
196:. He
149:oleic
64:Paris
1110:ISBN
1058:PMID
1037:PMID
803:2016
715:2022
628:ISBN
435:and
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53:Died
38:Born
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