Illuminated manuscript

274: 1579: 1621: 1741: 471: 85: 45: 1633: 1556: 1807: 1692: 1652: 94: 1598: 613: 74: 1454:. Aside from adding rich decoration to the text, scribes during the time considered themselves to be praising God with their use of gold. Furthermore, gold was used if a patron who had commissioned a book to be written wished to display the vastness of their riches. Eventually, the addition of gold to manuscripts became so frequent "that its value as a barometer of status with the manuscript was degraded". During this time period the price of gold had become so cheap that its inclusion in an illuminated manuscript accounted for only a tenth of the cost of production. By adding richness and depth to the manuscript, the use of gold in illuminations created pieces of art that are still valued today. 1772: 1680: 54: 645: 1496: 416: 1528: 2913: 1484:: "In a scene from the New Testament, Christ would be shown larger than an apostle, who would be bigger than a mere bystander in the picture, while the humble donor of the painting or the artist himself might appear as a tiny figure in the corner." The calendar was also personalized, recording the feast days of local or family saints. By the end of the Middle Ages many manuscripts were produced for distribution through a network of agents, and blank spaces might be reserved for the appropriate heraldry to be added locally by the buyer. 65: 1463:

included mixing the gold with stag's glue and then "pour it into water and dissolve it with your finger." Once the gold was soft and malleable in the water, it was ready to be applied to the page. Illuminators had to be very careful when applying gold leaf to the manuscript because gold leaf is able to "adhere to any pigment which had already been laid, ruining the design, and secondly the action of burnishing it is vigorous and runs the risk of smudging any painting already around it."

1715: 1407: 733: 3653: 800: 3663: 3643: 641:, and in Italy and the Netherlands, and by the late 14th century there was a significant industry producing manuscripts, including agents who would take long-distance commissions, with details of the heraldry of the buyer and the saints of personal interest to him (for the calendar of a book of hours). By the end of the period, many of the painters were women, especially painting the elaborate border, and perhaps especially in Paris. 741: 2286:, pp. 126–127: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and 384:. These books contained illuminated depictions of various animals, both real and fictional, and often focused on their religious symbolism and significance, as it was a widespread belief in post-classical Europe that animals, and all other organisms on Earth, were manifestations of God. These manuscripts served as both devotional guidance and entertainment for the working class of the Middle Ages. 1740: 462:

manuscripts grew to an extent that monastic libraries began to employ secular scribes and illuminators. These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day. In reality, illuminators were often well known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived.

863:, and manuscripts essentially for study often contained some images, often not in color. This trend intensified in the Gothic period, when most manuscripts had at least decorative flourishes in places, and a much larger proportion had images of some sort. Display books of the Gothic period in particular had very elaborate decorated borders of foliate patterns, often with small 1632: 380:, illuminated books began to reflect secular interests. These included short stories, legends of the saints, tales of chivalry, mythological stories, and even accounts of criminal, social or miraculous occurrences. Some of these were also freely used by storytellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. One of the most popular secular texts of the time were 3866: 454:. Within the walls of a scriptorium were individualized areas where a monk could sit and work on a manuscript without being disturbed by his fellow brethren. If no scriptorium was available, then "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk." 1597: 1555: 1620: 1806: 1771: 1462:

or specks of gold that could be applied with a brush. When working with gold leaf, the pieces would be hammered and thinned. The use of this type of leaf allowed for numerous areas of the text to be outlined in gold. There were several ways of applying gold to an illumination. One of the most popular

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At all times, most manuscripts did not have images in them. In the early Middle Ages, manuscripts tend to either be display books with very full illumination, or manuscripts for study with at most a few decorated initials and flourishes. By the Romanesque period many more manuscripts had decorated or

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the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries. When the

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years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations". To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring, a script was typically supplied first, "and blank

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While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, "the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily represent the

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Illumination was a complex and costly process, and was therefore usually reserved for special books such as altar bibles, or books for royalty. Heavily illuminated manuscripts are often called "luxury manuscripts" for this reason. In the early Middle Ages, most books were produced in monasteries,

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probably had the largest personal library of his time in the mid-15th century, is estimated to have had about 600 illuminated manuscripts, whilst a number of his friends and relations had several dozen. Wealthy patrons, however, could have personal prayer books made especially for them, usually in

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The introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. They are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive.

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Monasteries produced manuscripts for their own use; heavily illuminated ones tended to be reserved for liturgical use in the early period, while the monastery library held plainer texts. In the early period manuscripts were often commissioned by rulers for their own personal use or as diplomatic

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as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,

692:. In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent, but by the time the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator, there was no longer any scope for innovation.) 1578: 461:

of monks writing in the scriptorium had almost fully given way to commercial urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands. While the process of creating an illuminated manuscript did not change, the move from monasteries to commercial settings was a radical step. Demand for

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The illumination and decoration was normally planned at the inception of the work, and space reserved for it. However, the text was usually written before illumination began. In the Early Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the

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depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive

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text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced or drawn onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or other markings, as in the case of the

214:. This gradually became the standard for luxury illuminated manuscripts, although modern scholars are often reluctant to distinguish between parchment and vellum, and the skins of various animals might be used. The pages were then normally bound into codices (singular: 333:. There are a few examples from later periods. Books that are heavily and richly illuminated are sometimes known as "display books" in church contexts, or "luxury manuscripts", especially if secular works. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be 1457:

The application of gold leaf or dust to an illumination is a very detailed process that only the most skilled illuminators can undertake and successfully achieve. The first detail an illuminator considered when dealing with gold was whether to use

867:. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration: a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. Often different artists worked on the different parts of the decoration. 1495: 372:

that would separate one's day into eight hours of devotion. These were often richly illuminated with miniatures, decorated initials and floral borders. They were costly and therefore only owned by wealthy patrons, often women.

249:. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period. Very early printed books left spaces for red text, known as 684:, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator". These letters and notes would be applied using an ink-pot and either a sharpened 1691: 1438:. The inclusion of gold alludes to many different possibilities for the text. If the text is of religious nature, lettering in gold is a sign of exalting the text. In the early centuries of Christianity, 514:

for the first time in Europe, and with them full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine where illumination was required to have profuse and accurate representations with the text.

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Books and their makers during the Middle Ages: A study of the conditions of the production and distribution of literature from the fall of the Roman Empire to the close of the seventeenth century

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An explosion of artistic production in Arabic manuscripts occurred in the 12th and especially the 13th century. Thus various Syriac manuscripts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, such as

589:. Some of the illustrations of these manuscript have been characterized as "illustration byzantine traitée à la manière arabe" ("Byzantine illustration treated in the Arab style"). 522:

from the 9th century. They were not illustrated, but were "illuminated" with decorations of the frontispieces or headings. The tradition of illustrated manuscripts started with the

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They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting.

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was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these

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period. Especially after the book of hours became popular, wealthy individuals commissioned works as a sign of status within the community, sometimes including

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The book on how to make all the colour paints for illuminating books: unravelling a Portuguese Hebrew illuminators' manual' ' Herit Sci 6, 44 (2018).

2874: 1614:–1470; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, binding: leather over wood boards with copper alloy corner mounts and bosses; Metropolitan Museum of Art 3038: 1626:

Leaf from a Gradual: Initial P with the Nativity; 1495; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 598 × 41 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art

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The origins of the pictorial tradition of Arabic illustrated manuscripts are uncertain. The first known decorated manuscripts are some

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can also be called illuminated and use essentially the same techniques, comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as

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A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition

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On the strictest definition, a manuscript is not considered "illuminated" unless one or many illuminations contained metal, normally

604:, probably from the 1330s, is a very early manuscript of one of the most common works for grand illustrated books in Persian courts. 571:, were derived from the Byzantine tradition, yet stylistically have a lot in common with Islamic illustrated manuscripts such as the 564: 506:, especially on the Iberian Peninsula, was instrumental in delivering ancient classic works to the growing intellectual circles and 3699: 2850:

Illuminated Manuscripts in Cambridge: A Catalogue of Western Book Illumination in the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Cambridge Colleges

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and the creation of scientific and technical treatises often based on Greek scientific knowledge, such as the Arabic versions of

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spaces were left for the decoration. This presupposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment."

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world produced manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. With their

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The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of illuminated books, also saw more secular works such as

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paint, or at least was brushed with gold specks. Gold leaf was from the 12th century usually polished, a process known as

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Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a

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Calkins, Robert G. (1978). "Stages of Execution: Procedures of Illumination as Revealed in an Unfinished Book of Hours".

612: 284:–1465, ink, tempera, and gold on vellum, binding: brown Morocco over original wooden boards, overall: 59 × 116 mm, 3813: 3611: 2100:"The Book of Hours: A Medieval Bestseller | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" 621: 523: 121: 31: 368:, which usually contained all 150 canonical psalms, and small, personal devotional books made for lay people known as 305:

Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to)

2904: 2824: 2731:(Series: Medieval Texts and Cultures in Northern Europe, vol. 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing, 2013). xxiv + 552 pp 4260: 3425: 3091: 2921: 1705: 819:

The following steps outline the detailed labor involved to create the illuminations of one page of a manuscript:

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with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v."

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Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area

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Four Evangelists; 1572–1585; 413 × 277 mm; from Italy, probably Rome; Morgan Library & Museum

261:) would also allow scribes to add their own notes, diagrams, translations, and even comic flourishes. 4285: 4280: 3884: 2153:

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/anglo-saxon/flowers/bestiary.html

1755: 420: 2912: 2255:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus" 855:). Many incomplete manuscripts survive from most periods, giving us a good idea of working methods. 4224: 3420: 1839: 1834: 644: 364:

Other illuminated liturgical books appeared during and after the Romanesque period. These included

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of Western Europe throughout the 12th century. Books were produced there in large numbers and on

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designs. The Romanesque and Gothic periods saw the creation of many large illuminated complete

140:, the practice continued into secular texts from the 13th century onward and typically include 3054: 2977: 2378: 2349: 4156: 4005: 3591: 3522: 3217: 2729:

The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages

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for choirs to sing from, and "Atlantic" bibles, requiring more than one person to lift them.

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The palaeography of Gothic manuscript books: from the twelfth to the early sixteenth century

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15 pages of illuminated manuscripts from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository

2432:. Cambridge studies in palaeography and codicology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1534: 1197: 1185: 808: 2455:

After the Carolingians: Re-defining manuscript illumination in the 10th and 11th Centuries

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A common process of manuscripts illumination from the creation of the quire to the binding

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and works of literature illuminated. Wealthy people began to build up personal libraries;

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As the production of manuscripts shifted from monasteries to the public sector during the

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format was used, for various reasons. A very few illuminated fragments also survive on

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whether for their own use, for presentation, or for a commission. However, commercial

257:, all of which would have been added later by hand. Drawings in the margins (known as 4104: 4068: 4050: 4040: 4010: 3970: 3801: 3734: 3662: 3506: 3337: 3141: 2900: 2860: 2820: 2802: 2742: 2718: 2684: 2647: 2621: 2584: 2564: 2527: 2502: 2480: 2466: 2433: 2384: 2355: 2211: 2167: 2099: 2027: 2002: 1964: 1931: 1906: 1881: 1751: 1645:; ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 225 × 152 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art 1604: 1284: 1274: 712: 708: 593: 545: 534: 476: 424: 168: 1815:, recognisable by their characteristic bestial appearance, gather to do battle with 4290: 3924: 3646: 3606: 3574: 3405: 3055:

A Collection of Indonesian Illuminated Manuscripts | Southeast Asia Digital Library

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UCLA Library Special Collections collection of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts

2997:– A full collection with high resolution images of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts 2890: 2880: 2817:

Illuminating the Renaissance – The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe

2794: 2766: 2676: 2611: 2556: 2458: 2203: 1873: 1785:, whom he has unwittingly slain in single combat. Folio of a manuscript of 1655 of 1591:; ink, tempera and gold on vellum; leaf: 197 × 143 mm; Cleveland Museum of Art 1502: 1447: 966: 847: 803:

A 13th-century manuscript illumination, the earliest known depiction of Archbishop

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Melo, Maria J.; Castro, Rita; Nabais, Paula; Vitorino, Tatiana (1 December 2018).

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The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261

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The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261

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Detail from Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary;

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The type of script depended on local customs and tastes. In England, for example,

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gifts, and many old manuscripts continued to be given in this way, even into the

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from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the

392: 314: 242: 176: 2980:. Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the University of Louisville Libraries. 2930:

Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursuit of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf".

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Brown, Michelle Patricia; Teviotdale, Elizabeth Cover; Turner, Nancy K. (2018).

345:. The Book of Kells is the most widely recognized illuminated manuscript in the 4081: 3985: 3980: 3942: 3823: 3656: 3623: 3549: 3464: 3459: 3430: 3410: 3243: 3158: 3077: 3042: 1477: 1334:, where in medieval times iron nails would be boiled in vinegar; the resulting 1321: 1270: 1246: 1098: 954: 661:

was widely used from the 12th to 16th centuries, while a cursive hand known as

428: 401: 369: 322: 164: 64: 3909: 2991:– Complete sets of high-resolution archival images from the Walters Art Museum 2949: 2798: 2770: 2667:

Blondheim, D. S. (1928). "An old Portuguese work on manuscript illumination".

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Continuation of previous three steps in addition to outlining marginal figures

556:, and their work is known to have been sponsored by local rulers, such as the 226:. Books ranged in size from ones smaller than a modern paperback, such as the 4254: 3919: 3554: 3362: 3332: 3280: 2688: 2625: 2568: 1968: 1662: 1506: 1331: 907: 804: 704: 617: 586: 553: 397: 342: 227: 145: 4126: 2842: 2786: 2760: 1999:

The British Library guide to manuscript illumination: History and techniques

1905:. Text, image, context. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. 577:, pointing to a common pictorial tradition that existed since circa 1180 in 4141: 3990: 3666: 3527: 3275: 3260: 3190: 3173: 1701: 1473: 1406: 1213: 990: 925: 507: 318: 306: 141: 2462: 27:

Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration

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in Sweden; it is so massive that it takes three librarians to lift it.

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The earliest surviving illuminated manuscripts are a small number from

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Art of documentation: documents and visual culture in medieval England

218:), that is the usual modern book format, although sometimes the older 4187: 4099: 4058: 3914: 3904: 3761: 3559: 3489: 3310: 3300: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3168: 1820: 1793: 1666: 1514: 1459: 1427: 1361: 1339: 1307: 1258: 1150: 1124: 1094: 972: 903: 681: 519: 495: 458: 432: 388: 289: 231: 199: 2994: 2680: 2254: 665:

emerged around 1260 for business documents. In the Frankish Empire,

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tradition mostly began in whole books, rather than single pages for

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Piety in Pieces: How Medieval Readers Customized their Manuscripts

2074:"The Psalter as Scripture - Response - Seattle Pacific University" 1446:

style, with all or most of the background in gold, was taken from

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Illuminated Manuscripts in the J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles

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Understanding illuminated manuscripts: a guide to technical terms

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The art of written forms: the theory and practice of calligraphy

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until the 2nd century BCE, when a more refined material called

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with vinegar, and covering that with decaying matter, such as

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is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in

215: 2787:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design" 1819:, son of Rostam. Leaf from another manuscript of Ferdowsi's 648:

The author of a manuscript at his writing desk. 14th century

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of saints. Book of Hours of Alexandre Petau, 16th century,

3853: 3596: 3100: 2859:(trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London, 1812: 1518: 1451: 1262: 1195:, also known as folium, a dyestuff prepared from the plant 1170: 986: 915: 582: 293: 157: 2848:

Morgan, Nigel J., Stella Panayotova, and Martine Meuwese.

727: 480:(1237 CE) depicting a ruler in Turkic dress (long braids, 450:

who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a

167:, and date from between 400 and 600. Examples include the 1442:

manuscripts were sometimes written entirely in gold. The

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The surface is prepared for the application of gold leaf

149: 3069: 2597: 2501:. Medieval craftsmen. London: The British Museum Press. 2457:. Sense, matter, and medium. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2320: 2318: 771:

Gold leaf is burnished to make it glossy and reflective

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Coleman, Joyce, Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith, eds.

2452: 2397: 2383:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385. 2354:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385. 1638:

Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain;

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Most manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on

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Various examples of pages from illuminated manuscripts

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British Library, catalogue of illuminated manuscripts

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Studies in Icelandic Fourteenth Century Book Painting

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resinous secretion of a number of species of insects.

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The 63rd page of the Book of Hours (Use of Utrecht),

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Penning of a rinceau appearing in the border of page

775:Decorative impressions are made to adhere the leaf 404:. One of the best known examples is the extravagant 116:

where the text is decorated with flourishes such as

2453:Kitzinger, Beatrice E.; O'Driscoll, Joshua (2019). 1387:, either silver leaf or powdered, as with gold; and 795:

Ink borders are traced to finalize the illumination

419:Illuminated manuscripts housed in the 16th-century 1928:Late Antique and Early Christian book illumination 680:, "who added (in red or other colors) the titles, 179:. The majority of extant manuscripts are from the 2960:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 312–320. 4252: 1746:Example of an elaborately decorated border of a 357:. The largest surviving example of these is The 2715:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work 1859: 1857: 1855: 1603:Detail of a L from Benedictine Antiphonary; by 1205:Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including: 946:Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including: 676:The first step was to send the manuscript to a 2995:Collection of Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts 2753:Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art 2492: 2490: 1872:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–67. 1414:was written with gold on a purple background. 1060:, an earth pigment that occurs as the mineral 669:emerged under the vast educational program of 3693: 3085: 2637: 2635: 2259:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 628:, well after printing had become more common. 2836:, Reykholt: Snorrastofa, rit. vol. VI, 2009. 2819:, Getty Museum/Royal Academy of Arts, 2003, 1868:. In Kwakkel, Erik; Thomson, Rodney (eds.). 1852: 1754:manuscript kept at Gurdwara Mattan Sahib in 600:or albums, as later became more common. The 405: 4192: 2784: 2487: 2271: 2104:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 1750:illuminated manuscript from a 17th century 791:Lighter colors are used to add particulars 3700: 3686: 3092: 3078: 2839:Melo, M.J., Castro, R., Nabais, P. et al. 2632: 1983: 979:, HgS, and found in nature as the mineral 569:Syriac Gospels, British Library, Add. 7170 253:, miniature illustrations and illuminated 2894: 2884: 2843:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z 2758: 2666: 2615: 2283: 2261:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232. 2231: 2229: 2227: 2208:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t077202 2193: 2026:. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. 1950: 1925: 1900: 1863: 879:The medieval artist's palette was broad: 565:Syriac Gospels, Vatican Library, Syr. 559 2944: 2919: 2521: 2496: 2415: 2403: 2336: 2324: 2309: 2015: 2001:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1996: 1870:The European book in the twelfth century 1405: 1173:, produced from the leaves of the plant 1127:, a mineral found in nature, chemically 798: 751:Charcoal powder dots create the outline 739: 731: 643: 611: 486:fur hat, boots, fitting coat), possibly 469: 414: 272: 3041:. Thousands of digital images from the 2815:Kren, T. & McKendrick, Scot (eds), 2546: 2427: 2373: 2371: 1568:; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment; 1338:would then be mixed with an extract of 1149:, a plant-based pigment extracted from 728:Engrossing: The process of illumination 544:. The translators were most often Arab 30:For the art of miniature painting, see 14: 4253: 2932:The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 2785:Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010). 2641: 2235: 2224: 1328:, usually for an escape mechanism; and 1009:O, or iron oxide-rich earth compounds. 699:gradually gave way to scripts such as 695:The sturdy Roman letters of the early 502:uninterrupted by the Middle Ages, the 237:Paper manuscripts appeared during the 3681: 3073: 3025:Collection of illuminated manuscripts 2252: 2246: 1758:, Kashmir, India. It is known as the 841:Finally, marginal figures are painted 783:Darker tones are used to give volume 241:. The untypically early 11th century 2869: 2857:Book Illumination in the Middle Ages 2739:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages 2368: 1957:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 876:multiple grace of heavenly wisdom." 707:, where distinctive scripts such as 637:grew up in large cities, especially 541:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye 2779:A History of Illuminated Manuscript 2342: 2202:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 715:developed. Stocky, richly textured 703:and half-Uncial, especially in the 24: 2759:Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012). 2741:. 1983, Cornell University Press, 2644:The art and history of calligraphy 2277: 1864:Kauffmann, Martin (26 July 2018). 759:Illustration is retraced with ink 524:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 466:Greek Europe and the Islamic world 408:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 32:Miniature (illuminated manuscript) 25: 4317: 2989:Digitized Illuminated Manuscripts 2938: 2097: 1053:Mineral-based colors, including: 965:, found in nature as the mineral 826:drawing of the design is executed 183:, although many survive from the 3864: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3641: 2911: 2046: 1805: 1770: 1739: 1713: 1690: 1678: 1650: 1631: 1619: 1596: 1577: 1554: 1526: 1494: 1167:Plant-based substances such as: 969:, or made by heating white lead; 896:Insect-based colors, including: 832:Application of modulating colors 755:Silverpoint drawing is sketched 396:the form of richly illuminated " 92: 83: 72: 63: 52: 43: 3707: 3642: 2951:"Illuminated Manuscripts" 2660: 2646:. London: The British Library. 2591: 2540: 2515: 2446: 2421: 2187: 2142: 2117: 1930:. London: Chatto & Windus. 1706:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 1657:Farnese Hours, an example of a 1324:, from the ink produced by the 1113:, made historically by boiling 1045:, rarely due to cost, from the 829:Burnished gold dots are applied 585:which was highly influenced by 300: 3033:Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum 2497:De Hamel, Christopher (1992). 2091: 2066: 2040: 1997:De Hamel, Christopher (2001). 1944: 1919: 1894: 13: 1: 2978:Illuminated Manuscript Leaves 2339:, p. Chapter4, 4th page. 2253:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). 2236:Putnam, George Haven (1897). 1866:"Decoration and illustration" 1845: 1665:; 1537–1546; illumination on 1639: 1608: 1585: 1562: 1533:Definitions of Philosophy of 1368:or egg; the latter is called 1019:Plant-based colors, such as: 607: 278: 230:, to very large ones such as 3565:Conservation and restoration 3001: 2974:(archived 17 September 2006) 2522:Anderson, Donald M. (1969). 1798:Princeton University Library 1153:Rhamnus tinctoria, R. utilis 928:, extracted from the insect 7: 3757:Canons of page construction 2755:. Harvard University Press. 2669:The Jewish Quarterly Review 1901:Berenbeim, Jessica (2015). 1828: 1671:Morgan Library & Museum 1584:Leaf from a Book of Hours; 1269:, to provide the necessary 1257:, and historically made by 10: 4322: 3065:The Missal of Thomas James 2713:Alexander, Jonathan A.G., 2707: 2274:, p. 126 and note 40. 2194:Kauffmann, Martin (2003). 2053:World History Encyclopedia 1570:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1487: 1466: 1416:National Library of Poland 1401: 787:Further details are drawn 268: 29: 4175: 4090: 4049: 3951: 3933: 3885:Anthropodermic bibliopegy 3873: 3862: 3715: 3637: 3515: 3449: 3388: 3236: 3107: 3099: 2965: 2799:10.1163/9789004236615_011 2771:10.1163/9789004222656_005 2642:Lovett, Patricia (2017). 2617:10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z 2098:Stein, Authors: Wendy A. 1953:"Illuminated Manuscripts" 1951:Davenport, Cyril (1912). 1878:10.1017/9781316480205.005 1212:, made from the minerals 1183:, derived from the plant 870: 457:By the 14th century, the 421:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 406: 4225:Intentionally blank page 3018:24 November 2011 at the 2879:, Open Book Publishers, 2499:Scribes and illuminators 2428:Derolez, Albert (2003). 1926:Weitzmann, Kurt (1977). 1840:Renaissance illumination 1835:Gothic book illustration 1393:leaf, also as with gold. 914:insect is mixed with an 779:Base colors are applied 349:, and is famous for its 4261:Illuminated manuscripts 3223:Collection (publishing) 3147:Illuminated manuscripts 3029:Koninklijke Bibliotheek 2957:Encyclopædia Britannica 2777:De Hamel, Christopher. 1777:The great Iranian hero 1511:Cleveland Museum of Art 1306:, from sources such as 767:Gold leaf is laid down 652: 529:The Book of Fixed Stars 331:Renaissance manuscripts 286:Cleveland Museum of Art 122:miniature illustrations 112:is a formally prepared 4193: 1423: 1129:basic copper carbonate 989:, chemically hydrated 816: 796: 737: 649: 629: 602:Great Mongol Shahnameh 500:traditions of literacy 491: 439: 297: 110:illuminated manuscript 18:Manuscript illuminator 3592:Intellectual property 3218:Volume (bibliography) 3049:Manuscript Miniatures 2920:Snelders, B. (2010). 2463:10.1515/9783110579499 2312:, p. 3, note 14. 2150:penelope.uchicago.edu 1669:; 171 × 111 mm; 1661:illuminated page; by 1409: 1025:, processed from the 802: 743: 735: 667:Carolingian minuscule 647: 615: 473: 418: 412:for a French prince. 276: 126:Roman Catholic Church 2751:Camille, M. (1992). 1535:David the Invincible 1314:, or burnt bones or 1247:basic lead carbonate 1198:Crozophora tinctoria 1186:Indigofera tinctoria 861:historiated initials 809:Canterbury Cathedral 807:'s assassination in 474:Frontispiece of the 124:. Often used in the 4301:Textual scholarship 2946:Thompson, Edward M. 2737:Calkins, Robert G. 1823:(The Book of Kings) 1412:Tyniec Sacramentary 918:to produce the dye; 853:Lindisfarne Gospels 339:Lindisfarne Gospels 189:Islamic manuscripts 173:Vergilius Vaticanus 156:, inventories, and 4220:Fore-edge painting 4215:Extra-illustration 3629:World Book Capital 2926:. Peeters, Leuven. 2526:. New York: Holt. 2125:"The Getty Museum" 1723:, 1164-1167, from 1424: 1072:arsenic trisulfide 912:Dactylopius coccus 817: 797: 738: 650: 630: 616:Page from a Latin 492: 440: 298: 138:courtly literature 4248: 4247: 4127:Addendum/Appendix 4011:Table of contents 3675: 3674: 3507:Coffee table book 3338:Bookworm (insect) 3060:Related articles 2886:10.11647/OBP.0094 2808:978-90-04-23661-5 2717:, 1992, Yale UP, 2653:978-0-7123-5668-8 2533:978-0-03-068625-2 2508:978-0-7141-2049-2 2472:978-3-11-057467-8 2439:978-0-521-80315-1 2390:978-0-87099-777-8 2361:978-0-87099-777-8 2242:. London: Putnam. 2217:978-1-884446-05-4 2175:Missing or empty 2033:978-1-60606-578-5 2008:978-0-8020-8173-5 1963:(3087): 245–251. 1937:978-0-7011-2243-0 1912:978-0-88844-194-2 1887:978-1-316-48020-5 1752:Guru Granth Sahib 1733:Itsukushima Jinja 1605:Belbello da Pavia 1448:Byzantine mosaics 1410:The 11th-century 1399: 1398: 1285:calcium carbonate 1275:chemical reaction 713:insular minuscule 709:insular majuscule 594:Persian miniature 574:Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī 546:Syriac Christians 535:De materia medica 477:Maqamat al-Hariri 425:Ura Kidane Mehret 169:Vergilius Romanus 16:(Redirected from 4313: 4286:Christian genres 4281:Book terminology 4196: 3925:Treasure binding 3868: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3665: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3575:History of books 3094: 3087: 3080: 3071: 3070: 2961: 2953: 2934:, Vol. 54, 1996. 2927: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2898: 2888: 2871:Rudy, Kathryn M. 2812: 2774: 2701: 2700: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2604:Heritage Science 2595: 2589: 2588: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2281: 2275: 2272:Hillenbrand 2010 2269: 2263: 2262: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2222: 2221: 2200:Grove Art Online 2191: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2047:Mark, Joshua J. 2044: 2038: 2037: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1861: 1809: 1800:Unknown artist. 1774: 1743: 1717: 1700:, 1591–92, from 1694: 1682: 1654: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1537:; 1280; vellum; 1530: 1498: 1175:Isatis tinctoria 924:, also known as 902:, also known as 882: 881: 848:High Middle Ages 550:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 411: 410: 378:High Middle Ages 283: 280: 239:Late Middle Ages 130:liturgical books 128:for prayers and 96: 87: 76: 67: 56: 47: 21: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4171: 4086: 4082:Tipped-in pages 4045: 4026:Acknowledgments 3947: 3929: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3834:Recto and verso 3720: 3711: 3706: 3676: 3671: 3633: 3618:The Philobiblon 3511: 3445: 3384: 3232: 3179:limited edition 3103: 3098: 3020:Wayback Machine 3004: 2968: 2941: 2910: 2907: 2809: 2781:(Phaidon, 1986) 2710: 2705: 2704: 2681:10.2307/1451766 2665: 2661: 2654: 2640: 2633: 2596: 2592: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2495: 2488: 2473: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2406:, pp. 1–2. 2402: 2398: 2391: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2251: 2247: 2234: 2225: 2218: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2049:"Book of Kells" 2045: 2041: 2034: 2020: 2016: 2009: 1995: 1984: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1862: 1853: 1848: 1831: 1824: 1810: 1801: 1781:mourns his son 1775: 1766: 1765:(golden corpus) 1744: 1735: 1718: 1709: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1674: 1673:(New York City) 1655: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1573: 1572:(New York City) 1565: 1559: 1550: 1531: 1522: 1499: 1490: 1478:donor portraits 1469: 1404: 1290: 1256: 1252: 1226:, now known as 1142: 1138: 1134: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1081: 1077: 1008: 1000: 996: 977:mercury sulfide 964: 960: 930:Kermes vermilio 873: 813:British Library 747: 730: 655: 610: 468: 393:Philip the Bold 303: 281: 271: 243:Missal of Silos 177:Rossano Gospels 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4176:Other elements 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4041:Printer's mark 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3986:Imprimi potest 3983: 3981:Edition notice 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824:Page numbering 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3649: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3624:World Book Day 3621: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:Book packaging 3547: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3436:United Kingdom 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3043:Morgan Library 3036: 3022: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2940: 2939:External links 2937: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2917: 2905: 2867: 2853: 2846: 2837: 2827: 2813: 2807: 2782: 2775: 2756: 2749: 2735: 2725: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2659: 2652: 2631: 2590: 2561:10.2307/766713 2539: 2532: 2514: 2507: 2486: 2471: 2445: 2438: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2389: 2367: 2360: 2341: 2329: 2314: 2299: 2284:Contadini 2012 2276: 2264: 2245: 2223: 2216: 2186: 2141: 2116: 2090: 2065: 2039: 2032: 2014: 2007: 1982: 1943: 1936: 1918: 1911: 1893: 1886: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1468: 1465: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1329: 1319: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1271:carbon dioxide 1254: 1250: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1221: 1203: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099:cupric acetate 1090: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1051: 1050: 1047:Crocus sativus 1040: 1030: 1027:Reseda luteola 1017: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1006: 998: 994: 984: 970: 962: 958: 955:lead tetroxide 944: 943: 933: 919: 894: 890: 889: 886: 872: 869: 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 729: 726: 654: 651: 609: 606: 467: 464: 429:Zege Peninsula 402:liturgical day 398:books of hours 370:books of hours 337:, such as the 302: 299: 270: 267: 165:late antiquity 146:enrolled bills 101: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4318: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Books by type 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4069:Illustrations 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3965:bastard title 3964: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:Picture cover 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3867: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3745:Marginal note 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3555:Book swapping 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3441:United States 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3363:Print culture 3361: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3281:Bibliotherapy 3279: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3035:in The Hague. 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2906:9781783742356 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855:Pächt, Otto, 2854: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2825:1-903973-28-7 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Arab Painting 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733:online review 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675:(2): 97–135. 2674: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2416:Snelders 2010 2412: 2405: 2404:Snelders 2010 2400: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2337:Snelders 2010 2333: 2326: 2325:Snelders 2010 2321: 2319: 2311: 2310:Snelders 2010 2306: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:"Scriptorium" 2190: 2182: 2169: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:Heike Noukyou 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Giulio Clovio 1660: 1653: 1648: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1606: 1599: 1594: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:New Testament 1504: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Iron gall ink 1330: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1286: 1283:, chemically 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1248: 1245:, chemically 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1100: 1097:, chemically 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1073: 1070:, chemically 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037:Curcuma longa 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1004: 992: 988: 985: 982: 978: 975:, chemically 974: 971: 968: 956: 953:, chemically 952: 949: 948: 947: 941: 937: 934: 931: 927: 923: 920: 917: 916:aluminum salt 913: 909: 908:carminic acid 905: 901: 898: 897: 895: 892: 891: 887: 884: 883: 880: 877: 868: 866: 862: 856: 854: 849: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 821: 820: 814: 810: 806: 805:Thomas Becket 801: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 734: 725: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:British Isles 702: 698: 693: 691: 688:feather or a 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 646: 642: 640: 636: 627: 623: 619: 618:book of hours 614: 605: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 587:Byzantine art 584: 580: 576: 575: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 554:Yahya ibn Adi 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 536: 531: 530: 525: 521: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 489: 485: 484: 479: 478: 472: 463: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 413: 409: 403: 399: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 374: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:Book of Kells 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 295: 291: 287: 275: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 228:pocket gospel 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:proclamations 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 95: 86: 75: 66: 55: 46: 37: 33: 19: 4142:Bibliography 4031:Introduction 3991:Nihil obstat 3971:Frontispiece 3953:Front matter 3787:Illumination 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While 154:charters 134:psalters 132:such as 114:document 4291:Gilding 4230:Pop-ups 4210:Endband 4021:Preface 3943:Marbled 3910:Leather 3895:Buckram 3792:Initial 3750:Scholia 3647:Outline 3607:Outline 3516:Related 3456:Genres 3406:Germany 3380:Reviews 3368:Reading 3358:Library 3306:history 3164:history 3159:edition 3137:Editing 3115:Binding 3039:CORSAIR 2708:Sources 2697:1451766 2078:spu.edu 1760:Sunehri 1756:Martand 1547:Armenia 1543:Yerevan 1488:Gallery 1467:Patrons 1402:Gilding 1379:Silver 1253:·Pb(OH) 1249:, 2PbCO 1218:azurite 1119:vinegar 1043:Saffron 1016:Yellow 940:scarlet 922:Crimson 900:Carmine 659:Textura 620:, with 520:Qur'ans 488:Baghdad 351:insular 311:Insular 269:History 251:rubrics 224:papyrus 208:Eumenes 193:painted 118:borders 4152:Errata 3839:Rubric 3809:Margin 3777:Header 3772:Footer 3767:Column 3667:Portal 3580:scroll 3495:Ebooks 3470:pop-up 3401:France 3396:Brazil 3296:blurbs 3244:Awards 3132:Design 3120:Covers 2966:Images 2903: 2863: 2823: 2805: 2745: 2721: 2695: 2687: 2650: 2624: 2583: 2577:766713 2575: 2567: 2530: 2505: 2479: 2469: 2436: 2387: 2358: 2214: 2030: 2005: 1975: 1967: 1934: 1909: 1884: 1783:Sohrab 1779:Rostam 1440:Gospel 1420:Warsaw 1385:Silver 1304:Carbon 1298:Black 1287:, CaCO 1237:White 1181:Indigo 1115:copper 1089:Green 1029:plant; 967:minium 926:kermes 885:Color 871:Paints 721:Gothic 701:Uncial 355:bibles 329:, and 327:Gothic 220:scroll 210:II of 204:vellum 4147:Index 4115:Outro 4073:Parts 3740:Gloss 3602:Novel 3585:codex 3500:Folio 3450:Other 3431:Spain 3416:Japan 3411:Italy 3323:Clubs 3101:Books 2693:JSTOR 2610:(1). 2581:S2CID 2573:JSTOR 2549:Gesta 2477:S2CID 1973:JSTOR 1729:Japan 1521:, US) 1452:icons 1356:Gold 1347:galls 1322:Sepia 1316:ivory 1281:Chalk 1277:; and 1224:Smalt 1220:; and 1189:; and 1164:Blue 1143:; and 1139:·(OH) 1064:; and 1058:Ochre 932:; and 777:VIII. 686:quill 639:Paris 626:Rouen 579:Syria 512:paper 448:monks 296:, US) 216:codex 158:deeds 3854:Font 3719:and 3597:ISBN 3538:Nazi 3311:used 3254:list 3208:Size 3031:and 2901:ISBN 2861:ISBN 2821:ISBN 2803:ISBN 2743:ISBN 2719:ISBN 2685:ISSN 2648:ISBN 2622:ISSN 2565:ISSN 2528:ISBN 2503:ISBN 2467:ISBN 2434:ISBN 2385:ISBN 2356:ISBN 2212:ISBN 2181:help 2160:2024 2136:2024 2111:2024 2085:2024 2060:2024 2028:ISBN 2003:ISBN 1965:ISSN 1932:ISBN 1907:ISBN 1882:ISBN 1813:Jinn 1791:epic 1748:Sikh 1519:Ohio 1450:and 1267:dung 1263:lead 1171:Woad 1131:, Cu 1074:, As 1023:Weld 993:, Fe 987:Rust 957:, Pb 938:, a 893:Red 793:XII. 773:VII. 757:III. 711:and 653:Text 592:The 583:Iraq 581:and 494:The 294:Ohio 150:laws 136:and 120:and 2891:hdl 2881:doi 2795:doi 2767:doi 2677:doi 2612:doi 2557:doi 2459:doi 2204:doi 1874:doi 1763:bir 1480:or 1430:or 1391:Tin 1344:oak 1216:or 1105:·(H 936:Lac 789:XI. 781:IX. 769:VI. 761:IV. 753:II. 567:or 552:or 538:or 423:of 108:An 4257:: 2954:. 2899:, 2889:, 2832:. 2801:. 2789:. 2691:. 2683:. 2673:19 2671:. 2634:^ 2620:. 2606:. 2602:. 2579:. 2571:. 2563:. 2553:17 2551:. 2489:^ 2475:. 2465:. 2370:^ 2317:^ 2302:^ 2257:. 2226:^ 2210:. 2198:. 2172:: 2170:}} 2166:{{ 2127:. 2102:. 2076:. 2051:. 1985:^ 1971:. 1961:60 1959:. 1955:. 1880:. 1854:^ 1731:; 1727:, 1704:; 1640:c. 1609:c. 1607:; 1586:c. 1563:c. 1545:, 1517:, 1418:, 1349:). 1310:, 1135:CO 1109:O) 785:X. 765:V. 749:I. 673:. 560:. 435:, 431:, 427:, 325:, 321:, 317:, 313:, 309:, 292:, 279:c. 195:. 171:, 160:. 152:, 148:, 144:, 3701:e 3694:t 3687:v 3272:) 3268:( 3093:e 3086:t 3079:v 2893:: 2883:: 2811:. 2797:: 2773:. 2769:: 2699:. 2679:: 2656:. 2628:. 2614:: 2608:6 2587:. 2559:: 2536:. 2511:. 2483:. 2461:: 2442:. 2418:. 2393:. 2364:. 2220:. 2206:: 2183:) 2179:( 2162:. 2138:. 2113:. 2087:. 2062:. 2036:. 2011:. 1979:. 1940:. 1915:. 1890:. 1876:: 1549:) 1541:( 1513:( 1422:. 1372:. 1342:( 1318:; 1291:. 1289:3 1255:2 1251:3 1230:. 1201:. 1177:; 1155:) 1141:2 1137:3 1133:2 1121:; 1111:2 1107:2 1103:2 1082:. 1080:3 1078:S 1076:2 1049:. 1007:2 1005:H 1003:n 1001:· 999:3 997:O 995:2 983:; 963:4 961:O 959:3 490:. 288:( 34:. 20:)

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