1049:
4850:
2157:
2951:
2967:
2475:
211:
2741:
951:
2025:
965:
856:
2353:
881:
289:
4564:
2042:
2862:
2933:
2999:
979:
328:
1007:
909:
895:
828:
937:
923:
25:
197:
2631:
842:
993:
3021:
1583:
814:
1598:
2854:
2377:
2718:, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when various European states conspired against France. While Napoleon and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.
2768:, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June – 10 August 1813), from fear of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite the victories at
2764:, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all of Europe was turning against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the crossing of the
2579:
emulate the
Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of
2486:
Talleyrand had advised
Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of
2666:
The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the
Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even
2889:
which confirmed the
Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time, however, thought himself more of an enlightened despot. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency
2650:
Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in
Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated
2319:
to stay out of the Third
Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. To this, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into
2920:
France justified the spread of her empire as one of spreading her superior culture, bringing
Enlightenment thinking and modern civilisation to what they viewed as backwards peoples. However this consequently led to attitudes of contempt against many of the nations France conquered and repression
2709:
gradually turned many of
Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the Continental Blockade by the
2578:
Spain used up the soldiers needed for
Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could
2755:
Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in
Germany when the emperor of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put an end to this, ensure his own access to the Mediterranean, and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Despite his
2966:
265:
264:
263:
3083:
According to his father's will only. Between 23 June and 7 July, France was held by a Commission of Government of five members, which never summoned Napoleon II as emperor in any official act, and no regent was ever appointed while waiting the return of the
262:
3513:
Elected to the Tribunate in 1802, he showed himself increasingly alienated by Napoleon's personal ambition and voted against both the Consul for Life and the proclamation of the Empire. Unlike many former Revolutionaries, Carnot had little
2396:
ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the
2900:
during the early days of the Revolution out of pragmatism, Napoleon became increasingly autocratic as his political career progressed, and once in power embraced certain aspects of both liberalism and authoritarianism—for example,
2820:
to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting
2622:, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire.
4331:
2610:, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of
4816:
1048:
260:
4324:
1770:. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the
2671:
conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defence of the
4838:
261:
4317:
3049:
2694:
was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Marshal
2471:. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
4846:
3609:
Dwyer, Philip G. "Violence and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: massacre, conquest and the imperial enterprise." Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 2 (2013): 117-131.
2315:
in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of
1837:, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the
1687:
at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
4831:
2795:(1 December 1813) which proclaimed it, he was forced to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and was later driven further back upon those of 1792—despite the forceful
6011:
3988:
2021:
followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.
2065:, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.
1821:, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in
5791:
4824:
7910:
3594:
3309:
3287:
1849:
privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the
2998:
2787:
Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an Allied army led by the
3371:
2123:
3424:
2218:, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the
7905:
1626:
2882:, a dislike and suspicion of foreign countries that had tried to reverse the Revolution—and a wish by Jacobins to extend France's revolutionary ideals.
5097:
2564:
3785:
3647:
2950:
1000:
3746:
1915:
to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the
888:
3401:
2710:
discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His
2301:
6682:
6117:
5683:
1449:
309:
7895:
2530:
of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.
7870:
1787:
7806:
1984:. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763
2938:
1818:
300:
4549:
210:
7860:
5456:
2652:
2682:
After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to
2296:, the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of
1900:
2932:
2788:
2572:
1923:
and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the
2515:
89:
5282:
5195:
1619:
3854:
3130:
2077:
61:
7850:
5831:
5816:
5733:
7635:
7017:
5584:
4110:
4076:
3977:
3902:
3481:
3054:
1911:) and the following day, troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte seized control. They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a
1269:
4309:
3340:
3161:
2812:
After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King
122:
7880:
6215:
3939:
2796:
2691:
2547:
riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local
68:
42:
7541:
3994:
2872:
Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of the French people. These included dislike of the emigrant
2502:
The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around
2156:
5938:
5701:
5357:
5347:
4872:
4303:
3101:) until 1808: compare the French franc minted in 1808 and 1809, as well as Article 1 of the Constitution of the Year XII.
3034:
2297:
1387:
617:
7687:
6687:
5786:
4707:
4493:
4184:
4038:
3883:
3831:
3765:
3533:
3506:
3270:
3258:
3217:
1612:
5212:
3707:
2885:
Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the
7900:
6331:
5758:
5743:
4269:
4222:
4203:
4057:
3730:
3696:
3499:
The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1
2690:, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while
2429:
2410:
2029:
1974:. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the Pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the
1695:
1548:
902:
108:
75:
1817:, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had
6026:
5867:
5821:
4787:
2639:
1501:
274:
3283:
7313:
3591:
3558:
3192:
1570:
1288:
6475:
3363:
2837:, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the
57:
6046:
5621:
4737:
4717:
4250:
3432:
3064:
2985:
2906:
2841:, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the
2806:
2615:
702:
46:
4019:
2556:
7890:
7751:
5969:
5589:
5530:
5525:
4702:
4594:
4473:
4448:
2981:
2838:
2537:
as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to
2219:
2085:
2034:
1920:
1850:
1826:
1565:
1558:
1543:
1531:
1516:
1318:
874:
231:
5611:
2805:, pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at
7865:
7746:
7630:
6297:
6036:
5515:
5352:
4803:
4340:
3791:
2977:
2510:. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the
2474:
2385:
2325:
2293:
1884:
1830:
1799:
646:
506:
4290:
The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery
1241:
7756:
6793:
6154:
5874:
5748:
5738:
5486:
5327:
5275:
2784:
also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied states, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.
2381:
2321:
1795:
1538:
3393:
2702:, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.
2611:
2289:
7885:
6065:
5986:
5753:
5663:
5642:
5342:
5332:
5322:
4745:
4722:
4712:
4639:
4599:
2989:
2745:
2731:
2715:
2656:
2406:
2211:
2175:
1924:
1908:
1841:
throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and
1822:
1771:
1728:
1553:
1521:
1496:
1056:
1028:
4679:
2769:
2073:
7714:
6862:
6426:
6245:
6001:
5916:
5889:
5806:
5601:
5446:
4344:
3320:
The Government of the Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.
3005:
2757:
2727:
2372:, is one of several landmarks whose construction was started in Paris during the First French Empire.
2215:
1935:
1122:
1065:
689:
629:
590:
409:
216:
4674:
2705:
The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of
2551:. The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the
2199:
1934:(14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's
1872:
7855:
7845:
7672:
7647:
7497:
7156:
7151:
5826:
5796:
5401:
4624:
2910:
2781:
2773:
2584:
2541:, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the
2062:
1084:
2740:
2448:, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the
2285:
2000:. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy.
7875:
7739:
7620:
7161:
7114:
7057:
6756:
6700:
6448:
6082:
5964:
5911:
5857:
5811:
5500:
5208:
5145:
5140:
4654:
4147:
3917:
3875:
2698:, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Marshal
2679:
shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.
2660:
2245:
began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many states. Older brother
1892:
1526:
1506:
1199:
414:
82:
35:
5203:
3937:(1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon".
2596:
2467:
was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the
2054:
1231:
7761:
7662:
7657:
7345:
7293:
7213:
7146:
7050:
7035:
6928:
6695:
6649:
6490:
6377:
6187:
6149:
6107:
6092:
5884:
5706:
5606:
5268:
4999:
4750:
4727:
4619:
2683:
2049:
Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought
1985:
1691:
1511:
1459:
1338:
944:
745:
659:
424:
3247:
2011:, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. This action was confirmed by the
7692:
7652:
7465:
7340:
6404:
6394:
6353:
6324:
6112:
6102:
5894:
5718:
5626:
5561:
5004:
4958:
4859:
4855:
4664:
4634:
4463:
4392:
4339:
3934:
3680:
3631:
The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901
3570:
2853:
2711:
2635:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2107:
2069:
2050:
1767:
1732:
1699:
1469:
1396:
1358:
1298:
819:
519:
419:
7580:
5217:
4966:
3473:
3467:
3246:
1753:
582:
7785:
7615:
7585:
7460:
7391:
7362:
7281:
6615:
6453:
6443:
6137:
5678:
5616:
5505:
5396:
5150:
5130:
5047:
4976:
4928:
4900:
4644:
4629:
4604:
4488:
4468:
3059:
2914:
2801:
2568:
2555:
facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General
2543:
2203:
2195:
2168:
2162:
2131:
2058:
1791:
1712:
1348:
1074:
986:
7565:
2024:
288:
8:
7477:
7323:
7225:
7045:
7040:
6852:
6571:
6507:
6382:
6367:
6220:
6177:
6097:
6051:
5928:
5921:
5901:
5862:
5774:
5535:
5510:
5476:
5378:
5373:
5175:
4994:
4943:
4918:
4863:
4614:
4428:
4418:
2792:
2523:
2352:
2337:
2333:
2307:
Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the
2273:
2135:
2093:
1904:
1846:
1803:
1217:
1156:
1146:
730:
7193:
7183:
4938:
3629:
2560:
2142:
put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of
2012:
1879:
constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a
609:
196:
7590:
7570:
7553:
7504:
7369:
7178:
7129:
7062:
6980:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6867:
6837:
6729:
6627:
6495:
6470:
6132:
6077:
6031:
5879:
5845:
5429:
5247:
5087:
5067:
5019:
4986:
4766:
4697:
4609:
4539:
4478:
4438:
4433:
4423:
3956:
3740:
3209:
2842:
2830:
2765:
2761:
2699:
2675:, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on the
2668:
2643:
2600:
2587:, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal
2519:
2449:
2402:
2393:
2341:
2312:
2258:
2242:
2191:
2041:
1963:
1807:
1779:
1684:
833:
676:
478:
5155:
5024:
4534:
4121:
1946:, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the
248:
7699:
7595:
7531:
7526:
7455:
7352:
7067:
6995:
6990:
6832:
6761:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6534:
6485:
6278:
6260:
6255:
6240:
6225:
6164:
6127:
6041:
5974:
5952:
5933:
5801:
5728:
5551:
5451:
5337:
5317:
5294:
5180:
5160:
5135:
5115:
5082:
5039:
4913:
4659:
4529:
4511:
4483:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4413:
4376:
4265:
4246:
4218:
4199:
4180:
4106:
4072:
4053:
4034:
3973:
3898:
3879:
3860:
3827:
3809:
3761:
3726:
3692:
3529:
3519:
3502:
3477:
3266:
3254:
3122:
3044:
3039:
2886:
2777:
2749:
2534:
2511:
2499:
he responded with a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
2340:'s formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at
2308:
2262:
2207:
2179:
2122:
and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague
1967:
1931:
1703:
1278:
1177:
1037:
847:
565:
494:
458:
437:
394:
4087:
2706:
7548:
7335:
7330:
7286:
7273:
7203:
7171:
7166:
7030:
7025:
7007:
6968:
6901:
6884:
6825:
6815:
6810:
6751:
6707:
6677:
6637:
6620:
6603:
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6144:
6016:
5991:
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5222:
5052:
4933:
4408:
3948:
3566:
3201:
2894:
2861:
2695:
2592:
2507:
2250:
2246:
2183:
2139:
1976:
1939:
1916:
1912:
1888:
1876:
1866:
1763:
1251:
916:
323: De jure borders of client states, but under neither French nor client control
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5493:
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1418:
1223:
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2329:
2254:
2238:
1838:
1834:
1814:
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1407:
633:
404:
399:
367:
170:
148:
7188:
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3968:
Rowe, Michael (2014). "Borders, War, and Nation-Building in Napoleon's Europe".
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and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.
2368:
2144:
1369:
7709:
7704:
7667:
7642:
7625:
7536:
7521:
7492:
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7258:
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7208:
7134:
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6768:
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6529:
6411:
6210:
6205:
6197:
6021:
5979:
5556:
5014:
4165:
4102:
3850:
3183:
2890:
and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality.
2527:
2441:
2433:
2398:
1783:
1660:
1602:
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441:
202:
4908:
3592:
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_frankfort.html
2825:" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the "
327:
7839:
7821:
7808:
7790:
7677:
7472:
7445:
7418:
7396:
7374:
7141:
7124:
7109:
6953:
6906:
6894:
6820:
6712:
6586:
6581:
6556:
6438:
6292:
6122:
5906:
5594:
5072:
4971:
4890:
4649:
4167:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
4156:
3688:
3026:
2503:
2269:
2127:
2119:
2089:
2008:
1943:
1587:
1328:
785:
500:
488:
471:
7218:
7198:
3205:
3187:
7682:
7423:
7413:
7379:
7308:
7303:
7230:
7020:
7002:
6963:
6958:
6938:
6933:
6805:
6798:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6672:
6610:
6591:
6576:
6512:
6006:
5711:
5668:
5468:
5439:
5057:
4563:
3753:
3242:
2902:
2834:
2826:
2735:
2231:
2187:
2115:
1717:
1436:
1167:
773:
715:
293:
The First French Empire at its peak territorial control in September 1812:
5226:
5185:
5029:
3188:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
2464:
2409:, as agreed on by the treaty. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the
2241:, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The
7401:
7386:
7235:
6948:
6857:
6847:
6773:
6421:
6416:
5673:
5576:
5421:
4760:
4521:
4503:
2813:
2619:
2588:
2414:
2100:
1988:, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the
1981:
1980:(1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like
1896:
1862:
1842:
1431:
601:
574:
550:
503:
491:
446:
2417:
against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
7428:
7245:
7119:
7079:
7012:
6182:
5411:
3213:
2817:
2791:, the uprising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion, and the
2496:
2492:
2488:
2288:
was appointed Viceroy of Italy; and adopted daughter and second cousin
2111:
2081:
2018:
1694:
overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a
1104:
930:
663:
3960:
2780:, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General
2651:
it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War. Men like
1724:
7318:
7089:
6973:
6943:
6724:
6598:
6389:
5520:
2676:
2667:
betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power.
2421:
2104:
450:
4923:
24:
6719:
6502:
6460:
6399:
5110:
4575:
3952:
2897:
2873:
2630:
2591:, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at
2425:
2363:
2004:
1997:
1947:
1759:
1680:
1676:
780:
538:
5165:
5125:
2876:
who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the
6632:
6561:
6517:
6372:
5434:
5302:
4885:
4880:
4669:
4586:
4386:
4368:
2672:
2538:
2456:
2316:
1993:
1131:
958:
861:
466:
454:
6433:
5260:
2599:, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the
2234:
territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.
6465:
6340:
5723:
5291:
4774:
3722:
2607:
2580:
2227:
2223:
1959:
1672:
1135:
972:
3004:
Europe in 1812, with the French Empire at its peak before the
7099:
5170:
5120:
4797:
4689:
4400:
3927:
European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe
2437:
2118:. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after
1989:
1955:
1951:
889:
S. Principality of the United Netherlands
381:
357:
4177:
The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture
3856:
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
2829:." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the
5996:
5406:
2460:
2428:, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the
1971:
1094:
6309:
3249:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
2833:. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to
1966:. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the
2972:
Map of the First French Empire in 1812, divided into 130
2857:
Organigramme of the French Consulate and later the Empire
281:("Let's ensure the salvation of the Empire") (unofficial)
3447:
2463:
was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia,
3310:"Constitution de l'An XII – Empire – 28 floréal An XII"
2376:
348: Satellite states and occupied territories in 1812
3364:"The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur"
3237:
3235:
2776:, and on those of 1802 after his disastrous defeat at
2455:
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory:
334:
The French Empire with its colonial ownership in 1812:
2405:
against Britain. Russia also agreed to recognize the
1919:, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the
3709:
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815
3016:
2663:
had begun secretly preparing Prussia's retaliation.
1794:
in 1805. French dominance was reaffirmed during the
3719:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
3717:Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004).
3232:
2909:, and the emancipation of the Jews—while rejecting
2491:and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of
2280:was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3808:
2905:, a generally liberal restructuring of the French
3990:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
3871:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
2068:On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "
7837:
2595:, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The
2487:the northern powers, he added the league of the
2420:More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate
2099:In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "
1417:
903:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
4240:
4215:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
1806:in 1807, before Napoleon's final defeat at the
1706:. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the
3914:The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction
3859:. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. Archived from
3811:Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807
3496:
3333:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
3182:
3154:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
2799:. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the
2440:, which had been captured by Russian admirals
2178:, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old
1871:In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by
125:, the overseas colonies of France before 1830.
7911:States and territories disestablished in 1815
6325:
5276:
4832:
4325:
3843:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon: 1807–1815
3324:
1620:
1001:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
7782:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5652:
5631:
5491:
3895:The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
3823:Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815
3745:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3679:
3590:The Frankfort Declaration, 1 December 1813:
2848:
2324:, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armies at
1813:A series of wars, known collectively as the
1751:
1736:
607:
580:
272:
246:
229:
162:
140:
4175:Broers, Michael; et al., eds. (2012).
3972:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–165.
3331:texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804).
3176:
740:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi)
7906:States and territories established in 1804
6332:
6318:
5283:
5269:
4839:
4825:
4332:
4318:
4278:
3933:
3472:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp.
2714:, which took place at the very end of the
2459:was given to Saxony, the left bank of the
1962:, and added this Italian territory to the
1710:to distinguish it from the restorationist
1690:Although France had already established a
1627:
1613:
287:
4568:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
4281:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
4259:
3986:
3867:
3777:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
3649:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814
3152:texte, France Auteur du (23 April 1815).
2126:of Great Britain was never executed, the
2007:voted unanimously, with the exception of
341: The French Empire with its colonies
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4193:
4139:
3819:
3806:
3627:
3518:
2860:
2852:
2739:
2629:
2506:renewing the theocratic affirmations of
2473:
2375:
2351:
2155:
2040:
2023:
1927:, which made him First Consul for life.
1887:. The plot included Bonaparte's brother
1843:seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice
7606:
4130:
4085:
4066:
4028:
3970:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3911:
3754:Godechot, Jacques; et al. (1971).
3705:
3284:"Decree upon the Term, French Republic"
2625:
2347:
1758:and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11
7838:
4212:
4174:
4096:
4047:
3849:
3716:
3669:
3659:
3571:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803104634272
3425:"Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Friedland"
3290:from the original on 30 September 2022
3253:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 232.
2603:and recognised past French conquests.
2320:Bavaria on 1 October 1806. During the
2076:; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was
1970:to control the material claims of the
1762:year XIII), signifying the end of the
6313:
5264:
4820:
4313:
4287:
4262:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars
4231:
4143:Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall
4119:
4017:
3783:
3645:
3465:
3453:
3330:
3241:
3151:
3055:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
2797:campaign of 1814 against the invaders
2516:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
1745:
4163:
3967:
3940:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3924:
3892:
3840:
3774:
2336:against the Russians finally ruined
1790:, and allied states, notably at the
254:("Song of the Departure") (official)
186:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7896:Historical transcontinental empires
4241:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995).
4052:. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc.
3422:
3404:from the original on 8 October 2014
3361:
3343:from the original on 23 August 2019
3220:from the original on 17 August 2018
3035:Armorial of the First French Empire
2921:against recalcitrant populations.
2616:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
2257:was installed on the throne of the
13:
7871:Former countries in French history
4198:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3787:The French Revolution and Napoleon
3621:
3616:
3374:from the original on 23 March 2016
2744:Napoleon and his staff during the
2606:The Pope was forcibly deported to
2401:, while Russia agreed to join the
2210:, which were reorganised into the
2151:
1731:), Napoleon was granted the title
326:
16:Empire in France from 1804 to 1815
14:
7922:
5290:
4297:
3164:from the original on 1 April 2021
2533:Napoleon tried to succeed in the
2030:Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne
1891:, then serving as speaker of the
7861:1815 disestablishments in France
4848:
4562:
4304:Napoleon, His Armies and Battles
3497:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006).
3133:from the original on 31 May 2023
3019:
2997:
2965:
2949:
2931:
2640:Frederick William III of Prussia
2114:empire into one modelled on the
1716:(1852–1870) ruled by his nephew
1596:
1581:
1047:
1005:
991:
977:
963:
949:
935:
921:
907:
893:
879:
854:
840:
826:
812:
258:
209:
195:
23:
4279:Rothenberg, E. Gunther (1977).
4217:. New York: Da Capo Press Inc.
3603:
3584:
3551:
3542:
3490:
3459:
3416:
3386:
3355:
3193:International Studies Quarterly
2045:Imperial standard of Napoleon I
1667:) after 1809 and also known as
344:
337:
34:needs additional citations for
5622:Government of National Defense
3784:Hazen, Charles Downer (1917).
3760:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3302:
3276:
3145:
3115:
3087:
3077:
3065:Succession of the Roman Empire
2514:, and by the entry of General
1:
7851:1804 establishments in France
5531:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5526:War of the Spanish Succession
4234:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
3826:. Columbia University Press.
3685:A History of the Modern World
3528:. Pen and Sword. p. 57.
3108:
2839:Bourbon monarchy was restored
2035:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1921:Constitution of the Year VIII
1901:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
275:Veillons au salut de l'Empire
5213:Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat
4288:Smith, Digby George (1998).
3815:. Columbia University Press.
3757:The Napoleonic era in Europe
3662:Years of Endurance 1793–1802
2943:in 1801 during the Consulate
2893:Although a supporter of the
2750:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
2721:
1942:, which cost him control of
1885:Constitution of the Year III
507:semi-constitutional monarchy
123:First French colonial empire
7:
7881:Former monarchies of Europe
6339:
4243:Napoleon's Military Machine
4155:
4021:Napoleon: The Path to Power
4011:
3987:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
3868:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996).
3672:Years of Victory, 1802–1812
3634:. The H. W. Wilson company.
3431:. about.com. Archived from
3400:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
3012:
2692:Louis Antoine de Bourrienne
2618:, followed by the birth of
2322:War of the Fourth Coalition
2253:in Naples; younger brother
2134:overshadowed the defeat at
2003:On 12 May 1802, the French
1796:War of the Fourth Coalition
945:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
621:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
594:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
184:20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815
10:
7927:
6012:French subdivisions by GDP
5759:2022 presidential election
5744:2017 presidential election
4600:Confederation of the Rhine
4306:(archived 25 October 2005)
4260:Uffindell, Andrew (2003).
4194:Chandler, David G (1995).
4031:Napoleon: A Political Life
3820:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3807:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3639:
3123:"National Motto of France"
3050:List of Napoleonic battles
2990:Confederation of the Rhine
2746:War of the Sixth Coalition
2732:War of the Sixth Coalition
2725:
2716:War of the Sixth Coalition
2407:Confederation of the Rhine
2328:. Successive victories at
2249:replaced the dispossessed
2212:Confederation of the Rhine
2176:War of the Third Coalition
1925:Constitution of the Year X
1909:French Republican Calendar
1860:
1772:War of the Third Coalition
1729:French Republican calendar
1696:kingdom under the Bourbons
618:Chamber of Representatives
120:
7775:
7727:
7244:
6648:
6347:
6273:
6163:
6073:
6064:
5960:
5951:
5853:
5844:
5782:
5773:
5694:
5575:
5544:
5516:Second Hundred Years' War
5467:
5420:
5387:
5366:
5358:Liberalism and radicalism
5310:
5301:
5235:
5194:
5096:
5038:
4985:
4957:
4899:
4871:
4796:
4773:
4759:
4736:
4688:
4585:
4574:
4560:
4520:
4502:
4399:
4385:
4367:
4356:
4236:. New York: Random House.
4196:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4179:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4123:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
3725:: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3706:Esdaile, Charles (2008).
3597:29 September 2020 at the
3501:. ABC-CLIO. p. 211.
3429:militaryhistory.about.com
3263:– via Google Books.
2849:Nature of Napoleon's rule
2728:French invasion of Russia
2518:into Rome; while General
2311:abdicated their title of
2088:, and was consecrated by
1856:
1679:, who established French
791:
779:
769:
765:
755:
751:
744:
736:
729:
725:
712:
699:
686:
673:
656:
643:
639:
630:French Revolutionary Wars
625:
598:
571:
561:
557:
544:
532:
528:
518:
477:
465:
433:
373:
363:
353:
317: Military occupation
286:
241:
237:("Liberty, Public Order")
225:
191:
181:
132:
7901:Modern history of France
5787:Administrative divisions
5250:(autonomous departments)
4131:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
4029:Englund, Steven (2010).
4024:. Yale University Press.
3925:Ross, Steven T. (1969).
3775:Grab, Alexander (2003).
3646:Bruun, Geoffrey (1938).
3070:
2992:and Illyria and Dalmatia
2756:victorious advance, the
2696:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2686:and suffered dismissal.
2614:, and his marriage with
2302:Imperial House of France
2290:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2226:, and his annexation of
2063:William Pitt the Younger
1899:, another Director, and
1845:were abolished, as were
1800:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1747:[ɑ̃pʁœʁdefʁɑ̃sɛ]
1406:
1368:
1198:
1187:
1166:
121:Not to be confused with
6007:Franc (former currency)
5612:Coup of 2 December 1851
5585:Long nineteenth century
4862:(1792–1804) and of the
4655:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
4213:Elting, John R (1988).
4148:Oxford University Press
4140:Thompson, J.M. (1951).
4086:Markham, Felix (1963).
3918:Oxford University Press
3876:Oxford University Press
3683:; Palmer, R.R. (1992).
3670:Bryant, Arthur (1944).
3660:Bryant, Arthur (1942).
3628:Anderson, F.M. (1904).
3318:which reads in English
3314:Conseil constitutionnel
3206:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
3093:Domestically styled as
2976:, with the kingdoms of
2924:
2661:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2634:Napoleon demanded that
2380:Napoleon reviewing the
1893:Council of Five Hundred
703:Treaty of Fontainebleau
364:Official languages
6027:Science and technology
5684:Provisional Government
5653:
5632:
5492:
4164:Bell, David A (2008).
4097:McLynn, Frank (1998).
4067:Johnson, Paul (2002).
4048:McLynn, Frank (1997).
4018:Dwyer, Philip (2008).
3935:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3912:Rapport, Mike (2013).
3893:Pope, Stephen (1999).
3394:"Battle of Austerlitz"
3370:. Fondation Napoléon.
3098:
2869:
2858:
2793:manifesto of Frankfurt
2752:
2684:Klemens von Metternich
2647:
2583:for a second time. At
2571:, Portugal to General
2483:
2389:
2373:
2171:
2080:, after receiving the
2046:
2038:
1903:. On 9 November 1799 (
1873:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1752:
1737:
1664:
1656:
1242:Valois-Angoulême kings
721:20 March – 7 July 1815
608:
581:
534:• 1804–1814/1815
331:
273:
247:
230:
163:
141:
7752:Medieval great powers
4959:Old Swiss Confederacy
4860:French First Republic
4232:Gates, David (2011).
4050:Napoleon: A Biography
3469:The History of France
3466:Haine, Scott (2000).
2864:
2856:
2760:, the victory on the
2743:
2657:August von Hardenberg
2636:Alexander I of Russia
2633:
2477:
2413:and to instigate the
2379:
2355:
2286:Eugène de Beauharnais
2159:
2070:Emperor of the French
2044:
2027:
1768:French First Republic
1738:Empereur des Français
1733:Emperor of the French
820:French First Republic
374:Common languages
330:
301:Directly administered
232:Liberté, Ordre Public
217:Imperial coat of arms
58:"First French Empire"
7891:Government of France
7822:48.86222°N 2.33250°E
7762:European colonialism
7747:Ancient great powers
5832:World Heritage Sites
5749:Coronavirus pandemic
4901:Austrian Netherlands
4345:French Revolutionary
4264:. Kent: Spellmount.
4120:Mowat, R.B. (1924).
4007:, advanced synthesis
3878:. pp. 177–560.
3794:on 22 September 2018
3691:: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
3559:"Treaties of Tilsit"
3099:République française
3060:Paris under Napoleon
2915:freedom of the press
2626:Intrigues and unrest
2597:Treaty of Schönbrunn
2348:Height of the Empire
2222:, the occupation of
2163:Battle of Austerlitz
2132:Battle of Austerlitz
2124:plan for an invasion
1792:Battle of Austerlitz
1450:Provisional Republic
1232:Valois-Orléans kings
987:Principality of Elba
647:Constitution adopted
142:République Française
43:improve this article
7866:First French Empire
7818: /
7757:Modern great powers
5970:Automotive industry
5754:2021 labor protests
5511:Peace of Westphalia
5379:History of Normandy
5374:History of Brittany
5000:Bouches-de-l'Escaut
4995:Bouches-de-la-Meuse
4864:French First Empire
4550:Swiss Confederation
3841:Muir, Rory (1996).
3456:, pp. 234–236.
3435:on 14 February 2017
2911:electoral democracy
2338:Frederick the Great
2276:; youngest brother
2216:Treaty of Pressburg
2165:, 2nd December 1805
2094:Notre-Dame de Paris
1977:Articles Organiques
1851:Bourbon Restoration
1804:Battle of Friedland
1723:On 18 May 1804 (28
1641:First French Empire
615:(until 4 June 1814)
6037:Telecommunications
5739:2015 Paris attacks
5602:Revolution of 1848
5430:Visigothic Kingdom
5248:Illyrian Provinces
5005:Bouches-de-l'Yssel
4987:Kingdom of Holland
4708:Lucca and Piombino
3520:Chandler, David G.
3423:Hickman, Kennedy.
3186:(September 1997).
2870:
2859:
2843:Congress of Vienna
2831:Battle of Waterloo
2809:on 11 April 1814.
2789:Duke of Wellington
2758:taking of Smolensk
2753:
2712:Six Days' Campaign
2700:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2669:Caroline Bonaparte
2648:
2601:Illyrian Provinces
2565:Francisco Castaños
2520:Jean-Andoche Junot
2484:
2450:Duchy of Oldenburg
2403:Continental System
2394:Treaties of Tilsit
2390:
2374:
2326:Jena and Auerstedt
2313:Holy Roman Emperor
2282:King of Westphalia
2274:Grand-Duke of Berg
2261:, formed from the
2259:Kingdom of Holland
2172:
2138:, and the camp at
2061:to France's side.
2047:
2039:
1964:Cisalpine Republic
1808:Battle of Waterloo
1754:Sénat conservateur
1685:continental Europe
1677:Napoleon Bonaparte
1665:Imperium Francicum
1603:History portal
1099: until 50 BC
834:Kingdom of Holland
690:Invasion of Russia
677:Treaties of Tilsit
583:Sénat conservateur
332:
7886:French Revolution
7827:48.86222; 2.33250
7801:
7800:
7723:
7722:
7688:Polish–Lithuanian
6863:Gurjara-Pratihara
6307:
6306:
6269:
6268:
6060:
6059:
5947:
5946:
5939:Political parties
5875:Foreign relations
5840:
5839:
5769:
5768:
5552:French Revolution
5506:Thirty Years' War
5487:Absolute monarchy
5452:Kingdom of France
5348:Foreign relations
5328:Political history
5258:
5257:
5204:Bouches-de-l'Èbre
5048:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
5040:Holy Roman Empire
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4713:Massa and Carrara
4558:
4557:
4245:. Da Capo Press.
4112:978-0-7126-6247-5
4078:978-0-670-03078-1
4071:. Penguin Books.
3979:978-1-137-32058-2
3904:978-0-304-35229-6
3548:Bulletin des Lois
3483:978-0-313-30328-9
3045:History of France
3040:French Revolution
2887:Concordat of 1801
2535:Iberian Peninsula
2478:Aftermath of the
2430:Russo-Turkish War
2411:Anglo-Russian War
2366:in honour of the
2265:; brother-in-law
2263:Batavian Republic
2180:Holy Roman Empire
1968:Concordat of 1801
1950:and by acquiring
1932:Battle of Marengo
1883:to overthrow the
1704:French Revolution
1669:Napoleonic France
1643:, officially the
1637:
1636:
1588:France portal
1481:
1480:
1378:
1377:
1289:Kingdom of France
1279:French Revolution
1270:Long 19th century
1260:
1259:
1208:
1207:
1178:Kingdom of France
1113:
1112:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
875:Kingdom of France
867:
866:
848:Ligurian Republic
495:absolute monarchy
459:Minority religion
438:Roman Catholicism
266:
119:
118:
111:
93:
7918:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7604:
7603:
7269:Austro-Hungarian
6969:Chagatai Khanate
6334:
6327:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6071:
6070:
5987:Economic history
5958:
5957:
5851:
5850:
5780:
5779:
5658:
5637:
5536:Seven Years' War
5501:Wars of Religion
5497:
5482:House of Bourbon
5477:Early modern era
5457:Fundamental laws
5333:Military history
5308:
5307:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5196:Kingdom of Spain
5053:Bouches-du-Weser
4939:Meuse-Inférieure
4853:
4852:
4851:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4583:
4582:
4569:
4566:
4365:
4364:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4256:
4237:
4228:
4209:
4190:
4171:
4151:
4136:
4133:Napoleon: A Life
4127:
4116:
4093:
4082:
4069:Napoleon: A life
4063:
4044:
4025:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3993:. Archived from
3983:
3964:
3930:
3921:
3908:
3889:
3864:
3846:
3837:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3790:. Archived from
3780:
3771:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3713:
3702:
3675:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3635:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3563:Oxford Reference
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3516:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3362:Thierry, Lentz.
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3264:
3252:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3119:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3006:Russian Campaign
3001:
2969:
2953:
2935:
2903:public education
2823:Vive l'Empereur!
2802:Delenda Carthago
2573:Arthur Wellesley
2526:, Marshal Murat
2508:Pope Gregory VII
2278:Jérôme Bonaparte
2247:Joseph Bonaparte
2239:satellite states
2220:Kingdom of Italy
2184:southern Germany
2078:solemnly crowned
2014:Corps Législatif
1936:Russian campaign
1913:rump legislature
1867:French Consulate
1802:in 1806 and the
1764:French Consulate
1757:
1750:) by the French
1749:
1744:
1740:
1727:year XII on the
1629:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1477:
1393:
1392:
1275:
1274:
1228:
1227:
1189:Direct Capetians
1128:
1127:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1041:
1023:
1022:
1009:
1008:
995:
994:
981:
980:
967:
966:
953:
952:
939:
938:
925:
924:
917:Neutral Moresnet
911:
910:
897:
896:
883:
882:
871:
870:
858:
857:
844:
843:
830:
829:
816:
815:
809:
808:
793:
792:
613:
610:Corps législatif
591:Chamber of Peers
586:
347:
346:
340:
339:
322:
316:
307:
298:
291:
278:
268:
267:
252:
235:
213:
199:
187:
176:
175:
174:
166:
154:
153:
152:
144:
134:French Republic
130:
129:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7856:1810s in France
7846:1800s in France
7836:
7835:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7797:
7786:American Empire
7771:
7767:African empires
7719:
7602:
7294:Central African
7240:
7058:Romano-Germanic
6644:
6378:Middle Assyrian
6351:
6343:
6338:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6283:
6265:
6246:Public holidays
6159:
6118:Life expectancy
6056:
5943:
5836:
5765:
5734:Great Recession
5707:Fourth Republic
5702:1900 to present
5690:
5607:Second Republic
5571:
5540:
5463:
5416:
5383:
5362:
5297:
5289:
5259:
5254:
5238:Austrian Empire
5231:
5190:
5106:Alpes-Maritimes
5092:
5078:Rhin-et-Moselle
5034:
5025:Yssel-Supérieur
5010:Bouches-du-Rhin
4981:
4953:
4949:Sambre-et-Meuse
4895:
4867:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4815:
4806:
4792:
4769:
4755:
4732:
4684:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4554:
4516:
4498:
4395:
4381:
4359:
4352:
4349:Napoleonic Wars
4338:
4300:
4272:
4253:
4225:
4206:
4187:
4160:
4113:
4079:
4060:
4041:
4014:
4000:
3998:
3997:on 7 April 2019
3980:
3905:
3886:
3863:on 5 June 2013.
3851:Lieven, Dominic
3834:
3797:
3795:
3768:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3712:. Viking Adult.
3699:
3652:
3642:
3624:
3622:Primary sources
3619:
3617:Further reading
3614:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:Wayback Machine
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
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3509:
3495:
3491:
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3407:
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3387:
3377:
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3329:
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3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
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3282:
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3261:
3240:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3095:French Republic
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2867:Napoleonic Code
2851:
2738:
2726:Main articles:
2724:
2653:Baron von Stein
2628:
2567:, and Junot at
2559:capitulated at
2480:Battle of Eylau
2469:Duchy of Warsaw
2446:Dmitry Senyavin
2359:Arc de Triomphe
2350:
2300:and formed the
2255:Louis Bonaparte
2230:and its former
2204:Hesse-Darmstadt
2182:and created in
2169:François Gérard
2154:
2152:Early victories
2145:La Grande Armée
1996:, Hamburg, and
1992:and beyond, to
1986:Treaty of Paris
1958:, Tuscany, and
1940:Peace of Amiens
1907:VIII under the
1869:
1861:Main articles:
1859:
1839:Napoleonic Code
1819:130 departments
1815:Napoleonic Wars
1742:
1692:colonial empire
1657:Empire Français
1645:French Republic
1633:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1460:Fourth Republic
1441:
1408:Interwar period
1390:
1380:
1379:
1339:Second Republic
1272:
1262:
1261:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1068:
1039:
1032:
1006:
992:
978:
964:
950:
936:
922:
908:
894:
880:
855:
841:
827:
813:
758:
718:
705:
692:
679:
669:2 December 1804
666:
649:
634:Napoleonic Wars
632:
620:
616:
614:
604:
593:
589:
587:
577:
547:
535:
514:
453:
449:
445:
429:
410:Western Romance
391:
390:
385:
380:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
333:
325:
324:
320:
318:
314:
312:
305:
303:
296:
282:
280:
270:
269:
259:
255:
253:
249:Chant du départ
236:
221:
220:
219:
214:
206:
205:
200:
185:
183:
177:
168:
164:Empire Français
161:
159:
158:
157:
155:
146:
139:
137:
136:
135:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7924:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7876:Former empires
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
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7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7731:
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7725:
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7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
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7633:
7623:
7618:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7600:
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7551:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7524:
7519:
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7517:
7512:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7490:
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7470:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7389:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
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7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6978:
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6976:
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6966:
6961:
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6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6791:
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6781:
6776:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6650:Post-classical
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6607:
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6505:
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6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6449:Middle Kingdom
6446:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:Neo-Babylonian
6402:
6397:
6395:Old Babylonian
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:Cultural icons
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
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6115:
6110:
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6062:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6022:Stock exchange
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:National parks
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5797:Climate change
5794:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5719:Fifth Republic
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5627:Third Republic
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5562:First Republic
5559:
5557:Napoleonic era
5554:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5402:Greek colonies
5399:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5243:
5241:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5220:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
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5098:Italian states
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5015:Ems-Occidental
5012:
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4989:
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4873:Ionian Islands
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4298:External links
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3398:Britannica.com
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3260:978-1349234363
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3184:Rein Taagepera
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3129:. 7 May 2015.
3127:French Moments
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2442:Fyodor Ushakov
2434:Ionian Islands
2399:Ottoman Empire
2386:Battle of Jena
2382:Imperial Guard
2349:
2346:
2294:Karl (Charles)
2284:; adopted son
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1470:Fifth Republic
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1397:Third Republic
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1359:Third Republic
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1299:First Republic
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1149:
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1142:
1139:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:50 BC – 486 AD
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1089:600 BC – 49 BC
1087:
1085:Greek colonies
1081:
1080:
1077:
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626:Historical era
623:
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442:State religion
435:
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402:
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133:
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22:
15:
9:
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3:
2:
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7776:Miscellaneous
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7375:German Empire
7373:
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7136:
7133:
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7128:
7126:
7123:
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7118:
7117:
7116:
7115:Turco-Persian
7113:
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7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
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6888:
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6883:
6881:
6878:
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6859:
6856:
6855:
6854:
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6809:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
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6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
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6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
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6659:
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6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6636:
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6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
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6597:
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6583:
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6575:
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6509:
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6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
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6487:
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6437:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6323:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
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6224:
6222:
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6217:
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6212:
6209:
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6176:
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6148:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:Birth control
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
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6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
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5968:
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5959:
5956:
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5927:
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5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:Constitutions
5856:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
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5742:
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5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5655:Années folles
5651:
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5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Second Empire
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:July Monarchy
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:Ancien Régime
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Mont-Tonnerre
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Ems-Supérieur
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Mont-Terrible
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
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4910:
4907:
4906:
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4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
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4879:
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4865:
4861:
4857:
4842:
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4828:
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4799:
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4772:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4738:Mediterranean
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
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4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Salm-Horstmar
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Aschaffenburg
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4551:
4548:
4546:
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4533:
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4525:
4523:
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4507:
4505:
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4487:
4485:
4482:
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4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:Client states
4335:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4271:1-86227-177-1
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4224:0-306-80757-2
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4205:0-02-523660-1
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4059:1-55970-631-7
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3732:1-84176-831-6
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3698:0-07-040826-2
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3643:
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3531:
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3521:
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3510:
3504:
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3479:
3475:
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3462:
3455:
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3426:
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3403:
3399:
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3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
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3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3243:Lyons, Martyn
3238:
3236:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:France portal
3017:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:Ancien Régime
2875:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:sent Marshal
2815:
2810:
2808:
2807:Fontainebleau
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:Joseph Fouché
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:in July 1807.
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:Pierre Dupont
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:, ordered by
2361:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:French Prince
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Joachim Murat
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:vassal states
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Battle of Ulm
2125:
2121:
2120:Julius Caesar
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:Pope Pius VII
2087:
2086:Lombard kings
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:Lazare Carnot
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:—one of five
1874:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:Second Empire
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1683:over much of
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:French Empire
1646:
1642:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:Années folles
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:Second Empire
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:July Monarchy
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1252:Bourbon kings
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:Ancien Régime
1219:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
988:
985:
984:
976:
974:
971:
970:
962:
960:
957:
956:
948:
946:
943:
942:
934:
932:
929:
928:
920:
918:
915:
914:
906:
904:
901:
900:
892:
890:
887:
886:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
863:
860:
853:
852:
849:
846:
839:
838:
835:
832:
825:
824:
821:
818:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
782:
781:ISO 3166 code
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
711:
708:11 April 1814
707:
704:
698:
694:
691:
685:
681:
678:
672:
668:
665:
661:
655:
651:
648:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
619:
612:
611:
606:
603:
597:
592:
585:
584:
579:
576:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
543:
540:
537:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:
480:
476:
473:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
436:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:West Germanic
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
329:
311:
310:Client states
302:
290:
285:
279:
277:
276:
251:
250:
244:
240:
234:
233:
228:
224:
218:
212:
204:
198:
190:
180:
172:
165:
156:French Empire
150:
143:
131:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
7803:
7542:Contemporary
7392:Indo-Persian
7380:Nazi Germany
7357:
7324:Contemporary
7226:Vijayanagara
7125:Great Seljuk
7036:Thessalonica
6964:Golden Horde
6604:Carthaginian
6383:Neo-Assyrian
6368:Neo-Sumerian
6188:Coat of arms
6178:Architecture
6150:Social class
6108:Homelessness
6093:Demographics
6047:Trade unions
5980:Central bank
5922:criminal law
5885:Human rights
5868:presidential
5712:Algerian War
5695:Contemporary
5669:Vichy France
5664:World War II
5634:Belle Époque
5567:First Empire
5566:
5469:Early Modern
5440:West Francia
5246:
5236:
5136:Méditerranée
5058:Ems-Oriental
4489:Transpadania
4289:
4280:
4261:
4242:
4233:
4214:
4195:
4176:
4166:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4098:
4088:
4068:
4049:
4033:. Scribner.
4030:
4020:
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3989:
3969:
3944:
3938:
3926:
3913:
3894:
3870:
3861:the original
3855:
3842:
3822:
3810:
3796:. Retrieved
3792:the original
3786:
3779:. Macmillan.
3776:
3756:
3718:
3708:
3684:
3681:Colton, Joel
3676:, on Britsin
3671:
3661:
3648:
3630:
3605:
3586:
3576:22 September
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3562:
3553:
3544:
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3433:the original
3428:
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3397:
3388:
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3368:napoleon.org
3367:
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3336:
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3248:
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3197:
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3147:
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3126:
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2980:, Portugal,
2974:départements
2973:
2958:départements
2957:
2941:départements
2940:
2919:
2907:legal system
2892:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2835:Saint Helena
2827:Hundred Days
2822:
2811:
2800:
2786:
2754:
2736:Hundred Days
2707:conscription
2704:
2681:
2665:
2649:
2642:meet him at
2605:
2577:
2553:Grande Armée
2552:
2548:
2542:
2532:
2528:took control
2501:
2485:
2454:
2419:
2391:
2369:Grande Armée
2367:
2357:
2306:
2236:
2173:
2160:
2143:
2116:Roman Empire
2098:
2067:
2048:
2028:
2017:. A general
2013:
2002:
1975:
1929:
1880:
1870:
1847:aristocratic
1812:
1722:
1718:Napoleon III
1711:
1708:First Empire
1707:
1689:
1668:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1591:
1549:Christianity
1437:Vichy France
1388:20th century
1370:Belle Époque
1309:First Empire
1308:
1222:
1218:Early modern
1168:West Francia
1157:Carolingians
1147:Merovingians
802:Succeeded by
801:
796:
774:French franc
757:• 1812
716:Hundred Days
695:24 June 1812
588:(until 1814)
546:• 1815
425:South Slavic
377:
271:
242:
227:Motto:
226:
127:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
7825: /
7130:Khwarezmian
7063:Carolingian
6868:Rashtrakuta
6572:Shaishunaga
6471:Hellenistic
6454:New Kingdom
6444:Old Kingdom
6298:WikiProject
6113:Immigration
6103:Health care
5965:Agriculture
5917:enforcement
5674:Free France
5643:World War I
5590:Restoration
5577:Late Modern
5447:Middle Ages
5422:Middle Ages
5407:Celtic Gaul
4909:Deux-Nèthes
4866:(1804–1814)
4856:departments
4761:Netherlands
4675:Württemberg
4522:Switzerland
4504:Netherlands
4464:Parthenopea
4351:(1792–1815)
4105:: Pimlico.
2814:Louis XVIII
2782:Jean Moreau
2589:Jean Lannes
2563:to General
2544:Dos de Mayo
2415:Finnish War
2384:before the
2200:Württemberg
2101:Carolingian
2055:Württemberg
1982:Charlemagne
1905:18 Brumaire
1897:Roger Ducos
1881:coup d'état
1863:18 Brumaire
1766:and of the
1647:, then the
1502:Health care
1432:Free France
1319:Restoration
1123:Middle Ages
1095:Celtic Gaul
1038:History of
797:Preceded by
682:7 July 1807
652:18 May 1804
602:Lower house
575:Upper house
562:Legislature
551:Napoleon II
504:Bonapartist
497:(1804–1814)
492:Bonapartist
447:Lutheranism
420:West Slavic
378:Unofficial:
182:1804 – 1814
160:(1808–1815)
138:(1804–1808)
7840:Categories
7813:02°19′57″E
7810:48°51′44″N
7700:Portuguese
7581:Revival Le
7571:Vietnamese
7214:Later Tran
7184:Vietnamese
7080:Singhasari
7068:Holy Roman
6692:Bulgarian
6628:Satavahana
6599:Phoenician
6535:Achaemenid
6496:Indo-Greek
6476:Macedonian
6390:Babylonian
6241:Philosophy
6226:Literature
6138:secularism
5934:Parliament
5729:2005 riots
5679:Liberation
5545:Revolution
5412:Roman Gaul
5397:Prehistory
5353:Journalism
5209:Montserrat
5146:Montenotte
5141:Mont-Blanc
4723:Pontecorvo
4665:Westphalia
4640:Regensburg
4576:Napoleonic
4479:Subalpinia
4439:Cispadania
4434:Cisalpinia
4252:1885119186
3897:. Cassel.
3666:on Britsin
3454:Lyons 1994
3200:(3): 501.
3109:References
2988:, and the
2818:Michel Ney
2497:Royal Navy
2493:Copenhagen
2243:Bonapartes
2237:To create
2108:republican
2082:Iron Crown
2019:plebiscite
1743:pronounced
1702:after the
1671:, was the
1138:settlement
1105:Roman Gaul
1075:Prehistory
931:Luxembourg
761:44 million
746:Population
664:Napoleon I
660:Coronation
566:Parliament
553:(disputed)
539:Napoleon I
479:Government
467:Demonym(s)
99:April 2024
69:newspapers
7693:Couronian
7331:Ethiopian
7319:Manchukuo
7274:Brazilian
7120:Ghaznavid
7090:Srivijaya
7041:Trebizond
7026:Byzantine
7008:North Sea
7003:Norwegian
6991:Almoravid
6974:Ilkhanate
6944:Majapahit
6917:Muromachi
6826:Solomonic
6811:Ethiopian
6725:Caliphate
6658:Aragonese
6486:Ptolemaic
6098:Education
6052:Transport
5902:Judiciary
5863:Elections
5817:Mountains
5775:Geography
5521:Louis XIV
5311:Overviews
5227:Sègre-Ter
5186:Trasimène
5030:Zuyderzée
4625:Frankfurt
4579:creations
4484:Tiberinia
4360:republics
4092:. Mentor.
4001:27 August
3798:27 August
3741:cite book
3439:15 August
3408:15 August
3378:15 August
3347:23 August
3224:20 August
3168:23 August
3097:(French:
2722:Last days
2677:North Sea
2612:Joséphine
2465:Białystok
2422:Wallachia
2334:Friedland
2309:Habsburgs
2136:Trafalgar
2072:" by the
1917:Consulate
1877:Directors
1810:in 1815.
1798:, at the
1675:ruled by
1571:Territory
1464:1946–1958
1454:1944–1946
1444:1940–1944
1423:1920–1929
1412:1919–1939
1401:1870–1940
1374:1871–1914
1363:1870–1940
1353:1852–1870
1343:1848–1852
1333:1830–1848
1323:1814–1830
1313:1804–1814
1303:1792–1804
1293:1791–1792
1283:1789–1799
1256:1589–1792
1246:1515–1589
1236:1498–1515
1204:1328–1498
451:Calvinism
434:Religion
7673:Japanese
7636:Scottish
7616:American
7608:Colonial
7537:Imperial
7505:Moroccan
7441:Japanese
7419:Afsharid
7278:Burmese
7264:Austrian
7219:Later Le
7194:Early Le
7179:Venetian
7105:Tiwanaku
7018:Hellenic
6981:Moroccan
6912:Kamakura
6902:Japanese
6885:Saffarid
6838:Georgian
6752:Chalukya
6730:Rashidun
6720:Calakmul
6688:Bruneian
6567:Haryanka
6545:Sasanian
6540:Parthian
6491:Bactrian
6481:Seleucid
6461:Goguryeo
6439:Egyptian
6373:Assyrian
6363:Akkadian
6354:Colonies
6288:Category
6221:Language
6133:Religion
6078:Abortion
6032:Taxation
5929:Military
5890:Intersex
5880:Politics
5846:Politics
5648:Interwar
5343:Economic
5338:Language
5323:Timeline
5111:Apennins
4891:Mer-Égée
4854:Annexed
4680:Würzburg
4540:Rauracia
4530:Helvetia
4469:Piedmont
4393:Connacht
4157:Military
4099:Napoleon
4089:Napoleon
4012:Napoleon
3853:(2009).
3689:New York
3595:Archived
3525:Napoleon
3522:(2000).
3402:Archived
3372:Archived
3341:Archived
3294:30 March
3288:Archived
3245:(1994).
3218:Archived
3162:Archived
3131:Archived
3013:See also
2898:Jacobins
2874:nobility
2766:Berezina
2524:Portugal
2522:invaded
2504:Pius VII
2426:Moldavia
2364:Napoleon
2292:married
2251:Bourbons
2232:Adriatic
2140:Boulogne
2130:and the
2005:Tribunat
1998:Cuxhaven
1948:Piedmont
1774:against
1760:Frimaire
1700:republic
1681:hegemony
1566:Taxation
1544:Religion
1539:Politics
1532:Consorts
1527:Monarchs
1522:Military
1517:Medicine
1193:987–1328
1182:987–1792
1136:Frankish
1134:and the
1057:Timeline
1029:a series
1027:Part of
770:Currency
395:Corsican
389:Regional
384:(formal)
345:
338:
7740:largest
7735:Empires
7715:Swedish
7710:Spanish
7705:Russian
7668:Italian
7643:Chinese
7631:English
7626:British
7621:Belgian
7596:Vietnam
7586:Tay son
7532:Tsarist
7527:Russian
7522:Ottoman
7488:Dzungar
7483:Khoshut
7456:Mexican
7451:Maratha
7434:Pahlavi
7414:Safavid
7409:Iranian
7336:Haitian
7299:Chinese
7259:Ashanti
7231:Wagadou
7157:Eastern
7152:Western
7135:Timurid
7095:Tibetan
7085:Songhai
7075:Serbian
6996:Almohad
6986:Idrisid
6890:Samanid
6880:Tahirid
6875:Iranian
6853:Kannauj
6833:Genoese
6769:Chinese
6762:Eastern
6757:Western
6745:Fatimid
6740:Abbasid
6735:Umayyad
6708:Burmese
6668:Ayyubid
6663:Angevin
6633:Xianbei
6621:Eastern
6616:Western
6562:Magadha
6525:Iranian
6518:Xiongnu
6503:Hittite
6412:Chinese
6400:Kassite
6349:Ancient
6341:Empires
6279:Outline
6261:Theatre
6256:Symbols
6216:Gardens
6206:Fashion
6198:Cuisine
6165:Culture
6155:Welfare
6128:Poverty
6066:Society
6042:Tourism
6002:Exports
5975:Banking
5953:Economy
5912:history
5807:Islands
5802:Borders
5435:Francia
5389:Ancient
5367:Regions
5318:History
5303:History
5151:Ombrone
5131:Marengo
4977:Simplon
4929:Jemmape
4886:Ithaque
4881:Corcyre
4858:of the
4767:Holland
4728:Tuscany
4698:Etruria
4670:Wetzlar
4610:Bavaria
4587:Germany
4535:Lemania
4512:Batavia
4454:Liguria
4429:Brescia
4424:Bologna
4419:Bergamo
4387:Ireland
4369:Germany
4343:of the
3640:Surveys
3337:Gallica
3265:(paper
3214:2600793
3158:Gallica
2960:in 1812
2956:French
2939:French
2895:radical
2778:Leipzig
2774:Bautzen
2673:Scheldt
2620:his son
2539:Bayonne
2512:Marches
2495:by the
2457:Cottbus
2438:Cattaro
2317:Hanover
2272:became
2267:Marshal
2228:Venetia
2192:Bavaria
2174:In the
2112:federal
2084:of the
2051:Bavaria
1994:Hanover
1823:Germany
1788:Britain
1780:Prussia
1776:Austria
1725:Floréal
1559:Judaism
1497:Economy
1476:present
1172:843–987
1161:751–987
1151:481–751
1132:Francia
1066:Ancient
959:Andorra
862:Andorra
714:•
701:•
688:•
675:•
658:•
645:•
600:•
573:•
520:Emperor
501:Unitary
489:Unitary
455:Judaism
354:Capital
243:Anthem:
83:scholar
7678:Mongol
7663:German
7658:French
7648:Danish
7591:Dainam
7566:Tongan
7554:Somali
7549:Sokoto
7515:'Alawi
7493:Kalmyk
7473:Mongol
7466:Second
7446:Korean
7397:Mughal
7387:Indian
7370:German
7363:Second
7353:French
7346:Second
7282:Second
7254:Afghan
7246:Modern
7172:Kyrgyz
7167:Uighur
7162:Second
7142:Turkic
7110:Toltec
7046:Epirus
7031:Nicaea
6954:Mongol
6907:Yamato
6843:Huetar
6701:Second
6638:Rouran
6587:Shunga
6582:Maurya
6557:Kushan
6530:Median
6508:Hunnic
6466:Harsha
6293:Portal
6193:Cinema
6173:Anthem
6145:Racism
6123:People
6017:Mining
5992:Energy
5827:Rivers
5792:Cities
5724:May 68
5295:topics
5292:France
5176:Tanaro
4944:Ourthe
4924:Forêts
4919:Escaut
4788:Danzig
4783:Warsaw
4775:Poland
4718:Naples
4660:Saxony
4620:Erfurt
4545:Valais
4494:Venice
4414:Ancona
4358:Sister
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3729:
3723:Oxford
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3505:
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3137:21 May
2986:Naples
2770:Lützen
2762:Moskva
2734:, and
2659:, and
2644:Tilsit
2608:Savona
2593:Wagram
2585:Aspern
2581:Vienna
2569:Cintra
2561:Bailén
2549:Juntas
2489:Baltic
2482:, 1807
2432:. The
2388:, 1806
2342:Tilsit
2224:Ancona
2214:. The
2208:Saxony
2206:, and
2105:feudal
2074:Senate
2057:, and
2037:, 1806
1960:Naples
1938:. The
1889:Lucien
1857:Origin
1835:Poland
1833:, and
1784:Russia
1698:and a
1673:empire
1653:French
1592:·
1590:
1488:Topics
1200:Valois
1141:
1079:
1040:France
1031:on the
973:Monaco
524:
509:(1815)
472:French
405:Basque
400:Breton
368:French
321:
315:
308:
306:
299:
297:
245:
171:French
167:
149:French
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7728:Lists
7683:Omani
7653:Dutch
7559:Isaaq
7510:Saadi
7478:Oirat
7461:First
7429:Qajar
7358:First
7341:First
7314:China
7287:Third
7147:First
7100:Tikal
7051:Morea
7021:Roman
6939:Latin
6934:Khmer
6929:Kanem
6895:Buyid
6821:Zagwe
6816:Aksum
6806:Chola
6713:First
6696:First
6683:Bornu
6678:Benin
6673:Aztec
6611:Roman
6592:Gupta
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6513:White
6251:Sport
6236:Music
6231:Media
6088:Crime
5812:Lakes
5218:Sègre
5171:Stura
5166:Sésia
5126:Gênes
5121:Doire
5088:Sarre
5068:Lippe
5020:Frise
4967:Léman
4804:Spain
4798:Spain
4751:Egypt
4746:Malta
4703:Italy
4690:Italy
4635:Leyen
4630:Hesse
4605:Baden
4459:Lucca
4449:Italy
4444:Crema
4401:Italy
4377:Mainz
3957:JSTOR
3653:(PDF)
3514:(...)
3210:JSTOR
3084:king.
3071:Notes
2982:Italy
2978:Spain
2748:, by
2330:Eylau
2196:Baden
2167:, by
2059:Baden
1990:Rhine
1956:Parma
1952:Genoa
1944:Egypt
1831:Spain
1827:Italy
1661:Latin
1594:
1554:Islam
1474:1958–
731:Area
382:Latin
358:Paris
90:JSTOR
76:books
7498:Bogd
7424:Zand
7402:Sikh
7309:Qing
7304:Ming
7236:Wari
7204:Tran
7189:Dinh
6959:Yuan
6949:Mali
6858:Pala
6848:Inca
6799:Yuan
6789:Song
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6779:Tang
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6434:Dʿmt
6211:Flag
5997:Euro
5895:LGBT
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5116:Arno
5083:Roer
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4474:Rome
4409:Alba
4347:and
4266:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4200:ISBN
4181:ISBN
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4073:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4035:ISBN
4003:2017
3974:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3800:2017
3762:ISBN
3747:link
3727:ISBN
3693:ISBN
3578:2024
3530:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3441:2014
3410:2014
3380:2014
3349:2019
3296:2022
3267:ISBN
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3226:2021
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2913:and
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