1872:
106:
2047:
2451:
1990:
1453:
2708:
2141:("Fracking") wells in the United States has raised concerns regarding its potential risks of contaminating groundwater resources. EPA, along with many other researchers, has been delegated to study the relationship between hydraulic fracturing and drinking water resources. While it is possible to perform hydraulic fracturing without having a relevant impact on groundwater resources if stringent controls and quality management measures are in place, there are a number of cases where groundwater pollution due to improper handling or technical failures was observed.
3029:
into groundwater aquifers which supply drinking water to at least a million residents and used in irrigation for crops in some of the richest farmland in the US. Aquifers are made up of sand and gravel that are separated by thin layers of clay which acts as a sponge that holds onto water and arsenic. When water is pumped intensively, the aquifer compresses and ground sinks which leads to the clay releasing arsenic. Study shows that aquifers contaminated as a result from over pumping, they can recover if withdrawals stop.
1085:
1917:
safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.
7595:
1097:
146:
2028:(MCP) appears to be one of a few hazardous, persistent, soluble and mobile (it does not bind with minerals in soils) pesticides able to reach a drinking-water source. In general, more pesticide compounds are being detected as groundwater quality monitoring programs have become more extensive; however, much less monitoring has been conducted in developing countries due to the high analysis costs.
1575:(VOCs) are a dangerous contaminant of groundwater. They are generally introduced to the environment through careless industrial practices. Many of these compounds were not known to be harmful until the late 1960s and it was some time before regular testing of groundwater identified these substances in drinking water sources.
2896:
consumption of water from temporary water sources of unknown quality (mainly shallow wells) has resulted in large numbers of people suffering from water-borne diseases. In
Tanzania, 23,900 children under the age of 5 are reported to die each year from dysentery and diarrhoea associated with drinking unsafe water.
2759:
Arsenic removal filters (ARF) are dedicated technologies typically installed to remove arsenic. Many of these technologies require a capital investment and long-term maintenance. Filters in
Bangladesh are usually abandoned by the users due to their high cost and complicated maintenance, which is also
2362:
The stratigraphy of the area plays an important role in the transport of pollutants. An area can have layers of sandy soil, fractured bedrock, clay, or hardpan. Areas of karst topography on limestone bedrock are sometimes vulnerable to surface pollution from groundwater. Earthquake faults can also be
1916:
The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For example, the unsaturated zone becomes "washed" during extended periods of heavy rain, providing hydraulic pathway for the quick pass of pathogens. It is difficult to estimate the
3028:
Intensive pumping in San
Joaquin county, California, has resulted in arsenic pollution. San Joaquin county has faced serious intensive pumping which has caused the ground below San Joaquin to sink and in turn damaged infrastructure. This intensive pumping into groundwater has allowed arsenic to move
2607:
It refers to the capture areas around an individual groundwater source, such as a water well or a spring, to especially protect them from pollution. Thus, potential sources of degradable pollutants, such as pathogens, can be located at distances which travel times along the flowpaths are long enough
2347:
Herbicide use can contribute to groundwater contamination through arsenic infiltration. Herbicides contribute to arsenic desorption through mobilization and transportation of the contaminant. Chlorinated herbicides exhibit a lower impact on arsenic desorption than phosphate type herbicides. This can
1972:
spreading. This is because only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to
2978:
In India the government has proceeded to promote sanitation development in order to combat the rise in ground water contamination in several regions of the country. The effort has proved to show results and has decreased the groundwater pollution and has decreased the chance of sickness for mothers
2806:
Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from ground water by applying various techniques thereby making it safe for use. Ground water treatment (or remediation) techniques span biological, chemical, and physical treatment technologies. Most ground water treatment techniques utilize a combination
2255:
can lead to groundwater pollution. Chemicals can reach into ground water through precipitation and runoff. New landfills are required to be lined with clay or another synthetic material, along with leachate to protect surrounding ground water. However, older landfills do not have these measures and
2210:
While conclusions regarding groundwater pollution as the result to hydraulic fracturing fluid flow is restricted in both space and time, researchers have hypothesized that the potential for systematic stray gas contamination depends mainly on the integrity of the shale oil/gas well structure, along
2547:
Preparation of the vulnerability maps typically involves overlaying several thematic maps of physical factors that have been selected to describe the aquifer vulnerability. The index-based parametric mapping method GOD developed by Foster and Hirata (1988) uses three generally available or readily
2077:
is a highly utilized solvent in the dry cleaning industry because of its cleaning effectiveness and relatively low cost. It has also been used for metal-degreasing operations. Because it is highly volatile, it is more frequently found in groundwater than in surface water. TCE has historically been
1925:
Groundwater pollution can be caused by untreated waste discharge leading to diseases like skin lesions, bloody diarrhea and dermatitis. This is more common in locations having limited wastewater treatment infrastructure, or where there are systematic failures of the on-site sewage disposal system.
1858:
has recently developed the interactive
Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP), where the geogenic risk of contamination in a given area can be estimated using geological, topographical and other environmental data without having to test samples from every single groundwater resource. This tool also
2282:
from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media
2231:
formations. While the damage can be obvious, and much more effort is being done to prevent these accidents from occurring so frequently, the lack of data from fracking oil spills continue to leave researchers in the dark. In many of these events, the data acquired from the leakage or spillage is
1773:
Groundwater pollution is a worldwide issue. A study of the groundwater quality of the principal aquifers of the United States conducted between 1991 and 2004, showed that 23% of domestic wells had contaminants at levels greater than human-health benchmarks. Another study suggested that the major
2678:
As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.However, no general
2303:
strata due to their high surface area to volume ratio relative to sand-sized particles. Most pumped groundwater travels through sands and gravels with low arsenic concentration. However, during over-pumping, a high vertical gradient pulls water from less-permeable clays, thus promoting arsenic
2508:
Sufficient investment should be given to continue monitoring over the long term. When a problem is found, action should be taken to correct it. Waterborne outbreaks in the United States decreased with the introduction of more stringent monitoring (and treatment) requirements in the early 90s.
1933:
may also reach the aquifer if the effluent is infiltrated or discharged to local surface water bodies. Therefore, those substances that are not removed in conventional sewage treatment plants may reach the groundwater as well. For example, detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in
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and children who were mainly affected by this issue. This was something greatly needed as according to the study, over 117,000 children under five die every year due to consuming polluted water. The countries effort has seen success in the more economically developed sections of the country.
2895:
In
Tanzania, many residents rely on groundwater sources, mainly from shallow on-site wells, for drinking and other domestic purposes. The cost of the official water supply has resulted in many households relying on private wells rather than Babati's urban water and sanitation facilities. The
2751:
Portable water purification devices or "point-of-use" (POU) water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques can be used to remove some forms of groundwater pollution prior to drinking, namely any fecal pollution. Many commercial portable water purification systems or chemical
2623:
As the health effects of most toxic chemicals arise after prolonged exposure, risk to health from chemicals is generally lower than that from pathogens. Thus, the quality of the source protection measures is an important component in controlling whether pathogens may be present in the final
1997:
The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater. The heavy use of nitrogenous fertilizers in cropping systems is the largest contributor to
1831:, normally strongly bound to iron oxides, into the water. As a consequence, arsenic-rich groundwater is often iron-rich, although secondary processes often obscure the association of dissolved arsenic and dissolved iron.. Arsenic is found in groundwater most commonly as the reduced species
1714:
from treated wastewater infiltrating into the aquifer are among emerging ground-water contaminants being studied throughout the United States. Popular pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antidepressants, decongestants, tranquilizers, etc. are normally found in treated
2880:
The peri-urban areas of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, have ground conditions which are strongly karstified and for this reason – together with the increasing population density in these peri-urban areas – pollution of water wells from pit latrines is a major public health threat there.
2023:
Runoff of pesticides may leach into groundwater causing human health problems from contaminated water wells. Pesticide concentrations found in groundwater are typically low, and often the regulatory human health-based limits exceeded are also very low. The organophosphorus insecticide
1531:
Nitrate is the most common chemical contaminant in the world's groundwater and aquifers. In some low-income countries, nitrate levels in groundwater are extremely high, causing significant health problems. It is also stable (it does not degrade) under high oxygen conditions.
1985:
into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.
1718:
Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in both groundwater and surface water are far below what is considered dangerous or of concern in most areas, but it could be an increasing problem as population grows and more reclaimed wastewater is utilized for municipal water supplies.
2477:, is important in protecting groundwater resources from pollution. The precautionary principle provides that "where there are threats of irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent
2543:
can play an important role in retarding (and in some cases eliminating) pathogens and so must be considered when assessing aquifer vulnerability. The biological activity is greatest in the top soil layers where the attenuation of pathogens is generally most effective.
2410:
and surface water are complex. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. For example, many rivers and lakes are fed by groundwater. This means that damage to groundwater aquifers e.g. by
1687:
The migration of metals (and metalloids) in groundwater will be affected by several factors, in particular by chemical reactions which determine the partitioning of contaminants among different phases and species. Thus, the mobility of metals primarily depends on the
2611:
Analytical methods using equations to define groundwater flow and contaminant transport are the most widely used. The WHPA is a semi-analytical groundwater flow simulation program developed by the US EPA for delineating capture zones in a wellhead protection area.
2496:
Groundwater quality monitoring programs have been implemented regularly in many countries around the world. They are important components to understand the hydrogeological system, and for the development of conceptual models and aquifer vulnerability maps.
1895:
Factors controlling the fate and transport of pathogens are quite complex and the interaction among them is not well understood. If the local hydrogeological conditions (which can vary within a space of a few square kilometers) are ignored, simple on-site
2500:
Groundwater quality must be regularly monitored across the aquifer to determine trends. Effective groundwater monitoring should be driven by a specific objective, for example, a specific contaminant of concern. Contaminant levels can be compared to the
2207:(THM) since they are often associated with the presence of stray gas contamination, and typically co-occur with high halogen concentrations in hyper-saline waters. Besides, highly saline waters are a common natural feature in deep groundwater systems.
2118:
Although non-miscible, both LNAPLs and DNAPLs still have the potential to slowly dissolve into the aqueous (miscible) phase to create a plume and thus become a long-term source of contamination. DNAPLs (chlorinated solvents, heavy PAHs, creosote,
1903:
Liquids leach from the pit and pass the unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Subsequently, these liquids from the pit enter the groundwater where they may lead to groundwater pollution. This is a problem if a nearby
2214:
Though widespread, systematic contamination by hydraulic fracturing has been heavily disputed, one major source of contamination that has the most consensus among researchers of being the most problematic is site-specific accidental spillage of
1648:. As many other synthetic organic compounds, most pesticides have very complex molecular structures. This complexity determines the water solubility, adsorption capacity, and mobility of pesticides in the groundwater system. Thus, some types of
2239:
conducted a model study for a deep shale-gas formation in the North German Basin. They concluded that the probability is small that the rise of fracking fluids through the geological underground to the surface will impact shallow groundwater.
1862:
High concentrations of parameters like salinity, iron, manganese, uranium, radon and chromium, in groundwater, may also be of geogenic origin. This contaminants can be important locally but they are not as widespread as arsenic and fluoride.
1912:
purposes. During the passage in the soil, pathogens can die off or be adsorbed significantly, mostly depending on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.
1835:
and the oxidized species arsenate, the acute toxicity of arsenite being somewhat greater than that of arsenate. Investigations by WHO indicated that 20% of 25,000 boreholes tested in
Bangladesh had arsenic concentrations exceeding 50 μg/L.
2363:
entry routes for downward contaminant entry. Water table conditions are of great importance for drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, waste disposal (including nuclear waste), wildlife habitat, and other ecological issues.
2679:
statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly
6327:
Mukherjee, Abhijit; Duttagupta, Srimanti; Chattopadhyay, Siddhartha; Bhanja, Soumendra Nath; Bhattacharya, Animesh; Chakraborty, Swagata; Sarkar, Soumyajit; Ghosh, Tilottama; Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Sahu, Sohini (October 23, 2019).
2683:
system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.
2855:
If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive, then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.
2062:. BTEX compounds are the most common additives of the gasoline. BTEX compounds, including benzene, have densities lower than water (1 g/mL). Similar to the oil spills on the sea, the non-miscible phase, referred to as
2627:
On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect
2523:
The development of land-use zoning maps has been implemented by several water authorities at different scales around the world. There are two types of zoning maps: aquifer vulnerability maps and source protection maps.
2203:; however, many researchers argue that the permeability of rocks overlying shale formations are too low to allow this to ever happen sufficiently. To ultimately prove this theory, there would have to be traces of toxic
1309:
Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface
2782:
partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to
1557:
The linkages between nitrates in drinking water and blue baby syndrome have been disputed in other studies. The syndrome outbreaks might be due to other factors than elevated nitrate concentrations in drinking water.
2755:
Techniques include boiling, filtration, activated charcoal absorption, chemical disinfection, ultraviolet purification, ozone water disinfection, solar water disinfection, solar distillation, homemade water filters.
2256:
are often close to surface waters and in permeable soils. Closed landfills can still pose a threat to ground water if they are not capped by an impermeable material before closure to prevent leaking of contaminants.
2163:
Despite the EPA's lack of profound widespread evidence, other researchers have made significant observations of rising groundwater contamination in close proximity to major shale oil/gas drilling sites located in
1522:
Deep, confined aquifers are usually considered the safest source of drinking water with respect to pathogens. Pathogens from treated or untreated wastewater can contaminate certain, especially shallow, aquifers.
6330:"Impact of sanitation and socio-economy on groundwater fecal pollution and human health towards achieving sustainable development goals across India from ground-observations and satellite-derived nightlight"
2975:'s standards for drinking water. As a result, individuals who are exposed suffer from diseases that affect their dermal, neurological, reproductive and cognitive functioning, and can even result in cancer.
1875:
A traditional housing compound near Herat, Afghanistan, where a shallow water supply well (foreground) is in close proximity to the pit latrine (behind the white greenhouse) leading to contamination of the
1293:, groundwater quality monitoring, land zoning for groundwater protection, locating on-site sanitation systems correctly and applying legislation. When pollution has occurred, management approaches include
3543:
5022:
Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner N, Darrah TH, Kondash A (2014). "A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States".
5878:
4919:
DiGiulio DC, Jackson RB (April 2016). "Impact to
Underground Sources of Drinking Water and Domestic Wells from Production Well Stimulation and Completion Practices in the Pavillion, Wyoming, Field".
1774:
groundwater pollution problems in Africa, considering the order of importance are: (1) nitrate pollution, (2) pathogenic agents, (3) organic pollution, (4) salinization, and (5) acid mine drainage.
4229:
2599:
There is a particular debate among hydrogeologists as to whether aquifer vulnerability should be established in a general (intrinsic) way for all contaminants, or specifically for each pollutant.
2515:
Scientists have developed methods by which hazard maps could be produced for geogenic toxic substances in groundwater. This provides an efficient way of determining which wells should be tested.
2532:
It refers to the intrinsic (or natural) vulnerability of a groundwater system to pollution. Intrinsically, some aquifers are more vulnerable to pollution than other aquifers. Shallow unconfined
4519:
3784:
2103:. Once they reach the aquifer, they will "sink" and eventually accumulate on the top of low-permeability layers. Historically, wood-treating facilities have also release insecticides such as
5488:
2701:
5441:
4695:
Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 of the
European Parliament and of the Council concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources
1953:
Groundwater pollution can also occur from leaking sewers which has been observed for example in
Germany. This can also lead to potential cross-contamination of drinking-water supplies.
4578:
2039:
Ore mining and metal processing facilities are the primary responsible of the presence of metals in groundwater of anthropogenic origin, including arsenic. The low pH associated with
1535:
Elevated nitrate levels in groundwater can be caused by on-site sanitation, sewage sludge disposal and agricultural activities. It can therefore have an urban or agricultural origin.
865:
5985:
6280:
1044:
3712:
2188:
and other noble gas concentration along with the rise of hydrocarbon levels supports the distinction between hydraulic fracturing fugitive gas and naturally occurring "background"
1660:
Several trace metals occur naturally in certain rock formations and can enter in the environment from natural processes such as weathering. However, industrial activities such as
1226:
and surface water, such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a
1039:
6229:
3700:
3786:
Integration of
Groundwater Management into Transboundary Basin Organizations in Africa: Groundwater Hazards - a Training Manual by AGW-Net, BGR, IWMI, CapNet, ANBO, & IGRAC
2967:. The arsenic levels are up to 4730 μg/L in the groundwater, ~1000 μg/L in irrigation water, and up to 3947 μg/kg in food materials all of which all exceed the
3870:"Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, ANNEX I: PARAMETERS AND PARAMETRIC VALUES, PART B: Chemical parameters"
1159:
can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as
5199:
6625:
2430:
contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic
1519:
or helminth eggs), the first three can be commonly found in polluted groundwater, whereas the relatively large helminth eggs are usually filtered out by the soil matrix.
2643:
Guideline values for horizontal separation distances between on-site sanitation systems and water sources vary widely (e.g. 15 to 100 m horizontal distance between
2020:
are seriously dealing with the nitrate problem related to agricultural development, as a major water supply problem that requires appropriate management and governance.
2560:
epth to groundwater. A further approach developed by EPA, a rating system named "DRASTIC", employs seven hydrogeological factors to develop an index of vulnerability:
2050:
Oil spills associated with underground pipelines and tanks can release benzene and other soluble petroleum hydrocarbons that rapidly percolate down into the aquifer.
1855:
1222:. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with
3395:
1715:
wastewater. This wastewater is discharged from the treatment facility, and often makes its way into the aquifer or source of surface water used for drinking water.
2615:
The simplest form of zoning employs fixed-distance methods where activities are excluded within a uniformly applied specified distance around abstraction points.
5585:
3552:
2236:
1934:
groundwater were in the order of 50 mg/L in several locations in Germany. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, micro-pollutants such as
2145:
3060:. Trichlorethylene levels were detected as high as 128 times higher than the states safe limit for drinking water and Hydrazine was found in 2 nearby wells.
2692:
Institutional and legal issues are critical in determining the success or failure of groundwater protection policies and strategies. In the United States the
2312:
Groundwater pollution can be caused by chemical spills from commercial or industrial operations, chemical spills occurring during transport (e.g. spillage of
5703:
Amini, Manouchehr; Mueller, Kim; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Rosenberg, Thomas; Afyuni, Majid; Møller, Klaus N.; Sarr, Mamadou; Johnson, C. Annette (May 15, 2008).
4658:
Suthar S, Bishnoi P, Singh S, Mutiyar PK, Nema AK, Patil NS (November 2009). "Nitrate contamination in groundwater of some rural areas of Rajasthan, India".
2112:
4863:"Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)"
4820:
Jackson, Robert B.; Vengosh, Avner; Carey, J. William; Davies, Richard J.; Darrah, Thomas H.; O'Sullivan, Francis; Pétron, Gabrielle (October 17, 2014).
4238:
3742:
1847:. Considerably high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater are typically caused by a lack of calcium in the aquifer. Health problems associated with
5224:
Pfunt H, Houben G, Himmelsbach T (2016). "Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin".
4902:
Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)
3643:"Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression"
5762:
Amini, Manouchehr; Abbaspour, Karim C.; Berg, Michael; Winkel, Lenny; Hug, Stephan J.; Hoehn, Eduard; Yang, Hong; Johnson, C. Annette (May 15, 2008).
2148:, this may be due to insufficient systematic pre- and post- hydraulic fracturing data on drinking water quality, and the presence of other agents of
2006:
88:
4526:
3793:
3721:
Occurrence and Distribution of Microbiological Contamination and Enteric Viruses in Shallow Ground Water in Baltimore and Harford Counties, Maryland
5495:
4887:
2988:
2359:
The passage of water through the subsurface can provide a reliable natural barrier to contamination but it only works under favorable conditions.
2199:
of deep residual hyper-saline water and hydraulic fracturing fluid, slowly flowing through faults and fractures until finally making contact with
2348:
help to prevent arsenic contamination through choosing herbicides appropriate for different concentrations of arsenic present in certain soils.
1926:
Along with pathogens and nutrients, untreated sewage can also have an important load of heavy metals that may seep into the groundwater system.
84:
6183:
5992:
2474:
2172:, Canada). Within one kilometer of these specific sites, a subset of shallow drinking water consistently showed higher concentration levels of
1049:
2013:
1705:
2505:(WHO) guidelines for drinking-water quality. It is not rare that limits of contaminants are reduced as more medical experience is gained.
6532:
3650:
2774:
Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen
1127:
815:
6453:
3947:"Does the evidence about health risks associated with nitrate ingestion warrant an increase of the nitrate standard for drinking water?"
3071:
In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the
2795:
is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural
1269:
The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models. Interactions between
4826:
2111:
into the environment, impacting the groundwater resources. PCP is a highly soluble and toxic obsolete pesticide recently listed in the
4756:
2211:
with its relative geological location to local fracture systems that could potentially provide flow paths for fugitive gas migration.
2839:, carbon absorption, aqueous chemical oxidation, and surfactant-enhanced recovery. Some chemical techniques may be implemented using
2036:
A wide variety of both inorganic and organic pollutants have been found in aquifers underlying commercial and industrial activities.
5142:"Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities"
1397:
with elevated concentrations." Fluoride can especially be released from acidic volcanic rocks and dispersed volcanic ash when water
5484:
2001:
Feedlots/animal corrals can also lead to the potential leaching of nitrogen and metals to groundwater. Over application of animal
5613:
3351:
2890:
2262:
was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate
4576:
Singh B, Singh Y, Sekhon GS (1995). "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries".
6566:
3223:"Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution of groundwater salinization in the coastal plain aquifer of Laizhou Bay, China"
2693:
1277:
are complex. For example, many rivers and lakes are fed by groundwater. This means that damage to groundwater aquifers e.g. by
6401:
6159:
5768:
5709:
5025:
4921:
4560:
4491:
4458:
4390:
4207:
4063:
3752:
3519:
3124:
2992:
2875:
1993:
Poor management practices in manure spreading can introduce both pathogens and nutrients (nitrate) in the groundwater system.
1950:
are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, from where it may also reach the groundwater.
1034:
3578:
2730:
remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ)
2910:
2636:. The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems:
1880:
Groundwater pollution with pathogens and nitrate can also occur from the liquids infiltrating into the ground from on-site
1360:
1323:
1196:
308:
4734:
3406:
1851:
may occur when fluoride concentrations in groundwater exceed 1.5 mg/L, which is the WHO guideline value since 1984.
435:
355:
3642:
2752:
additives are available which can remove pathogens, chlorine, bad taste, odors, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.
2192:
content. This contamination is speculated to be the result of leaky, failing, or improperly installed gas well casings.
1393:
in groundwater is of growing concern as deeper groundwater is being used, "with more than 200 million people at risk of
7644:
6055:
6022:
4057:
Bexfield, Laura M.; Toccalino, Patricia L.; Belitz, Kenneth; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T. (March 19, 2019).
3595:
2099:
Chlorinated solvents such as PCE and TCE have densities higher than water and the non-miscible phase is referred to as
1029:
943:
385:
4474:
Tellam JH, Rivett MO, Israfilov RG, Herringshaw LG (2006). Tellam JH, Rivett MO, Israfilov RG, Herringshaw LG (eds.).
4161:
Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004: overview of major findings
7448:
4339:
4176:
4012:
3900:
3824:
3003:
2968:
2279:
885:
790:
5986:"Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells"
1839:
The occurrence of fluoride is close related to the abundance and solubility of fluoride-containing minerals such as
7072:
4450:
2275:
1567:
1547:
6525:
6499:
5520:
5439:
Jiang Y, Zhong W, Yan W, Yan L (November 2019). "Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides".
5284:
5269:
3705:
3349:
Johnson LR, Hiltbold AE (1969). "Arsenic Content of Soil and Crops Following Use of Methanearsonate Herbicides".
2923:
contamination. India covers 79% of the GRB, and thus numerous states have been affected. Affected states include
2224:
1626:
1120:
830:
593:
175:
72:
37:
5922:
5651:
7634:
6495:
5311:
4660:
4615:
3951:
2100:
2089:
because of groundwater contamination with as much as 27 million pounds of TCE. Both PCE and TCE may degrade to
2063:
1250:, and the nature of the contaminants. Different mechanisms have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g.
3758:
3502:
6589:
5273:
1900:
infrastructures such as pit latrines can cause significant public health risks via contaminated groundwater.
1637:
is the most toxic one. PAHs are generally produced as byproducts by incomplete combustion of organic matter.
1065:
515:
6426:
5880:
Groundwater quality protection: a guide for water utilities, municipal authorities, and environment agencies
3545:
Trends in groundwater pollution: Loss of groundwater quality & related services - Groundwater Governance
7141:
6976:
3396:"Predicting the global extent of arsenic pollution of groundwater and its potential impact on human health"
3313:
2435:
2096:
Many types of solvents may have also been disposed illegally, leaking over time to the groundwater system.
1227:
603:
455:
430:
225:
5896:
DRASTIC: A Standardized System For Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings
4821:
2454:
Schematic showing that there is a lower risk of groundwater pollution with greater depth of the water well
2043:
contributes to the solubility of potential toxic metals that can eventually enter the groundwater system.
61:
26:
7465:
5943:
5679:
5417:
4711:
4059:"Hormones and Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater Used As a Source of Drinking Water Across the United States"
3334:
Brindha, K.; Elango, L. (2011). "Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures".
2746:
2351:
The burial of corpses and their subsequent degradation may also pose a risk of pollution to groundwater.
2165:
1294:
1176:
714:
465:
2073:
Chlorinated solvents are used in nearly any industrial practice where degreasing removers are required.
7598:
7482:
7426:
6518:
6187:
6075:
6042:
6009:
4694:
3437:
3072:
1871:
1113:
470:
320:
105:
4613:
Jackson LE, Burger M, Cavagnaro TR (2008). "Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services".
4551:
Khan MN, Mohammad F (2014). "Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions". In Ansari AA, Gill SS (eds.).
7013:
5968:
5918:
5675:
5647:
5609:
4798:
4478:. NATO Science Series. Vol. 74. Springer Link, NATO Science Series Volume 74 2006. p. 490.
3587:
3309:
3049:
3011:
2972:
2502:
2478:
1819:
The natural arsenic pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates
1672:
disposal, paint and enamel works, etc. can lead to elevated concentrations of toxic metals including
1572:
1329:
845:
810:
770:
423:
390:
240:
2223:. So far, a significant majority of groundwater contamination events are derived from surface-level
6998:
6225:"Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania"
5140:
Drollette BD, Hoelzer K, Warner NR, Darrah TH, Karatum O, O'Connor MP, et al. (October 2015).
4780:
3084:
3014:(PG&E) and a multimillion-dollar settlement in 1996. The legal case was dramatized in the film
2386:
themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including
2371:
2120:
2086:
2055:
1974:
840:
460:
395:
332:
4901:
4862:
4446:
Pharmaceutical residues in urine and potential risks related to usage as fertiliser in agriculture
3052:
as a result of improper and negligent hazardous material handling and disposal practices from the
2720:
Options for remediation of contaminated groundwater can be grouped into the following categories:
2366:
Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemical change, especially over long periods of time in
2046:
7173:
7062:
5822:
3641:
Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, et al. (August 2014).
3222:
2769:
2470:
2464:
2450:
2299:
as well as consequential release of arsenic and possibly other heavy metals. Arsenic is found in
1820:
1298:
1290:
870:
825:
445:
2406:
and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Interactions between
2054:
There is an increasing concern over the groundwater pollution by gasoline leaked from petroleum
1770:
is also an example of natural contamination, but is very often intensified by human activities.
7576:
7419:
7291:
6397:
3016:
2828:
2589:
1989:
1982:
1930:
1625:
Other organic pollutants present in groundwater and derived from industrial operations are the
1215:
1008:
495:
6041:
United States. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.
5821:
Winkel, Lenny; Berg, Michael; Amini, Manouchehr; Hug, Stephan J.; Johnson, C. Annette (2008).
4386:"Combined sewer overflows: an environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants"
7619:
7373:
7368:
7104:
5362:
4628:
4006:
Ward MH, deKok TM, Levallois P, Brender J, Gulis G, Nolan BT, VanDerslice J (November 2005).
2431:
1452:
1195:. Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such as
978:
686:
598:
295:
4754:
4288:
4159:
4138:
Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002–2005
3372:
2736:
abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.
1314:
may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.
7654:
7567:
7539:
7504:
7431:
7231:
7168:
6986:
6807:
6343:
6274:
Chakraborti D, Singh SK, Rahman MM, Dutta RN, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB (January 2018).
6113:
5895:
5836:
5777:
5718:
5371:
5320:
5235:
5226:
5153:
5096:
5034:
4930:
4587:
4399:
4119:
4072:
3960:
3360:
3236:
3227:
3166:
2711:
Sign near Mannheim, Germany, indicating a zone as a dedicated "groundwater protection zone"
2412:
2138:
2132:
1579:
1484:
1278:
1184:
520:
253:
5962:
5307:"Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam"
4861:
Office, US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Immediate; Ridley, Caroline.
4839:
4787:. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 2011. EPA 542-F-11-013.
4444:
3625:
2707:
1339:
arsenic can occur naturally in groundwater, as seen most frequently in Asia, including in
8:
7639:
7562:
7470:
7458:
7348:
7301:
7109:
7032:
6758:
6549:
4199:
4008:"Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs"
3007:
2832:
2536:
are more at risk of pollution because there are fewer layers to filter out contaminants.
2416:
2379:
2123:) tend to be difficult to manage as they can reside very deep in the groundwater system.
2079:
2074:
2017:
1939:
1767:
1743:
1603:
1456:
1332:(WHO) as the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking-water on a worldwide basis.
1282:
1208:
855:
800:
765:
691:
618:
568:
563:
548:
205:
68:
53:
33:
6347:
6117:
5840:
5823:"Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters"
5781:
5722:
5375:
5324:
5239:
5157:
5100:
5038:
4934:
4591:
4403:
4310:
4076:
3964:
3720:
3364:
3240:
3170:
3151:
Costall, A. R.; Harris, B. D.; Teo, B.; Schaa, R.; Wagner, F. M.; Pigois, J. P. (2020).
7629:
7572:
7557:
7487:
7443:
7333:
6919:
6824:
6579:
6458:
6374:
6334:
6329:
6304:
6275:
6256:
6177:
5466:
5394:
5357:
5333:
5306:
5251:
5200:"Lack of data on fracking spills leaves researchers in the dark on water contamination"
5176:
5141:
5122:
5058:
4999:
4954:
4640:
4497:
4420:
4385:
4361:
4334:
4034:
4007:
3983:
3946:
3922:
3896:"Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion"
3895:
3846:
3819:
3677:
3195:
3157:
3152:
2788:
2040:
1539:
1441:
1089:
850:
726:
488:
270:
210:
180:
129:
5866:. Lima, Peru: Pan American Centre for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences.
4137:
3461:
3432:
2704:, also known as "Superfund", requires remediation of abandoned hazardous waste sites.
1960:
in agriculture may also be included as sources of fecal contamination in groundwater.
1289:
aquifers is an example of such interactions. Prevention methods include: applying the
7624:
7544:
7008:
6914:
6887:
6734:
6684:
6620:
6574:
6379:
6361:
6309:
6260:
6248:
6165:
6155:
6131:
5827:
5803:
5795:
5744:
5736:
5470:
5458:
5399:
5338:
5255:
5181:
5126:
5114:
5050:
5003:
4991:
4974:
4958:
4946:
4881:
4843:
4677:
4632:
4599:
4556:
4501:
4487:
4454:
4425:
4366:
4203:
4193:
4172:
4098:
4090:
4039:
3988:
3927:
3851:
3748:
3695:
3669:
3591:
3515:
3466:
3376:
3200:
3182:
3130:
3120:
3057:
3053:
3042:
3038:
2439:
2375:
2104:
1607:
1543:
1459:
can be spread via a groundwater well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from
1422:
1231:
738:
661:
654:
608:
475:
265:
260:
170:
21:
6276:"Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger"
6102:"Review of low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems for developing communities"
5539:
5062:
4289:
Guidelines on drinking water protection areas – Part 1: Groundwater protection areas
3681:
2382:
used in the dry cleaning industry. Both of these chemicals, which are thought to be
7494:
7453:
7436:
7323:
7221:
6753:
6657:
6541:
6369:
6351:
6299:
6289:
6238:
6121:
6051:
6018:
5844:
5785:
5726:
5450:
5389:
5379:
5328:
5243:
5171:
5161:
5104:
5087:
5042:
4983:
4938:
4835:
4669:
4644:
4624:
4595:
4479:
4415:
4407:
4356:
4348:
4237:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Archived from
4231:
Geogenic Contamination Handbook - Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water
4080:
4029:
4021:
3978:
3968:
3917:
3909:
3869:
3841:
3833:
3659:
3456:
3446:
3368:
3244:
3190:
3174:
3089:
2824:
2800:
2784:
2387:
2341:
2263:
2196:
2169:
1968:
Nitrate can also enter the groundwater via excessive use of fertilizers, including
1859:
allows the user to produce probability risk mapping for both arsenic and fluoride.
1848:
1823:
conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of
1652:
are more mobile than others so they can more easily reach a drinking-water source.
1437:
998:
895:
835:
721:
674:
623:
583:
558:
543:
525:
500:
440:
325:
275:
6201:
6059:
6026:
4673:
3688:
3248:
2415:
or over abstraction, could therefore affect the rivers and lakes that rely on it.
1746:
and their metabolites. Inorganic pollutants might include other nutrients such as
1281:
or over abstraction, could therefore affect the rivers and lakes that rely on it.
7511:
7477:
7363:
7343:
7253:
6902:
6868:
6802:
6599:
6584:
5930:
Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-water sources
3153:"Groundwater Throughflow and Seawater Intrusion in High Quality Coastal Aquifers"
2843:. Physical treatment techniques include, but are not limited to, pump and treat,
2840:
2808:
2697:
2329:
2317:
2295:
in Vietnam have provided evidence that over-pumping of groundwater leads to land
2200:
2115:. PAHs and other semi-VOCs are the common contaminants associated with creosote.
2059:
1311:
1180:
1156:
783:
743:
613:
578:
510:
450:
378:
315:
215:
5705:"Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters"
5652:"Protecting Groundwater for Health - Understanding the drinking-water catchment"
2640:
Horizontal distance between the drinking water source and the sanitation system
1816:"Geogenic" refers to naturally occurring as a result from geological processes.
7649:
7552:
7499:
7409:
7328:
7313:
7308:
7260:
7148:
6944:
6892:
6875:
6709:
6356:
6223:
Pantaleo, P. A.; Komakech, H. C.; Mtei, K. M.; Njau, K. N. (December 1, 2018).
5950:. Ada, OK: EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory. January 26, 2017.
5483:
5384:
5146:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3178:
2936:
2485:
2391:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2090:
1909:
1634:
1611:
1551:
1394:
1352:
1101:
905:
805:
760:
753:
748:
505:
200:
6126:
6101:
5764:"Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater"
5454:
5247:
4384:
Phillips PJ, Chalmers AT, Gray JL, Kolpin DW, Foreman WT, Wall GR (May 2012).
3116:
Groundwater: Hydrogeochemistry, Environmental Impacts and Management Practices
1371:. Groundwater in these areas is also contaminated by the use of arsenic-based
7613:
7516:
7353:
7243:
7200:
6981:
6858:
6744:
6694:
6558:
6365:
6252:
6169:
6135:
5799:
5740:
5342:
4847:
4094:
3380:
3186:
3134:
2956:
2928:
2827:. Some chemical treatment techniques include ozone and oxygen gas injection,
2403:
2337:
2149:
2144:
While the EPA has not found significant evidence of a widespread, systematic
2025:
1978:
1957:
1488:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1204:
1160:
1084:
920:
410:
405:
400:
158:
5166:
4987:
4942:
4335:"Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review"
4085:
4058:
1684:. These contaminants have the potential to make their way into groundwater.
1335:
Inorganic arsenic is the most common type of arsenic in soil and water. The
7318:
7276:
7052:
7003:
6939:
6795:
6699:
6383:
6313:
6294:
5807:
5748:
5583:
5462:
5403:
5185:
5118:
5054:
4995:
4950:
4681:
4636:
4429:
4370:
4102:
4043:
3992:
3973:
3931:
3855:
3673:
3470:
3321:
Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality oPublishing for WHO
3221:
Han, D.M.; Song, X.F.; Currell, Matthew J.; Yang, J.L.; Xiao, G.Q. (2014).
3204:
2952:
2844:
2836:
2427:
2321:
2292:
2271:
2195:
Furthermore, it is theorized that contamination could also result from the
1755:
1728:
1641:
1619:
1595:
1401:
is low. High levels of fluoride in groundwater is a serious problem in the
1348:
1243:
953:
915:
900:
731:
696:
641:
360:
220:
6149:
5963:"Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation"
4483:
3627:
How to keep your groundwater drinkable: Safer siting of sanitation systems
3063:
The site is no longer in operation, and is an active hazmat cleanup site.
2232:
often very vague, and thus would lead researchers to lacking conclusions.
1892:, depending on the population density and the hydrogeological conditions.
1538:
Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause "
7414:
7358:
7180:
7158:
7153:
7020:
6897:
6863:
6851:
6739:
6662:
6243:
6224:
5984:
Moore C, Nokes C, Loe B, Close M, Pang L, Smith V, Osbaldiston S (2010).
5621:
Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water
4706:
4295:(Report). Bonn: Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V. 2006.
3837:
3080:
2964:
2924:
2820:
2816:
2644:
2629:
2585:
2540:
2407:
2383:
2367:
2313:
2189:
2067:
1947:
1889:
1885:
1735:
1669:
1630:
1476:
1460:
1270:
1192:
1152:
875:
573:
553:
190:
114:
5564:
4352:
4309:
Nick A, Foppen JW, Kulabako R, Lo D, Samwel M, Wagner F, Wolf L (2012).
2378:(used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and
7521:
7338:
7296:
7238:
7207:
6846:
6778:
6716:
6689:
6652:
3094:
2812:
2648:
2633:
2296:
2259:
1905:
1897:
1881:
1824:
1711:
1665:
1645:
1468:
1398:
1364:
1356:
1344:
1255:
1223:
1188:
1168:
925:
681:
185:
118:
6326:
5923:"Section 4: Approaches to drinking-water source protection management"
5790:
5763:
5731:
5704:
5524:
5046:
4411:
3664:
3451:
1550:
in the European Union stipulate less than 50 mg/L for nitrate in
7404:
7286:
7094:
7089:
7067:
6956:
6949:
6768:
6763:
6670:
6647:
4755:
ATSDR (US Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry) (2008).
4025:
3913:
3114:
3093:
bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent
3046:
2948:
2944:
2807:
of technologies. Some of the biological treatment techniques include
2702:
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
2608:
for the pollutant to be eliminated through filtration or adsorption.
2488:(EU) water policy is the application of the precautionary principle.
2157:
2153:
2083:
1751:
1739:
1732:
1649:
1472:
1467:
The lack of proper sanitation measures, as well as improperly placed
1372:
1336:
1251:
1247:
1164:
1148:
993:
948:
910:
860:
795:
701:
165:
137:
6510:
5848:
5109:
5082:
7531:
7099:
7025:
6966:
6961:
6909:
6819:
6790:
6783:
6773:
6704:
6678:
6674:
6666:
5894:
Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RJ, Hackett G (September 1987).
2796:
2696:
protects groundwater by regulating the disposal of solid waste and
2656:
Vertical distance between drinking water well and sanitation system
2252:
2248:
2108:
1935:
1840:
1832:
1681:
1615:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1390:
1383:
1200:
1172:
365:
3945:
van Grinsven HJ, Ward MH, Benjamin N, de Kok TM (September 2006).
7399:
7195:
7190:
7136:
7042:
6971:
6814:
6615:
6281:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3818:
Knobeloch L, Salna B, Hogan A, Postle J, Anderson H (July 2000).
2960:
2920:
2792:
2775:
2533:
2181:
2173:
1856:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)
1828:
1782:
Causes of groundwater pollution include (further details below):
1759:
1747:
1677:
1633:
is the most soluble and mobile PAH found in groundwater, whereas
1591:
1587:
1508:
1492:
1368:
1239:
1219:
145:
6480:
5489:"Guidance on Assessing the Impacts of Cemeteries on Groundwater"
4473:
2919:
which is a sacred body of water for the Hindus is facing severe
2724:
containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further
7248:
7213:
7037:
6993:
6841:
6639:
6206:
Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems
5917:
5674:
5646:
5608:
3402:
2916:
2674:
Superposition, i.e. the need to consider a larger planning area
2333:
2325:
2267:
2185:
2177:
2002:
1969:
1661:
1599:
1410:
1402:
1379:
1003:
983:
890:
880:
588:
110:
6475:
5702:
4056:
3944:
3336:
Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management
7281:
7121:
7047:
6834:
3640:
2940:
2932:
2680:
2512:
The community can also help monitor the groundwater quality.
2420:
2237:
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
2228:
1943:
1763:
1693:
1480:
1414:
1406:
1340:
1286:
1013:
958:
350:
6486:
IGRAC, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
5537:
5358:"Overpumping leads to California groundwater arsenic threat"
5139:
7226:
7082:
7077:
7057:
6931:
6882:
6726:
6506:
UPGro – Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor
6273:
5876:
5569:
5268:
4972:
Ellsworth WL (July 2013). "Injection-induced earthquakes".
4168:
4144:
3727:
3511:
3308:
2779:
2552:
roundwater hydraulic confinement, geological nature of the
2300:
1738:, various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and
1673:
1583:
1378:
Arsenic in groundwater can also be present where there are
1361:
contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic
1235:
988:
235:
230:
195:
5021:
4383:
3314:"Section 1:Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources"
7185:
6829:
6209:
5899:
4905:
4819:
4806:
4657:
4263:
4005:
3817:
2518:
6485:
6222:
5761:
5080:
4136:
Benotti MJ, Fisher SC, Terracciano SA (September 2006).
4135:
2370:
reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the
6476:
United States Geological Survey - Office of Groundwater
6008:
United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
4157:
3576:
2434:. The movement of the plume, may be analyzed through a
2227:
routes rather than the subsurface flow from underlying
1689:
1640:
Organic pollutants can also be found in groundwater as
6402:"Overpumping groundwater increases contamination risk"
6396:
5223:
5081:
Howarth RW, Ingraffea A, Engelder T (September 2011).
4612:
3744:
Clearing the waters a focus on water quality solutions
2618:
1766:(Rn) naturally present in some geological formations.
1436:
in groundwater which is used for drinking water, both
1432:
In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of
5893:
5614:"Section 5:Approaches to pollution source management"
5553:(6): 684 – via Maxwell Scientific Organization.
4520:"Wastewater Management - A UN-Water Analytical Brief"
3551:. Global Environmental Facility (GEF). Archived from
3150:
2113:
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
6505:
5586:"Good Practices for Regulating Wastewater Treatment"
5584:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2015).
5547:
Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences
4757:"Follow-up Health Consultation: Anniston Army Depot"
4308:
3696:"Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality"
3500:
3430:
3010:
starting in 1952, resulting in a legal case against
2184:
concentrations than normal. An evaluation of higher
1578:
Primary VOC pollutants found in groundwater include
6490:
5991:. Porirua, New Zealand. p. 296. Archived from
5565:"Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource"
5304:
4311:"Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection"
4114:
4112:
3630:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Working Group 11.
3433:"Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants"
1151:are released to the ground and make their way into
6043:
6010:
5983:
5820:
5538:A.T. Ekubo and J.F.N. Abowei (November 10, 2011).
5355:
4822:"The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking"
3220:
2397:
2082:(ANAD) in the United States was placed on the EPA
2031:
1622:processes and as a metal degreaser, respectively.
91:| Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
6491:IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists
5274:"Getting up to Speed: Ground Water Contamination"
3820:"Blue babies and nitrate-contaminated well water"
3501:Smith M, Cross K, Paden M, Laben P, eds. (2016).
2969:United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
2491:
1998:anthropogenic nitrogen in groundwater worldwide.
1942:residues and other micro-pollutants contained in
1811:
1328:Arsenic and fluoride have been recognized by the
1234:. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on
7611:
5438:
4575:
4553:Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control
4332:
4109:
3730:. Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4216.
2989:Water supply and sanitation in the United States
2146:impact on drinking water by hydraulic fracturing
2078:used as a metal cleaning. The military facility
4918:
4799:"Superfund Site: Atlantic Wood Industries, Inc"
4785:Technologies for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites
4476:Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability
3718:
3431:Abedin MJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA (March 2002).
3348:
1471:, can lead to drinking water contaminated with
1203:. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to
1167:. Groundwater pollution can occur from on-site
59:
6154:. Abdelazim M. Negm. Cham, Switzerland. 2017.
5877:Foster S, Hirata H, Gomes D, D'Elia M (2002).
4513:
4511:
3623:
3577:Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E (2006).
3097:that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.
3083:became contaminated with the highly dangerous
2475:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2093:(VC), the most toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon.
2005:may also result in groundwater pollution with
1827:in the sediment and, thus, the release of the
1618:. PCE and TCE are industrial solvents used in
6526:
4732:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4158:DeSimone LA, Hamilton PA, Gilliom RJ (2009).
3333:
2423:aquifers is an example of such interactions.
1963:
1866:
1121:
6002:
5861:
5619:. In Schmoll O, Howard G, Chilton G (eds.).
4886:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4791:
4550:
4304:
4302:
4228:EAWAG (2015). Johnson CA, Brezler A (eds.).
4223:
4221:
4219:
3651:Tropical Medicine & International Health
3002:The town of Hinkley, California (U.S.), had
2733:treating the groundwater at its point of use
2527:
1727:Other organic pollutants include a range of
1706:Groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals
1207:through poisoning or the spread of disease (
121:in the foreground with pathogens and nitrate
17:
6194:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
4894:
4606:
4508:
4317:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA).
3938:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3570:
3393:
1920:
1214:The pollutant often produces a contaminant
6533:
6519:
6454:"Walkerton E. coli outbreak declared over"
6182:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5356:Smith R, Knight R, Fendorf S (June 2018).
5076:
5074:
5072:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4827:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
4651:
4321:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
2763:
2458:
2426:A spill or ongoing release of chemical or
1128:
1114:
144:
6373:
6355:
6303:
6293:
6242:
6125:
5789:
5730:
5540:"Aspects of Aquatic Pollution in Nigeria"
5393:
5383:
5332:
5305:Erban LE, Gorelick SM, Zebker HA (2014).
5175:
5165:
5108:
4971:
4781:"A Citizen's Guide to Drycleaner Cleanup"
4569:
4419:
4360:
4299:
4216:
4084:
4033:
3982:
3972:
3921:
3845:
3663:
3504:Spring - managing groundwater sustainably
3460:
3450:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3194:
2971:'s standard for irrigation water and the
2740:
5627:
5557:
5485:Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
4912:
4860:
4629:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932
4544:
4517:
4151:
4120:"Emerging Contaminants In Arizona Water"
3893:
3887:
3634:
3604:
3541:
3079:. The water supply which was drawn from
3056:facility, which was located next to the
2884:
2727:removing the pollutants from the aquifer
2706:
2602:
2449:
2045:
1988:
1870:
1451:
104:
47:
5944:"Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) Model"
5913:
5911:
5909:
5680:"Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality"
5069:
5010:
4735:"Tetrachloroethylene in Drinking Water"
4256:
4191:
3782:
3373:10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020032x
3352:Soil Science Society of America Journal
3112:
2891:Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania
2484:One of the six basic principles of the
2126:
2101:Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL)
1614:(VC). BTEX are important components of
1317:
1187:(fracking) or from over application of
14:
7612:
6451:
6099:
6080:Water Encyclopedia, Science and Issues
5960:
5769:Environmental Science & Technology
5710:Environmental Science & Technology
5418:"Potential Threats to Our Groundwater"
5026:Environmental Science & Technology
4922:Environmental Science & Technology
4442:
4391:Environmental Science & Technology
4185:
4064:Environmental Science & Technology
3778:
3776:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3255:
2787:. Groundwater that moves through open
2694:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2519:Land zoning for groundwater protection
2064:Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)
1602:), and chlorinated solvents including
6540:
6514:
5864:Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment
4840:10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051
4707:"PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase"
4333:Graham JP, Polizzotto ML (May 2013).
4227:
2993:Water supply and sanitation in Canada
2876:Water supply and sanitation in Zambia
1629:(PAHs). Due to its molecular weight,
100:Ground released seep into groundwater
60:Revision as of 15:13, 26 May 2024 by
44:
25:
6496:Groundwater pollution and sanitation
5906:
5083:"Natural gas: Should fracking stop?"
4699:
3999:
3740:
3734:
3216:
3214:
3146:
3144:
3066:
3032:
2911:Water supply and sanitation in India
2632:sources from pollution from on-site
2548:estimated parameters, the degree of
2243:
1561:
1324:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1301:, or as a last resort, abandonment.
3773:
3528:
3477:
2619:Locating on-site sanitation systems
2473:, evolved from Principle 15 of the
1742:products, drug pollution involving
356:Radium and radon in the environment
117:in the background is polluting the
97:
82:
6048:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
6015:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
5573:. Denver, CO. 1998. Circular 1139.
4293:Technical rule number W101:2006-06
2014:US Environmental Protection Agency
1908:is used to supply groundwater for
1699:
1304:
98:
7666:
6469:
5928:. In Schmoll I, Howard G (eds.).
5442:Journal of Environmental Sciences
4340:Environmental Health Perspectives
4264:"Groundwater Assessment Platform"
4013:Environmental Health Perspectives
3901:Environmental Health Perspectives
3825:Environmental Health Perspectives
3624:Wolf L, Nick A, Cronin A (2015).
3211:
3141:
2869:
2340:since groundwater is part of the
1503:types that are present in feces (
1367:in the shallower of two regional
78:(Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}})
52:. The present address (URL) is a
49:(Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}})
7594:
7593:
6100:Pooi CK, Ng HY (December 2018).
4579:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
4451:Hamburg University of Technology
4125:. September 2016. p. 4.3.1.
3719:Banks WS, Battigelli DA (2002).
3338:. Vol. 1. pp. 111–136.
3119:. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
2997:
2982:
2274:. This was eventually traced to
1627:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1568:VOC contamination of groundwater
1548:Drinking water quality standards
1095:
1083:
6500:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
6445:
6419:
6390:
6320:
6267:
6216:
6142:
6093:
6068:
6035:
5977:
5954:
5936:
5887:
5870:
5855:
5814:
5755:
5696:
5668:
5602:
5577:
5531:
5523:. July 31, 2012. Archived from
5513:
5477:
5432:
5410:
5349:
5298:
5285:Environmental Protection Agency
5270:Environmental Protection Agency
5262:
5217:
5192:
5133:
4965:
4854:
4813:
4773:
4748:
4726:
4688:
4467:
4436:
4377:
4281:
4195:Groundwater pollution in Africa
4129:
4050:
3862:
3811:
3706:United States Geological Survey
3113:Adelana, Segun Michael (2014).
2398:Interactions with surface water
2286:
2152:that preclude the link between
2032:Commercial and industrial leaks
2009:derived from veterinary drugs.
1798:Commercial and industrial leaks
176:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5971:Commissioned Report, CR/01/142
5312:Environmental Research Letters
4661:Journal of Hazardous Materials
4616:Annual Review of Plant Biology
3424:
3387:
3342:
3327:
3106:
2850:
2778:. Non-porous aquifers such as
2687:
2492:Groundwater quality monitoring
2087:National Priorities List (NPL)
1812:Naturally-occurring (geogenic)
1786:Naturally-occurring (geogenic)
1731:and other chemical compounds,
1045:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
13:
1:
6498:(documents in library of the
6230:Water Practice and Technology
4674:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.111
4315:Factsheet of Working Group 11
4147:. Open-File Report 2006–1297.
3701:Michigan Water Science Center
3249:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040
3100:
2847:, and dual phase extraction.
2715:
2445:
2354:
1444:can be prevalent and severe.
1425:, and some volcanic islands (
516:Electrical resistance heating
6559:Pollution / quality
5420:. The Groundwater Foundation
5334:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010
4600:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4
4192:Xu Y, Usher B, eds. (2006).
3004:its groundwater contaminated
2671:Volume of leaking wastewater
2436:hydrological transport model
1447:
1295:point-of-use water treatment
1228:hydrological transport model
226:Persistent organic pollutant
150:Air pollution from a factory
7:
6065:Approved December 11, 1980.
5862:Foster S, Hirata H (1988).
4712:University of Hertfordshire
3894:Fewtrell L (October 2004).
2859:
2747:Portable water purification
2160:extraction and its impact.
1177:wastewater treatment plants
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
7671:
6357:10.1038/s41598-019-50875-w
6076:"Pollution of groundwater"
6032:Approved October 21, 1976.
5385:10.1038/s41467-018-04475-3
4908:. 2016. EPA 600/R-16/236F.
4904:(Report). Washington, DC:
4453:(TUHH), Hamburg, Germany.
3580:Fluoride in drinking-water
3179:10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6
3012:Pacific Gas & Electric
2986:
2908:
2888:
2873:
2767:
2744:
2668:Slope and surface drainage
2662:Groundwater flow direction
2462:
2270:and an alarming number of
2217:hydraulic fracturing fluid
2130:
1964:Fertilizers and pesticides
1929:The treated effluent from
1867:On-site sanitation systems
1795:Fertilizers and pesticides
1789:On-site sanitation systems
1703:
1573:Volatile organic compounds
1565:
1526:
1321:
7645:Water and the environment
7589:
7530:
7395:
7388:
7269:
7130:Types / location
7129:
7120:
6930:
6725:
6638:
6608:
6557:
6548:
6127:10.1038/s41545-018-0011-0
5969:British Geological Survey
5932:. IWA Publishing for WHO.
5919:World Health Organization
5676:World Health Organization
5648:World Health Organization
5610:World Health Organization
5455:10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.025
5248:10.1007/s10040-016-1418-7
3726:(Report). Baltimore, MD:
3310:World Health Organization
3050:groundwater contamination
2973:World Health Organization
2864:
2564:epth to water table, net
2528:Aquifer vulnerability map
2503:World Health Organization
2479:environmental degradation
2056:underground storage tanks
1777:
1722:
1655:
1386:that will leach arsenic.
1330:World Health Organization
1238:characteristics and site
1179:, leaking sewers, petrol
1145:groundwater contamination
771:War and environmental law
391:Health effects from noise
241:Volatile organic compound
109:Groundwater pollution in
5204:StateImpact Pennsylvania
3747:. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
3708:(USGS). January 4, 2017.
3542:Custodio E, ed. (2013).
2904:
2372:chlorinated hydrocarbons
2338:atmospheric contaminants
2307:
2304:release into the water.
2066:, will "float" upon the
2041:acid mine drainage (AMD)
1956:Spreading wastewater or
1921:Sewage and sewage sludge
1792:Sewage and sewage sludge
1175:leachate, effluent from
396:Marine mammals and sonar
5167:10.1073/pnas.1511474112
4988:10.1126/science.1225942
4943:10.1021/acs.est.5b04970
4086:10.1021/acs.est.8b05592
2917:Ganga River Basin (GRB)
2899:
2770:Groundwater remediation
2764:Groundwater remediation
2471:precautionary principle
2465:Precautionary principle
2459:Precautionary principle
2402:Although interrelated,
2336:from airports and even
2007:pharmaceutical residues
1931:sewage treatment plants
1299:groundwater remediation
1291:precautionary principle
871:Freshwater salinization
791:Agricultural wastewater
6398:University of Stanford
6295:10.3390/ijerph15020180
5521:"Groundwater Sampling"
4733:Health Canada (2014).
4143:(Report). Reston, VA:
3974:10.1186/1476-069X-5-26
3394:Ravenscroft P (2007).
2829:chemical precipitation
2741:Point-of-use treatment
2712:
2455:
2291:Satellite data in the
2266:noticed high rates of
2051:
1994:
1877:
1696:state of groundwater.
1485:fecal–oral transmitted
1464:
1266:, in the groundwater.
1090:Environment portal
122:
7635:Hydraulic engineering
6186:) CS1 maint: others (
5527:on February 11, 2014.
5363:Nature Communications
4484:10.1007/1-4020-5175-1
3558:on September 21, 2018
2885:Babati town, Tanzania
2799:as dumps in areas of
2710:
2603:Source protection map
2463:Further information:
2453:
2318:illegal waste dumping
2235:Researchers from the
2201:groundwater resources
2137:The recent growth of
2131:Further information:
2049:
1992:
1874:
1580:aromatic hydrocarbons
1455:
1141:Groundwater pollution
831:Industrial wastewater
599:Municipal solid waste
521:Soil guideline values
108:
7505:remnant natural area
7142:storage and recovery
6808:habitat conservation
6626:Deforestation (REDD)
6481:UK Groundwater Forum
6244:10.2166/wpt.2018.104
6212:. December 18, 2018.
5998:on January 13, 2015.
5902:. EPA 600/S2-87/035.
5227:Hydrogeology Journal
4805:. Philadelphia, PA:
4532:on November 30, 2016
4200:Taylor & Francis
3952:Environmental Health
3838:10.1289/ehp.00108675
3741:Ross N, ed. (2010).
3228:Journal of Hydrology
3020:, released in 2000.
2556:verlying strata and
2320:, infiltration from
2139:hydraulic fracturing
2133:Hydraulic fracturing
2127:Hydraulic fracturing
1801:Hydraulic fracturing
1744:pharmaceutical drugs
1318:Arsenic and fluoride
1209:water-borne diseases
1185:hydraulic fracturing
1040:Most polluted cities
692:Overhead power lines
113:, Zambia, where the
7459:Earth Overshoot Day
7033:Marine conservation
7014:non-timber products
6348:2019NatSR...915193M
6202:"Ground Water Rule"
6118:2018npjCW...1...11P
5841:2008NatGe...1..536W
5782:2008EnST...42.3669A
5723:2008EnST...42.3662A
5376:2018NatCo...9.2089S
5325:2014ERL.....9h4010E
5240:2016HydJ...24.1343P
5158:2015PNAS..11213184D
5101:2011Natur.477..271H
5039:2014EnST...48.8334V
4935:2016EnST...50.4524D
4809:. October 23, 2018.
4592:1995JCHyd..20..167S
4404:2012EnST...46.5336P
4353:10.1289/ehp.1206028
4077:2019EnST...53.2950B
3965:2006EnvHe...5...26V
3799:on October 13, 2015
3365:1969SSASJ..33..279J
3241:2014JHyd..508...12H
3171:2020NatSR..10.9866C
3008:hexavalent chromium
2833:membrane separation
2580:opography (slope),
2417:Saltwater intrusion
2380:tetrachloroethylene
2197:capillary migration
2080:Anniston Army Depot
2018:European Commission
1768:Saltwater intrusion
1604:tetrachloroethylene
1457:Waterborne diseases
1283:Saltwater intrusion
856:Ocean acidification
766:Unexploded ordnance
687:Advertising clutter
619:Post-consumer waste
564:Foam food container
549:Biodegradable waste
206:Global distillation
89:← Previous revision
7444:Ecosystem services
6567:Ambient standards
6459:The Globe and Mail
6335:Scientific Reports
6208:. Washington, DC:
3586:. Geneva: IWA for
3158:Scientific Reports
2713:
2665:Impermeable layers
2456:
2334:de-icing chemicals
2052:
1995:
1878:
1540:blue baby syndrome
1465:
1442:skeletal fluorosis
1403:Argentinean Pampas
1102:Ecology portal
727:Herbicidal warfare
271:Introduced species
211:Indoor air quality
181:Chlorofluorocarbon
123:
45:15:13, 26 May 2024
7607:
7606:
7585:
7584:
7384:
7383:
7063:genetic resources
6999:genetic resources
6634:
6633:
6542:Natural resources
6431:Los Angeles Times
6161:978-3-319-56124-0
5828:Nature Geoscience
5791:10.1021/es702859e
5732:10.1021/es071958y
5717:(10): 3662–3668.
5047:10.1021/es405118y
4982:(6142): 1225942.
4562:978-94-007-7813-9
4518:UN-Water (2015).
4493:978-1-4020-5175-3
4460:978-3-930400-41-6
4443:Winker M (2009).
4412:10.1021/es3001294
4209:978-0-415-41167-7
3754:978-92-807-3074-6
3665:10.1111/tmi.12331
3521:978-2-8317-1789-0
3452:10.1104/pp.010733
3412:on March 19, 2017
3126:978-1-63321-791-1
3067:Walkerton, Canada
3058:Norco High School
3054:Wyle Laboratories
3043:Trichloroethylene
3039:Norco, California
3033:Norco, California
3024:San Joaquin, U.S.
2785:soil contaminants
2760:quite expensive.
2649:groundwater wells
2440:groundwater model
2376:trichloroethylene
2244:Landfill leachate
2105:pentachlorophenol
1804:Landfill leachate
1710:Trace amounts of
1608:trichloroethylene
1562:Organic compounds
1544:methemoglobinemia
1487:diseases include
1423:East African Rift
1232:groundwater model
1224:groundwater wells
1138:
1137:
1073:
1072:
739:Nuclear holocaust
662:Urban heat island
476:Radioactive waste
261:Biological hazard
171:Air quality index
7662:
7597:
7596:
7548:
7495:Natural heritage
7454:overexploitation
7393:
7392:
7127:
7126:
7073:herbal medicines
7053:FAO Plant Treaty
6593:
6570:
6555:
6554:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6464:
6463:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6400:(June 5, 2018).
6394:
6388:
6387:
6377:
6359:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6297:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6246:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6173:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6072:
6066:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5990:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5915:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5793:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5734:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5644:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5501:on July 12, 2021
5500:
5494:. Archived from
5493:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5278:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5234:(6): 1343–1358.
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5112:
5078:
5067:
5066:
5019:
5008:
5007:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4703:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4586:(3–4): 167–184.
4573:
4567:
4566:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4525:. Archived from
4524:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4449:(PhD). Hamburg:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4330:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4213:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4088:
4071:(6): 2950–2960.
4054:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4026:10.1289/ehp.8043
4003:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3914:10.1289/ehp.7216
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3792:. Archived from
3791:
3783:AGW-Net (2016).
3780:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:. Archived from
3738:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3667:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3602:
3601:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3498:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3438:Plant Physiology
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3405:. Archived from
3400:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3306:
3253:
3252:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3110:
3041:was affected by
2825:phytoremediation
2801:karst topography
2624:drinking-water.
2541:unsaturated zone
2388:dichloroethylene
2342:hydrologic cycle
2276:organic solvents
2170:British Columbia
2070:in the aquifer.
1884:systems such as
1849:dental fluorosis
1384:mine waste dumps
1181:filling stations
1130:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1019:
1018:
722:Chemical warfare
624:Waste management
584:Industrial waste
559:Electronic waste
544:Advertising mail
526:Phytoremediation
501:Land degradation
441:Depleted uranium
326:Overillumination
276:Invasive species
148:
125:
124:
79:
76:
56:to this version.
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
22:current revision
7670:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7581:
7546:
7526:
7512:Systems ecology
7478:Natural capital
7380:
7265:
7254:reclaimed water
7116:
7078:UPOV Convention
6926:
6721:
6630:
6604:
6600:Ozone depletion
6591:
6568:
6544:
6539:
6472:
6467:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6395:
6391:
6325:
6321:
6272:
6268:
6221:
6217:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6175:
6174:
6162:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6106:npj Clean Water
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6047:
6040:
6036:
6014:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5961:ARGOSS (2001).
5959:
5955:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5892:
5888:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5856:
5849:10.1038/ngeo254
5819:
5815:
5776:(10): 3669–75.
5760:
5756:
5701:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5645:
5628:
5616:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5487:(SEPA) (2015).
5482:
5478:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5354:
5350:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5276:
5267:
5263:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5152:(43): 13184–9.
5138:
5134:
5110:10.1038/477271a
5095:(7364): 271–5.
5079:
5070:
5033:(15): 8334–48.
5020:
5011:
4970:
4966:
4917:
4913:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4855:
4818:
4814:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4689:
4668:(1–3): 189–99.
4656:
4652:
4611:
4607:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4494:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4441:
4437:
4398:(10): 5336–43.
4382:
4378:
4331:
4322:
4307:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4244:on May 11, 2021
4241:
4234:
4226:
4217:
4210:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4055:
4051:
4020:(11): 1607–14.
4004:
4000:
3943:
3939:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3761:on June 5, 2019
3755:
3739:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3704:. Lansing, MI:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3622:
3605:
3598:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3507:
3499:
3478:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3347:
3343:
3332:
3328:
3316:
3307:
3256:
3219:
3212:
3149:
3142:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3069:
3035:
3017:Erin Brockovich
3000:
2995:
2985:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2853:
2809:bioaugmentation
2772:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2718:
2698:hazardous waste
2690:
2621:
2605:
2530:
2521:
2494:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2400:
2357:
2310:
2289:
2246:
2205:trihalomethanes
2135:
2129:
2034:
1966:
1923:
1869:
1844:
1814:
1780:
1725:
1712:pharmaceuticals
1708:
1702:
1700:Pharmaceuticals
1658:
1570:
1564:
1529:
1450:
1363:affects 25% of
1326:
1320:
1312:water pollution
1307:
1305:Pollutant types
1157:water pollution
1155:. This type of
1134:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1075:
1074:
974:
966:
965:
939:
931:
930:
866:Pharmaceuticals
846:Nonpoint source
786:
776:
775:
744:Nuclear fallout
717:
707:
706:
677:
667:
666:
657:
647:
646:
637:
629:
628:
614:Packaging waste
579:Hazardous waste
539:
531:
530:
491:
481:
480:
451:Nuclear fallout
446:Nuclear fission
426:
416:
415:
381:
371:
370:
346:
338:
337:
311:
309:Electromagnetic
301:
300:
291:
283:
282:
256:
246:
245:
216:Ozone depletion
161:
151:
101:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
81:
80:
77:
66:
64:
48:
31:
29:
12:
11:
5:
7668:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7547:(perpetuation)
7542:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7500:Nature reserve
7497:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7224:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7133:
7131:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6977:climate change
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6945:Bioprospecting
6942:
6936:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6590:Clean Air Act
6582:
6577:
6572:
6563:
6561:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6470:External links
6468:
6466:
6465:
6452:McLaughlin T.
6444:
6418:
6389:
6319:
6266:
6237:(4): 980–990.
6215:
6193:
6160:
6151:The Nile Delta
6141:
6092:
6067:
6056:42 U.S.C.
6034:
6023:42 U.S.C.
6001:
5976:
5953:
5948:Water Research
5935:
5921:(WHO) (2006).
5905:
5886:
5869:
5854:
5813:
5754:
5695:
5678:(WHO) (2011).
5667:
5650:(WHO) (2006).
5626:
5623:. IWA for WHO.
5612:(WHO) (2006).
5601:
5576:
5556:
5530:
5512:
5476:
5431:
5409:
5348:
5297:
5261:
5216:
5191:
5132:
5068:
5009:
4964:
4929:(8): 4524–36.
4911:
4893:
4853:
4834:(1): 327–362.
4812:
4790:
4772:
4747:
4725:
4698:
4687:
4650:
4605:
4568:
4561:
4543:
4507:
4492:
4466:
4459:
4435:
4376:
4320:
4298:
4280:
4255:
4215:
4208:
4184:
4177:
4167:. Reston, VA:
4150:
4128:
4108:
4049:
3998:
3937:
3908:(14): 1371–4.
3886:
3861:
3810:
3772:
3753:
3733:
3711:
3687:
3633:
3603:
3597:978-9241563192
3596:
3569:
3527:
3520:
3476:
3423:
3386:
3359:(2): 279–282.
3341:
3326:
3254:
3210:
3140:
3125:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3068:
3065:
3034:
3031:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2981:
2937:Madhya Pradesh
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2870:Lusaka, Zambia
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2768:Main article:
2765:
2762:
2745:Main article:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2689:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2601:
2572:quifer media,
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2493:
2490:
2486:European Union
2460:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2399:
2396:
2392:vinyl chloride
2356:
2353:
2309:
2306:
2288:
2285:
2251:from sanitary
2245:
2242:
2221:produced water
2128:
2125:
2091:vinyl chloride
2033:
2030:
2016:(EPA) and the
1965:
1962:
1940:pharmaceutical
1922:
1919:
1910:drinking water
1868:
1865:
1842:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1724:
1721:
1704:Main article:
1701:
1698:
1657:
1654:
1635:benzo(a)pyrene
1612:vinyl chloride
1566:Main article:
1563:
1560:
1552:drinking water
1528:
1525:
1499:. Of the four
1449:
1446:
1395:drinking water
1382:operations or
1353:northern India
1322:Main article:
1319:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1147:) occurs when
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Law by country
1032:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
946:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
906:Surface runoff
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Eutrophication
803:
798:
793:
787:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
761:Scorched earth
758:
757:
756:
754:Nuclear winter
751:
749:Nuclear famine
746:
736:
735:
734:
724:
718:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
658:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Bioremediation
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Bioremediation
433:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:Transportation
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
333:Radio spectrum
330:
329:
328:
323:
312:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
268:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:Global dimming
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
141:
140:
134:
133:
99:
62:
54:permanent link
27:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7667:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7600:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7578:
7577:Non-renewable
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Urban ecology
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:Privatization
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7244:Surface water
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6746:
6745:peak farmland
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6407:
6406:Stanford News
6403:
6399:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5835:(8): 536–42.
5834:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5622:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5497:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5424:September 24,
5419:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5319:(8): 084010.
5318:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5290:September 30,
5286:
5282:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5220:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4868:
4867:cfpub.epa.gov
4864:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4758:
4751:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4623:(1): 341–63.
4622:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:(5): 521–30.
4346:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4178:9781411323506
4174:
4170:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3658:(8): 928–42.
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3445:(3): 1120–8.
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:Hinkley, U.S.
2994:
2990:
2983:North America
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:Uttar Pradesh
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:nanomaterials
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2584:mpact on the
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2404:surface water
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:birth defects
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:anthropogenic
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:contamination
2147:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2026:monocrotophos
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:surface water
1976:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1958:sewage sludge
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:fluorite (CaF
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:radionuclides
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:organohalides
1720:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:surface water
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:precipitation
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:public health
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:contamination
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:(also called
1142:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
970:
969:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
921:Water quality
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
697:Traffic signs
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
676:
671:
670:
663:
660:
659:
656:
651:
650:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Nanomaterials
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Radioactivity
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
420:
419:
412:
411:Soundproofing
409:
407:
406:Noise control
404:
402:
401:Noise barrier
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
342:
341:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
304:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
139:
136:
135:
131:
127:
126:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
90:
86:
74:
70:
65:
58:
57:
55:
39:
35:
30:
23:
7620:Liquid water
7575: /
7449:Exploitation
7334:Conservation
7277:Desalination
7212:
7163:
7105:conservation
6940:Biodiversity
6888:conservation
6735:Agricultural
6663:Fossil fuels
6457:
6447:
6437:November 13,
6435:. Retrieved
6430:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6405:
6392:
6342:(1): 15193.
6339:
6333:
6322:
6285:
6279:
6269:
6234:
6228:
6218:
6205:
6196:
6150:
6144:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6083:. Retrieved
6079:
6070:
6062:
6037:
6029:
6004:
5993:the original
5979:
5966:
5956:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5889:
5879:
5872:
5863:
5857:
5832:
5826:
5816:
5773:
5767:
5757:
5714:
5708:
5698:
5686:. Retrieved
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5620:
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5579:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5546:
5533:
5525:the original
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5496:the original
5479:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5412:
5367:
5361:
5351:
5316:
5310:
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5280:
5264:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5207:. Retrieved
5203:
5194:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5092:
5086:
5030:
5024:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4896:
4870:. Retrieved
4866:
4856:
4831:
4825:
4815:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4763:. Retrieved
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4710:
4701:
4690:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4555:. Springer.
4552:
4546:
4534:. Retrieved
4527:the original
4475:
4469:
4445:
4438:
4395:
4389:
4379:
4344:
4338:
4314:
4292:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4267:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4239:the original
4230:
4194:
4187:
4160:
4153:
4131:
4068:
4062:
4052:
4017:
4011:
4001:
3956:
3950:
3940:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3879:December 30,
3877:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3832:(7): 675–8.
3829:
3823:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3785:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:the original
3743:
3736:
3714:
3699:
3690:
3655:
3649:
3636:
3626:
3579:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3544:
3503:
3442:
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3407:the original
3389:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3232:
3226:
3162:
3156:
3115:
3108:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3037:The town of
3036:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3001:
2977:
2953:Chhattisgarh
2914:
2894:
2879:
2854:
2845:air sparging
2837:ion exchange
2805:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2719:
2691:
2677:
2659:Aquifer type
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2468:
2428:radionuclide
2425:
2401:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2328:operations,
2322:urban runoff
2311:
2293:Mekong Delta
2290:
2287:Over-pumping
2258:
2247:
2234:
2213:
2209:
2194:
2162:
2143:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2095:
2072:
2060:gas stations
2053:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1902:
1894:
1890:septic tanks
1886:pit latrines
1879:
1861:
1853:
1838:
1818:
1815:
1781:
1772:
1736:hydrocarbons
1726:
1717:
1709:
1686:
1659:
1642:insecticides
1639:
1624:
1620:dry cleaning
1596:ethylbenzene
1577:
1571:
1556:
1542:" (acquired
1537:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1466:
1461:pit latrines
1431:
1388:
1377:
1349:Ganges Plain
1343:, India and
1334:
1327:
1308:
1268:
1244:hydrogeology
1213:
1163:rather than
1144:
1140:
1139:
1009:Point source
954:Heavy metals
916:Urban runoff
901:Sulfur water
876:Septic tanks
820:
732:Agent Orange
642:Space debris
496:Agricultural
361:Volcanic ash
221:Particulates
119:shallow well
102:
20:This is the
19:
18:
7655:Lithosphere
7568:Nationalism
7540:Common-pool
7181:Hydrosphere
7174:remediation
7159:Groundwater
6754:Degradation
6060:§ 9601
6027:§ 6901
5370:(1): 2089.
3165:(1): 9866.
3081:groundwater
2965:West Bengal
2925:Uttarakhand
2851:Abandonment
2821:bioslurping
2817:biosparging
2688:Legislation
2645:pit latrine
2630:groundwater
2594:onductivity
2586:vadose zone
2576:oil media,
2408:groundwater
2384:carcinogens
2368:groundwater
2190:hydrocarbon
2068:water table
1981:as well as
1876:groundwater
1825:iron oxides
1670:solid waste
1631:naphthalene
1610:(TCE), and
1586:compounds (
1475:carried in
1365:water wells
1271:groundwater
1193:agriculture
1189:fertilizers
1153:groundwater
979:Area source
821:Groundwater
574:Green waste
554:Brown waste
538:Solid waste
296:Information
191:Exhaust gas
115:pit latrine
7640:Sanitation
7614:Categories
7563:Extraction
7522:Wilderness
7483:accounting
7466:Management
7432:ecological
7420:tragedy of
7339:Peak water
7324:Efficiency
7297:Sanitation
7239:Stormwater
7232:harvesting
7208:Irrigation
7110:management
7068:gene banks
7009:management
6987:management
6903:resilience
6869:phosphorus
6825:industrial
6803:Management
6779:soundscape
6685:Geothermal
6427:"LA Times"
6288:(2): 180.
5898:(Report).
3101:References
3095:water well
3087:strain of
3073:Walkerton
2987:See also:
2909:See also:
2889:See also:
2874:See also:
2813:bioventing
2716:Management
2700:, and the
2681:karstified
2634:sanitation
2590:hydraulic
2446:Prevention
2355:Mechanisms
2330:road salts
2297:subsidence
2283:coverage.
2260:Love Canal
2107:(PCP) and
2058:(USTs) of
1973:increased
1906:water well
1898:sanitation
1882:sanitation
1666:metallurgy
1650:pesticides
1646:herbicides
1373:pesticides
1357:Bangladesh
1345:Bangladesh
1256:adsorption
1218:within an
1169:sanitation
1149:pollutants
1066:By country
1058:Categories
949:Pollutants
926:Wastewater
896:Stagnation
841:Monitoring
816:Freshwater
682:Air travel
569:Food waste
511:Defecation
321:Ecological
254:Biological
186:Combustion
128:Part of a
7630:Hydrology
7573:Renewable
7558:Depletion
7545:Conflict
7427:Economics
7405:enclosure
7364:Resources
7344:Pollution
7261:Watershed
7164:pollution
7095:Seed bank
7090:Rangeland
6972:Fisheries
6957:Biosphere
6950:biopiracy
6893:fertility
6769:cityscape
6764:Landscape
6671:peak coal
6658:Resources
6609:Emissions
6411:March 16,
6366:2045-2322
6261:115519904
6253:1751-231X
6178:cite book
6170:988609755
6136:2059-7037
6112:(1): 11.
6085:March 21,
5800:0013-936X
5741:0013-936X
5688:March 18,
5660:March 20,
5594:March 19,
5505:March 19,
5471:164716323
5449:: 66–73.
5343:1748-9326
5256:133308889
5127:205067220
5004:206543048
4959:206553782
4848:1543-5938
4803:Superfund
4765:March 18,
4740:March 20,
4718:March 23,
4536:March 22,
4502:140583063
4273:March 22,
4248:March 19,
4095:0013-936X
3959:(1): 26.
3803:March 19,
3765:March 22,
3562:March 18,
3416:March 18,
3381:1435-0661
3235:: 12–27.
3187:2045-2322
3135:915416488
3047:Hydrazine
2949:Rajasthan
2945:Jharkhand
2797:sinkholes
2789:fractures
2568:echarge,
2253:landfills
2166:Marcellus
2158:shale gas
2154:tight oil
2084:Superfund
1821:anaerobic
1752:phosphate
1733:petroleum
1517:helminths
1473:pathogens
1448:Pathogens
1347:. In the
1337:metalloid
1252:diffusion
1248:hydrology
1171:systems,
1165:pollution
994:Garbology
911:Turbidity
861:Oil spill
811:Firewater
796:Biosolids
702:Vandalism
461:Poisoning
456:Plutonium
431:Actinides
424:Radiation
166:Acid rain
138:Pollution
63:AnomieBOT
28:AnomieBOT
7625:Aquifers
7599:Category
7532:Resource
7471:adaptive
7369:improved
7329:Conflict
7314:Security
7309:Scarcity
7302:improved
7292:Leaching
7169:recharge
7149:Drinking
7100:Wildlife
6967:Bushmeat
6962:Bushfood
6915:planning
6820:gemstone
6815:Minerals
6796:property
6784:viewshed
6774:seascape
6705:sunlight
6679:peak oil
6675:peak gas
6384:31645651
6314:29360747
5808:18546706
5749:18546705
5463:31471032
5404:29872050
5186:26460018
5119:21921896
5063:22857048
5055:24606408
4996:23846903
4951:27022977
4882:cite web
4872:April 1,
4682:19545944
4637:18444903
4430:22540536
4371:23518813
4268:GAP Maps
4103:30834750
4044:16263519
3993:16989661
3932:15471727
3856:10903623
3682:22903164
3674:24811732
3471:11891266
3205:32555499
3077:outbreak
2860:Examples
2776:aquifers
2534:aquifers
2413:fracking
2374:such as
2316:fuels),
2264:New York
2249:Leachate
2109:creosote
1983:leaching
1936:hormones
1833:arsenite
1758:such as
1740:cosmetic
1682:chromium
1616:gasoline
1582:such as
1513:protozoa
1505:bacteria
1501:pathogen
1497:diarrhea
1434:fluoride
1427:Tenerife
1419:Pakistan
1399:hardness
1391:fluoride
1389:Natural
1369:aquifers
1279:fracking
1201:fluoride
1173:landfill
1050:Treaties
1030:Diseases
886:Shipping
851:Nutrient
801:Diseases
366:Wildfire
73:contribs
38:contribs
7400:Commons
7389:Related
7354:Quality
7270:Aspects
7196:glacial
7137:Aquifer
7043:Pasture
6994:Forests
6920:reserve
6695:Nuclear
6665: (
6621:Trading
6616:Airshed
6375:6811533
6344:Bibcode
6305:5858255
6114:Bibcode
6063:et seq.
6044:Pub. L.
6030:et seq.
6011:Pub. L.
5837:Bibcode
5778:Bibcode
5719:Bibcode
5395:5988660
5372:Bibcode
5321:Bibcode
5236:Bibcode
5177:4629325
5154:Bibcode
5097:Bibcode
5035:Bibcode
4975:Science
4931:Bibcode
4645:6817866
4588:Bibcode
4421:3352270
4400:Bibcode
4362:3673197
4073:Bibcode
4035:1310926
3984:1586190
3961:Bibcode
3923:1247562
3874:EUR-Lex
3847:1638204
3361:Bibcode
3312:(WHO).
3237:Bibcode
3196:7300005
3167:Bibcode
3090:E. coli
3085:O157:H7
3075:E. Coli
2961:Haryana
2921:arsenic
2793:caverns
2421:coastal
2280:dioxins
2182:propane
2174:methane
1829:arsenic
1762:(U) or
1760:uranium
1748:ammonia
1678:cadmium
1606:(PCE),
1600:xylenes
1592:toluene
1588:benzene
1527:Nitrate
1509:viruses
1493:cholera
1489:typhoid
1483:. Such
1359:severe
1287:coastal
1240:geology
1220:aquifer
1197:arsenic
944:History
826:Hypoxia
655:Thermal
609:Plastic
471:Uranium
345:Natural
290:Digital
266:Genetic
7410:global
7374:policy
7319:Supply
7282:Floods
7249:Sewage
7222:Marine
7214:huerta
7048:Plants
7038:Meadow
6898:health
6876:rights
6864:copper
6842:mining
6740:arable
6640:Energy
6580:Indoor
6433:. 2002
6382:
6372:
6364:
6312:
6302:
6259:
6251:
6168:
6158:
6134:
6058:
6052:96–510
6050:
6025:
6019:94–580
6017:
5967:NERC,
5806:
5798:
5747:
5739:
5469:
5461:
5402:
5392:
5341:
5254:
5209:May 9,
5184:
5174:
5125:
5117:
5088:Nature
5061:
5053:
5002:
4994:
4957:
4949:
4846:
4680:
4643:
4635:
4559:
4500:
4490:
4457:
4428:
4418:
4369:
4359:
4206:
4175:
4101:
4093:
4042:
4032:
3991:
3981:
3930:
3920:
3854:
3844:
3751:
3680:
3672:
3594:
3518:
3469:
3462:152223
3459:
3403:UNICEF
3379:
3203:
3193:
3185:
3133:
3123:
2963:, and
2957:Punjab
2865:Africa
2823:, and
2588:, and
2326:mining
2314:diesel
2268:cancer
2186:Helium
2180:, and
2178:ethane
2003:manure
1975:runoff
1970:manure
1778:Causes
1754:, and
1723:Others
1662:mining
1656:Metals
1515:, and
1438:dental
1421:, the
1411:Mexico
1380:mining
1004:Midden
999:Legacy
984:Debris
938:Topics
891:Sludge
881:Sewage
836:Marine
675:Visual
594:Mining
589:Litter
130:series
111:Lusaka
7650:Water
7553:Curse
7359:Right
7201:polar
7191:bergs
7154:Fresh
7122:Water
6835:metal
6759:Field
6710:shade
6700:Solar
6690:Hydro
6575:Index
6257:S2CID
5996:(PDF)
5989:(PDF)
5973:. UK.
5926:(PDF)
5683:(PDF)
5655:(PDF)
5617:(PDF)
5589:(PDF)
5543:(PDF)
5499:(PDF)
5492:(PDF)
5467:S2CID
5277:(PDF)
5252:S2CID
5123:S2CID
5059:S2CID
5000:S2CID
4955:S2CID
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4641:S2CID
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