Zengid dynasty - Knowledge

1318: 2564: 5088:"5 A change for the better came with the death of Nur al-Din Zangi in 1174. In the case of Mosul, the conservative regime established there by Nur al-Din quickly collapsed and was eventually replaced by a more liberal and tolerant administration, which revoked the discriminatory measures against Christians." (...) "Despite the progressing Arabization and Islamization of all levels of Middle Eastern society, and the internal struggles for ecclesiastical power outlined above, the Syrian Orthodox Church, as an ecclesiastical organization, continued to grow under Muslim rule" (...) "Under Badr al-Din Lu'lu' (1211-1259), who was a remarkably tolerant and even-handed ruler, the local Christians regained much of their confidence and were even able to partake fully in what in hindsight proved to be Mosul's golden age. The same holds true for the Eastern Christian communities living in Syria under either Frankish or Ayyubid rule, especially during the relatively peaceful period which started around 1204, when a truce was signed between the Franks and the Ayyubids, and which lasted to the Mongol invasion of 1260". 739: 2367: 2146: 1470: 2549: 2631: 2683: 1121: 2671: 2517: 2533: 3318:

Military Governorship of Basra together with Baghdad and Iraq in 1127. The reason behind such assignments was to attempt to impede Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118-1135) who then wished to build a worldwide dominance. Indeed, the efforts of Zangi in the fight of Mahmūd, whom Sanjar urgently sent to Baghdad, against the Caliph ensured the Sultān became victorious, and he contributed to the efforts in damaging the sole authority and dominance claims of the Caliph. Following the deaths of Mosul Governor Aq-Sunqur el-Porsuqi and his successor and son Mas'ud in the same year in 1127, Zangi was appointed Governor of Mosul. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Farrukh shah and Alparsalan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.

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illustrations from the copy of Varqa wa Golšāh already mentioned, as well as in frontispieces to the volumes of Abu'l-Faraj Eṣfahānī's Ketāb al-aḡānī dated 614-16/1217-19 and to two copies of Ketāb al-deryāq (Book of antidotes) by Pseudo-Galen, dated 596/1199 and ascribed to the second quarter of the 7th/13th century respectively (Survey of Persian Art V, pl. 554A-B; Ateş, pls. 1/3, 6/16, 18; D. S. Rice, 1953, figs. 14-19; Ettinghausen, 1962, pp. 65, 85, 91). The last three manuscripts, all of them attributed to northern Mesopotamia, show that the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands was also worn in that region from the end of the 6th/12th century.

1250: 2027: 1587: 877: 1241: 934:. His death left Saladin with political independence and in a letter to as-Salih, he promised to "act as a sword" against his enemies and referred to the death of his father as an "earthquake shock". In the wake of Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin was tempted to annex Syria before it could possibly fall into the hands of a rival, but he feared that attacking a land that formerly belonged to his master —forbidden in the Islamic principles in which he believed— could portray him as hypocritical, thus making him unsuitable for leading the war against the Crusaders. 1594: 2501: 1834: 50: 4832:

614-16/1217-19 and to two copies of Ketāb al-deryāq (Book of antidotes) by Pseudo-Galen, dated 596/1199 and ascribed to the second quarter of the 7th/13th century respectively (Survey of Persian Art V, pl. 554A-B; Ateş, pls. 1/3, 6/16, 18; D. S. Rice, 1953, figs. 14-19; Ettinghausen, 1962, pp. 65, 85, 91). The last three manuscripts, all of them attributed to northern Mesopotamia, show that the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands was also worn in that region from the end of the 6th/12th century.

635: 2414:(ruled 1147–1174), unified Aleppo and Damascus and held back the Crusaders from their repeated assaults on the cities. In addition to his many works in both Aleppo and Damascus, Nur ad-Din rebuilt the Aleppo city walls and fortified the citadel. Arab sources report that he also made several other improvements, such as a high, brick-walled entrance ramp, a palace, and a racecourse likely covered with grass. Nur ad-Din additionally restored or rebuilt the two mosques and donated an elaborate wooden 1338:. He handed the city to Nur ad-Din Muhammad together with its stores, which consisted of 80,000 candles, a tower full of arrowheads, and 1,040,000 books. In return for a diploma—granting him the city, Nur ad-Din swore allegiance to Saladin, promising to follow him in every expedition in the war against the Crusaders, and repairing the damage done to the city. The fall of Amid, in addition to territory, convinced Il-Ghazi of Mardin to enter the service of Saladin, weakening Izz ad-Din's coalition. 2071: 1179:, realised that Zengid power was on the wane in Syria and the Jazira and he made the momentous decision to defect to Saladin in 1182. He invited Saladin to occupy the Jazira region, making up northern Mesopotamia. Saladin complied and the truce between him and the Zengids officially ended in September 1182. Prior to his march to Jazira, tensions had grown between the Zengid rulers of the region, primarily concerning their unwillingness to pay deference to Mosul. Before he crossed the 1070:, roughly 25 km (16 mi) from Aleppo, where his forces encountered Saif ad-Din's army. A hand-to-hand fight ensued and the Zengids managed to plough Saladin's left-wing, driving it before him when Saladin himself charged at the head of the Zengid guard. The Zengid forces panicked and most of Saif ad-Din's officers ended up being killed or captured—Saif ad-Din narrowly escaped. The Zengid army's camp, horses, baggage, tents, and stores were seized by the Ayyubids. The Zengid 2050:, an Andalusian geographer who traveled through the region around 1250. He wrote that "there are many crafts in the city, especially inlaid brass vessels which are exported (and presented) to rulers". These were expensive items that only the wealthiest could afford, and it wasn't until the early 1200s that Mosul had the demand for large-scale production of them. Mosul was then a wealthy, prosperous capital city, first for the Zengids and then for Badr al-Din Lu'lu'. 1039: 3047: 1031:. On 13 April 1175, the Zengid troops marched to attack his forces, but soon found themselves surrounded by Saladin's Ayyubid veterans, who crushed them. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Saladin, who pursued the Zengid fugitives to the gates of Aleppo, forcing as-Salih's advisers to recognize Saladin's control of the provinces of Damascus, Homs, and Hama, as well as a number of towns outside Aleppo such as 5065:

bridge was ever built at this location. Arabic historical sources make clear that the existing, largely ruined or perhaps never completed bridge dates from between 541 AH (1146/7 AD) and 559 AH (1163/4 AD) 1163 AD. It was constructed on the orders of, or sponsored by Ǧamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Iṣfahānī Ibn ʿAlī Ibn Abī Manṣūr, the wazīr or chief minister of Quṭb al-Dīn Mawdūd Ibn Zangī, the Zangid ruler of Mosul.

476: 1058:"the King Strong to Aid, Joseph son of Job; exalted be the standard." The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and declared him "Sultan of Egypt and Syria". The Battle of Hama did not end the contest for power between the Ayyubids and the Zengids, with the final confrontation occurring in the spring of 1176. Saladin had gathered massive reinforcements from Egypt while 1461:

purchased himself. In spite of his earlier hesitation to go through with the exchange, he had no doubts about his success, stating that Aleppo was "the key to the lands" and "this city is the eye of Syria and the citadel is its pupil". For Saladin, the capture of the city marked the end of over eight years of waiting since he told Farrukh-Shah that "we have only to do the milking and Aleppo will be ours".

4396:, who did not wait for the Mongols' arrival, immediately declared himself to be the subject and vassal of the noyons of Ögedei. He entered under Mongol protection and managed to exercise his sovereignty precisely as he had done until then and paid tribute to the Mongols. A similar strategy was followed by the atabeg of Mosul, who willingly accepted Mongol protection and spared the lives of its people. 1310:, which was held by Izz ad-Din's brother Sharaf ad-Din. It fell after a 15-day siege on 30 December. Saladin's soldiers broke their discipline, plundering the city; Saladin managed to protect the governor and his officers only by sending them to Mosul. After establishing a garrison at Sinjar, he awaited a coalition assembled by Izz ad-Din consisting of his forces, those from Aleppo, Mardin, and 1210:. Raqqa was an important crossing point and held by Qutb ad-Din Inal, who had lost Manbij to Saladin in 1176. Upon seeing the large size of Saladin's army, he made little effort to resist and surrendered on the condition that he would retain his property. From Raqqa, Saladin moved to conquer al-Fudain, al-Husain, Maksim, Durain, 'Araban, and Khabur—all of which swore allegiance to him. 4797:, who is known to have commissioned several literary texts, may also have been actively engaged in sponsoring manuscript illuminations. It is commonly assumed that an originally 20-volume set of the Kitab al-Aghani ('Book of Songs') was made for Lu'lu' in the period between 1217 and 1219. Some of the frontispieces depict a ruler wearing an armband that is inscribed with his name. 1334:

allies to take the offensive. The previous coalition regrouped at Harzam some 140 km from Harran. In early April, without waiting for Nasir ad-Din, Saladin and Taqi ad-Din commenced their advance against the coalition, marching eastward to Ras al-Ein unhindered. By late April, after three days of "actual fighting", according to Saladin, the Ayyubids had captured

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candlestick does not have a date, it is securely datable to the early 13th century, as it clearly belongs to a group of metalwork that has now been established as of that period and coming from the Mosul or North Jaziran area. These elements also confirm the early 13th-century date of the Palmer Cup and further support the region of provenance.

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Constellations'), copied by a certain Farah ibn cAbd Allah alHabashi, was produced in Mosul in 1233. Manuscripts ascribed to the city, or to the Jazira more broadly, include two copies of the Kitab al-Diryaq ('Book of the Theriac', usually called 'Book of Antidotes'), a medical treatise on antidotes used as a remedy against snake venom.

1370:, "until the word of God is supreme and the Abbasid caliphate has wiped the world clean, turning the churches into mosques". Saladin stressed that all this would happen by the will of God, and instead of asking for financial or military support from the Caliph, he would capture and give the Caliph the territories of 1160:, died in Aleppo. Prior to his death, he had his chief officers swear an oath of loyalty to Izz ad-Din, as he was the only Zengid ruler strong enough to oppose Saladin. Izz ad-Din was welcomed in Aleppo, but possessing it and Mosul put too great of a strain on his abilities. He thus, handed Aleppo to his brother 4206:

But who was the "Nur al - Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type , and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins , but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al - Din Arslan Shah I , the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul ( 589-607 / 1193-1210 )

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The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs

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as his family estate and was angered when Saladin attempted to usurp his dynasty's holdings. Saif ad-Din mustered a large army and dispatched it to Aleppo, whose defenders anxiously had awaited them. The combined forces of Mosul and Aleppo marched against Saladin in Hama. Heavily outnumbered, Saladin

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Contrary to information still found in some non-academic publications, the bridge which either spanned or was intended to span the river Tigris a few kilometers downstream from what is now the Turkish frontier town of Cizre is not a Roman construction. Nor is there real evidence that any pre-Islamic

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P.126: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear

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skill at maintaining the support of all groups while especially favouring none is a remarkable achievement which explains not only the duration of his reign, but probably the great efflorescence of the arts in his reign as well. After the death of Badr al-Din Lu'lu' in 1259, however, the prosperous

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ordering and sponsoring the foundation of numerous social and religious institutions in Mosul, his energetic patronage of the arts was probably part of a conscious policy aimed at securing the loyalty of the city's population and ensuring that they would not turn their backs on him in favour of one

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Mosul appears to have been one of the main centres of illustrated manuscript production in the Middle East during the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries,252 alongside other major cities such as Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo. A volume of al-Sufi's Kitab Suwar al-Kawakib alThabita ('Treatise on the

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Two sieges of Mosul (1182, 1185) failed, and Saladin had to be content with Izz al-Din's promise to send troops for the war against the infidels upon demand. Though reduced almost to a client-state, Mosul remained a Zengid city, due both to Izz al-Din Masud's stubborn resistance and to a near fatal

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The body of Mosul metalwork significantly expands in the 1220s - several signed and dated items are known from this decade, which according to Julian Raby "probably reflects the craft's growing status and production." In the two decades from roughly 1220 to 1240, the Mosul brass industry saw "rapid

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courts with Shafi'i administration, despite a promise that he would not interfere in the religious leadership of the city. Although he was short of money, Saladin also allowed the departing Zangi to take all the stores of the citadel that he could travel with and to sell the remainder—which Saladin

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Saladin attempted to gain the Caliph an-Nasir's support against Izz ad-Din by sending him a letter requesting a document that would give him legal justification for taking over Mosul and its territories. Saladin aimed to persuade the caliph claiming that while he conquered Egypt and Yemen under the

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on 15 May. A'zaz capitulated on 21 June 1176, and Saladin then hurried his forces to Aleppo to punish Gumushtigin. His assaults were again resisted, but he managed to secure not only a truce, but a mutual alliance with Aleppo, in which Gumushtigin and as-Salih were allowed to continue their hold on

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The Ayyubids and Mamluks, who succeeded the Fatimids in Egypt and Syria, retained the association of yellow with the ruler. Salah al-Din (Saladin), the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, carried a yellow flag emblazoned with an eagle, supposedly inherited from the Zangid dynasty, whose protégé he had

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That these patterns do not merely represent ceramic conventions is clear from the rendering of garments in fragmentary wall paintings and in illustrations from the copy of Varqa wa Golšāh already mentioned, as well as in frontispieces to the volumes of Abu'l-Faraj Eṣfahānī's Ketāb al-aḡānī dated

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and Iraq saw an "explosion of figural art" from the 12th to 13th centuries, particularly in the areas of decorative art and illustrated manuscripts. This occurred despite religious condemnations against the depiction of living creatures, on the grounds that "it implies a likeness to the creative

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From the point of view of Saladin, in terms of territory, the war against Mosul was going well, but he still failed to achieve his objectives and his army was shrinking; Taqi ad-Din took his men back to Hama, while Nasir ad-Din Muhammad and his forces had left. This encouraged Izz ad-Din and his

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Meanwhile, Saladin's rivals in Syria and Jazira waged a propaganda war against him, claiming he had "forgotten his own condition " and showed no gratitude for his old master by besieging his son, rising "in rebellion against his Lord". Soon, Saladin entered Homs and captured its citadel in March

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because of the strength of its citadel. Saladin moved north towards Aleppo, besieging it on 30 December after Gumushtigin refused to abdicate his throne. As-Salih, fearing capture by Saladin, came out of his palace and appealed to the inhabitants not to surrender him and the city to the invading

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as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,

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But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193-1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his

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The iconography of its figures is very similar to that on the Palmer Cup, in the design of their robes, in the headgear (sharbūsh) and in the way that walking figures are rendered, with one leg straight and the other slightly bent, with a slim foot slightly raised from the ground. Although the

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in 1119, which opened the way for Sanjar (1119-1157) to accede to the throne of Great Seljuk Empire, Mahmūd was assigned to the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119-1131), continuing his rule there. In 1124, Sultān Mahmūd granted the city of Wasit to Imad al-Din Zangi as a ıqta, and conferred him the

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Nevertheless, the most distinctive feature of late Saljuq and post-Saljuq male dress was the popularity of patterned textiles for these garments. (...) That these patterns do not merely represent ceramic conventions is clear from the rendering of garments in fragmentary wall paintings and in

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found in Egypt and possibly made in Mosul are dated by a Syriac inscription to the year 1202, which would make them the earliest known Mosul brasses with a definite date (although they are not inlaid with anything). One extant item may be even older: an inlaid ewer by the master craftsman

1452:. Zangi would hold these territories as Saladin's vassals in terms of military service. On 12 June, Aleppo was formally placed in Ayyubid hands. The people of Aleppo had not known about these negotiations and were taken by surprise when Saladin's standard was hoisted over the citadel. Two 1101:, the Muslim allies of Aleppo, also recognised Saladin as the King of Syria. When the treaty was concluded, the younger sister of as-Salih came to Saladin and requested the return of the Fortress of A'zaz; he complied and escorted her back to the gates of Aleppo with numerous presents. 785:

where they were welcomed, given money and arms, and provided a base. Faced by a superior Crusader–Egyptian force attempting to besiege the city, Shirkuh split his army. He and the bulk of his force withdrew from Alexandria, while Saladin was left with the task of guarding the city.

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with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v. (...) These are of yet another type and are identical to those on the official on the left holding a spear in the painting of the "Purple Betony" in the 1224 Dioscorides (Fig.

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20 kilometers northeast of the city of Mosul, c.1220 (Vatican Library, Ms. Syr. 559). This Gospel, with its depiction of many military figures in armour, is considered as a useful reference of the military technologies of classical Islam during the period. Another such gospel is

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depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive

2242:, an ancient medicinal compound initially used as a cure for the bites of poisonous snakes. Two editions are extant, adorned with beautiful miniatures revealing of the social context at the time of their publication. The earliest manuscript was published in 1198-1199 CE in 738: 958:. According to his own account, he was joined by "emirs, soldiers, and Bedouins—the emotions of their hearts to be seen on their faces." On 23 November, he arrived in Damascus amid general acclamation and rested at his father's old home there, until the gates of the 1314:. Saladin and his army met the coalition at Harran in February 1183, but on hearing of his approach, the latter sent messengers to Saladin asking for peace. Each force returned to their cities and al-Fadil wrote: "They advanced like men, like women they vanished." 2630: 2122:

in 1259, and especially the Mongol siege and capture of Mosul in July 1262, probably caused a decline in Mosul's metalworking industry. There is a relative lack of known metalwork from the Jazira in the late 1200s; meanwhile, an abundance of metalwork from

1418:, 130 km northeast of Aleppo. A siege was set, but the governor of Tell Khalid surrendered upon the arrival of Saladin himself on 17 May before a siege could take place. According to Imad ad-Din, after Tell Khalid, Saladin took a detour northwards to 949:, the emir of the city and a captain of Nur ad-Din's veterans assumed guardianship over him. The emir Gumushtigin prepared to unseat all his rivals in Syria and the Jazira, beginning with Damascus. In this emergency, the emir of Damascus appealed to 2100:

Mosul seems to have become predominant among Muslim centers of metalwork in the early 13th century. Evidence is partial and indirect - relatively few objects which directly state where they were made exist, and in the rest of cases it depends on

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of Mosul (a cousin of Gumushtigin) for assistance against Aleppo, but he refused, forcing the Syrians to request the aid of Saladin, who complied. Saladin rode across the desert with 700 picked horsemen, passing through al-Kerak then reaching

1883:), and Arslan Shah would recognize Ayyubid suzerainty on his coinage. As Arslan Shah's health was declining, and his sons were still young, he chose his Commander of the Army Badr al-Din Lu'lu' as protector of his sons and promoted him to 1469: 1305:

After several minor skirmishes and a stalemate in the siege that was initiated by the caliph, Saladin intended to find a way to withdraw without damage to his reputation while still keeping up some military pressure. He decided to attack

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recorded that it exported iron and iron goods like buckets, knives and chains. However, no surviving metal objects from Mosul are known before the early 13th century. Inlaid metalworking in the Islamic world was first developed in

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in 1144. This latter feat made Zengi a hero in the Muslim world, but he was assassinated by a slave two years later, in 1146. On Zengi's death, his territories were divided, with Mosul and his lands in Iraq going to his eldest son

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of his opponents. This egalitarian treatment of the Muslim Sunnis and Shiis should certainly beseen in this light, but also his comparatively tolerant attitude towards Mosul's large Christian community. As Patton argues, 'Lu'lu'

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in particular had gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork. The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities.

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The Islamic world witnessed, in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, an explosion of figural art. (...) The making of it is forbidden under every circumstance, because it implies a likeness to the creative activity of

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in an apparent preparation of an attack against Saladin's Egypt. The Ayyubids held a council upon the revelation of these preparations to discuss the possible threat and Saladin collected his own troops outside Cairo.

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Saladin proceeded to take Nusaybin which offered no resistance. A medium-sized town, Nusaybin was not of great importance, but it was located in a strategic position between Mardin and Mosul and within easy reach of

2682: 1422:, but he gained possession of it when his army turned towards it, allowing him to quickly move backward another c. 100 km towards Aleppo. On 21 May, he camped outside the city, positioning himself east of the 1226:

raided Saladin's cities to the north and east, such as Balis, Manbij, Saruj, Buza'a, al-Karzain. He also destroyed his own citadel at A'zaz to prevent it from being used by the Ayyubids if they were to conquer it.

2303: 1510:. Upon Abbasid encouragement, Saladin and Mas'ud negotiated a treaty in March 1186 that left the Zengids in control of Mosul, but under the obligation to supply the Ayyubids with military support when requested. 4222:

Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und

797:. The Crusaders lifted the siege and left. In 1169, Shirkuh lured the vizier into an ambush and killed him after which he seized Egypt in the name of his master Nur ad-Din, becoming the new Fatimid vizier and 2670: 859:

and Governor of Egypt, in 1169. Al-Adid died in 1171, and Saladin took advantage of this power vacuum, effectively taking control of the country. Upon seizing power, he switched Egypt's allegiance to the

1298:, the Abbasid caliph at Baghdad whose vizier favored them. An-Nasir sent Badr al-Badr (a high-ranking religious figure) to mediate between the two sides. Saladin arrived at the city on 10 November 1182. 1053:

in Friday prayers and Islamic coinage. From then on, he ordered prayers in all the mosques of Syria and Egypt as the sovereign king and he issued at the Cairo mint gold coins bearing his official title

2279: 727:, a member of the powerful Banu Ruzzaik tribe. He asked for military backing from Nur ad-Din, who complied and, in 1164, sent Shirkuh to aid Shawar in his expedition against Dirgham. Shirkuh's nephew 4207:, the only atabeg with the laqab Nur al - Din known to have been active at that time . This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog. 2599:

remained active under the Zengids, and even went through a phase of "Syriac Renaissance" in which discriminatory rules against Christians were lifted, especially after the death of the conservative

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illness in autumn 1185 which forced Saladin to break off his campaign. However, after twelve years of unremitting struggle, Saladin had fulfilled his ambition to reconstitute Nur al-Din's empire.

1350:, stating "they are not content not to fight, but they prevent those who can". Saladin defended his own conduct claiming that he had come to Syria to fight the Crusaders, end the heresy of the 2532: 2127:

Syria and Egypt is attested from this same period. This doesn't necessarily mean that production in Mosul ended, though, and some extant objects from this period may have been made in Mosul.

704:, in which he described the events in the Crusader States: " having gotten possession of Damascus, the latter entered Egypt with a great force of Turks, in order to conquer the country." 1317: 3062:(yellow, emblazed with an eagle) was apparently inherited from the Zengids. The color yellow especially, remained a symbolical color for the rulers of the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. 2658: 2977: 5649: 2093:

is of an unknown date, but D.S. Rice estimated that it was made around 1200. Production of inlaid brasswork in Mosul may have already begun before the turn of the century.

2115:) and al-Baghdadi. There are, however, some scientific instruments inlaid with silver that were made in Syria during this period, with the earliest being 1222/3 (619 AH). 1867:, and resisted the Ayyubid offensive. They reached a truce, according to which al-Adid could retain the lands he conquered in Sinjar (thereafter ruled by the "Ayyubids of 2145: 2993: 2516: 363: 349: 335: 310: 296: 282: 4597: 5931: 1971:, where numerous weapons are depicted, such as javelins, spears, swords, bows, maces and lassos. The protective equipment can be quite heavy, including helmets and 2934: 49: 1965:

troops were combined with mercenaries and auxiliary Turcoman & Kurdish tribal elements. The best description of these troops appears in the mid-13th century

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and al-Jazira. When Saladin crossed the Orontes, leaving Hama, the sun was eclipsed. He viewed this as an omen, but he continued his march north. He reached the

731:, at age 26, went along with them. After Shawar was successfully reinstated as vizier, he demanded that Shirkuh withdraw his army from Egypt for a sum of 30,000 3188:

INSTITUTIONALIZING EDUCATION AND THE CULTURE OF LEARNING IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM: THE AYYŪBIDS (569/966 AH) (1174/1263 AD) LEARNING PRACTICES IN EGYPT AS A CASE STUDY

5916: 2090: 1023:, but they refused, insisting he return to Egypt. Seeing that confrontation was unavoidable, Saladin prepared for battle, taking up a superior position at the 1889:

upon his death in 1211. The son and two grandsons of Arslan Shah continued to rule as children in Northern Iraq as Emirs of Mosul and Sinjar until 1234, when

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originated. Following the demise of the Seljuk dynasty in 1194, the Zengids persisted for several decades as one of the "Seljuk successor-states" until 1250.

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Text and Image on Middle Eastern Objects: The Palmer Cup in Context (in A Rothschild Renaissance: A New Look at the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum)

1440:, the city he governed previously. An exchange was negotiated where Zangi would hand over Aleppo to Saladin in return for the restoration of his control of 973:

as Governor of Damascus, Saladin proceeded to reduce other cities that had belonged to Nur ad-Din, but were now practically independent. His army conquered

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was captured while attacking Saladin's unit. The battle ended in a Zengid victory, one of the "most remarkable victories in recorded history", according to

681:, a military commander in the service of the Zengid dynasty, took part in a series of campaigns in Fatimid Egypt, on the pretext to help the Fatimid vizier 5911: 2294: 1557:, chasing them back to Mosul where they attacked several of the surrounding villages. By September the Ayyubids had established a peace with Nur ad-Din. 3288: 2591:

Christianity in the Middle East continued to suffer a general decline within a context of Arabization and Islamization, as well as the conflict of the

1346:(rivals of the caliphate) and only came to the Caliph when in need. He also accused Izz ad-Din's forces of disrupting the Muslim "Holy War" against the 3527:

and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.

2943: 4596:

Raby, Julian (2012). "The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork'". In Porter, Venetia; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).

3313:(1118-1119), remaining loyal to him to the end. With the new era introduced with the defeat of Sultān Mahmūd in the Sāveh battle he engaged his uncle 5642: 1302:

would not accept his terms because he considered them disingenuous and extensive, and Saladin immediately laid siege to the heavily fortified city.

1077:

Saladin continued towards Aleppo, which still closed its gates to him, halting before the city. On the way, his army took Buza'a and then captured

1074:, however, were given gifts and freed. All of the booty from the Ayyubid victory was accorded to the army, Saladin not keeping anything himself. 2612: 2193:. This synthesis seems to point to a common pictorial tradition that existed since circa 1180 CE in the region, which was highly influenced by 3421: 2008:

troops numbering from 1,000 to 3,000, to which were added auxiliary troops numbering from 10,000 to 15,000. The Zengid model was also used by

1120: 773:. The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander 5936: 5635: 4984: 2004:

auxiliary cavalry, as well as large infantry elements. They were also skilled in siege warfare. Numbers were not very large, the ruler's

4845: 4822: 1586: 1294:

As Saladin approached Mosul, he faced the issue of taking over a large city and justifying the action. The Zengids of Mosul appealed to

2645: 2190: 1354:, and stop the wrong-doing of the Muslims. He also promised that if Mosul was given to him, it would lead to the capture of Jerusalem, 690: 4869:

A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition

5921: 3947:

Poetry on Enamelled Glass: The Palmer Cup in the British Museum.' In: Ward, R, (ed.), Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East

962:, whose commander Raihan initially refused to surrender, were opened to Saladin four days later, after a brief siege by his brother 5926: 1827: 2097:

innovations in technique, decoration, and composition". Artisans were inspired by miniature paintings produced in the Mosul area.

5941: 2500: 5901: 5484: 836:

became vassals of the Zengids. Nur ad-Din also took control of Anatolian lands up to Sivas. His state extended from Tripoli to

5891: 5538: 5494: 5473: 5454: 5427: 5365: 5333: 5306: 5120: 4876: 4785: 4692: 4610: 4492: 4465: 4385: 4310: 4270: 4199: 4041: 3892: 3519: 3405: 3112: 2053:

The origins of Mosul's inlaid brasswork industry are uncertain. The city had an iron industry in the late 10th century, when

4482: 5658: 4636:

George, Alain (February 2012). "Orality, Writing and the Image in the Maqamat : Arabic Illustrated Books in Context".

131: 5776: 5325:

Studies in Caucasian History: I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin

1456:

s, including an old friend of Saladin, Izz ad-Din Jurduk, welcomed and pledged their service to him. Saladin replaced the

1168:. Saladin offered no opposition to these transactions in order to respect the treaty he previously made with the Zengids. 5886: 2042:

with silver. Many of these items survive today; in fact, of all medieval Islamic artifacts, Mosul brasswork has the most

417: 5524: 2251: 930:

On 15 May 1174, Nur ad-Din died after falling ill the previous week and his power was handed to his eleven-year-old son

5881: 4455: 1506:, but failed due to the city's unexpectedly stiff resistance and a serious illness which caused Saladin to withdraw to 1473:

Turk seated facing with legs crossed, holding sword and crowned severed head, with legend to left "Nur al-Din Atabeg" (

805:, and therefore bringing Egypt under formal Zengid dominion. Shirkuh died the same year and was replaced by his nephew 2872: 1931: 1904:

region), continued to be under Zengid rule until 1250, with its last Emir Mahmud al-Malik al-Zahir (1241–1250, son of

1171:

Following the Zengid defeat at Hama, and the continuing lack any unifying figure in the mould of Nur ad-Din, Kukbary (

5946: 5166: 3928: 3190:”. Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), January, 245-75. 5040:"The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): a New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman" 4378:

Mongol Caucasia. Invasions, conquest, and government of a frontier region in thirteenth-century Eurasia (1204-1295)

2955: 1876: 1518: 1108:

continued to rule Aleppo as a vassal of Saladin until 1181, when he died of illness and was replaced by his cousin

994: 2820: 5112: 4777: 2732: 1661: 662:

in 1157, the Zengids remained nominally under Seljuk suzerainty, but in practice became essentially independent.

1982:

The Zengids in particular played a major military role against Crusaders, led by such major military figures as

5602: 3076: 2539: 2491: 2082:

By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached Mosul. A pair of engraved brass

2021: 17: 2707: 1086:

the city, and in return, they recognized Saladin as the sovereign over all of the dominions he conquered. The

534: 5906: 5323: 4884:

flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and

2418:(prayer niche) to the Mosque of Abraham. Several famous crusaders were imprisoned in the citadel, among them 1901: 1923:, following a siege of almost a year, which put an end to the short rule of the sons of Badr al-Din Lu'lu'. 2716: 572: 2179:

The origins of this new pictorial tradition are uncertain, but Arabic illustrated manuscripts such as the

1919:

The next period would be marked by the arrival of the Mongols: in 1262 Mosul was sacked by the Mongols of

5281: 3717: 1735: 1024: 758: 5083:

Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area

5081: 3187: 3171: 708: 694: 5373:

been. Yellow was likewise the Mamluk sultan's official color, and Mamluk sultanic banners were yellow.

5220:

541/1147 Mahmud b. Zangi, Abu ’1-Qasim al-Malik al-'Adil Nur al-Din, in Aleppo and then Damascus (...)

3102: 1897:. He ruled in his own name from 1234 until his death in 1259, accepting Mongol suzerainty after 1243. 5515: 3310: 2971: 2794: 2046:

inscriptions. However, the only reference to this industry in contemporary sources is the account of

1484: 1414:

Saladin turned his attention from Mosul to Aleppo, sending his brother Taj al-Muluk Buri to capture

1258:

Northern Mesopotamian illustrative art at the time of the rivalry between Ayyubids and Zengids: the

5437:

El-Azhari, Taef (1 August 2019). "The Seljuqs from Syria to Iran: The Age of Khatuns and Atabegs".

4794: 3218: 2959: 2888: 2842: 2808: 2788: 2778: 2736: 2649: 2608: 2270: 2150: 2119: 2038:

In the 13th century, Mosul had a flourishing industry making luxury brass items that were ornately

1890: 1856: 1542: 1480: 1157: 1105: 1050: 931: 905: 5108:

Identity and Christian-Muslim Interaction: Medieval Art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area

4773:

Identity and Christian-Muslim Interaction: Medieval Art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area

2454: 1979:

charge on occasion. Against regular armies, Turcoman harassment techniques were extensively used.

1398: 1049:

After his victory against the Zengids, Saladin proclaimed himself king and suppressed the name of

941:

in August 1174, which he ruled until 1181, when he died of illness and was replaced by his cousin

5876: 4057: 3369: 2987: 2784: 2431: 1905: 1406:). Dated AH 583 (1187-88 CE). Double headed eagle with the name and titles of the Abbasid caliph 966:. He installed himself in the castle and received the homage and salutations of the inhabitants. 623: 592: 5151:

Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia

2427: 2273:(40 years old at the time), and has several frontispieces richly illustrated with court scenes. 2163: 619: 5734: 5576: 5446: 3071: 2216: 2136: 2034:, made by Shuja' ibn Man'a in Mosul in 1232, is one of the most famous brass pieces from Mosul. 1726: 1249: 923: 817: 584: 563: 488: 479: 392: 4682: 4220: 4189: 4031: 3395: 1975:. Bows and arrows were used extensively, and dense volleys could pierce armour or even stop a 1502:

in late 1185, hoping for an easy victory over the presumably demoralized Zengid Emir of Mosul

1436:

did not offer long resistance. He was unpopular with his subjects and wished to return to his

1430:

to the west. He stationed his men dangerously close to the city, hoping for an early success.

5830: 5417: 5355: 4300: 3911:

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1 January 2024). "Chapter 12: Mamluk Dress between Text and Image".

3882: 2523: 2470: 2423: 583:

Nur ad-Din proved to be as competent as his father. In 1146 he defeated the Crusaders at the

5296: 1019:

initially attempted to make terms with the Zengids by abandoning all conquests north of the

5842: 3203: 2981: 2928: 2918: 2848: 2772: 2766: 2616: 2352: 2310: 2290: 2202: 2026: 1538: 1503: 1433: 1403: 1299: 1223: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1125: 1109: 1059: 1007: 999: 950: 942: 670: 666: 5557:

Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Crusades 1096-1699". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

2062:

in the 12th century by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver. By the mid-12th century,

8: 2800: 2754: 2637: 2596: 2186: 2158: 1894: 1191: 1187: 1032: 970: 963: 959: 918:

In the early summer of 1174, Nur ad-Din was mustering an army, sending summons to Mosul,

876: 762: 701: 588: 568: 504: 428:, and eventually seized control of Egypt in 1169. In 1174 the Zengid state extended from 410: 287: 5012: 5674: 5566: 5416:

Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (27 April 2016).

4989: 4752: 4530: 4358: 3565: 2922: 2876: 2760: 2721: 2574: 2507: 2438: 2103: 1679: 1610: 1351: 864:-based Abbasid Caliphate which adhered to Sunni Islam, rather than traditional Fatimid 522: 5627: 5506: 5274:"Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000" 3710:"Copper alloy fals of Sayf al-Din Ghazi II ibn Mawdud, al-Mawsil, 569 H. 1949.163.169" 3174:. Eric Böhme. The Expansion of the Faith. Volume 14. January 1, 2022. Pages 269 - 280. 5716: 5710: 5686: 5680: 5598: 5534: 5490: 5469: 5450: 5423: 5361: 5329: 5302: 5162: 5116: 5055: 4872: 4781: 4744: 4688: 4649: 4606: 4488: 4461: 4381: 4350: 4306: 4266: 4253:

Humphreys, Stephen (14 October 2004). Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).

4195: 4037: 3962: 3945: 3924: 3888: 3557: 3515: 3401: 3309:

in 1118, Zangi then entered the service of the Sultān's son and the new Seljuk ruler

3108: 2882: 2836: 2830: 2748: 2725: 2407: 2399: 2380: 2247: 2181: 1983: 1967: 1937: 1706: 1423: 1359: 1042: 852: 697: 674: 618:

Now ruling from Damascus, Nur ad-Din's success continued. Another Prince of Antioch,

518: 445: 425: 315: 192: 55: 5039: 1240: 5896: 5746: 5728: 5698: 5442: 5273: 5154: 5047: 4736: 4645: 4342: 4258: 3916: 3507: 3306: 3296: 2824: 2600: 2570: 2411: 2140: 2124: 1987: 1804: 1266: 1264:(1200-1215). The ruler and attendants are similar to those found in the manuscript 1190:

and the combined forces captured the cities of Jazira, one after the other. First,

1156:

inherited the leadership of Mosul. On 4 December, the crown prince of the Zengids,

1071: 774: 746: 655: 600: 559: 550:

Zengi quickly became the chief Turkic potentate in Northern Syria and Iraq, taking

301: 59: 5570: 4944: 4684:

The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261

3709: 3268: 2611:(1211-1234), and later during his independent reign (1234-1259). One of them, the 2398:

The Zengids are known for numerous constructions from Syria to northern Iraq. The

1498:

in 1183, ending Zengid rule in Syria. Saladin launched his last offensive against

1410:

on breast; mint and date around / Four line legend citing Zengi; tamghas at sides.

1136:

caliph and Abbasid heir presumptive in five lines, and the name and titles of the

5800: 5770: 5740: 5592: 5106: 4771: 3035: 2951: 2900: 2860: 2711: 2419: 2259: 2207: 1793: 910: 388: 105: 101: 3422:"Letter from Aymeric, Patriarch of Antioch, to Louis VII, King of France (1164)" 1833: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5519: 5511: 4435: 4076: 3001: 2688:

Detail of f.29v, Beheading of John the Baptist. Vatican Library, Ms. Syr. 559.

1909: 1893:

formally took over, possibly after assassinating the last Zengid Emir of Mosul

1880: 1717: 1630: 1561: 1526: 1355: 1343: 982:

force. One of Saladin's chroniclers claimed "the people came under his spell".

821: 665:

In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the

596: 483: 429: 4262: 3920: 2314:, 1198-1199, folio 24. Royal court detail, ruler in Turkic dress, wearing the 1553:. In April 1204 the Ayyubid coalition swiftly defeated Nur ad-Din's forces at 5870: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5758: 5357:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

5059: 4748: 4431: 4354: 3561: 2357: 2194: 2172: 1952: 1766: 1688: 1641: 1279: 1275: 1183:, Saladin besieged Aleppo for three days, signaling that the truce was over. 1028: 651: 634: 612: 526: 406: 75: 2070: 3314: 3172:

Legitimising the Conquest of Egypt: The Frankish Campaign of 1163 Revisited

2912: 2676:

Detail of f.18r, Massacre of the Innocents. Vatican Library, Ms. Syr. 559.

2494:

was also built by Nur ad-Din Zangi in 1172–1173, shortly before his death.

2469:

of the founder. It was the first such complex to be built in Damascus. The

2054: 2047: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1784: 1775: 1755: 1565: 1427: 1172: 1128:, Zengid ruler of Mosul, with crowned Turkic figure holding a moon symbol. 1020: 778: 659: 150: 5158: 4335:"Badr al-Dīn Lu'lu' and the Establishment of a mamluk Government in Mosul" 3511: 3300: 2557:

from al-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, Iraq, built by Nur al-Din Zengi, Iraq Museum

735:, but Shirkuh refused, insisting it was Nur ad-Din's will that he remain. 3221:. İçindekiler Tablosu. Prof. Dr. Ramazan ŞEŞEN. Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi. 2958:

in 1220, Ayyubid emir of Diyar Bakr. It later came under the control of

2385: 2031: 1991: 1746: 1652: 1426:, while his forces encircled the suburb of Banaqusa to the northeast and 1415: 1383: 1067: 1015: 946: 639: 162: 120: 5183: 4886: 4802: 2803:, son of Izz al-Din Mas'ud II, 1219–1234 (regency by Badr al-Din Lu'lu') 2797:, son of Izz al-Din Mas'ud II, 1218–1219 (regency by Badr al-Din Lu'lu') 1186:

Once Saladin reached Bira, near the river, he was joined by Kukbary and

537:. Before this nomination, Zengi had been a successful Seljuk general in 5854: 5848: 4756: 4724: 4534: 4518: 4484:

The Crusader States and Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187

4362: 4334: 3899:

A case in point is the Ayyubid enamelled beaker known as the Palmer Cup

3121: 3081: 3031: 2475: 1577: 1260: 1215: 1063: 919: 865: 782: 766: 732: 124: 3569: 3545: 2940:

Jalal al-Din Mahmud (co-ruler), son of Qutb ad-Din Muhammad, 1219–1220

2111:; only two others are attested: al-Is'irdi (referring to someone from 789:

In 1168, the Zengid army was called for a third time in Egypt, as the

5722: 5704: 5051: 3027: 3017: 3013: 2466: 2286: 2265: 2043: 1947: 1848: 1514: 1379: 1347: 1203: 1180: 1132:

mint, dated 1189-90. The reverse mentions the name and titles of the

1098: 900: 790: 753:

In 1167, the Zengids engaged in a new campaign in Egypt. They sacked

604: 456: 401: 356: 4740: 4346: 2698:

The Zengids branched out in several regions between Syria and Iraq.

1038: 5788: 5752: 5692: 4393: 2592: 2480: 2446: 2403: 2374: 2346: 2316: 2084: 2059: 1990:. Nur al-Din's army mainly consisted in Turcoman horse archers and 1976: 1573: 1554: 1445: 1407: 1321:

Detail of inlaid brass writing box, showing soldier wearing a mail

1295: 1284: 1207: 1082: 894: 833: 608: 555: 342: 91: 5409:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

5245:

605/1208 Mahmud b. Sanjar Shah, al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Mu'izz al-Din

4191:

Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and Their Iconography: The Artuquids

3504:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

3046: 5662: 4920: 3289:"Musul ve Halep Valisi İmâdeddin Zengi'nin Haçlılarla Mücadelesi" 3059: 3051: 3023: 2896: 2856: 2740: 2607:

during the late Zengid period, especially under the atabagate of

2603:

in 1174. Several important Christian manuscripts were created in

2442: 2239: 2227: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1972: 1913: 1851:

again attempted to annex the Zengid states in 1209, and besieged

1697: 1621: 1601: 1491: 1367: 1363: 1322: 1311: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1087: 1002:(r.1170-1180), Zengid ruler of Mosul. Dated 569 H (1173-1174 CE). 871: 861: 856: 848: 837: 806: 802: 754: 742: 728: 724: 716: 712: 686: 678: 464: 455:

became famous in the Islamic world for its successes against the

433: 328: 80: 5486:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260

5137:

period and cultural bloom in the Mosul area soon came to an end.

4234: 3813: 3811: 3765: 3763: 3581: 3579: 3335: 1342:

flag of the Abbasids, the Zengids of Mosul openly supported the

5188:. Edinbourg University Press. p. Vol.3, Figures 306 (A-F). 4519:"Inlaid Brasses from the Workshop of Aḥmad al-Dhakī al-Mawṣilī" 4169: 4112: 3999: 3884:

Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts

3206:". Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1 (2018 ): 51-61 2965: 2554: 2462: 2458: 2415: 1961: 1920: 1885: 1852: 1815: 1569: 1534: 1522: 1507: 1495: 1457: 1441: 1437: 1419: 1371: 1307: 1176: 1165: 1094: 1078: 1011: 938: 810: 720: 682: 551: 543: 530: 509: 475: 421: 71: 3864: 3862: 3437: 3435: 2234:, is a medieval manuscript allegedly based on the writings of 5818: 5227:

566/1171 Zangi II b. Mawdud, 577-9/1181-3 lord of Aleppo also

4145: 3808: 3796: 3760: 3736: 3591: 3576: 3364: 3362: 2664:

Detail of f.139r, Crucifixion. Vatican Library, Ms. Syr. 559.

2641: 2604: 2578: 2487:. It was built and named after the Nur ad-Din Zangi in 1154. 2484: 2450: 2340: 2243: 2235: 2154: 2112: 2075: 2063: 2039: 1864: 1670: 1546: 1499: 1449: 1375: 1326: 1271: 1199: 1195: 1129: 974: 955: 888: 841: 829: 825: 794: 643: 514: 441: 437: 414: 253: 5400:

Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships

4725:"Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq" 3835: 3608: 3606: 3204:

SELAHADDİN EYYUBİ VE NUREDDİN MAHMUD ARASINDAKİ MÜNASEBETLER

2263:

was created in 1218-1219 in Mosul at the time of the Zengid

1513:

In 1204, Saladin's brother and successor, the Ayyubid ruler

27:

Historical dynasty of Turkoman origin (12–13th centuries AD)

5439:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257

4157: 4133: 4100: 4088: 3987: 3975: 3859: 3847: 3823: 3784: 3432: 2811:, atabeg to Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, whom he murdered in 1234. 2334: 1387: 1335: 978: 882: 770: 607:. In 1154, he capped off these successes by his capture of 538: 5415: 5207:

521/1127 Zangi I b. Qasim al-Dawla Aq Sunqur, 'Imad al-Din

4808: 3913:

Dress and Dress Code in Medieval Cairo: A Mamluk Obsession

3678: 3630: 3618: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3359: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127: 1081:. From there, they headed west to besiege the fortress of 5242:

576/1180 Sanjar Shah b. Ghazi II b. Mawdud, Mu'izz al-Din

4011: 3748: 3724: 3690: 3666: 3603: 3447: 2787:, son of Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, 1211–1218 (regency by 1517:, dispatched an army under the leadership of his own son 5466:

Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes

4985:"Iconic Grand al-Nuri mosque in Iraq's Mosul 'blown up'" 4901: 3654: 3347: 3236: 3034:

in 1185. Thus the Ayyubids became the rulers of most of

5657: 4701: 3546:"The Aghānī Miniatures and Religious Painting in Islam" 3224: 3133: 880:

Zengid soldiers armed with long swords and wearing the

4687:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385. 3781:

Whelan Type II, 181-2; S&S Type 63.1; Album 1863.2

3642: 3150: 2461:

of Syria, who is buried there. The complex includes a

5258:-630?-1233? Zangi III b. Arslan Shah II, 'Imad al-Din 4660: 3967:. British Museum Research Publications. p. 130. 3248: 989: 5127:

Patton argues that in addition to Badr al-Din Lu'lu'

3323: 2701: 2221: 1945:

The military of the Zengids, like that of the other

986:

1175, after stubborn resistance from its defenders.

4599:

Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World

2946:(co-ruler), son of Qutb ad-Din Muhammad, 1219–1220. 1908:). In 1250, al-Jazira fell under the domination of 1837:and main contemporary polities in continental Asia 1115: 749:, during the Zengid conquest of Egypt in 1163-1169. 571:, and Aleppo and Edessa falling to his second son, 5591:Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982). 5547: 5505: 5360:. State University of New York Press. p. 97. 5295:Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1984). 5261:630-49/1233-51 11 Arslan b. Zangi III, Nur al-Din" 5248:639-48/1241-50 Mas'ud b. Mahmud, al-Malik al-Zahir 3341: 2724:(r. 1149-1170), son of the founder of the dynasty 1994:spear-armed horsemen, in addition to professional 599:, and the next year conquered the remnants of the 4437:Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens 4229:rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear 4078:Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens 2586: 2107:s. However, al-Mawsili is by far the most common 5932:12th-century establishments in the Seljuk Empire 5868: 5572:Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 5013:"Battle for Mosul: IS 'blows up' al-Nuri mosque" 4033:Saladin and the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 3910: 3506:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 195–196. 3101:Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). 3000:In 1250, al-Jazira fell under the domination of 2873:List of rulers of Damascus § Zengid atabegs 1916:emir of Aleppo, marking the end of Zengid rule. 5441:. Edinburg University Press. pp. 285–348. 5005: 4871:. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 127, Fig.65 b. 4188:Spengler, William F.; Sayles, Wayne G. (1992). 3286: 2624:, also created circa 1220 in the Mosul region. 1393: 1230: 5419:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs 4187: 2821:List of rulers of Aleppo § Zengid Dynasty 872:Loss of Egypt and Syria to Saladin (1175-1176) 578: 5917:States and territories disestablished in 1250 5643: 5622:Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades 5233:616/1219 Shahanshah b. Muhammad, 'Imad al-Din 5213:544/1149 Mawdud b. Zangi I, Qutb al-Din (...) 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4226:. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 391. 3107:. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. 2990:, son of Mu'izz al-Din Sanjar Shah, 1208–1241 1062:was levying troops among the minor states of 5590: 5548:Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (2001). 5294: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4175: 4163: 4139: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3868: 3853: 3829: 3790: 3684: 3636: 3624: 3597: 3585: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3007: 2966:Zengid Emirs of al-Jazira (in Northern Iraq) 1474: 1464: 832:were added to the state of the Zengids. The 723:, had been driven out of Egypt by his rival 5301:. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. 4257:. Cambridge University Press. p. 744. 3400:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. 3305:Staying in Mosul until the death of Sultān 3186:Souad, Merah, and Tahraoui Ramdane. 2018. “ 3100: 2866: 2708:List of rulers of Mosul § Zengid emirs 2378:, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. 2191:Syriac Gospels (British Library, Add. 7170) 2185:shared many characteristics with Christian 5912:States and territories established in 1127 5650: 5636: 5565: 5525:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5230:594/1197 Muhammad b. Zangi II, Qutb al-Din 4977: 4722: 4305:. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. 4151: 4029: 4017: 3841: 3817: 3802: 3769: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3696: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3612: 3198: 3196: 2238:("pseudo-Galen"). It describes the use of 977:with relative ease, but avoided attacking 48: 5611: 5597:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5533:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 780–782. 5503: 5482: 5436: 4866: 4769: 4605:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 11–85. 4548: 4501: 4252: 4240: 3960: 3943: 3880: 3242: 3230: 3144: 2996:, son of Mu'izz al-Din Mahmud, 1241–1250. 2906: 2814: 2613:Jacobite-Syrian Lectionary of the Gospels 1282:-type clothes, together with the typical 761:and Shirkuh's army were to engage in the 745:began his military career in the army of 622:was captured, and the territories of the 5447:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423182.003.0007 5406: 5388: 5353: 5321: 5210:541/1146 Ghazi I b. Zangi I, Sayf al-Din 5198: 5148: 5104: 5086:. Leiden University. p. Chapter 2. 4921:"Madrasa al-Nuriyya al-Kubra (Damascus)" 4843: 4837: 4820: 4707: 4666: 4375: 4298: 3501: 3353: 3287:Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel (30 June 2020). 3266: 3156: 3045: 2972:Upper Mesopotamia § Islamic empires 2937:, son of Qutb ad-Din Muhammad, 1219–1220 2731: 2715: 2402:was fortified by the Zengids during the 2144: 2069: 2025: 1930: 1468: 1397: 1316: 1119: 1056:al-Malik an-Nasir Yusuf Ayyub, ala ghaya 1037: 1010:, Zengid ruler of Mosul. As head of the 993: 875: 737: 633: 474: 205:Mahmud Al-Malik Al-Zahir (last reported) 5463: 5391:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 5216:2. The line in Damascus and then Aleppo 5181: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5037: 4907: 4453: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4074: 3950:. British Museum Press. pp. 58–59. 3276:. University of London. pp. 38–44. 3214: 3212: 3193: 3182: 3180: 3167: 3165: 2074:Regnal scene on the Blacas ewer, 1232, 14: 5869: 5411:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5397: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5236:Mahmud b. Muhammad, Jalal al-Din (...) 5203:"1. The main line in Mosul and Aleppo: 5185:Military technology of classical Islam 5075: 5073: 4677: 4675: 4635: 4480: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4332: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3254: 2775:, son of Qutb al-Din Mawdud, 1180–1193 2769:, son of Qutb al-Din Mawdud, 1170–1180 1782: 1773: 1764: 1753: 1724: 1715: 1686: 1593: 5631: 5594:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War 5556: 5298:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War 4718: 4716: 4631: 4629: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3329: 2781:, son of Izz al-Din Mas'ud, 1193–1211 1813: 1744: 1733: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1639: 1599: 5550:The Crusades and the Military Orders 5093: 4595: 4516: 4319: 3543: 3393: 3209: 3177: 3162: 2962:, ruler of Mosul beginning in 1234. 2622:Ms. Additional 7170, British Library 2153:in 1218-1219, as Zengid Governor of 1791: 1704: 1695: 1677: 1628: 1619: 1608: 1402:Coinage of "Zangi", emir of Aleppo ( 781:. Saladin and Shirkuh moved towards 547:, or Governor for the whole region. 517:, the Seljuk Empire decided to name 448:was the first ruler of the dynasty. 5937:12th-century establishments in Asia 5342: 5070: 4844:Shahbazi, Shapur (30 August 2020). 4821:Shahbazi, Shapur (30 August 2020). 4672: 4443:. Osprey publishing. pp. 9–12. 4401: 3532: 3397:The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt 2652:was tolerant of Christian religion. 2211: 1941:, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia. 1802: 1475: 24: 5612:Stevenson, William Barron (1907). 5559:The Oxford History of the Crusades 5354:Hathaway, Jane (1 February 2012). 4763: 4713: 4626: 4299:Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). 4255:The New Cambridge Medieval History 4218: 3394:Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). 3380: 3280: 3260: 2388:, Iraq, 1224. Harvard Art Museums. 1951:, continued the traditions of the 1152:died in June 1181 and his brother 990:Battle of the Horns of Hama (1175) 658:and the death of the Seljuk ruler 173: 25: 5958: 5575:. Heroes of the Nations. London: 5402:. Hebrew University Magnes Press. 4968: 4392:1243 (...) With much astuteness, 2702:Zengid Atabegs and Emirs of Mosul 2232:Book of anditodes of pseudo-Galen 2189:illustrated manuscripts, such as 851:was appointed vizier by the last 685:regain his throne from his rival 503:In 1127, following the murder of 5922:Syrian people of Turkish descent 5315: 5288: 5266: 5192: 5175: 5142: 5038:Nicolle, David (30 April 2014). 4650:10.1111/j.1467-8365.2011.00881.x 4130:S/S 79.3; Edhem -; Album 1879.2. 4084:. Osprey publishing. p. 14. 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2629: 2562: 2547: 2531: 2515: 2499: 2365: 2325: 2302: 2278: 2252:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 1832: 1592: 1585: 1541:, from an assault by his cousin 1248: 1239: 1116:Loss of Jazira to Saladin (1182) 420:faith, which ruled parts of the 385:Zangid dynasty, Atabegs of Mosul 361: 347: 333: 308: 294: 280: 5927:Iraqi people of Turkish descent 5031: 4962: 4937: 4913: 4860: 4814: 4481:Morton, Nicholas (2020-04-15). 4474: 4447: 4369: 4292: 4283: 4246: 4212: 4194:. Clio's Cabinet. p. 113. 4181: 4124: 4068: 4050: 4023: 3954: 3937: 3904: 3874: 3775: 3702: 3502:Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). 3495: 3414: 2393: 2118:Instability after the death of 1329:, 1230-1250 CE, British Museum. 5942:1250 disestablishments in Asia 5552:. Central European University. 5422:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5153:. Cambridge University Press. 4036:. Рипол Классик. p. 172. 3342:Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001 3094: 3077:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 2845:, son of Nur al-Din, 1174–1182 2728:. Dated AH 556 (1160-1161 CE). 2587:Christianity under the Zengids 2542:before its destruction in 2017 2492:Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul 2434:, who was held for two years. 2332:Figures in Turkic dress, with 2022:History of metallurgy in Mosul 1564:, starting from their base in 1487:, dated AH 596 (1199-1200 CE). 486:, 1149. Illustration from the 13: 1: 5902:Muslims of the Second Crusade 5616:. Cambridge University Press. 4454:Tyerman, Christopher (2019). 3087: 3054:, inherited from the Zengids. 2430:, and the King of Jerusalem, 2130: 1838: 1525:, accompanied by his brother 677:in Egypt. From 1163 to 1169, 562:from the Crusaders after the 493: 409:created in 1127. It formed a 58:in 1145, and expansion under 5892:History of the Seljuk Empire 5328:. CUP Archive. p. 147. 5044:Bulletin d'études orientales 4850:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online 4827:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online 4030:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1903). 3370:"Blacas ewer British Museum" 2931:, son of Zengi II, 1197–1219 2289:in the name of Zengid ruler 2015: 1855:. The Zengid ruler of Mosul 1560:In 1207, the Ayyubids under 1394:Fall of Zengid Aleppo (1183) 1231:Battle for Mosul (1182-1183) 1218:. Meanwhile, in Aleppo, the 1027:, hills by the gorge of the 1006:Saladin's successes alarmed 801:with the approval of Caliph 765:on the desert border of the 629: 573:Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo 7: 5483:Humphreys, Stephen (1977). 5282:American Numismatic Society 5251:648/1250 Ayyubid domination 5046:(in French) (62): 223–264. 4487:. Oxford University Press. 3718:American Numismatic Society 3293:Journal of Oriental Studies 3065: 2473:is a large Muslim medieval 2222: 1926: 691:Crusader invasions of Egypt 689:, and in opposition to the 579:Conflict with the Crusaders 10: 5963: 5887:Medieval history of Jordan 5624:, Routledge, Abington, UK. 5561:. Oxford University Press. 5507:"Masūd b. Mawdūd b. Zangī" 5382: 4376:Pubblici, Lorenzo (2021). 3004:, Ayyubid emir of Aleppo. 2969: 2910: 2895:Damascus was conquered by 2891:, son of Nur al-Din, 1174. 2870: 2818: 2705: 2453:. It was built in 1167 by 2171:The area including Syria, 2134: 2019: 695:Latin Patriarch of Antioch 558:in 1128 and capturing the 470: 5882:Medieval history of Syria 5670: 5620:Taef El-Azharii (2006). 5614:The Crusaders in the East 5468:. Rhema-Verlag, Münster. 5389:Asbridge, Thomas (2012). 5201:, p. 190, (Excerpt:) 5149:Eastmond, Antony (2017). 4945:"Madrasa Nuriya al-Kubra" 4460:. Yale University Press. 4457:The World of the Crusades 4263:10.1017/CHOL9780521414111 3921:10.1163/9789004684980_013 3267:ALPTEKIN, COJKUN (1972). 3104:The atlas of the Crusades 3008:Zengid Emirs of Shahrazur 2978:Mu'izz al-Din Sanjar Shah 2913:Sinjar § Islamic era 2885:, son of Zengi, 1154–1174 2839:, son of Zengi, 1146–1174 2795:Nur al-Din Arslan Shah II 2763:, son of Zengi, 1149–1170 2757:, son of Zengi, 1146–1149 1485:Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan 1465:Final decline (1183-1250) 1144:, and 'Izz al-Din Mas'ud. 650:After the defeats of the 259: 249: 245: 235: 225: 221: 213: 209: 199: 186: 182: 172: 168: 156: 144: 140: 130: 116: 97: 87: 67: 47: 42: 32: 5947:Middle Eastern dynasties 5504:Humphreys, R.S. (1991). 5254:5. The line in Shahrazur 4867:Contadini, Anna (2012). 4723:Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001). 4333:Patton, Douglas (1991). 4289:Humphreys, 1977, p. 128. 4176:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4164:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4140:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4119:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4107:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4095:Lyons & Jackson 1982 4058:"Pen-box British Museum" 4006:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3994:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3982:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3961:Contadini, Anna (2017). 3944:Contadini, Anna (1998). 3881:Contadini, Anna (2010). 3869:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3854:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3830:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3791:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3685:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3637:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3625:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3598:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3586:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3490:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3478:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3466:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3454:Lyons & Jackson 1982 3442:Lyons & Jackson 1982 2994:Mahmud al-Malik al-Zahir 2950:Sinjar was taken by the 2889:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik 2867:Zengid Emirs of Damascus 2855:Aleppo was conquered by 2843:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik 2807:Mosul was taken over by 2779:Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I 2737:Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I 2577:, from 1146 to 1163 CE. 1857:Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I 1591: 1576:, putting an end to the 1543:Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I 1529:, to relieve the Zengid 1481:Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I 1188:Nur ad-Din of Hisn Kayfa 1106:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik 1014:, he regarded Syria and 937:As-Salih took refuge in 932:as-Salih Ismail al-Malik 898:hat, at the time of the 5725:(970–11th/12th century) 5464:Gonella, Julia (2005). 5407:Bosworth, C.E. (1996). 5393:. Simon & Schuster. 5182:Nicolle, David (2008). 4770:Snelders, Bas (2010b). 4075:Nicolle, David (1997). 3550:The Burlington Magazine 3041: 2540:Great Mosque of al-Nuri 1875:", the sons of al-Adid 1861:Muzzafar al-Din Kukburi 1362:, and the lands of the 1270:or metalworks from the 1175:), the Zengid ruler of 1173:Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri 759:Crusader-Egyptian force 624:Principality of Antioch 587:. In 1149, he defeated 54:The Zengid state under 5398:Ayalon, David (1999). 5105:Snelders, Bas (2010). 4380:. Brill. p. 145. 4219:Künker, Fritz Rudolf. 3072:List of Emirs of Mosul 3055: 3026:conquers all lands of 2954:in 1182, and ruled by 2935:Imad al-Din Shahanshah 2907:Zengid Emirs of Sinjar 2815:Zengid Emirs of Aleppo 2744: 2743:, 594 H (1197-1198 CE) 2729: 2410:, followed by his son 2168: 2137:Illuminated manuscript 2079: 2035: 1942: 1488: 1411: 1330: 1145: 1046: 1003: 915: 750: 700:sent a letter to King 647: 626:were greatly reduced. 541:, where he had become 500: 237:• Disestablished 5322:Minorsky, V. (1953). 5238:4. The line in Jazira 5223:3. The line in Sinjar 5159:10.1017/9781316711774 4062:www.britishmuseum.org 3887:. BRILL. p. 11. 3512:10.1515/9781474464628 3374:www.britishmuseum.org 3301:10.26650/jos.2020.005 3049: 2970:Further information: 2911:Further information: 2899:in 1174 and ruled by 2871:Further information: 2859:in 1183 and ruled by 2819:Further information: 2735: 2719: 2706:Further information: 2615:, was created at the 2524:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 2471:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 2465:, a madrasa, and the 2148: 2073: 2029: 1934: 1472: 1401: 1320: 1123: 1041: 997: 879: 741: 673:, for control of the 638:Hunting scene on the 637: 478: 98:Common languages 5907:Former vassal states 5855:Hashemites of Jordan 5111:. Peeters. pp. 5080:Snelder, B. (2010). 4776:. Peeters. pp. 3915:. pp. 172–173. 3544:Rice, D. S. (1953). 2988:Mu'izz al-Din Mahmud 2982:Sayf al-Din Ghazi II 2929:Qutb ad-Din Muhammad 2919:Imad al-Din Zengi II 2849:Imad al-Din Zengi II 2785:Izz al-Din Mas'ud II 2767:Sayf al-Din Ghazi II 2617:Mar Mattai Monastery 2428:Raynald of Châtillon 2372:Warrior wearing the 2344:armbands, boots and 2291:Qutb ad-Din Muhammad 2250:, and is now in the 2091:Ibrahim ibn Mawaliya 2012:and his successors. 1906:Mu'izz al-Din Mahmud 1828:class=notpageimage| 1404:Imad ad-Din Zengi II 1150:Sayf al-Din Ghazi II 1110:Imad al-Din Zengi II 969:Leaving his brother 943:Imad al-Din Zengi II 892:armbands, boots and 816:During the reign of 671:Amalric of Jerusalem 620:Raynald of Châtillon 554:from the squabbling 533:, as the new Seljuk 459:, and for being the 5809:(16th–19th century) 5803:(15th–19th century) 5755:(11th–12th century) 5707:(10th–11th century) 5577:G. P. Putnam's Sons 5567:Lane-Poole, Stanley 4517:Rice, D.S. (1957). 4178:, pp. 198–201. 4154:, pp. 172–173. 4121:, pp. 192–194. 4008:, pp. 180–181. 3820:, pp. 169–170. 3805:, pp. 164–165. 3772:, pp. 144–146. 3745:, pp. 141–143. 2801:Nasir ad-Din Mahmud 2755:Sayf al-Din Ghazi I 2640:gospel from around 2597:Syriac Christianity 2159:Nasir ad-Din Mahmud 1895:Nasir ad-Din Mahmud 1549:, the chief Zengid 971:Tughtakin ibn Ayyub 964:Tughtakin ibn Ayyub 960:Citadel of Damascus 763:Battle of al-Babein 702:Louis VII of France 589:Raymond of Poitiers 569:Saif ad-Din Ghazi I 505:Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi 489:Passages d'outremer 288:Great Seljuq Empire 227:• Established 5849:Hashemites of Iraq 4795:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 3844:, pp. 169–70. 3270:The Reign of Zangi 3056: 3036:Southern Kurdistan 2960:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2923:Qutb al-Din Mawdud 2877:Rulers of Damascus 2809:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2789:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2761:Qutb al-Din Mawdud 2745: 2730: 2722:Qutb al-Din Mawdud 2650:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2609:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2575:Qutb al-Din Mawdud 2508:Nur al-Din Madrasa 2439:Nur al-Din Madrasa 2426:, who died there, 2271:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2254:(MS. Arabe 2964). 2176:activity of God". 2169: 2151:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2120:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 2080: 2036: 1943: 1891:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 1489: 1476:نور الدين اتا / بك 1412: 1331: 1194:fell, followed by 1164:, in exchange for 1146: 1047: 1004: 916: 906:Badr al-Din Lu'lu' 840:and from Yemen to 751: 648: 523:Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 501: 397:al-Dawla al-Zinkia 5864: 5863: 5659:Islamic dynasties 5540:978-90-04-08112-3 5496:978-0-87395-263-7 5475:978-3-930454-44-0 5456:978-1-4744-2318-2 5429:978-1-58839-589-4 5367:978-0-7914-8610-8 5335:978-0-521-05735-6 5308:978-0-521-31739-9 5122:978-90-429-2386-7 4971:Classical Revival 4910:, pp. 14–19. 4878:978-90-04-20100-2 4809:Canby et al. 2016 4787:978-90-429-2386-7 4694:978-0-87099-777-8 4612:978-0-85773-343-6 4494:978-0-19-882454-1 4467:978-0-300-24545-5 4387:978-90-04-50355-7 4312:978-1-107-16756-8 4272:978-1-139-05403-4 4201:978-1-879080-02-7 4043:978-5-87674-321-3 3894:978-90-04-18630-9 3600:, pp. 74–75. 3588:, pp. 73–74. 3521:978-1-4744-6462-8 3407:978-0-7556-4675-3 3128:Canby et al. 2016 3114:978-0-8160-2186-4 3050:Supposed flag of 2773:Izz al-Din Mas'ud 2408:Imad ad-Din Zengi 2400:Citadel of Aleppo 2381:De Materia Medica 2220: 2182:Maqamat al-Hariri 2078:, Zengid dynasty. 1984:Imad al-Din Zengi 1938:Varka and Golshah 1935:Battle scene, in 1424:Citadel of Aleppo 1162:Imad ad-Din Zangi 1148:The Zengid ruler 1126:Izz ad-Din Mas'ud 1104:The Zengis ruler 1043:Citadel of Aleppo 1021:Damascus province 847:Shirkuh's nephew 698:Aimery of Limoges 675:Fatimid Caliphate 667:King of Jerusalem 646:, Zengid dynasty. 593:Prince of Antioch 446:Imad ad-Din Zengi 426:Upper Mesopotamia 391:: الدولة الزنكية 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 321: 320: 316:Fatimid Caliphate 201:• 1241–1250 193:Imad ad-Din Zengi 188:• 1127–1146 158:• 1176–1194 146:• 1118–1157 111: 16:(Redirected from 5954: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5617: 5608: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5509: 5500: 5479: 5460: 5433: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5376: 5375: 5351: 5340: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5102: 5091: 5090: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5052:10.4000/beo.1404 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4593: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4514: 4499: 4498: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4428: 4399: 4398: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3541: 3530: 3529: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3098: 2944:Fath al-Din Umar 2825:Rulers of Aleppo 2685: 2673: 2661: 2633: 2601:Nur al-Din Zengi 2571:Ain Diwar Bridge 2566: 2551: 2535: 2519: 2503: 2479:("hospital") in 2455:Nūr ad-Dīn Zangī 2369: 2329: 2306: 2282: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2141:Arabic miniature 1988:Nur al-Din Zengi 1968:Warqa wa Gulshah 1843: 1840: 1836: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1478: 1477: 1278:area. They wear 1267:Kitab al-Dariyaq 1252: 1243: 1072:prisoners of war 1033:Ma'arat al-Numan 775:Hugh of Caesarea 611:from the Turkic 601:County of Edessa 560:County of Edessa 498: 495: 365: 364: 351: 350: 337: 336: 325: 324: 312: 311: 302:County of Edessa 298: 297: 284: 283: 277: 276: 261: 260: 109: 52: 30: 29: 21: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5666: 5656: 5605: 5581: 5579: 5541: 5512:Bosworth, C. E. 5497: 5476: 5457: 5430: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5278:numismatics.org 5272: 5271: 5267: 5255: 5239: 5237: 5224: 5217: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5103: 5094: 5078: 5071: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4973:. p. 57ff. 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4879: 4865: 4861: 4842: 4838: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4788: 4768: 4764: 4741:10.2307/1523306 4721: 4714: 4710:, pp. 1–2. 4706: 4702: 4695: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4594: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4515: 4502: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4429: 4402: 4388: 4374: 4370: 4347:10.2307/1595898 4339:Studia Islamica 4331: 4320: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4273: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4217: 4213: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4152:Lane-Poole 1906 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018:Lane-Poole 1906 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3842:Lane-Poole 1906 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3818:Lane-Poole 1906 3816: 3809: 3803:Lane-Poole 1906 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3770:Lane-Poole 1906 3768: 3761: 3755:Lane-Poole 1906 3753: 3749: 3743:Lane-Poole 1906 3741: 3737: 3731:Lane-Poole 1906 3729: 3725: 3714:numismatics.org 3708: 3707: 3703: 3697:Lane-Poole 1906 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3673:Lane-Poole 1906 3671: 3667: 3661:Lane-Poole 1906 3659: 3655: 3649:Lane-Poole 1906 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3613:Lane-Poole 1906 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3542: 3533: 3522: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444:, pp. 6–7. 3440: 3433: 3428:. 4 March 2013. 3420: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3356:, p. 1153. 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3201: 3194: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3068: 3044: 3010: 2974: 2968: 2915: 2909: 2879: 2869: 2827: 2817: 2714: 2712:Rulers of Mosul 2704: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2677: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2653: 2636:Miniature of a 2634: 2589: 2582: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2420:Count of Edessa 2396: 2389: 2370: 2361: 2360:, 1198-1199 CE. 2353:Kitāb al-Diryāq 2335:aqbiya turkiyya 2330: 2321: 2311:Kitâb al-Diryâq 2307: 2298: 2295:Khalili QUR 497 2283: 2260:Kitab al-Aghani 2226:, "The Book of 2223:Kitāb al-diryāq 2203:Kitâb al-Diryâq 2200:The manuscript 2164:Kitāb al-aghānī 2143: 2133: 2024: 2018: 1955:. Professional 1929: 1900:Northern Iraq ( 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1467: 1396: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1233: 1118: 992: 911:Kitab al-Aghani 883:aqbiya turkiyya 874: 793:were besieging 769:, just west of 632: 615:that ruled it. 585:Siege of Edessa 581: 564:siege of Edessa 535:atabeg of Mosul 496: 482:victory at the 473: 362: 348: 334: 309: 295: 281: 238: 228: 202: 189: 159: 147: 123: 104: 79: 63: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5877:Zengid dynasty 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857:(1921–present) 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5588: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5539: 5516:van Donzel, E. 5501: 5495: 5489:. SUNY Press. 5480: 5474: 5461: 5455: 5434: 5428: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5366: 5341: 5334: 5314: 5307: 5287: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5191: 5174: 5167: 5141: 5121: 5092: 5069: 5030: 5019:. 21 June 2017 5004: 4993:. 21 June 2017 4976: 4969:Allen, Terry. 4961: 4949:Madain Project 4936: 4912: 4900: 4877: 4859: 4836: 4813: 4801: 4786: 4762: 4712: 4700: 4693: 4671: 4659: 4625: 4611: 4547: 4523:Ars Orientalis 4500: 4493: 4473: 4466: 4446: 4432:Nicolle, David 4400: 4386: 4368: 4318: 4311: 4291: 4282: 4271: 4245: 4241:Humphreys 1991 4233: 4211: 4200: 4180: 4168: 4166:, p. 199. 4156: 4144: 4142:, p. 195. 4132: 4123: 4111: 4109:, p. 191. 4099: 4097:, p. 188. 4087: 4067: 4049: 4042: 4022: 4020:, p. 171. 4010: 3998: 3996:, p. 179. 3986: 3984:, p. 178. 3974: 3953: 3936: 3929: 3903: 3893: 3873: 3871:, p. 177. 3858: 3856:, p. 176. 3846: 3834: 3832:, p. 164. 3822: 3807: 3795: 3793:, p. 149. 3783: 3774: 3759: 3757:, p. 144. 3747: 3735: 3733:, p. 141. 3723: 3701: 3699:, p. 140. 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 137. 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 136. 3602: 3590: 3575: 3531: 3520: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3431: 3426:De Re Militari 3413: 3406: 3379: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 227. 3322: 3307:Muhammad Tapar 3279: 3259: 3257:, p. 166. 3247: 3245:, p. 312. 3243:El-Azhari 2019 3235: 3233:, p. 316. 3231:El-Azhari 2019 3223: 3208: 3202:Gençtürk, Ç. " 3192: 3176: 3161: 3159:, p. 191. 3149: 3147:, p. 311. 3145:El-Azhari 2019 3132: 3120: 3113: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3043: 3040: 3009: 3006: 3002:an-Nasir Yusuf 2998: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2967: 2964: 2956:al-Ashraf Musa 2948: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2908: 2905: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2868: 2865: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2635: 2628: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2573:. Built under 2568: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2441:is a funerary 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2293:(1197–1219). ( 2284: 2277: 2132: 2129: 2017: 2014: 1928: 1925: 1910:An-Nasir Yusuf 1881:Al-Awhad Ayyub 1826: 1825: 1623:CUMAN KHANATES 1590: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1562:Al-Awhad Ayyub 1527:Al-Awhad Ayyub 1466: 1463: 1395: 1392: 1356:Constantinople 1257: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1117: 1114: 1068:Sultan's Mound 991: 988: 908:in 1218-1219. 873: 870: 799:amir al-juyush 631: 628: 597:battle of Inab 580: 577: 484:Battle of Inab 472: 469: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 359: 353: 352: 345: 339: 338: 331: 322: 319: 318: 313: 305: 304: 299: 291: 290: 285: 273: 272: 267: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 157: 154: 153: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 118: 114: 113: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 69: 65: 64: 53: 45: 44: 40: 39: 37:الدولة الزنكية 36: 33: 26: 18:Zengid Dynasty 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5959: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5199:Bosworth 1996 5195: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5168:9781316711774 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4811:, p. 59. 4810: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4708:Snelders 2010 4704: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667:Snelders 2010 4663: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4302:Tamta's World 4295: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4243:, p. 781 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3930:9789004684980 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3687:, p. 87. 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3663:, p. 13. 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3639:, p. 83. 3638: 3633: 3627:, p. 81. 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3492:, p. 16. 3491: 3486: 3480:, p. 15. 3479: 3474: 3468:, p. 14. 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354:Asbridge 2012 3350: 3344:, p. 28. 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3157:Bosworth 1996 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3130:, p. 69. 3129: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2694:Zengid rulers 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2522:Front of the 2518: 2513: 2509: 2506:Domes of the 2502: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248:Jazira region 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2195:Byzantine art 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2157:, under Emir 2156: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1953:Seljuk Empire 1950: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1810: 1799: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1750: 1741: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1701: 1692: 1690:GHURID EMPIRE 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1645:CONFEDERATION 1636: 1625: 1616: 1605: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1483:. Coinage of 1482: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1251: 1242: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029:Orontes River 1026: 1025:Horns of Hama 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 996: 987: 983: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 928: 925: 921: 913: 912: 907: 903: 902: 897: 896: 891: 890: 885: 884: 878: 869: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820:(1146-1174), 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 748: 744: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707:In 1163, the 705: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 652:Seljuk Empire 645: 641: 636: 627: 625: 621: 616: 614: 613:Burid dynasty 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 576: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 545: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 491: 490: 485: 481: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407:Seljuk Empire 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 360: 358: 355: 354: 346: 344: 341: 340: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 317: 314: 307: 306: 303: 300: 293: 292: 289: 286: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 244: 240: 234: 230: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 198: 194: 191: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 167: 164: 161: 155: 152: 149: 143: 139: 135: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 82: 77: 76:Seljuk Empire 73: 70: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 41: 31: 19: 5815:(1560s–1690) 5764: 5621: 5613: 5593: 5580:. Retrieved 5571: 5558: 5549: 5530: 5523: 5485: 5465: 5438: 5418: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5371: 5356: 5324: 5317: 5297: 5290: 5277: 5268: 5194: 5184: 5177: 5150: 5144: 5126: 5107: 5087: 5082: 5063: 5043: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5016: 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4988: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4948: 4939: 4928:. Retrieved 4924: 4915: 4908:Gonella 2005 4903: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4868: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4804: 4791: 4772: 4765: 4732: 4728: 4703: 4683: 4669:, p. 3. 4662: 4653: 4644:(1): 10–37. 4641: 4637: 4616:. Retrieved 4598: 4538:. Retrieved 4526: 4522: 4483: 4476: 4456: 4449: 4436: 4391: 4377: 4371: 4338: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4254: 4248: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4190: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4032: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3946: 3939: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3883: 3876: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3798: 3786: 3777: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3713: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3593: 3556:(601): 130. 3553: 3549: 3525: 3503: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3456:, p. 8. 3449: 3425: 3416: 3396: 3373: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3304: 3292: 3282: 3269: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3152: 3123: 3103: 3096: 3058:The flag of 3057: 3022: 3011: 2999: 2949: 2903:until 1260. 2894: 2863:until 1260. 2854: 2806: 2697: 2590: 2489: 2474: 2436: 2397: 2394:Architecture 2379: 2373: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2315: 2309: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2231: 2212:كتاب الدرياق 2201: 2199: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2149:Portrait of 2117: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2081: 2055:al-Muqaddasi 2052: 2037: 2005: 1995: 1981: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1918: 1899: 1884: 1873:Jabal Sinjar 1869:Mayyafariqin 1859:allied with 1847: 1831:The Zengids 1566:Mayyafariqin 1559: 1550: 1530: 1512: 1490: 1479:), probably 1453: 1432: 1413: 1340: 1332: 1304: 1293: 1283: 1265: 1259: 1222:of the city 1219: 1212: 1185: 1170: 1147: 1103: 1090: 1076: 1055: 1048: 1005: 984: 968: 936: 929: 917: 909: 899: 893: 887: 881: 846: 815: 798: 788: 779:Ibn al-Athir 752: 706: 664: 660:Ahmad Sanjar 649: 617: 603:west of the 582: 549: 542: 529:Governor of 508: 502: 487: 480:Nūr-ad-Din's 460: 452: 450: 400: 396: 384: 380: 378: 270:Succeeded by 269: 264: 151:Ahmad Sanjar 102:Oghuz Turkic 34:Zengid State 5851:(1921–1958) 5845:(1805–1952) 5839:(1726–1834) 5833:(1704–1831) 5827:(1697–1842) 5821:(1649–1850) 5797:(1382–1517) 5791:(1376–1843) 5785:(1250–1382) 5779:(1234–1262) 5773:(1171–1341) 5767:(1127–1250) 5761:(1104–1154) 5749:(1024–1080) 5520:Pellat, Ch. 4735:: 155–172. 4638:Art History 4618:18 November 4540:17 November 4529:: 283–326. 3295:(36): 104. 3255:Ayalon 1999 3030:and beyond 2984:, 1180–1208 2925:, 1171–1197 2833:, 1128–1146 2751:, 1127–1146 2646:BL Ms. 7170 2644:, c. 1220 ( 2510:in Damascus 2424:Joscelin II 2386:Dioscorides 2032:Blacas ewer 1863:, ruler of 1842: 1205 1654:QARA KHITAI 1612:KHWARAZMIAN 1568:, captured 1539:Qutb al-Din 1416:Tell Khalid 1384:Kish Island 1124:Coinage of 1060:Saif ad-Din 1016:Mesopotamia 1008:Saif ad-Din 1000:Saif ad-Din 998:Coinage of 951:Saif ad-Din 947:Gumushtigin 733:gold dinars 693:. In 1164, 640:Blacas ewer 497: 1490 463:from which 451:The Zengid 413:dynasty of 265:Preceded by 163:Toghrul III 121:Sunni Islam 110:numismatics 83:(1194–1250) 78:(1127–1194) 62:in 1174 CE. 56:Imad al-Din 5871:Categories 5743:(990–1096) 5737:(990–1085) 5731:(990–1081) 5713:(909–1171) 5701:(890–1004) 5689:(750–1258) 5604:0521317398 5529:Volume VI: 4990:Al Jazeera 4930:2020-11-19 4846:"CLOTHING" 4823:"CLOTHING" 4341:(74): 81. 3330:Irwin 1999 3088:References 3082:Palmer Cup 3032:lesser Zab 2883:Nur al-Din 2837:Nur al-Din 2476:bimaristan 2432:Baldwin II 2412:Nur ad-Din 2135:See also: 2131:Literature 2044:epigraphic 2020:See also: 1948:Atabegates 1578:Ahlatshahs 1494:conquered 1300:Izz ad-Din 1261:Palmer Cup 1216:Diyarbakir 1154:Izz ad-Din 1064:Diyarbakir 922:, and the 920:Diyar Bakr 868:practice. 818:Nur al-Din 783:Alexandria 757:, and the 747:Nur ad-Din 125:Shia Islam 60:Nur al-Din 5777:Lu'lu'ids 5747:Mirdasids 5735:Marwanids 5729:Numayrids 5723:Jarrahids 5719:(935–969) 5717:Ikhsidids 5705:Hadhabani 5699:Hamdanids 5695:(868–905) 5683:(661–750) 5677:(632–661) 5675:Rashiduns 5060:0253-1623 4852:. Brill. 4829:. Brill. 4749:0732-2992 4355:0585-5292 3562:0007-6287 3219:EYYÛBÎLER 3028:Shahrazur 3018:Kurdistan 3014:Shahrizor 3012:Emirs of 2980:, son of 2921:, son of 2595:. Still, 2467:mausoleum 2266:atabegate 2217:romanized 2048:Ibn Sa'id 2016:Metalwork 1902:al-Jazira 1877:al-Ashraf 1849:Al-Adil I 1806:SULTANATE 1797:SULTANATE 1710:CALIPHATE 1663:KIPCHACKS 1519:al-Ashraf 1515:Al-Adil I 1428:Bab Janan 1380:Khuzestan 1352:Assassins 1348:Crusaders 1288:headgear. 1274:or North 1204:Qirqesiya 1181:Euphrates 1140:overlord 901:atabegate 791:Crusaders 630:Conquests 605:Euphrates 595:, at the 521:, son of 461:Atabegate 457:Crusaders 453:Atabegate 436:and from 402:Atabegate 399:) was an 393:romanized 357:Ilkhanate 117:Religion 72:Atabegate 43:1127–1250 5843:Alawiyya 5789:Bahdinan 5771:Ayyubids 5753:Artuqids 5741:Uqaylids 5711:Fatimids 5693:Tulunids 5687:Abbasids 5681:Umayyads 5582:26 March 5569:(1906). 5531:Mahk–Mid 5522:(eds.). 4893:sharbūsh 4887:sharbūsh 4729:Muqarnas 4434:(1997). 4394:Hethum I 3066:See also 2952:Ayyubids 2901:Ayyubids 2861:Ayyubids 2720:Coin of 2593:Crusades 2481:Damascus 2447:Damascus 2404:Crusades 2375:sharbush 2347:sharbush 2317:sharbush 2085:flabella 2060:Khurasan 1977:Crusader 1927:Military 1574:Anatolia 1555:Nusaybin 1446:Nusaybin 1408:al Nasir 1364:Almohads 1296:an-Nasir 1285:sharbush 1208:Nusaybin 1158:as-Salih 1051:as-Salih 914:, Mosul. 895:sharbush 834:Artuqids 828:and the 656:Khorasan 642:, 1232, 609:Damascus 556:Artuqids 411:Turkoman 343:Ayyubids 250:Currency 92:Damascus 5897:Atabegs 5837:Jalilis 5831:Mamluks 5825:Shihabs 5801:Harfush 5765:Zengids 5663:Mashriq 5383:Sources 5113:Extract 5023:21 June 4997:21 June 4925:Archnet 4778:Extract 4757:1523306 4535:4629040 4363:1595898 4223:Weights 3060:Saladin 3052:Saladin 3024:Saladin 2897:Saladin 2857:Saladin 2741:Nisibin 2569:Zengid 2443:madrasa 2246:or the 2240:Theriac 2230:"), or 2228:Theriac 2219:: 2010:Saladin 2002:Bedouin 1997:ghulams 1973:hauberk 1914:Ayyubid 1795:AYYUBID 1759:DYNASTY 1739:DYNASTY 1728:YADAVAS 1708:ABBASID 1699:ZENGIDS 1681:GEORGIA 1492:Saladin 1368:Maghreb 1366:in the 1360:Georgia 1344:Seljuks 1323:hauberk 1312:Armenia 1198:, then 1142:Saladin 1138:Ayyubid 1134:Abbasid 1088:Artuqid 1012:Zengids 862:Baghdad 857:al-Adid 855:caliph 853:Fatimid 849:Saladin 838:Hamadan 822:Tripoli 807:Saladin 803:al-Adid 755:Bilbais 743:Saladin 729:Saladin 725:Dirgham 717:al-Adid 715:caliph 713:Fatimid 711:to the 687:Dirgham 679:Shirkuh 471:History 465:Saladin 434:Hamadan 430:Tripoli 405:of the 329:Luluids 214:History 195:(first) 88:Capital 81:Emirate 74:of the 5813:Ridwan 5759:Burids 5665:region 5601: 5537: 5518:& 5493: 5472: 5453: 5426: 5364: 5332: 5305: 5165: 5134:'s 5129:'s 5119: 5058: 4875: 4784: 4755: 4747: 4691: 4609: 4533: 4491: 4464: 4384: 4361: 4353: 4309: 4269: 4198: 4040: 3927: 3891: 3570:871101 3568: 3560: 3518: 3404: 3315:Sanjar 3311:Mahmūd 3111: 2875:, and 2823:, and 2710:, and 2638:Syriac 2555:Mihrab 2526:, 1154 2463:mosque 2459:atabeg 2416:mihrab 2358:Jazira 2338:coat, 2287:Qur'an 2208:Arabic 2187:Syriac 2173:Jazira 2125:Mamluk 2109:nisbah 2104:nisbah 2040:inlaid 2000:, and 1962:Ghulam 1921:Hulagu 1912:, the 1886:atabeg 1871:& 1853:Sinjar 1808:OF RUM 1748:XI XIA 1719:MALAYU 1643:MONGOL 1632:KIEVAN 1614:EMPIRE 1570:Akhlat 1535:Sinjar 1523:Harran 1508:Harran 1504:Mas'ud 1496:Aleppo 1458:Hanafi 1448:, and 1442:Sinjar 1438:Sinjar 1420:Aintab 1386:, and 1372:Tikrit 1308:Sinjar 1280:Seljuk 1276:Jazira 1192:Edessa 1177:Harran 1166:Sinjar 1095:Mardin 1079:Manbij 939:Aleppo 924:Jazira 886:coat, 811:vizier 721:Shawar 709:vizier 683:Shawar 552:Aleppo 544:shihna 531:Aleppo 527:Seljuk 510:atabeg 422:Levant 418:Muslim 389:Arabic 381:Zengid 217: 178: 136: 132:Sultan 106:Arabic 68:Status 5819:Baban 5807:Soran 5795:Burji 5783:Bahri 5510:. 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