407:
200:
40:
27:
361:
190:
and had its origins in pestilential serpents that poisoned the rivers, theriac was a particularly appropriate remedy or therapeutic. By contrast, Christiane Fabbri argues that theriac, which very frequently contained opium, actually did have palliative effect against pain and reduced coughing and
214:
who experimented with poisons and antidotes on his prisoners. His numerous toxicity experiments eventually led him to declare that he had discovered an antidote for every venomous reptile and poisonous substance. He mixed all the effective antidotes into a single one,
394:
According to Galen, theriac reached its greatest potency six years after preparation and kept its virtues for 40 years. It was therefore good practice to make large batches; in 1712, 150 kg of theriac was prepared at one session in
Maastricht in the Netherlands.
170:, wrote that "the treacle is made of poison so that it can destroy other poisons". Another rationale for including snake flesh was the widespread belief that snakes contained an antidote to protect themselves against being poisoned by their own venom. Thinking by
317:, was dark red in colour and the foreigners seemed to respect it greatly. The Tang pharmacologist Su Kung noted that it had proved its usefulness against "the hundred ailments". Whether this panacea contained the traditional ingredients such as opium, myrrh and
346:, who died of the plague in June 1348, recommended in his plague treatise that the theriac should have been aged at least a year. Children should not ingest it, he thought, but have it rubbed on them in a salve.
1301:
Pharmacopaea
Amstelredamensis, or the Amsterdammer pharmacy, in which all kinds of medications, being used in Amsterdam, are prepared in a constant manner: as well as the self's powers and method of entering
1430:
Raj D, Pękacka-Falkowska K, Włodarczyk M, Węglorz J. The real
Theriac - panacea, poisonous drug or quackery? J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Dec 5;281:114535. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114535. Epub 2021 Aug 17. PMID:
1296:
Pharmacopaea
Amstelredamensis, of d'Amsterdammer apotheek, in welke allerlei medicamenten, zijnde tot Amsterdam in 't gebruik, konstiglijk bereid worden: als ook des selfs krachten en manier van ingeven
4216:
3364:
3359:
3354:
2682:
1600:
1595:
1590:
2080:
3937:
3063:
265:'s flesh, a mashed decoction of which, first roasted then well aged, proved the most constant ingredient. Lise Manniche, however, links the origins of theriac to the ancient Egyptian
2797:
444:(1683) and translated from the old Latin names into the Latin names now used where possible. Not all ingredients are known, and identifications and assignments below are tentative.
4208:
357:, published the formula for theriac, seeking to break the monopoly held by the Venetians at that time on the medication, thereby opening up the transfer of medical information.
2075:
4388:
2491:
4421:
3689:
2937:
1980:
4203:
3108:
2817:
160:", whereby a concoction containing some of the poisonous (it was thought) flesh of the serpent would be a sovereign remedy against the creature's venom: in his
4314:
4102:
1510:
174:, Henry Grosmont also thought of theriac as a moral curative, the medicine "to make a man reject the poisonous sin which has entered into his soul". Since the
3188:
1461:
380:
of herbs and other ingredients. It was supposed to be left to mature for years. As a result, it was also expensive and hence available only for the rich.
4309:
3183:
4426:
1520:
2065:
1530:
3078:
2551:
4595:
4236:
4228:
3289:
2747:
2632:
2441:
2288:
398:
By the time of the
Renaissance, the making of theriac had become an official ceremony, especially in Italy. Pharmacists sold it as late as 1884.
4505:
4269:
2546:
4284:
3609:
3494:
2887:
2242:
1905:
1565:
4431:
4401:
4352:
4072:
4062:
3163:
3158:
2667:
4540:
4012:
3866:
3529:
3344:
2987:
2396:
1084:
4451:
4441:
3634:
2647:
406:
4487:
4456:
4357:
4244:
4097:
4077:
3967:
3947:
3674:
2997:
1995:
1625:
3679:
3243:
3032:
2132:
1454:
167:
4167:
4092:
4087:
4022:
2391:
1192:
1094:
4637:
957:
2045:
1447:
991:
1371:
1352:
1327:
877:
3809:
4632:
3804:
391:
lists the ingredients of theriac as leaven, honey, flesh of wild beasts and reptiles, dried scorpion and viper.
3729:
328:
327:
In medieval London, the preparation arrived on galleys from the
Mediterranean, under the watchful eye of the
199:
2927:
162:
4497:
974:
3907:
3902:
3294:
2637:
1725:
1003:
969:
3927:
2917:
2642:
1960:
1044:
3897:
3839:
3299:
3058:
2303:
211:
76:
942:
4477:
3892:
2516:
2298:
426:
298:
258:
142:
could be applied to any healing property: in the Middle Ages the treacle (i.e. healing) well at
72:
3304:
2318:
2293:
2192:
611:
551:
456:
261:
improved upon mithridatum by bringing the total number of ingredients to sixty-four, including
1344:
1338:
421:
or Venice
Treacle contained 64 ingredients. In addition to viper flesh and opium, it included
3459:
1755:
527:
43:
480:
1535:
1515:
1114:
649:
641:
615:
48:
3272:
2615:
1481:
8:
4600:
4186:
4032:
3992:
3319:
3138:
3118:
2416:
2378:
2333:
677:
570:
474:
377:
324:
In the Middle East, theriac was known as Tiryaq, and makers of it were known as
Tiryaqi.
183:
143:
4132:
3439:
3128:
2862:
2752:
2406:
2086:
1870:
1710:
1670:
1473:
1414:
1389:
1181:
919:
894:
841:
743:
715:
645:
607:
545:
462:
365:
343:
88:
32:
3917:
3073:
2313:
1320:
In the Arms of
Morpheus: The Tragic History of Morphine, Laudanum and Patent Medicines
869:
863:
3922:
3314:
3309:
3083:
2328:
1890:
1525:
1419:
1405:
1367:
1348:
1323:
1232:
1188:
1090:
924:
910:
873:
833:
637:
582:
557:
539:
492:
468:
1140:
Christiane Fabbri, 2007. Treating
Medieval Plague: The Wonderful Virtues of Theriac.
4322:
4259:
4082:
3798:
3724:
3449:
3178:
2932:
2772:
2486:
1745:
1409:
1401:
914:
906:
825:
774:
521:
242:
175:
3972:
3499:
3454:
2802:
2777:
1820:
1750:
1605:
1496:
1470:
1294:
1024:
979:
287:
157:
126:
included information—often fanciful—about dangerous beasts and their bites. When
68:
3912:
3068:
2308:
4274:
3599:
2897:
2877:
2872:
2677:
1935:
1895:
1885:
1845:
1740:
1705:
1610:
1585:
1540:
1224:
633:
625:
576:
504:
384:
107:
64:
434:
4626:
4590:
4249:
4027:
3982:
3932:
3855:
3843:
3549:
3464:
3444:
3429:
3424:
3369:
3143:
3133:
2837:
2757:
2481:
2421:
2411:
2348:
2323:
2117:
2060:
1850:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1760:
1695:
1645:
1630:
1545:
1439:
1236:
999:
965:
837:
767:
661:
149:
67:
in the 1st century AD and widely adopted in the ancient world as far away as
39:
4585:
4520:
4446:
4254:
3829:
3794:
3594:
3399:
3258:
2852:
2847:
2742:
2717:
2712:
2536:
2461:
2207:
2162:
2015:
2010:
1965:
1865:
1700:
1665:
1660:
1423:
928:
665:
629:
451:
376:
The production of a proper theriac took months with all the collection and
354:
302:
246:
217:
92:
26:
4515:
4492:
4406:
4332:
4299:
4279:
4157:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4037:
4007:
4002:
3847:
3819:
3814:
3784:
3769:
3759:
3739:
3734:
3694:
3659:
3649:
3604:
3584:
3569:
3564:
3534:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3414:
3389:
3374:
3349:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3213:
3153:
3148:
3123:
2982:
2972:
2952:
2912:
2907:
2882:
2867:
2832:
2827:
2727:
2702:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2496:
2426:
2383:
2227:
2157:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2070:
2035:
2020:
2005:
1990:
1955:
1945:
1915:
1900:
1875:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1775:
1770:
1730:
1720:
1655:
1640:
1615:
1575:
1560:
1550:
681:
669:
510:
388:
179:
153:
130:
was an exotic Eastern commodity, the English recommended the sugar-based
91:, a term for which it could be used interchangeably: in the 16th century
1303:]. by Jan ten Hoorn (bookseller, over 't oude Heere Logement). 1683.
1016:
4610:
4580:
4555:
4436:
4347:
4327:
4304:
4147:
4122:
4112:
4067:
4057:
4042:
3957:
3851:
3779:
3774:
3749:
3719:
3709:
3684:
3669:
3644:
3614:
3589:
3579:
3539:
3519:
3509:
3489:
3419:
3404:
3223:
3203:
3198:
3173:
3103:
3042:
3022:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2902:
2892:
2822:
2737:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2521:
2511:
2476:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2368:
2212:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2152:
2122:
2040:
2030:
2025:
1975:
1930:
1910:
1880:
1830:
1810:
1765:
1690:
1580:
1570:
845:
813:
792:
731:
723:
703:
563:
430:
350:
336:
127:
80:
4565:
4560:
4510:
4482:
4411:
4372:
4367:
4342:
4337:
4264:
4172:
4162:
4052:
3962:
3876:
3834:
3824:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3654:
3624:
3504:
3484:
3384:
3379:
3334:
3253:
3248:
3208:
3193:
3168:
3098:
3037:
3007:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2807:
2697:
2662:
2657:
2601:
2526:
2506:
2501:
2471:
2401:
2363:
2343:
2338:
2278:
2262:
2252:
2197:
2107:
2055:
2050:
1985:
1940:
1920:
1800:
1790:
1635:
757:
673:
498:
410:
Uses and dosing instructions in an advertisement for Venice Treacle,
282:
262:
203:
115:
20:
19:
For the radiation therapy machine involved in several accidents, see
829:
4570:
4362:
4107:
4017:
3997:
3987:
3942:
3871:
3664:
3574:
3559:
3524:
3514:
3394:
3218:
3113:
3088:
3027:
3012:
2922:
2842:
2812:
2792:
2762:
2707:
2687:
2652:
2541:
2466:
2451:
2373:
2353:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2172:
2142:
2102:
1970:
1860:
1805:
1715:
1650:
1620:
1505:
778:
685:
486:
422:
318:
238:
123:
84:
46:
on horseback, questioning a patient who has received a snake bite.
360:
210:
According to legends, the history of theriac begins with the king
4535:
4416:
4294:
3977:
3861:
3639:
3629:
2857:
2787:
2722:
2672:
2531:
2283:
2257:
2247:
2232:
2137:
1950:
1925:
1675:
1555:
781:
657:
603:
588:
230:
171:
131:
1167:
In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It made
1086:
In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made
249:
defeated him, his medical notes fell into their hands and Roman
87:
for a variety of poisons and diseases. It was also considered a
4545:
4530:
4525:
4396:
4289:
3952:
3619:
3434:
3093:
3017:
3002:
2992:
2767:
2358:
2237:
1855:
1735:
771:
739:
735:
719:
711:
699:
695:
653:
234:
96:
1249:
Noted by Cantor 2001:175, who observes that Gentile also used
1231:(1890 ed.). Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian. p. 540.
440:
The following ingredients for the theriac were taken from the
294:
4550:
4152:
4047:
3789:
3544:
3409:
2782:
2732:
2692:
2456:
2147:
2091:
2000:
1685:
1680:
1390:"Venetian treacle and the foundation of medicines regulation"
992:
958:
895:"Venetian treacle and the foundation of medicines regulation"
747:
727:
314:
306:
273:
266:
226:
222:
135:
1491:
1253:
and ground gemstones in medications and recommended amulets.
814:"Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq"
3554:
1250:
599:
310:
309:
with a theriac. The Chinese observed that it contained the
254:
1364:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'Ang Exotics
707:
331:. Theriac, the most expensive of medicaments, was called
187:
342:
At the time of the Black Death in the mid 14th century,
152:
observes that the remedy's supposed effect followed the
134:
as an antidote against poison, originally applied as a
280:
to theriac, documenting many notable theriacs such as
1340:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
433:. The ingredients were pulverized and reduced to an
245:, along with some forty other ingredients. When the
612:
Lavandula angustifolia (common or English lavender)
63:is a medical concoction originally labelled by the
1180:
118:signifying "pertaining to animals", from θηρίον (
4624:
4613:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
401:
1469:
1387:
30:Preparation of theriac: illustration from the
1455:
1148:
1146:
760:, Trochisci Viperarum, Narbonne white honey
1462:
1448:
865:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
857:
855:
811:
710:of an unknown tree, possibly some kind of
52:("The Book of Theriac"), 1198-1199, Syria.
1413:
1204:
1143:
1108:
1106:
918:
269:recipe, which was also used medicinally.
1394:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1223:
1178:
899:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
861:
405:
359:
198:
168:Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
38:
25:
1361:
1317:
1279:Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Chametz u'Matzah
1211:
1153:
892:
852:
4625:
1112:
1103:
1082:
1017:"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary:
650:Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort)
122:), "wild animal, beast". The ancient
99:was the rustic's theriac or Heal-All.
1443:
1343:, Harvard University Press, pp.
1336:
1265:Commentary to Exodus 30:34. See also
286:. One of his patients, Roman emperor
868:. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. p.
608:Lavandula stoechas (French lavender)
221:or mithridate. Mithridate contained
182:, was believed to have been sent by
13:
1381:
1366:, University of California Press,
14:
4649:
3430:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
2758:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
1711:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
1696:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
1435:
1113:Hudson, Briony (8 October 2017).
805:
3810:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
1406:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02147.x
1083:Cantor, Norman F. (2015-03-17).
911:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02147.x
574:(wall germander), Cupressaceae,
364:Theriac pot dated 1782 from the
3805:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
1287:
1256:
1243:
1217:
1172:
1169:(New York: Harper) 2001: 174ff.
1159:
1134:
1125:
1076:
1064:
387:, Ki Tisa, the Spanish scholar
383:According to the commentary on
3730:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
1199:lise manniche sacred luxuries.
1055:
1037:
1009:
985:
951:
935:
886:
290:, took it on a regular basis.
1:
3705:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
2898:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
2507:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
1936:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
1311:
1283:Shulchan Aruch, Orah Haim 442
561:(white or common horehound),
411:
371:
329:Worshipful Company of Grocers
79:via the trading links of the
2928:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
1187:. Cornell University Press.
1115:"Theriac: An ancient brand?"
402:Theriaca Andromachi Senioris
7:
4638:History of ancient medicine
4581:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
4209:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
3590:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
2076:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
1362:Schafer, Edward H. (1985),
1229:Turkish and English Lexicon
786:
678:Syzygium aromaticum (clove)
666:Piper nigrum (black pepper)
646:Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
349:In 1669, the famous French
253:began to use them. Emperor
146:was a place of pilgrimage.
16:Medieval medical concoction
10:
4654:
4601:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
4221:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
3325:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
2492:Methylsamidorphan chloride
1726:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
1551:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
993:
959:
740:Myristica fragans (nutmeg)
670:Piper longum (long pepper)
568:(West-Indian lemongrass),
194:
18:
4521:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
4469:
4381:
4196:
4185:
3928:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
3885:
3840:Tricyclic antidepressants
3282:
3271:
3051:
2918:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
2625:
2614:
2271:
1961:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
1480:
1318:Hodgson, Barbara (2001),
1131:Noted by Cantor 2001:174.
1071:Livre de seyntz medicines
1045:Oxford English Dictionary
754:Animal parts and products
638:Pimpinella anisum (anise)
626:Brassica napus (rapeseed)
293:In 667, ambassadors from
85:alexipharmic, or antidote
4506:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
4478:Enkephalinase inhibitors
4407:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
4389:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4305:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
812:Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001).
798:
484:'Angustifolia' odorata,
212:Mithridates VI of Pontus
4204:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
3475:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
2517:Nalorphine dinicotinate
1388:Griffin, J. P. (2004).
1225:Redhouse, James William
1179:Manniche, Lise (1999).
975:A Greek–English Lexicon
893:Griffin, J. P. (2004).
862:Boulnois, Luce (2005).
586:(mountain germander),
466:(creeping cinquefoil),
4633:Ancient Greek medicine
3820:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
3765:Pethidine (meperidine)
2958:Pethidine (meperidine)
2648:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
2294:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
2193:Tetrahydropapaveroline
2108:Pethidine (meperidine)
1089:. Simon and Schuster.
945:". 'Plant Encyclopedia
662:Daucus carota (carrot)
630:Petroselinum (parsley)
552:Clinopodium calamintha
457:Balsamorhiza deltoidea
415:
368:
207:
206:vase for theriac, 1641
53:
36:
4511:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
3998:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
3898:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3460:Dinalbuphine sebacate
3335:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3059:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3018:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
2658:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
2304:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
2284:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
1756:Dinalbuphine sebacate
1337:Majno, Guido (1991),
966:Liddell, Henry George
692:Gums, oils and resins
528:Cinnamomum aromaticum
442:Amsterdammer Apotheek
409:
363:
276:devoted a whole book
202:
44:Andromachus the Elder
42:
29:
4368:Sunobinop (S-117957)
4103:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
3435:Diamorphine (heroin)
2768:Diamorphine (heroin)
1736:Diamorphine (heroin)
1536:Acetyldihydrocodeine
1516:7-Hydroxymitragynine
1511:7-Acetoxymitragynine
905:(3). Wiley: 317–25.
720:Gummi Ferula foetida
642:Elettaria cardamomum
186:as a punishment for
4571:Ubenimex (bestatin)
4315:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
3923:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3893:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
3315:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3189:N-Benzylnaltrindole
3084:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3003:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
2668:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
2329:β-Chlornaltrexamine
2299:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
1526:α-Chlornaltrexamine
1119:Wellcome Collection
674:Juniperus (juniper)
571:Teucrium chamaedrys
555:(lesser calamint),
543:(water germander),
475:Zingiber officinale
419:Theriaca andromachi
4133:Norbinaltorphimine
3440:Diacetylnalorphine
3129:Diacetylnalorphine
2753:Desmethylclozapine
2407:Diacetylnalorphine
2087:Papaver somniferum
1671:Chloroxymorphamine
1165:Norman F. Cantor,
764:Mineral substances
744:Papaver somniverum
716:Opopanax chironium
682:Canary Island wine
618:(common centaury)
546:Fraxinus excelsior
481:Ulmus × hollandica
472:(garden rhubarb),
463:Potentilla reptans
416:
369:
366:Hospices de Beaune
344:Gentile da Foligno
208:
178:, and notably the
156:principle of "the
54:
37:
33:Tacuinum sanitatis
4620:
4619:
4465:
4464:
4310:Nociceptin (1-11)
4181:
4180:
3310:14-Methoxymetopon
3267:
3266:
3184:Methylnaltrindole
2610:
2609:
2279:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
1891:Levacetylmethadol
1322:, Firefly Books,
1194:978-0-8014-3720-5
1096:978-1-4767-9774-8
768:Boli armen. verae
616:Centaurea minoris
583:Teucrium montanum
558:Marrubium vulgare
540:Teucrium scordium
493:Meum athamanticum
469:Rheum rhabarbarum
389:Moses ben Nachman
4645:
4500:
4427:Nociceptin (1-7)
4323:Norbuprenorphine
4260:Dihydroetorphine
4194:
4193:
4083:Methylnaltrexone
3993:Catechin gallate
3725:Norbuprenorphine
3450:Dihydroetorphine
3320:β-Funaltrexamine
3280:
3279:
3179:Methylnaltrexone
3119:Catechin gallate
2933:Norbuprenorphine
2773:Dihydroetorphine
2623:
2622:
2487:Methylnaltrexone
2379:Catechin gallate
2334:β-Funaltrexamine
1746:Dihydroetorphine
1489:
1488:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1417:
1376:
1357:
1332:
1305:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1061:Cantor 2001:174.
1059:
1053:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1013:
1007:
996:
995:
989:
983:
962:
961:
955:
949:
939:
933:
932:
922:
890:
884:
883:
859:
850:
849:
809:
696:Acaciae (acacia)
688:fruiting bodies
622:Fruits and seeds
522:Cinnamomum verum
413:
321:, is not known.
272:Greek physician
163:book on medicine
138:. By extension,
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4498:
4461:
4392:
4377:
4318:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4189:
4177:
3973:Binaltorphimine
3918:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3881:
3500:Ethylketazocine
3455:Dihydromorphine
3275:
3263:
3074:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3047:
2803:Ethylketazocine
2778:Dihydromorphine
2618:
2606:
2314:6β-Naltrexol-d4
2267:
2066:Oxymorphonazine
1821:Furanylfentanyl
1751:Dihydromorphine
1606:Benzhydrocodone
1495:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1471:Opioid receptor
1468:
1438:
1384:
1382:Further reading
1374:
1355:
1330:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1183:Sacred Luxuries
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1025:Merriam-Webster
1015:
1014:
1010:
990:
986:
980:Perseus Project
956:
952:
940:
936:
891:
887:
880:
860:
853:
830:10.2307/1523306
810:
806:
801:
789:
770:, Chalciditis (
517:Stems and barks
404:
374:
335:by the English
299:Emperor Gaozong
288:Marcus Aurelius
197:
158:hair of the dog
106:comes from the
49:Kitâb al-Diryâq
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:-Phenylalanine
4495:
4490:
4485:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Racemethorphan
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Levomethorphan
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Racemethorphan
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Levomethorphan
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Racemethorphan
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Levomethorphan
2875:
2873:Leu-enkephalin
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Naltrexonazine
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Racemethorphan
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Levomethorphan
1893:
1888:
1886:Leu-enkephalin
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Hydromorphinol
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Dihydrocodeine
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Dextromoramide
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:Benzylmorphine
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Acetylfentanyl
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1436:External links
1434:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1400:(3): 317–325.
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1275:Rabbenu Manoah
1255:
1242:
1216:
1214:, p. 184)
1203:
1193:
1171:
1158:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1102:
1095:
1075:
1063:
1054:
1036:
1008:
984:
950:
943:Allium sativum
934:
885:
878:
851:
803:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:
704:Gummi arabicum
700:Styrax benzoin
634:Nigella sativa
604:Crocus sativus
580:(bay laurel),
577:Laurus nobilis
508:(hollowroot),
505:Corydalis cava
403:
400:
373:
370:
333:Venice treacle
297:presented the
196:
193:
114:), a feminine
110:term θηριακή (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4650:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Pronociceptin
4594:
4592:
4591:Proenkephalin
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Buprenorphine
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Buprenorphine
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Amentoflavone
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:nortriptyline
3853:
3849:
3845:
3844:amitriptyline
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Hydromorphone
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Diprenorphine
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Difelikefalin
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Cyprenorphine
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Big dynorphin
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:3CS-nalmefene
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Diprenorphine
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Hydromorphone
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Deltorphin II
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:3CS-nalmefene
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Methocinnamox
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Ginsenoside R
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Diprenorphine
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:3CS-nalmefene
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Phencyclidine
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Oxymorphazone
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Hydromorphone
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Ethylmorphine
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Endomorphin-2
1784:
1782:
1781:Endomorphin-1
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Diphenoxylate
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Butyrfentanyl
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Buprenorphine
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Acrylfentanyl
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:ψ-Akuammigine
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1373:0-520-05462-8
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:0-674-38331-1
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1329:1-55297-540-1
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1156:, p. 18)
1155:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1005:
1001:
997:
988:
981:
977:
976:
971:
970:Scott, Robert
967:
963:
954:
948:
944:
938:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
879:962-217-721-2
875:
871:
867:
866:
858:
856:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
804:
794:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
532:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
408:
399:
396:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
367:
362:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
257:'s physician
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
213:
205:
201:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
150:Norman Cantor
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
50:
45:
41:
35:
34:
28:
22:
4607:
4586:Prodynorphin
4578:Propeptides:
4577:
4476:
4447:Thienorphine
4270:JNJ-19385899
4255:Cebranopadol
4237:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
4229:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
3913:6β-Naltrexol
3830:Thienorphine
3795:Salvinorin A
3595:Levallorphan
3400:Cebranopadol
3259:Thienorphine
3069:6β-Naltrexol
2853:JNJ-20788560
2848:Isomethadone
2743:Deltorphin I
2738:Deltorphin A
2718:Cebranopadol
2713:Casokefamide
2547:Naltrexazone
2537:Naloxonazine
2462:Levallorphan
2309:6β-Naltrexol
2208:Thienorphine
2163:Remifentanil
2085:
2016:Nicomorphine
2011:Nicodicodine
1966:Morphiceptin
1866:Ketobemidone
1701:Desomorphine
1686:DAMGO (DAGO)
1666:Cebranopadol
1661:Casokefamide
1397:
1393:
1363:
1339:
1319:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1245:
1228:
1219:
1212:Schafer 1985
1206:
1198:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1154:Hodgson 2001
1136:
1127:
1118:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1018:
1011:
987:
973:
953:
946:
937:
902:
898:
888:
864:
821:
817:
807:
763:
762:
753:
752:
730:), incense,
706:, Sagapeni (
691:
690:
621:
620:
595:
594:
587:
581:
575:
569:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
534:
533:
526:
525:(cinnamon),
520:
516:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
447:
446:
441:
439:
437:with honey.
418:
417:
414:18th century
397:
393:
382:
378:fermentation
375:
355:Moyse Charas
348:
341:
337:apothecaries
332:
326:
323:
303:Tang dynasty
292:
281:
277:
271:
250:
218:mithridatium
216:
209:
161:
148:
139:
119:
111:
103:
101:
93:Adam Lonicer
83:. It was an
60:
56:
55:
47:
31:
4516:Kelatorphan
4493:Candoxatril
4382:Antagonists
4333:Racemorphan
4300:NNC 63-0532
4285:Lexanopadol
4280:Levorphanol
4158:Quadazocine
4143:Pawhuskin A
4138:Noribogaine
4128:Navacaprant
4118:Naltrindole
4038:Epicatechin
4003:Clocinnamox
3886:Antagonists
3848:desipramine
3815:Samidorphan
3785:Racemorphan
3770:Phenazocine
3760:Pentazocine
3740:Norketamine
3735:Noribogaine
3695:Nalfurafine
3660:Mirtazapine
3650:Metkefamide
3610:Lexanopadol
3605:Levorphanol
3585:Laudanosine
3570:ICI-204,448
3565:ICI-199,441
3535:Hemorphin-4
3495:Erinacine E
3480:Eluxadoline
3470:Dynorphin A
3415:Cyclazocine
3390:Butorphanol
3375:Bremazocine
3350:Asimadoline
3340:Allomatrine
3330:Akuammicine
3239:Quadazocine
3234:Pawhuskin A
3229:Noribogaine
3214:Naltrindole
3154:Epicatechin
3149:Eluxadoline
3124:Clocinnamox
3052:Antagonists
2983:Samidorphan
2973:Racemorphan
2953:Oxymorphone
2913:Mitragynine
2908:Metkefamide
2888:Lexanopadol
2883:Levorphanol
2868:Laudanosine
2833:Hydrocodone
2828:Hemorphin-4
2728:Cyclazocine
2703:Butorphanol
2678:β-Endorphin
2597:Samidorphan
2592:Quadazocine
2582:Pawhuskin A
2572:Noribogaine
2562:Naltrindole
2497:Naldemedine
2427:Epicatechin
2384:Clocinnamox
2272:Antagonists
2243:Tubotaiwine
2228:Trimebutine
2158:Racemorphan
2128:Piritramide
2113:Phenazocine
2098:Pentazocine
2071:Oxymorphone
2036:Oliceridine
2021:Norketamine
2006:Nicocodeine
1991:Naltalimide
1956:Mitragynine
1946:Metkefamide
1916:Loxicodegol
1906:Lexanopadol
1901:Levorphanol
1876:Laudanosine
1841:Hydrocodone
1836:Hodgkinsine
1826:Hemorphin-4
1816:Frakefamide
1776:Embutramide
1771:Dynorphin A
1731:Eluxadoline
1721:Dimenoxadol
1656:Carfentanil
1641:Butorphanol
1616:Bezitramide
1586:β-Endorphin
1576:Anileridine
1566:Akuammidine
1561:Akuammicine
1531:α-Narcotine
1281:4:10), and
941:A. Vogel, "
824:: 155–172.
738:, oil from
511:glycyrrhiza
496:(spignel),
259:Andromachus
180:Black Death
154:homeopathic
95:wrote that
4627:Categories
4611:Kyotorphin
4556:Spinorphin
4437:SB-612,111
4432:Nocistatin
4402:BAN-ORL-24
4353:SCH-486757
4348:SCH-221510
4187:Nociceptin
4148:PF-4455242
4123:Naringenin
4113:Naltrexone
4073:LY-2795050
4068:LY-2459989
4063:LY-2444296
4058:LY-2196044
4043:Hyperoside
3958:Aticaprant
3852:imipramine
3775:Proxorphan
3750:Oxilorphan
3720:Niravoline
3710:Nalorphine
3685:Nalbuphine
3670:Moxazocine
3645:Metazocine
3615:Lofentanil
3580:Ketazocine
3540:Herkinorin
3520:Gemazocine
3510:Fedotozine
3490:Eptazocine
3420:Cyclorphan
3405:Ciprefadol
3224:Naringenin
3204:Naltrexone
3199:Nalorphine
3174:LY-2196044
3164:ICI-174864
3159:ICI-154129
3104:Bevenopran
3079:α-Santolol
3043:Zenazocine
3023:Tonazocine
2978:RWJ-394674
2963:Proglumide
2903:Metazocine
2893:Lofentanil
2823:Fluorophen
2587:Rimonabant
2577:Oxilorphan
2567:Naringenin
2557:Naltrexone
2522:Naloxazone
2512:Nalorphine
2477:LY-2196044
2447:Hyperoside
2437:Gemazocine
2432:Eptazocine
2369:Bevenopran
2213:Tianeptine
2188:Tapentadol
2183:Sufentanil
2178:Sinomenine
2168:Salsolinol
2123:Piminodine
2041:Oxycodegol
2031:Octreotide
2026:Nufenoxole
1976:Nalbuphine
1931:Meptazinol
1911:Loperamide
1881:Lefetamine
1831:Herkinorin
1811:Fluorophen
1766:Dipipanone
1691:Dermorphin
1581:Apparicine
1571:Alfentanil
1494:(abridged;
1474:modulators
1312:References
1052:"Treacle".
1030:2007-02-28
793:Mithridate
732:Turpentine
724:Commiphora
591:hypocistis
564:Cymbopogon
431:gum arabic
372:Production
351:apothecary
191:diarrhea.
128:cane sugar
124:bestiaries
81:Silk Route
4566:Tynorphin
4561:Thiorphan
4541:Opiorphan
4483:Amastatin
4412:J-113,397
4373:TH-030418
4343:Ro65-6570
4338:Ro64-6198
4265:Etorphine
4173:Zyklophin
4163:Taxifolin
4053:LY-255582
4013:Cyclofoxy
3963:Axelopran
3877:Xorphanol
3867:U-54,494A
3835:Tifluadom
3825:TH-030418
3755:Oxycodone
3745:Oripavine
3715:Naltriben
3700:Nalmefene
3655:Mianserin
3625:Lufuradom
3530:GR-103545
3505:Etorphine
3485:Enadoline
3385:Butorphan
3380:BRL-52537
3345:Apadoline
3254:Taxifolin
3249:SoRI-9409
3209:Naltriben
3194:Nalmefene
3169:LY-255582
3099:Axelopran
3038:Xorphanol
3008:TH-030418
2988:SB-235863
2948:Oxycodone
2943:Oripavine
2808:Etorphine
2698:Butorphan
2663:Amoxapine
2602:Taxifolin
2527:Naloxegol
2502:Nalmefene
2472:LY-255582
2402:Cyprodime
2397:Cyclofoxy
2364:Axelopran
2344:Alvimopan
2339:Akuammine
2324:α-Gliadin
2263:Xorphanol
2253:Valorphin
2198:TH-030418
2056:Oxycodone
2051:Oripavine
1986:Nalmexone
1941:Methadone
1921:LS-115509
1801:Etorphine
1791:Eseroline
1636:Butorphan
1497:full list
1431:34416297.
1237:988570649
998: in
838:0732-2992
758:Castoreum
714:), Gummi
531:(cassia)
499:Valeriana
435:electuary
283:Philonium
204:Albarello
116:adjective
102:The word
21:Therac-25
4452:Trap-101
4442:SR-16430
4363:SR-16435
4217:(PheΨ(CH
4197:Agonists
4108:Naloxone
4018:Dezocine
3988:Catechin
3943:Apigenin
3872:U-69,593
3665:Morphine
3635:MB-1C-OH
3575:Ketamine
3560:Ibogaine
3525:GR-89696
3515:Fentanyl
3395:BW373U86
3283:Agonists
3273:κ-opioid
3219:Naloxone
3114:Catechin
3089:Apigenin
3028:Tramadol
3013:Thebaine
2923:Morphine
2843:Ibogaine
2813:Fentanyl
2793:DPI-3290
2763:Dezocine
2708:BW373U86
2688:Biphalin
2653:ADL-5859
2626:Agonists
2616:δ-opioid
2542:Naloxone
2467:Lobeline
2452:Ibogaine
2374:Catechin
2354:Apigenin
2223:Tramadol
2218:Tilidine
2203:Thebaine
2173:SC-17599
2143:Propiram
2103:Pericine
2046:OM-3-MNZ
1971:Morphine
1861:Ketamine
1806:Fentanyl
1716:Dezocine
1651:BW373U86
1621:Biphalin
1506:3-HO-PCP
1492:Agonists
1482:μ-opioid
1424:15327592
1227:(1861).
929:15327592
818:Muqarnas
787:See also
779:Dead sea
686:Agaricus
566:citratus
487:Gentiana
427:agarikon
423:cinnamon
278:Theriaké
239:cinnamon
112:thēriakē
61:theriaca
4608:Others:
4536:RB-3007
4488:BL-2401
4457:UFP-101
4422:NalBzOH
4417:JTC-801
4358:SR-8993
4295:MT-7716
4245:BU08070
4098:MR-2266
4078:MeJDTic
4008:CVL-354
3978:BU09059
3968:AZ-MTAB
3948:Arodyne
3908:6'-GNTI
3903:5'-GNTI
3862:U-50488
3842:(e.g.,
3690:NalBzOH
3675:MR-2034
3640:Menthol
3630:Matrine
3365:BAM-22P
3360:BAM-18P
3355:BAM-12P
3295:6'-GNTI
3064:5'-NTII
2998:SNC-162
2938:NalBzOH
2858:KNT-127
2788:DPI-221
2723:Codeine
2683:BAM-18P
2673:AZD2327
2638:6'-GNTI
2532:Naloxol
2258:Viminol
2248:U-47700
2233:TRIMU 5
2138:Prodine
2081:OxyPNPH
1996:Neopine
1981:NalBzOH
1951:Metopon
1926:Matrine
1676:Codeine
1626:BU08070
1601:BAM-22P
1596:BAM-18P
1591:BAM-12P
1556:AH-7921
1415:1884566
1345:413–417
1271:Pesahim
1073:, 1354.
1019:treacle
1000:Liddell
978:at the
960:θηριακή
920:1884566
846:1523306
782:bitumen
746:latex (
658:thlaspi
596:Flowers
589:Cytinus
301:of the
231:saffron
195:History
172:analogy
140:treacle
132:treacle
120:thērion
104:theriac
89:panacea
57:Theriac
4546:Selank
4531:RB-120
4526:RB-101
4470:Others
4397:AT-076
4290:MCOPPB
3953:AT-076
3799:salvia
3680:N-MPPP
3620:LPK-26
3244:SDM25N
3094:AT-076
3033:TRV250
2993:SNC-80
2863:Kratom
2643:7-SIOM
2359:AT-076
2349:AM-251
2238:TRV734
2133:PL-017
1871:Kratom
1856:IBNtxA
1422:
1412:
1370:
1351:
1326:
1273:45b),
1263:Ramban
1235:
1191:
1093:
994:θηρίον
927:
917:
876:
844:
836:
772:copper
736:Cyprus
712:Ferula
654:seseli
535:Leaves
385:Exodus
251:medici
247:Romans
243:castor
235:ginger
176:plague
144:Binsey
97:garlic
69:Persia
65:Greeks
4551:Semax
4190:(NOP)
4168:UPHIT
4153:RB-64
4093:ML350
4088:ML190
4048:JDTic
4023:DIPPA
3790:RB-64
3545:HS665
3410:CR665
3305:18-MC
3300:8-CAC
3276:(KOR)
2798:DSLET
2783:DPDPE
2733:DADLE
2693:BU-48
2619:(DOR)
2457:JDTic
2319:18-MC
2148:PZM21
2092:opium
2001:NFEPP
1681:DADLE
1485:(MOR)
1299:[
1267:Ritva
1004:Scott
842:JSTOR
799:Notes
775:salts
748:opium
734:from
728:myrrh
448:Roots
315:swine
307:China
274:Galen
267:kyphi
263:viper
227:myrrh
223:opium
136:salve
108:Greek
77:India
73:China
3938:ANTI
3555:HZ-2
3109:BNTX
2392:CTOP
2388:CTAP
1420:PMID
1368:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1251:gold
1233:OCLC
1189:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1050:s.v.
1002:and
925:PMID
874:ISBN
834:ISSN
600:Rosa
452:Iris
429:and
319:hemp
311:gall
255:Nero
241:and
75:and
4033:ECG
4028:EGC
3144:EGC
3139:ECG
2818:FIT
2422:EGC
2417:ECG
1410:PMC
1402:doi
915:PMC
907:doi
870:131
826:doi
777:),
750:).
708:wax
313:of
305:in
295:Rûm
188:sin
184:God
59:or
4629::
4499:D
3854:,
3850:,
3846:,
1418:.
1408:.
1398:58
1396:.
1392:.
1347:,
1197:.
1145:^
1117:.
1105:^
1048:,
1023:.
972:;
968:;
964:.
923:.
913:.
903:58
901:.
897:.
872:.
854:^
840:.
832:.
822:18
820:.
816:.
766::
756::
742:,
722:,
718:,
702:,
698:,
694::
684:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
624::
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598::
549:,
537::
519::
502:,
490:,
478:,
460:,
454:,
450::
425:,
412:c.
353:,
339:.
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
166:,
71:,
4480::
4391:2
4317:2
4239:2
4231:2
4223:2
4219:2
4211:2
3858:)
3801:)
3797:(
2094:)
2090:(
1499:)
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1426:.
1404::
1377:.
1358:.
1333:.
1277:(
1269:(
1239:.
1210:(
1152:(
1121:.
1099:.
1033:.
1021:"
1006:.
982:.
947:.
931:.
909::
882:.
848:.
828::
726:(
23:.
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