436:
616:, return Rey to Khwarizm and allow Rey to be governed by the Shah's son, who would be under the suzerainty of Toghrul. The Sultan discussed the proposal with his commanders, who wished to make peace, or at least wait for the reinforcements coming from Zanjan and Isfahan to bolster the army before engaging the enemy. Toghrul may have also received messages from Qutlug hinting that he may defect with his following when Toghrul arrived, which may have influenced the Sultan's decision. The Sultan disregarded his followers’ advice and marched to Rey. When the Khwarazmian army reached Rey on March 19, 1194, the Sultan marched past the city walls and engaged the enemy, and charged the center of the enemy vanguard. Only sixty of his personal guard followed him, the rest of his army stood off as their commanders did not believe they could win and did not wish to die for a lost cause. The Sultan was wounded in the eye by an arrow and fell from his horse, Qutlug Innach personally beheaded the 25 year old Sultan despite his plea to spare his life. Shah
529:, asking him to restore the palace of the Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad for him, but the Caliph razed the palace and then sent aid to Qizil Arslan, who agreed to become the Caliph's vassal. The Caliph sent an army numbering 15,000 under his vizier Jalal al-Din 'Ubaidallah b. Yunus, which attacked Hamadan in 1188 without waiting for Qizil Arslan's army to arrive, he was defeated and captured, Toghrul secured victory by charging the enemy center after his right wing was battered, but this was a Pyrrhic victory, as Toghrul's army suffered grievous losses in the battle. The Sultan next tried to reform his administration and coordinate strategy with available resources, but his rash behavior regarding a dispute over the command of the army, led to the execution of Kamal Ai-Aba, Saifuddin Rus and several of the Sultan's opponents, and the desertion of his allies.
537:
the Caliph, even sent his infant son as hostage to
Baghdad in a futile gesture. Toghrul invaded Azerbaijan and sacked the towns of Ushnu, Khoy, Urmiya and Salmas. Qizil Arslan reconciled with his nephews and defeated and captured Toghrul when he again invaded Azerbaijan in 1190. Qizli Arslan imprisoned Toghrul and his son Malik Shah in Kuhran fortress near Tabriz. Qizil Arslan, encouraged by the Caliph, soon declared himself Sultan, married Innach Khatun, his brother's widow, and was poisoned by her in September, 1191. His nephews began to rule independently, and one of the Mamluks of Jahan Pahalvan, Mahmud Anas Oglu, freed Toghrul III from his prison in May 1192.
653:. The young Sultan needed exceptional military and diplomatic skills to meet this impossible challenge, but opinion on him is divided. While some hold him as a noble, virtuous warrior, possessing the spirit of his great ancestors, struggling against impossible odds, others had painted him as "rash, wilful, proud and bloodthirsty". His arbitrary behavior led the desertion of his allies and imprisonment in 1190, and his disregard of subordinate Amir Nur ad-Din Qara and his fellow Amirs, who wanted the Sultan to either make peace or wait for reinforcement, led to his death.
590:, marriage of his daughter The Shah's son Yunus Khan, and in return Shah Tekish kept Rey, garrisoned his newly acquired territory, collected taxes, then installed Tamghach as the governor, and returned home to quell the rebellion of his brother Sultan Shah. Toghrul now had the chance to negotiate with the Atabeg of Yazd, Langar ibn Wardanruz, or the Salghurid ruler of Fars, Degle ibn Zangi, both were nominally loyal to the Seljuks but no initiatives were taken to unite against their common enemy.
546:
294:(Atabegs of Maragha), who were initially tutors of young Seljuk princes in their assigned iqtas, and exercised power on their behalf, ultimately took over control of the iqtas for themselves, ruled their lands independently with nominal allegiance to the Sultan, fought and allied with each other to install and depose Seljuk princes to the throne, and increased their lands at the expense of the imperial domain. Syria was lost to the
29:
219:
599:
drove out the
Khrarizmian forces from the province. Toghrul III next married Innach Khatun, mother of Qutlug Innach and Amirin Umar, as part of the peace agreement on her request, however, she was executed after the discovery of a plot to poison the Sultan. The Sultan returned to Hamadan, Qutlug Innach fled to Zanjan, from where he sent messages to Shah Tekish, and Caliph
536:
as the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq, and reinforced by troops sent by the Caliph now invaded
Hamadan, Toghrul, unable to resist the invasion, first retreated to Isphahan, then to Urmia. He was joined by an army led by his brother in law Hasan Kipchiq, and Toghrul also tried to get help from the Ayyubids and
406:
Arslan Shah lived in
Hamadan, he was looked after by his younger half-brothers, and fathered Toghril, in 1168. Arslan Shah II did send aid to Seljuk Prince Arslan Shah b. Toghrul of Kirman to battle his brother Bahram Shah in 1174, which resulted in the Seljuk Sultanate of Kirman being split in two,
648:
who tried to assert direct rule over his domain. His resources were limited to the Amirs who rallied to him, the domain Jibal was comparatively poor, and the
Atabegs of Fars and Yazd, nominally loyal to the throne, never came to his aid. The Sultan faced tough odds as he literally was surrounded by
422:
in western Iran. Arslan Shah resented domination of the
Eldiguzids, and he raised an army with the help of discounted Amirs and marched towards Azerbaijan to confront his half-brother, but at Zinjan, he died suddenly at the age of 43, maybe a victim of poisoning, and the seven year old Toghrul III
603:
also asked the Shah to move against
Toghrul. Toghrul again moved east in 1194 and defeated Qutlug Innach in battle despite the presence of 7,000 Khwarazmian troops aiding Qutlug Innach. Qutlug Innach and other survivors moved east and joined up with the main Khwarizmian army led by Shah Tekish at
598:
Toghrul felt threatened with the presence of a hostile force in Rey, which was a strategic town commanding communication with Jibal and
Azerbaijan was unacceptable to the Sultan. The Sultan marched towards Rey with his available forces in March 1193, defeated and killed Tamghach, captured Rey and
494:
ruled Rey, Isphahan and parts of
Western Persia under the supervision of their uncle Qizil Arslan. They had sworn to obey Qizil Arslan and never to rebel against Toghrul III. When Jahan Pahlvan died, Qizil Arslan assumed his position, which was contested by his brother's widow, Innach Khatun, who
1163:
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan
Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril
733:
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril
503:
as his heir, Toghrul III, who resented the harsh treatment he received from Qizil Arslan, joined the rebels. This conflict possibly prevented Toghrul III and Qizil Arslan from aiding Muhammad b. Bahram Shah, the last Seljuk Sultan of Kirman, who had been driven from Kirman by
561:
near Qazvin on June 22, 1192, and won over a large part of the enemy soldiers after his victory. Qutlug-Inach and Amiran Omar then attacked Abu Bakr in Azerbaijan and was beaten, Aimiran Umar sought refuge with his father in law Shirvanshah
516:
The rebel army consisted of the forces of the Amirs of Zenjan and Maragha, the retainers of both Kamal Ai-Aba, head of the Mamluks, and of Saif al-Din Rus, husband of Innach Khatun, while Toghrul himself received significant support from
205:
were thus half-brothers of Arslan Shah, but despite close ties with the Royal Seljuk house, Eldiguz had remain aloof of the royal politics, concentrating on repelling the Georgians and consolidating his power. In 1160, Sultan
435:
570:
1160–1196), while Qutlug-Inach moved to Rey. Toghrul occupied Hamadan, secured the treasury and came to rule over Isphahan and Jibal, but did not attempt to negotiate an agreement with
661:
One of his wives was the sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq, one of the powerful amirs of the time. They married in 1188–9. Another wife was Inanj Khatun. She was the daughter of Amir
612:
Sultan Toghrul marched towards Rey, and on his way he received a letter from the Senior Hajib to the Khwarizm Shah Tekish, Shihab ad-Din Mas‘ud, advising the Sultan to march south to
354:
with the support of other Atabegs, and Eldiguzid took the title "Atabeg Al Azam (Supreme Atabeg)" and supervised the new Sultan, who now married Khatun-i-Kirmani, the widow of Sultan
1729:
521:, and their combined army forced Qizil Arslan to leave Hamadan after some clashes. Toghrul undertook two diplomatic ventures in 1187, he journeyed to Mazandaran to request aid from
640:
Toghrul was seven years old when he came to the throne, and being disgruntled with the harsh treatment of Qizil Arslan, availed the first opportunity at the age of 19 to break the
1774:
362:, the Seljuk Sultan of Kerman. The Sultan was a figurehead, Eldiguz commanded the army, controlled the treasury and awarded the iqta's as he saw fit along with fighting the
479:
446:
Toghrul III was seven years old when he began his reign, he was well treated by Jahan Pahlvan, who remained the effective ruler of the empire, with his brother
1809:
1779:
677:. She died in September–October 1192. Toghrul and at least two sons and two daughters. Malik Berqyaruq and his brother Alp Arslan were taken as hostages to
624:
who displayed it at the Nubi Gate in front of his palace, while his body was hanged at Rey. The Empire that had been founded by his namesake and ancestor
553:
Toghrul eluded the pursuers sent by Abu Bakr and quickly assembled an army from his supporters and Turkmens, then marched east and defeated the army of
2050:
1799:
1814:
1819:
554:
496:
487:
649:
enemies and the Atabegs were not willing to support a strong Sultan, having installed and deposed figurehead Sultans at will since the death of
1804:
1784:
1739:
628:
ended with his death, the titles and domains of Seljuk Sultan of Iraq and Great Seljuk Sultan went extinct, and his domain became part of the
1769:
558:
491:
682:
1554:
270:
and western Persia and was dependent on the loyalty of independent Amirs like Eldiguz to enforce his authority. Atabegs like the
1523:
1417:
1379:
1305:
1277:
51:
1504:
1485:
1455:
1436:
1398:
948:
813:
1834:
2045:
1877:
1734:
427:, Jahan Pahlvan then defeated the attempt of Muhammad, the elder brother of Arslan Shah, to dethrone his nephew.
210:
named Arslan Shah his heir and gave him governorship of Arran and Azerbaijan, fearful of the power of Eldiguz.
689:
in 1220 to prevent their falling in the hands of the Mongols. One of his daughters married Yunus Khan, son of
1547:
414:
continued the same policy towards his half-brother Sultan Arslan Shah II, and he shifted his capital from
407:
with Bahran Shah retaining one-third of the territory, and Arslan Shah b. Toghrul received the remainder.
1789:
1694:
474:. Problems cropped up after Jahan Pahlavan died in 1186, as he had appointed his four sons as governors,
263:
138:
73:
1655:
621:
1674:
1635:
1466:
650:
170:
462:, who had advanced as far as Lake Van, but turned back when news arrived that Seyfettin Beytemür (
1755:
1540:
1158:
Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1156:
728:
Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
726:
702:
674:
586:
Sultan Toghrul opened negotiations with Shah Tekish, and eventually agreed to become a vassal of
471:
411:
303:
198:
525:
Husam al-Daula Ardashir, and received troops from him, and Toghrul also sent messages to Caliph
499:
to succeed his father, as she was afraid the childless Qizil Arslan would nominate his favorite
2040:
1934:
1910:
1684:
1587:
706:
686:
645:
571:
500:
475:
455:
355:
1327:
747:
578:
for aid, and Tekish invaded and captured Rey in 1192, forcing Qutlug Innach to flee the city.
1664:
698:
2035:
1905:
1900:
1857:
1964:
8:
387:
311:
1944:
1890:
694:
629:
363:
830:
1592:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1451:
1432:
1413:
1394:
1375:
1301:
1273:
944:
809:
690:
617:
575:
415:
367:
266:
assumed the throne in 1161. He nominally reigned over the territories in Azerbaijan,
121:
1969:
1920:
1824:
1710:
1650:
1582:
705:
and future Atabeg of Azerbaijan. After she had been divorced from him, she married
371:
323:
299:
298:, Palestine and much of Lebanon to the Crusaders, other Seljuk families controlled
150:
662:
483:
458:, one of the sons of Jahan Pahlvan. Jahan Pahlvan managed to stop the invasion of
1994:
1954:
283:
2004:
1939:
1847:
1679:
1563:
522:
383:
307:
2029:
1984:
1794:
1689:
1645:
1611:
678:
533:
359:
346:
with an army of 20,000 cavalry and installed the 28 year old Arslan Shah II (
339:
207:
194:
162:
55:
545:
2014:
1959:
1744:
1659:
1630:
670:
447:
351:
319:
267:
259:
202:
166:
1330:(in Turkish). Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi. pp. 161–63
1300:. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 259, 264, 268 n. 71.
185:
1135/36–1175) as atabeg of his nephew Arslan-Shah, the son of his brother
1999:
1719:
1597:
1270:
The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri
505:
366:
when needed. He also fought other Atabegs between 1161–1175, and brought
327:
315:
279:
251:
34:
1989:
1979:
1724:
1669:
1625:
641:
563:
275:
271:
243:
231:
186:
1478:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
1974:
1929:
1862:
1640:
1620:
1410:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097 – 1231
1116:
1114:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1055:
1053:
959:
957:
666:
574:, against Qutlug Innach. Qutlugh Innach now appealed to Khwarazmshah
395:
291:
255:
247:
106:
2009:
1895:
1852:
1838:
1070:
1068:
600:
587:
526:
518:
235:
1532:
1111:
1092:
1050:
954:
1949:
625:
459:
424:
419:
403:
398:
under his control. His vassals included feudal lords of Shriven,
391:
379:
343:
295:
287:
227:
178:
1239:
1237:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1065:
1014:
1881:
1867:
1764:
1607:
1222:
892:
870:
868:
467:
451:
158:
841:
697:. Another daughter, Shams Malika Khatun, was first married to
28:
1577:
1234:
1210:
1193:
1126:
613:
399:
375:
239:
1249:
1080:
1038:
865:
190:
42:
38:
1161:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
731:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
218:
1350:
806:
History of the East. Vol. 2. The East in the Middle Ages
644:
shackles and become the first Seljuk ruler after Sultan
990:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
911:
909:
907:
482:
was appointed to rule Hamadan, sons of the daughter of
787:
785:
772:
770:
768:
189:, and transferred Arran to his nephew's possession as
1429:
The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1181:
1169:
1026:
1002:
969:
941:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
921:
904:
880:
16:
Last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire (r.1176–1194)
1513:
1355:. Bibliotheca Indica. Asiatic Society. p. 296.
1120:
1105:
1059:
963:
853:
808:. Eastern Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences.
782:
765:
1450:(10th ed.). The Mcmillan Press Ltd., London.
1494:
1074:
1020:
898:
2027:
1476:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
1445:
1228:
847:
549:Probable depiction of Tughril III and his court.
1407:
1243:
1204:
1143:
709:in 1225, and her former husband died of grief.
213:
1426:
1216:
874:
803:
1548:
1475:
1255:
1086:
1044:
511:
430:
262:in the south. The empire had fragmented when
745:
306:, the eastern lands were taken over by the
1555:
1541:
1346:
1344:
1291:
1289:
333:
27:
1351:Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India) (1881).
1328:"Irak Selçuklu Sultanlarının Evlilikleri"
681:, and they were executed on the order of
581:
508:rebels driven out from Khurasan in 1186.
2051:12th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1464:
1298:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
1267:
996:
544:
434:
410:After death of Eldiguz in 1175, his son
222:Breakup of Great Seljuk Empire 1077–1160
217:
197:, the widow of Toghril II, and his sons
1372:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5
1341:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1295:
1286:
2028:
540:
1536:
1369:
1272:. Taylor & Francis. p. 153.
1187:
1175:
1032:
1008:
984:
927:
915:
886:
859:
804:Alaev, L.B.; Ashrafyan, K.Z. (1994).
791:
776:
593:
1325:
1314:
532:Qizil Arslan had declared Sanjar b.
226:The Great Seljuk Empire, founded by
193:in 1136. Eldiguz eventually married
1562:
448:Muzzafar Al-Din Qizil Arslan Uthman
350:1161–1176) as the Seljuk Sultan of
154:
13:
1391:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
746:Luther, K.A. (December 15, 1987).
620:sent Toghrul's head to the Caliph
318:after the defeat of Seljuk Sultan
14:
2062:
828:
607:
1261:
1149:
933:
470:had accepted the suzerainty of
412:Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan
199:Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan
1374:. Cambridge University Press.
822:
797:
739:
719:
230:and significantly expanded by
165:and the last Seljuk Sultan of
1:
712:
635:
567:
463:
347:
182:
174:
1518:. Rossendale Books, London.
1514:Zardabli, Ismail B. (2014).
1468:Studies in Caucasian History
1431:. Rutgers University Press.
478:ruled Azerbaijan and Arran,
450:as his chief subordinate in
358:and daughter of Muhammad b.
342:in 1161, Eldiguz marched on
214:Status of the Empire in 1160
7:
1465:Minorsky, Vladimir (1953).
423:was installed as Sultan at
338:After the murder of Sultan
157:) (died 1194) was the last
10:
2067:
1495:Zaporozhets, V. M (2012).
1370:Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968).
1363:
512:Events between 1187 – 1190
431:Reign as figurehead Sultan
1919:
1876:
1833:
1753:
1708:
1606:
1570:
1516:The History of Azerbaijan
1471:. Taylor’s Foreign Press.
1446:Hitti, Philip K. (1970).
1256:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
1087:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
1045:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
656:
454:, who was also Atabeg of
290:, (Atabegs of Mosul) and
274:(Atabegs of Azerbaijan),
177:1134–1152) had appointed
169:. His great uncle Sultan
134:
120:
112:
99:
91:
87:
79:
69:
61:
50:
26:
21:
1408:Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015).
1296:Lambton, A.K.S. (1988).
1121:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
1106:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
1060:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
964:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
2046:People killed in action
1427:Grousset, Rene (2005).
835:Encyclopedia Britannica
748:"Atabakan-e Ādarbayjan"
703:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
675:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
669:. She was the widow of
555:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
497:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
488:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
472:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
334:Reign of Arslan Shah II
282:(Atabegs of Luristan),
1075:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
1021:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
899:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
707:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
687:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
646:Muhammad II ibn Mahmud
582:Truce with Shah Tekish
550:
456:Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
443:
246:in the east, from the
223:
33:Probable depiction of
1389:Bregel, Yuri (2003).
1268:Bosworth, E. (2013).
1229:Hitti, Philip K. 1970
848:Hitti, Philip K. 1970
651:Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud
548:
466:1185–1193), ruler of
438:
221:
171:Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud
1448:History of The Arabs
1326:Ayan, Ergin (2008).
1244:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
1205:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
1144:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
752:Encyclopedia Iranica
179:Shams ad-Din Eldiguz
1499:. Döring, Hanover.
1412:. IICAS Samarkand.
1217:Grousset, Rene 2005
875:Grousset, Rene 2005
673:and before that of
541:Events of 1192–1194
439:Tughril III in the
330:rebellion in 1153.
312:Khwarazmian dynasty
278:(Atabegs of Fars),
242:in the west to the
203:Qizil Arslan Uthman
163:Great Seljuk Empire
130:Shams Malika Khatun
1353:Bibliotheca Indica
701:, youngest son of
695:Khwarazmian Empire
665:, the governor of
630:Khwarazmian Empire
594:Breaking the Truce
551:
444:
441:Majma' al-tawarikh
368:Iranian Azerbaijan
364:Kingdom of Georgia
224:
37:(1176–1194), from
2023:
2022:
1525:978-1-291-97131-6
1419:978-9943-357-21-1
1393:. Brill, Boston.
1381:978-0-521-06936-6
1307:978-0-88706-133-2
1279:978-1-136-75258-2
691:Ala al-Din Tekish
685:, mother of Shah
618:Ala ad-Din Tekish
576:Ala ad-Din Tekish
258:in the north and
234:, stretched from
144:
143:
2058:
1970:Kilij Arslan III
1825:Muhammad-Shah II
1557:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1510:
1491:
1472:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1404:
1385:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
967:
961:
952:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
838:
826:
820:
819:
801:
795:
789:
780:
774:
763:
762:
760:
758:
743:
737:
736:
723:
569:
559:Amir Amiran Umar
492:Amir Amiran Umar
465:
349:
326:in 1141 and the
324:Battle of Qatwan
244:Ghaznavid Empire
184:
176:
156:
83:Office abolished
31:
19:
18:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
1995:Kilij Arslan IV
1955:Kilij Arslan II
1915:
1872:
1829:
1800:Muhammad-Shah I
1749:
1704:
1602:
1571:Early Seljukids
1566:
1564:House of Seljuk
1561:
1526:
1507:
1488:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1388:
1382:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
970:
962:
955:
943:, BRILL, 1987,
939:Houtsma, M. T.
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
829:Cahen, Claude.
827:
823:
816:
802:
798:
790:
783:
775:
766:
756:
754:
744:
740:
725:
724:
720:
715:
659:
638:
610:
596:
584:
543:
514:
495:wanted her son
433:
336:
284:Atabegs of Yazd
216:
129:
127:
126:Malik Berqyaruq
104:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Kaykhusraw III
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Kilij Arslan I
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1921:Sultans of Rum
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Arslan-Shah II
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Malik-Shah III
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:Arslan Isra'il
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1511:
1506:978-3925268441
1505:
1492:
1487:978-1848858879
1486:
1480:. I.B.Tauris.
1473:
1462:
1456:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1313:
1306:
1285:
1278:
1260:
1258:, p. 110.
1248:
1233:
1231:, p. 482.
1221:
1219:, p. 167.
1209:
1192:
1190:, p. 182.
1180:
1178:, p. 172.
1168:
1148:
1125:
1123:, p. 171.
1110:
1108:, p. 170.
1091:
1089:, p. 120.
1079:
1077:, p. 190.
1064:
1062:, p. 169.
1049:
1047:, p. 119.
1037:
1035:, p. 174.
1025:
1023:, p. 189.
1013:
1011:, p. 171.
1001:
999:, p. 148.
989:
987:, p. 180.
968:
966:, p. 167.
953:
932:
930:, p. 173.
920:
918:, p. 178.
903:
891:
889:, p. 176.
879:
877:, p. 158.
864:
862:, p. 112.
852:
850:, p. 480.
840:
821:
814:
796:
794:, p. 177.
781:
779:, p. 170.
764:
738:
717:
716:
714:
711:
658:
655:
637:
634:
609:
606:
595:
592:
583:
580:
542:
539:
513:
510:
432:
429:
335:
332:
264:Arslan Shah II
215:
212:
195:Mu’mina Khatun
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
103:March 19, 1194
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
48:
47:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2063:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Seljuk rulers
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Kaykhusraw II
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Turan-Shah II
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Arslan-Shah I
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:Governors of
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:Governors of
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Suleiman-Shah
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Malik-Shah II
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:Seljuk Empire
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1457:0-333-09871-4
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:0-8135-0627-1
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1400:90-04-12321-0
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1246:, p. 43.
1245:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1207:, p. 42.
1206:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:, p. 41.
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
997:Minorsky 1953
993:
986:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
965:
960:
958:
950:
949:90-04-08265-4
946:
942:
936:
929:
924:
917:
912:
910:
908:
901:, p. 33.
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
869:
861:
856:
849:
844:
836:
832:
825:
817:
815:5-02-018102-1
811:
807:
800:
793:
788:
786:
778:
773:
771:
769:
753:
749:
742:
735:
730:
729:
722:
718:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Terken Khatun
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Ïnanch Sonqur
654:
652:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:Battle of Rey
605:
602:
591:
589:
579:
577:
573:
565:
560:
556:
547:
538:
535:
534:Suleiman-Shah
530:
528:
524:
520:
509:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
484:Ïnanch Sonqur
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
437:
428:
426:
421:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Arslan Shah I
357:
353:
345:
341:
340:Suleiman-Shah
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Ghurid Empire
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
211:
209:
208:Suleiman-Shah
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
148:
140:
137:
133:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:Seljuk Empire
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2015:Kayqubad III
1960:Kaykhusraw I
1805:Toghrul-Shah
1785:Turan-Shah I
1745:Ahmad Sanjar
1740:Arslan-Argun
1699:
1660:Ahmad Sanjar
1631:Malik-Shah I
1515:
1496:
1477:
1467:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1352:
1332:. Retrieved
1297:
1269:
1263:
1251:
1224:
1212:
1183:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1082:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
940:
935:
923:
894:
882:
855:
843:
834:
831:"Alp-Arslan"
824:
805:
799:
755:. Retrieved
751:
741:
732:
727:
721:
671:Qizil Arslan
660:
639:
611:
597:
585:
552:
531:
515:
445:
440:
409:
404:Arzan-ar-Rum
337:
320:Ahmed Sanjar
260:Persian Gulf
225:
146:
145:
116:Inanj Khatun
105:killed near
2036:1194 deaths
2000:Kayqubad II
1965:Suleiman II
1923:(1092–1307)
1911:Sultan-Shah
1884:(1086–1117)
1841:(1076–1105)
1810:Bahram-Shah
1780:Sultan-Shah
1770:Kerman-Shah
1758:(1048–1188)
1735:Toghan-Shah
1730:Arslan-Shah
1713:(1040–1118)
1700:Toghrul III
1695:Arslan-Shah
1685:Muhammad II
1614:(1037–1194)
1598:Musa Yabghu
1497:The Seljuks
757:October 28,
356:Muhammad II
316:Qara Khitai
280:Hazaraspids
252:Caspian Sea
147:Toghrul III
139:Arslan Shah
74:Arslan Shah
70:Predecessor
35:Tughril III
22:Toghrul III
2030:Categories
1990:Kaykaus II
1980:Kayqubad I
1945:Malik-Shah
1935:Suleiman I
1906:Alp Arslan
1725:Alp Arslan
1670:Tughril II
1651:Muhammad I
1626:Alp Arslan
1334:2024-01-06
1188:Boyle 1968
1176:Boyle 1968
1033:Boyle 1968
1009:Boyle 1968
985:Boyle 1968
928:Boyle 1968
916:Boyle 1968
887:Boyle 1968
860:Boyle 1968
792:Boyle 1968
777:Boyle 1968
713:References
693:, Shah of
636:Assessment
564:Akhsitan I
416:Nakhchivan
388:Mazandaran
276:Salghurids
272:Eldiguzids
232:Alp Arslan
187:Toghrul II
128:Alp Arslan
1975:Kaykaus I
1930:Qutalmish
1891:Aq Sunqur
1878:Governors
1863:Tutush II
1835:Governors
1790:Iran-Shah
1656:Mahmud II
1641:Berkyaruq
1621:Tughril I
951:, p. 1053
642:Eldiguzid
292:Ahmadilis
256:Syr Darya
80:Successor
65:1176–1194
2010:Mesud II
1896:Tutush I
1853:Tutush I
1839:Damascus
1711:Khorasan
1636:Mahmud I
622:Al-Nasir
604:Semnan.
601:Al-Nasir
588:Khwarizm
572:Abu Bakr
527:Al-Nasir
523:Bavandid
519:Turkmens
501:Abu Bakr
476:Abu Bakr
314:and the
300:Anatolia
254:and the
236:Anatolia
155:طغرل سوم
1950:Mesud I
1720:Chaghri
1610:of the
1608:Sultans
1364:Sources
679:Gurganj
626:Tughril
460:Saladin
425:Hamadan
420:Hamadan
392:Isfahan
380:Hamadan
344:Hamadan
322:in the
296:Zangids
288:Zengids
228:Tughril
161:of the
151:Persian
113:Consort
54:of the
1901:Ridwan
1882:Aleppo
1868:Irtash
1775:Husein
1765:Qawurd
1756:Kerman
1588:Mikail
1583:Seljuk
1522:
1503:
1484:
1454:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1304:
1276:
947:
812:
657:Family
468:Akhlat
452:Tabriz
402:, and
310:, the
304:Kerman
159:sultan
135:Father
52:Sultan
1858:Duqaq
1848:Atsiz
1675:Masud
1665:Dawud
1578:Tuqaq
699:Ozbeg
506:Oghuz
480:Ozbeg
400:Ahlat
384:Gilan
376:Jibal
372:Arran
328:Oghuz
248:Black
240:Syria
122:Issue
95:1169?
62:Reign
1658:and
1520:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1164:III.
945:ISBN
810:ISBN
759:2010
734:III.
614:Sawa
557:and
490:and
394:and
352:Iraq
268:Iraq
250:and
238:and
201:and
191:iqta
167:Iraq
100:Died
92:Born
43:Iran
39:Rayy
1880:of
1837:of
667:Ray
418:to
396:Rey
107:Rey
2032::
1343:^
1316:^
1288:^
1236:^
1195:^
1128:^
1113:^
1094:^
1067:^
1052:^
971:^
956:^
906:^
867:^
833:.
784:^
767:^
750:.
632:.
568:c.
486:,
464:c.
390:,
386:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
348:c.
302:,
286:,
183:c.
175:c.
153::
41:,
1556:e
1549:t
1542:v
1528:.
1509:.
1490:.
1460:.
1441:.
1422:.
1403:.
1384:.
1337:.
1310:.
1282:.
837:.
818:.
761:.
566:(
181:(
173:(
149:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
