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182:. A zaibatsu's general structure included a family-owned holding company on top, and a bank which financed the other, mostly industrial subsidiaries within them. Although the zaibatsu played an important role in the Japanese economy beginning in 1868, they especially increased in number and importance following the
584:
Beyond the Big Four, consensus is lacking as to which companies can be called zaibatsu, and which cannot. After the Russo-Japanese War, a number of so-called "second-tier" zaibatsu also emerged, mostly as the result of business conglomerations and the awarding of lucrative military contracts. Some
708:
in Asia. Zaibatsu as a whole were widely considered to be beneficial to the
Japanese economy and government, and the opinions of the Japanese public, of the zaibatsu workers and management, and of the entrenched bureaucracy regarding plans for zaibatsu dissolution ranged from unenthusiastic to
726:). However, some argue that the "old mechanisms of financial and administrative control" that zaibatsu once enjoyed have been destroyed. Despite the absence of an actual sweeping change to the existence of large industrial conglomerates in Japan, the
521:
and other
Western countries were colonizing much of the undeveloped world, and Japanese companies realized that in order to remain sovereign, they needed to develop the same methodology and mindset of Western companies, and the zaibatsu emerged.
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Today, the influence of the zaibatsu can still be seen in the form of financial groups, institutions, and larger companies whose origins reach back to the original zaibatsu, often sharing the same original family names (for example,
1142:
681:, sixteen zaibatsu were targeted for complete dissolution, and twenty-six more for reorganization after dissolution. Among the zaibatsu that were targeted for dissolution in 1947 were Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima,
704:
However, complete dissolution of the zaibatsu was never achieved, mostly because the U.S. government rescinded the orders in an effort to reindustrialize Japan as a bulwark against
765:
has been used often in books, comics, games, and films to refer to large and usually sinister
Japanese corporations, often involved in shady dealings or with connections to the
1016:
338:
The zaibatsu were viewed with suspicion by both the right and left of the political spectrum in the 1920s and 1930s. Although the world was in the throes of a worldwide
1996:
1976:
1146:
619:. These new zaibatsu differed from the traditional zaibatsu only in that they were not controlled by specific families, and not in terms of business practices.
1774:
697:(which later took the name Panasonic), while not a zaibatsu, was originally also targeted for breakup, but was saved by a petition signed by 15,000 of its
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The monopolistic business practices by the zaibatsu resulted in a closed circle of companies until
Japanese industrial expansion on the Asian mainland (
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a significant portion of their production capability during World War II. Remaining assets were also highly damaged by destruction during the war.
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737:, ending with a single family, has now widely been displaced by the horizontal relationships of association and coordination characteristic of
370:. They held great influence over Japanese national and foreign policies which only increased following the Japanese victory over Russia in the
212:(groups of banks, manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors). Equivalents to the zaibatsu can still be found in other countries, such as the
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1066:, setting the "reverse course" in Japan was "the most significant contribution I was ever able to make in government". George F. Kennan,
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568:. Throughout Meiji to Shōwa, the government employed their financial powers and expertise for various endeavors, including
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769:. This may provide a plot hook, or simply provide the background for a character from an influential Japanese family.
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the zaibatsu aided
Japanese militarism and benefited from the conquest of East Asia by receiving lucrative contracts.
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subsidiaries dominating specific sectors of a market, either solely, or through a number of subsidiary companies.
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685:, Nomura, and Okura. In addition, Yasuda dissolved itself in 1946. The controlling families' assets were seized,
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1129:. Retrieved online 28 June 2004. Print edition: Washington, D.C.: World Bank Office of the Publisher, 1995.
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of Mitsui, after which the zaibatsu attempted to improve their public image through increased charity work.
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273:). Although zaibatsu themselves existed from the 19th century, the term was not in common use until after
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A History of
Corporate Governance around the World: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers
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and restrictive business practices, which they felt to be both inefficient, and to be a form of
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in 1867, Western countries already had very dominant and internationally significant companies.
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were the most significant zaibatsu groups. Two of them, Sumitomo and Mitsui, had roots in the
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1143:"A Frog in a Well Knows Nothing of the Ocean: A History of Corporate Ownership in Japan"
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of some subsidiary companies, but never of the top holding company or key subsidiaries.
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Corporate
Governance in Transitional Economies: Insider Control and the Role of Banks
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1009:"The Rise and Fall of the Zaibatsu: Japan's Industrial and Economic Modernization"
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disapproving. Additionally, the changing politics of the occupation during the
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The zaibatsu were at the heart of economic and industrial activity within the
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on top, with a wholly-owned banking subsidiary providing finance, and several
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served as a crippling, if not terminal, roadblock to zaibatsu elimination.
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The zaibatsu were the heart of economic and industrial activity within the
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were very dominant and were the major players in international trade. The
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Japan, the Great Power: Industrialization
Through the Lens of Zaibatsu
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419:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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and World War II. After World War II, they were dissolved by the
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Zaibatsu
Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance.
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1415:(originated from Sanwa Group, later renamed to "Midori Kai")
1901:
1151:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 367–466.
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The zaibatsu had been viewed with some ambivalence by the
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while
Mitsubishi and Yasuda traced their origins to the
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When Japan emerged from the self-imposed, pre-Meiji era
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since Japanese industrialization accelerated during the
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Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
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of 1904–1905 and Japan's victories over Germany during
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group, which also had very strong connections with the
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In his 1967 memoirs, Kennan wrote that aside from the
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Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1561:List of industry trade groups in the United States
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1977:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
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1361:Big 6 Keiretsu (until roughly 10 years after
1285:Second tier zaibatsu (preceding World War II)
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631:Seizure of the zaibatsu families assets, 1946
585:more famous second-tier zaibatsu include the
350:of March 1932, with the assassination of the
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190:, and Japan's subsequent attempt to conquer
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957:Four big families of the Republic of China
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234:was coined in 19th century Japan from the
2214:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
435:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:. By definition, the zaibatsu were large
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1556:List of food industry trade associations
1141:Morck, Randall; Nakamura, Masao (2005).
1006:
995:
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544:of, in chronological order of founding,
267:('clique', 'group', from Middle Chinese
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1982:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
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658:administration had experience with the
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695:Matsushita Electric Industrial Company
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16:Former business conglomerates in Japan
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1041:from the original on 8 January 2023.
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313:was regarded as an extension of the
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2084:List of Japan natural gas companies
1831:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
1123:Aoki, Masahiko & Hyung-Ki Kim.
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724:Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
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2141:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1780:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
1643:(Greater China and Southeast Asia)
1015:. Vol. 11. Pepperdine University.
972:Japanese post-war economic miracle
600:The early zaibatsu permitted some
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1972:Japan External Trade Organization
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2265:Science and technology in Japan
2110:International rankings of Japan
2094:List of power stations in Japan
1805:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
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36:needs additional citations for
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1007:Addicott, David A. C. (2017).
952:Four big families of Hong Kong
662:and were highly suspicious of
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2125:Prefectures by GDP per capita
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2275:Standard of living in Japan
2240:Economic relations of Japan
2018:Japanese management culture
1934:Financial services in Japan
1795:Japanese asset price bubble
1363:Japanese asset price bubble
1145:. In Morck, Randall (ed.).
1052:Morck & Nakamura, p. 33
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572:, military procurement and
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415:the claims made and adding
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1836:Industrial policy of Japan
1250:Big 4 zaibatsu (preceding
1165:Schenkein, Joshua (2014).
670:(and thus inherently anti-
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2224:Japan Business Federation
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2115:List of largest companies
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2023:Japanese work environment
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1967:Financial Services Agency
1957:Development Bank of Japan
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1939:Japanese financial system
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1790:Japanese economic miracle
1770:Economic history of Japan
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2250:List of exports of Japan
1882:National Printing Bureau
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1083:Alletzhauser, Albert J.
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348:League of Blood Incident
204:Allied occupation forces
2321:Japanese business terms
1536:Employers' organization
1106:Japan's Postwar History
1035:Encyclopædia Britannica
754:, meaning "series" or "
530:The "Big Four" zaibatsu
358:History and development
2255:National debt of Japan
1929:Capital flows in Japan
1568:Cooperative federation
1512:Business organizations
1450:Mizuho Financial Group
1406:Transitionary keiretsu
947:Conglomerate (company)
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459:Carnegie Steel Company
333:Imperial Japanese Navy
319:Imperial Japanese Army
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1962:Fair Trade Commission
1841:Trade policy of Japan
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1190:The Zaibatsu of Japan
732:vertically integrated
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2074:Solar power in Japan
1924:Tokyo Stock Exchange
1785:Income Doubling Plan
1108:. Ithaca, New York:
812:Second-tier zaibatsu
717:Modern-day influence
344:currency speculation
45:improve this article
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2013:Japanese labour law
1992:National Tax Agency
1987:Ministry of Finance
1949:Government agencies
1699:Business networking
1671:Oppositional groups
1541:Chamber of commerce
1085:The House of Nomura
679:occupation of Japan
623:Postwar dissolution
602:public shareholding
340:economic depression
282:vertical monopolies
2183:Private enterprise
2120:Prefectures by GDP
1347:Taisei Corporation
977:Thirteen Factories
652:surrender of Japan
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495:East India Company
491:Reckitt & Sons
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911:Bankrupt zaibatsu
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637:Japanese military
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511:Rothschild family
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779:The "big four"
776:
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711:reverse course
668:corporatocracy
624:
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581:
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570:tax collection
527:
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503:British Empire
443:
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397:
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359:
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249:Middle Chinese
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134:zaibatsu, 1920
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15:
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1352:Suzuki shoten
1350:
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1327:Nobuteru Mori
1325:
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1158:0-226-53680-7
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1135:0-8213-2990-1
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1118:0-8014-3312-6
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1097:0-06-097397-8
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1064:Marshall Plan
1059:
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938:
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918:
917:Suzuki shoten
915:
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912:
903:
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897:
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890:Roma Graseras
888:
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736:
733:
729:
725:
714:
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692:
691:directorships
688:
684:
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675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
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638:
629:
620:
618:
615:), including
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
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588:
577:
575:
574:foreign trade
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
523:
520:
517:, as well as
516:
512:
508:
507:Baring family
504:
500:
496:
492:
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484:
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476:
472:
471:Western Union
468:
464:
460:
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452:
451:
439:
436:
428:
425:February 2022
418:
414:
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403:
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387:
386:
383:
381:
378:. During the
377:
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236:Sino-Japanese
233:
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217:
216:
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:conglomerates
161:
157:
151:
148:, "financial
140:
133:
129:
125:
115:
112:
104:
101:February 2015
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2233:Other topics
2207:Associations
2158:Construction
2048:Nenko System
2043:Shūshin koyō
2033:Labor unions
2028:Labor market
2006:Labor market
1877:Japanese yen
1809:
1800:Lost Decades
1621:
1604:Conglomerate
1470:Toyota Group
1460:Nomura Group
1455:Nissan Group
1322:Nissan Group
1252:World War II
1234:
1166:
1147:
1125:
1105:
1087:. New York:
1084:
1078:Bibliography
1067:
1058:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1013:Global Tides
1012:
932:Big business
910:
909:
898:(トヨタ自動車株式会社)
811:
810:
778:
777:
762:
760:
738:
727:
720:
703:
676:
645:
641:nationalized
634:
612:
606:
599:
583:
580:New Zaibatsu
539:
529:
455:Standard Oil
448:
446:
431:
422:
399:
361:
337:
322:
305:
299:
296:Significance
239:
231:
229:
213:
207:
180:World War II
176:Meiji period
138:
137:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2168:Electronics
1678:Trade union
1662:Patent pool
1531:Corporation
1392:Sanwa Group
677:During the
376:World War I
275:World War I
226:Terminology
220:South Korea
198:during the
196:Pacific Rim
188:World War I
2295:Categories
2146:Automotive
1914:Nikkei 225
1872:Japan Mint
1652:Consortium
1440:Mitsubishi
1435:Midori Kai
1382:Mitsubishi
1377:Fuyo Group
1261:Mitsubishi
1177:B00NRHRMW2
1031:"zaibatsu"
984:References
892:(理研コンツェルン)
886:(理研コンツェルン)
868:(日曹コンツェルン)
862:(日産コンツェルン)
856:(日窒コンツェルン)
785:Mitsubishi
756:subsidiary
728:zaibatsu's
672:democratic
664:monopolies
650:after the
646:Under the
562:Edo period
554:Mitsubishi
409:improve it
329:Mitsubishi
290:industrial
132:Mitsubishi
128:Marunouchi
71:newspapers
60:"Zaibatsu"
2280:Amakudari
2270:Nemawashi
2193:Transport
2053:Salaryman
1714:Syndicate
1600:(Germany)
1413:UFJ Group
1372:DKB Group
967:The Hongs
902:Shibusawa
838:(森コンツェルン)
761:The term
730:previous
706:communism
609:Manchukuo
413:verifying
368:Meiji era
230:The term
192:East Asia
174:from the
162:business
2301:Zaibatsu
2134:Industry
2103:Rankings
1855:Currency
1846:Taxation
1815:Keiretsu
1810:Zaibatsu
1692:See also
1622:Zaibatsu
1610:Keiretsu
1594:(Russia)
1317:Nichitsu
1239:keiretsu
1235:zaibatsu
1112:, 1997.
1091:, 1991.
1039:Archived
1017:Archived
925:See also
854:Nichitsu
848:Nakajima
842:Kawasaki
830:Furukawa
797:Sumitomo
763:zaibatsu
752:Keiretsu
739:keiretsu
660:New Deal
639:, which
597:groups.
595:Nakajima
591:Furukawa
546:Sumitomo
526:Big Four
513:and the
463:AT&T
232:zaibatsu
209:keiretsu
194:and the
156:Japanese
139:Zaibatsu
2198:Whaling
2163:Defense
1906:finance
1902:Banking
1763:History
1624:(Japan)
1618:(China)
1612:(Japan)
1598:Concern
1592:Combine
1586:Chaebol
1526:Company
1068:Memoirs
962:Konzern
942:Concern
937:Chaebol
850:(中島飛行機)
479:Thyssen
407:Please
215:chaebol
166:in the
85:scholar
2178:Mining
2062:Energy
1824:Policy
1704:Cartel
1445:Mitsui
1387:Mitsui
1297:Fujita
1266:Mitsui
1175:
1155:
1133:
1116:
1095:
919:(鈴木商店)
904:(渋沢財閥)
896:Toyota
880:(大倉財閥)
874:(野村財閥)
872:Nomura
860:Nissan
844:(川崎財閥)
832:(古河財閥)
826:(藤田財閥)
824:Fujita
820:(浅野財閥)
805:(安田財閥)
803:Yasuda
799:(住友財閥)
793:(三井財閥)
791:Mitsui
787:(三菱財閥)
767:yakuza
683:Nissan
617:Nissan
593:, and
558:Yasuda
556:, and
550:Mitsui
509:, the
497:, and
450:sakoku
315:Mitsui
256:) and
238:roots
150:clique
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1519:Types
1337:RIKEN
1231:Japan
989:Notes
884:Riken
878:Okura
866:Nisso
818:Asano
699:union
587:Ōkura
259:batsu
154:is a
92:JSTOR
78:books
1904:and
1173:ASIN
1153:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1093:ISBN
836:Mori
656:SCAP
535:四大財閥
270:bjot
253:dzoi
64:news
1233:'s
674:).
411:by
240:zai
178:to
47:by
2297::
1616:Xi
1237:,
1171:.
1037:.
1033:.
1011:.
997:^
750:.
745:系列
589:,
576:.
552:,
548:,
538:,
499:BP
493:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
457:,
335:.
222:.
186:,
152:")
145:財閥
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1254:)
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
1179:.
1161:.
1137:.
1120:.
1099:.
748:)
742:(
542:)
532:(
438:)
432:(
427:)
423:(
405:.
264:閥
244:財
142:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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