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create a comparable measure of the performance of governments; the
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The WGI is constituted by over 30 databases which are rescaled and categorized into six categories; among these is government effectiveness. According to this category, effective governance is composed by five aspects: the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service, the degree of the government's independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. In short, effective governance is about quality of service, the independence of government and the quality of policies and implementation.
420:. Beyond governments, other entities can also have governing bodies. These can be legal entities or organizations recognized by a government, such as corporations, companies or non-profit organizations governed by small boards of directors pursuing more specific aims. They can also be socio-political groups including hierarchical political structures, tribes, religious subgroups, or even families. In the case of a state, governance expresses a growing awareness of the ways in which diffuse forms of power and authority can secure order even in the absence of state activity. A variety of external actors without decision-making power can influence this system of state governance. These include
2106:. - "Le mot anglais governance a été remis à l'honneur dans les années 1990 par des économistes et politologues anglo-saxons et par certaines institutions internationales (ONU, Banque mondiale et FMI, notamment), de nouveau pour désigner 'l'art ou la maniÚre de gouverner', mais avec deux préoccupations supplémentaires; d'une part, bien marquer la distinction avec le gouvernement en tant qu'institution; d'autre part, sous un vocable peu usité et donc peu connoté, promouvoir un nouveau mode de gestion des affaires publiques fondé sur la participation de la société civile à tous les niveaux (national, mais aussi local, régional et international)."
400:, a society, a community, a social group (like a tribe or a family), a formal or informal organization, a corporation, a non-governmental organization, a non-profit organization, a project team, a market, a network or even the global stage. Governance can also pertain to a specific sector of activities such as land, environment, health, internet, security, etc. The degree of formality in governance depends on the internal rules of a given entity and its external interactions with similar entities. As such, governance may take many forms, driven by many different motivations and with many different results.
1242:.) Emerging thinking about contract governance is focusing on creating a governance structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex contractual arrangements in a more collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way. In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver Williamson wrote that the governance structure for a contract is the "framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided", adding further that "because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with the nature of the transaction."
1218:
the need for citizen participation in the government process. This decentralization of state power "strength vertical accountability" improving the relationship between citizens and municipal governments. The idea is that citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement the roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement.
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although on the long term. However, this is a bi-directional relationship: economic growth does lead to more effective governance as well. Moreover, effective governance does have a positive influence on reducing corruption, strengthening political stability, contribution to improved rule of law and improved government spending and accountability. As is the case with economic development, it is plausible the argue that effective governance and the named predictors are a positive feedback cycle: they reinforce each other, and so indirectly themselves.
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resourceful actor" who wishes to influence the governing process. Examples of this include the publishing of codes of conduct at the highest level of international government, and media focus on specific issues at the sociocultural level. Despite their different sources, both seek to establish values in such a way that they become accepted 'norms'. The fact that 'norms' can be established at any level and can then be used to shape the governance process as whole, means metagovernance is part of both the input and the output of the governing system.
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appear in arenas and nations which are more complex, more global, more contested and more liberally democratic. The term builds upon and extends the terms of the regulatory state on the one hand and governance on the other. While the term regulatory state marginalize non-state actors (NGOs and
Business) in the domestic and global level, the term governance marginalizes regulation as a constitutive instrument of governance. The term regulatory governance therefore allows us to understand governance beyond the state and governance via regulation.
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contexts. It fosters trust by promoting transparency, responsibility, and accountability, and employs mechanisms to resolve disputes and conflicts for greater harmony. It adapts to changing circumstances, keeping the group responsive and resilient. By delivering on its promises and creating positive outcomes, it fosters legitimacy and acceptance of the governing body, leading to rule compliance, shared responsibility, active cooperation, and ultimately, greater stability and long-term sustainability.
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for public participation in the budget process. To measure the overall commitment to transparency, the IBP created Open Budget Index (OBI), which assigns a score to each country based on the results of the survey. While the OBS is released biannually, the IBP recently released a new OBS Tracker, which serves as an online tool for civil society, the media, and other actors to monitor in real time whether governments are releasing eight key budget documents. The Open Budget Index data are used by the
1113:, "governance in the health sector refers to a wide range of steering and rule-making related functions carried out by governments/decisions makers as they seek to achieve national health policy objectives that are conducive to universal health coverage." A national health policy is a complex and dynamic process, which changes from State to State according to the political, historical and socio-economic situation prevailing in the country. Mainly it seeks to strengthen the
1226:. In 2004, the British Columbia Citizens Assembly was the first form of direct citizen engagement created to envision the provincial electoral system. Adopted by Brazil, participatory budgeting was used to "enhance citizens' empowerment and the quality of democracy." Both examples contributed to the discussion of increasing citizen engagement as a mechanism to increase the effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice of democratic governance.
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traditional forms of governanceâmost notably, contractual and relational governanceâand may change the way to organize collaborations between individuals and between organizations. Blockchain governance relies on a set of protocols and code-based rules. As an original governance mode, it departs from an enforcement through the law (as in contractual governance) or through the value of future relationships (as in relational governance).
650:
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emergence of joint actions of all stakeholders to achieve seminal changes in 21st-century societies. It is also important to consider that people have witnessed a global shift from traditional and reactive healthcare to proactive care, mainly enabled by investment in advanced technologies. Recent artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning have made possible the automation as well as the standardisation of many processes in
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describes how absence of effective governance comes about: âas the disintegration ofstate structure, authority (legitimate power), law, and political orderâ. Five main characteristics are to be differentiated in the absence of effective governance: disorganizing of the structure of the processes in the state, violent conflicts, violations of human rights and social fragmentation, all of which have an endogenous character.
617:, and project governance), a particular 'field' of governance associated with a type of activity or outcome (including environmental governance, internet governance, and information technology governance), or a particular 'model' of governance, often derived as an empirical or normative theory (including regulatory governance, participatory governance, multilevel governance, metagovernance, and collaborative governance).
485:
1547:, development aid agencies, and increasingly investors in the private sector as key indicators of governance, particularly fiscal transparency and management of public funds. Examples of country-led assessments include the Indonesian Democracy Index, monitoring of the Millennium Development Goal 9 on Human Rights and Democratic Governance in Mongolia and the Gross National Happiness Index in Bhutan.
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management, high-quality and committed personnel and formalized and standardized ways of processes is needed. For the latter, governments became much more efficient with the arise of bureaucracies. Nevertheless, governments in a rapidly changing environment need to be able to adapt quickly, so being bounded by rigid structures of functioning could work as a detriment.
1500:. Measuring governance is inherently a controversial and somewhat political exercise. A distinction is therefore made between external assessments, peer assessments and self-assessments. Examples of external assessments are donor assessments or comparative indices produced by international non-governmental organizations. An example of a peer assessment is the
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The external aspect of effective governance on the other hand, exclusively focuses on the international domain of politics. It entails the state's capacity to exercise its rights and fulfil its duties in alignment with international law, the representation of its people in the international political landscape and its participation in international relations.
828:. For example, insurance companies exert a great societal impact, largely invisible and freely accepted, that is a private form of governance in society; in turn, reinsurers, as private companies, may exert similar private governance over their underlying carriers. The term "public policy" should not be exclusively associated with policy that is made by
1359:, for example, good governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility, and proper oversight and accountability. "Good governance" implies that mechanisms function in a way that allows the executives (the "agents") to respect the rights and interests of the
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relevant resources and capacities of different members and sets the overall direction of the group in order to effectively address its specific collective needs, problems and challenges. The concept of governance can be applied to social, political or economic entities (groups of individuals engaged in some purposeful activity) such as a
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has with respect to the exercise of authority over the explicit actions the organization takes. Public trust and accountability is an essential aspect of organizational viability so it achieves the social mission in a way that is respected by those whom the organization serves and the society in which it is located.
742:. These theories build deductive models, based on the assumptions of modern economics, to show how rational actors may come to establish and sustain formal organizations, including firms and states, and informal organizations, such as networks and practices for governing the commons. Many of these theories draw on
1004:, and civil society, which interact with one another, whether in formal and informal ways; in formulating and implementing policies in response to environment-related demands and inputs from the society; bound by rules, procedures, processes, and widely accepted behavior; possessing characteristics of '
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The
International Budget Partnership (IBP) launched the Open Budget Initiative in 2006 with the release of the first Open Budget Survey (OBS). The OBS is a comprehensive analysis and survey that evaluates whether central governments give the public access to budget documents and provide opportunities
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The components of effective governance described above all have a domestic character, within the boundaries of the national territory, national policies and about the inhabitants of a country. This is the internal aspect of effective governance, which mainly focuses on national services and policies.
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In the 21st century, global trends (e.g., changing population demographics and epidemiology, widening social inequalities, and a context of financial uncertainty) have influenced health system priorities and subsequently the setting of the health governance function. These trends have resulted in the
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More broadly, health governance requires a synergistic set of policies, many of which reside in sectors other than health as well as governors beyond the national governments, which must be supported by structures and mechanisms that enable collaboration. For instance, in the
European context, it was
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Since the conceptualization of effective governance is not onefold, some more components that might constitute it are suggested: âIt should be small in extent with limited intervention in the economy; a clear vision and processes; committed quality personnel that can formulate and implement policies
1437:
Governance has been defined as the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the "proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public" (legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of
1381:
Good governance is an indeterminate term used in international development literature to describe various normative accounts of how public institutions ought to conduct public affairs and manage public resources. These normative accounts are often justified on the grounds that they are thought to be
1217:
Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The theoretical framework of participatory governance as a variant of governing can be dated back to the early 1990s when academics began to stress
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governance roughly refers to the rules, processes and institutions according to which decisions regarding the protection, management and planning of the landscape are made. Landscape governance differs from country to country according to the national context (e.g., political system, organization of
954:
Project governance is the management framework within which project decisions are made and outcomes of a project are realized. Its role is to provide a repeatable and robust system through which an organization can manage its capital investmentsâproject governance handles tasks such as outlining the
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Governance refers, therefore, to all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market, or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization, or territory, and whether through laws, norms, power or language. Governance differs from government in that it focuses
1523:, which are country-level governance assessment tools that operate at the micro or sub-national level and use information gathered from a country's own citizens, business people and public sector workers to diagnose governance vulnerabilities and suggest concrete approaches for fighting corruption.
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In an attempt to identify predictors of effective government, a study was conducted to investigate what characteristics of the state are more deeply established by effective governance. The most striking conclusion was that effective governance has a big share in the economic growth and developing,
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The purpose of effective governance in the internal aspect is to be the sovereign within its national territory; in the external aspect to wield sovereignty over international relations. For this reason, it is a necessary characteristic of the state to have unrestricted capacity to act, without any
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Adding to these components, one might argue that responsiveness to citizen's needs is high in an effective government. Acting according to these needs, effectiveness is achieved by transparent, decentralized and neutral structures, that are consistent and disciplined. Therefore, efficient financial
1307:
A collaborative governance framework uses a relationship management structure, joint performance and transformation management processes and an exit management plan as controlling mechanisms to encourage the organizations to make ethical, proactive changes for the mutual benefit of all the parties.
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Action through participatory governance impacts policy at the municipal level. An example is the use of municipal housing councils in Brazil to impact policy adoption, which finds that housing councils are associated with a greater likelihood of program adoption beneficial to the needs reflected by
1021:
Land governance is concerned with issues of land ownership and tenure. It consists of the policies, processes and institutions by which decisions about the access to, use of and control over land are made, implemented and enforced; it is also about managing and reconciling competing claims on land.
878:
Nonprofit governance has a dual focus: achieving the organization's social mission and ensuring the organization is viable. Both responsibilities relate to fiduciary responsibility that a board of trustees (sometimes called directors, or Board, or
Management Committeeâthe terms are interchangeable)
860:
The
Governance Analytical Framework (GAF) is a practical methodology for investigating governance processes, where various stakeholders interact and make decisions regarding collective issues, thus creating or reinforcing social norms and institutions. It is postulated that governance processes can
823:
Private governance occurs when non-governmental entities, including private organizations, dispute resolution organizations, or other third party groups, make rules and/or standards which have a binding effect on the "quality of life and opportunities of the larger public." Simply put, privateânot
710:
In its most abstract sense, governance is a theoretical concept referring to the actions and processes by which stable practices and organizations arise and persist. These actions and processes may operate in formal and informal organizations of any size; and they may function for any purpose, good
1554:
Modernization Act (GPRAMA) requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their performance plans and reports in machine-readable format, thereby providing the basis for evaluating the quality of their performance of the governance functions entrusted to them, as specified in their strategic objectives
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Security of land tenure is considered to contribute to poverty reduction and food security, since it can enable farmers to fully participate in the economy. Without recognized property rights, it is hard for small entrepreneurs, farmers included, to obtain credit or sell their business â hence the
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Global governance is defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, rights
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There are no clearly defined settings within which metagoverning takes place, or particular persons who are responsible for it. While some believe metagovernance to be the role of the state which is assumed to want to steer actors in a particular direction, it can "potentially be exercised by any
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have used the term "global governance" to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority. The best example of this is the international system or relationships between independent states. The term, however, can apply wherever a group of free
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When a state fails to govern effectively, this does not simply imply the absence of the characteristics of effective governance. First of all, the absence of effective governance is lack of capacity of the state to supply its inhabitants with political goods, such as rights and freedoms. Zartman
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Regulatory governance reflects the emergence of decentered and mutually adaptive policy regimes which rests on regulation rather than service provision or taxing and spending. The term captures the tendency of policy regimes to deal with complexity with delegated system of rules. It is likely to
939:
The first documented use of the word "corporate governance" is by
Richard Eells (1960, p. 108) to denote "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity". The "corporate government" concept itself is older and was already used in finance textbooks at the beginning of the 20th century
443:
From a normative perspective, good, effective and fair governance is a well-organized system that fairly represents stakeholders' interests and needs. It guides the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the group's objectives, policies, and programs, ensuring smooth operation in various
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and responsibilities to make decisions about the rules, enforcing them and overseeing the smooth operation of the group within the broader framework of governance. The most formal type of a governing body is a government, which has the responsibility and authority to make binding decisions for a
1447:
The effectiveness of governments is not a straightforward and consentient type of governance. Measurement and conceptualization of effectiveness is controversial and often used interchangeably with good governance. However, during the period of 1996â2018, an effort was made by the World Bank to
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within an organized group of individuals which not only sets the boundaries of acceptable conduct and practices of different actors of the group and controls their decision-making processes through the creation and enforcement of rules and guidelines, but also manages, allocates and mobilizes
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offer a novel way to enforce agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination. The main technical features of blockchains support transparency and traceability of records, information immutability and reliability, and autonomous enforcement of agreements. As such, blockchains will affect
1081:
The current discourse about landscape governance calls for participatory and inclusive processes, that take into account the local realities (i.e. biophysical, cultural, social parameters), and the local needs and concerns of the multiple landscape agents; and effectively deal with cases of
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A Worldwide
Governance Index (WGI) was developed in 2009 and is open for improvement through public participation. The following domains, in the form of indicators and composite indexes, were selected to achieve the development of the WGI: Peace and Security, Rule of Law, Human Rights and
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This considers the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies and the respect of citizens and the state of the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.
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The role of citizens in participatory governance is to be afforded a form of state power as an elected group of non-political citizens to contribute to the public policy process. Different manifestations of participatory governance include participatory budgeting, councils, and community
1161:." Internet governance deals with how much influence each sector of society should have on the development of the Internet, such as to what extent the state should be able to censor it, and how issues on the Internet, such as cyber-bullying and criminal behavior should be approached.
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the citizens. The mechanism of participatory governance links the social sphere to the political to produce policies directly molded by or influenced by citizens. Therefore, participatory governance potentially improves public service delivery and the allocation of resources.
832:. Public policy may be created by either the private sector or the public sector. If one wishes to refer only to public policy that is made by government, the best term to use is "governmental policy", which eliminates the ambiguity regarding the agent of the policy making.
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in its current broader sense, encompassing the activities of a wide range of public and private institutions, acquired general currency only as recently as the 1990s, when it was re-minted by economists and political scientists and disseminated by institutions such as the
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Corporate governance consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control an organization. Corporate governance also includes the relationships between people within an organization, (the
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Liebach, I. (2004). Die unilaterale humanitÀre
Intervention im zerfallenen Staate. In: Akpinarli, N. (2010). The Fragility of the âFailed Stateâ Paradigm. A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government. Leiden: Martinus
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perspective. It proposes a methodology based on five main analytical units: problems, actors, norms, processes and "nodal points". These logically articulated analytical units make up a coherent methodology aimed at being used as a tool for empirical
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Hufty, Marc (2011). "Governance: Exploring four approaches and their relevance to research. In: Wiesmann, U., Hurni, H., et al. editors. Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives". Bern: Geographica Bernensia:
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both an empirical observation and a normative idea based on the principles of place-based multi-stakeholder dialogue, negotiation and spatial decision-making, and aims to achieve environmental, economic and social objectives simultaneously.
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The main international policy initiative to improve land governance is known as the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT), endorsed by the
1175:
IT governance primarily deals with connections between business focus and IT management. The goal of clear governance is to assure that investment in IT generates business value and mitigates the risks that are associated with IT projects.
1281:, has stated that "the multilevel system of governance on which our European regional policy is based provides a key boost to the Union's competitive edge" and that, in times of economic crisis, "multilevel governance must be a priority."
1535:(OECD) countries. The project examines to what extent governments can identify, formulate and implement effective reforms that render a society well-equipped to meet future challenges, and ensure their future viability. Section 10 of the
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as "the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the
1515:. The project reports aggregate and individual indicators for more than 200 countries for six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality,
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Krieger, H. (2000) "Das EffektivitĂ€tsprinzip im Völkerrecht". In: Akpinarli, N. (2010). The Fragility of the âFailed Stateâ Paradigm. A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government. Leiden: Martinus
1045:-inspired liberalization of land markets in developing countries. Many land acquisition deals were perceived to have negative consequences, and this in turn led to initiatives to improve land governance in developing countries.
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as a result of the collaboration between State members in the region. It gives policy-makers a vision, a strategic path and a set of priorities to improve health, guaranteeing that it is more equitable and sustainable.
1097:) that can facilitate public access to landscape data (e.g., maps/satellite images for the study and monitoring of landscape change) and the distributed participation in the decision making, mapping and planning (e.g.
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and performance indicators. Publishing performance reports openly on the Web in a standard, machine-readable format is good practice for all organizations whose plans and reports should be matters of public record.
2037:
1052:: âthe way in which rules of land tenure are made operationalâ. And another factor is accountability: the degree to which citizens and stakeholder groups are consulted and can hold to account their authorities.
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Since the early years of the 2000s (decade), efforts have been conducted in the research and international development community to assess and measure the quality of governance of countries all around the
1256:
Multi-level governance is the concept and study of the fact that many intertangled authority structures are present in a global political economy. The theory of multi-level governance, developed mainly by
764:. Politics involves processes by which a group of people (perhaps with divergent opinions or interests) reach collective decisions generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common
1222:
organizations involved at the state level, taking on state studies or participating in social issues. Over the last two decades, the most rapidly growing form of participatory governance has been
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471:, among others. Many social scientists prefer to discuss the process of governing by using the term governance because it covers the whole range of institutions and relationships involved in it.
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The introduction of holistic approaches to landscape governance is the focus of the evolving interdisciplinary landscape research. Such an approach is the conceptualization of landscape as a
557:). Its occasional use in English to refer to the specific activity of ruling a country can be traced to early-modern England, when the phrase "governance of the realm" appears in works by
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conducive to economic ends, such as the eradication of poverty and successful economic development. Different organisations have defined governance and good governance differently.
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Spear, Cornforth & Aiken, 2009. The governance challenges of social enterprises: Evidence from a UK empirical study. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 89(2): 247â73.
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1000:(IUCN), define environmental governance as the "multi-level interactions (i.e., local, national, international/global) among, but not limited to, three main actors, i.e., state,
2810:
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Akpinarli, N. (2010). The Fragility of the âFailed Stateâ Paradigm. A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
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and process-oriented elements of governing rather than its antagonistic ones. This distinction assumes the possibility of the traditional separation between "politics" and
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Governance often refers to a particular level of governance associated with a type of organization (including public governance, global governance, non-profit governance,
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and projects; comprehensive participation with the public; efficient financial management; responsive, transparent and decentralized structures and political stabilityâ.
460:
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1504:. Examples of self-assessments are country-led assessments that can be led by government, civil society, researchers and/or other stakeholders at the national level.
3321:
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Mendoza, Marcos (2014). "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions".
1289:"Metagovernance" is the "governing of governing". It represents the established ethical principles, or 'norms', that shape and steer the entire governing process.
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David Levi-Faur, "Regulation & Regulatory Governance", in David Levi-Faur, Handbook on the Politics of Regulation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2011, pp. 1â20.
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2535:"Strategies for achieving environmental policy integration at the landscape level. A framework illustrated with an analysis of landscape governance in Rwanda"
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2400:
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Braithwaite, John, Cary Coglianese, and David LeviâFaur. "Can regulation and governance make a difference?." Regulation & Governance 1.1 (2007): 1â7.
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Meyer, D. F. (2018). Predictors of good governance and effective government management: The case of Poland. Polish Journal of Management Studies (18)1.
776:. Contemporary governance practice and theory sometimes questions this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of
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Eells, R.S.F. (1960), The Meaning of Modern Business: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Large Corporate Enterprise (Columbia University Press, NY).
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In developing countries, it is relevant as a tool to contribute to equitable and sustainable development, addressing the phenomenon that is known as â
1122:
1539:(GPRA) Modernization Act requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their strategic and performance plans and reports in machine-readable format.
403:
Whereas smaller groups may rely on informal leadership structures, effective governance of a larger group typically relies on a well-functioning
307:
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TĂŒrke, Ralf-Eckhard: Governance â Systemic Foundation and Framework (Contributions to Management Science, Physica of Springer, September 2008).
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936:. Other stakeholders include employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other lenders, regulators, the environment and the community at large.
2083:- "4. The manner in which something is governed or regulated; method of management, system of regulation" - attested in this sense since 1402.
1037:
There is constant feedback between land tenure problems and land governance. For instance, it has been argued that what is frequently called '
1519:, control of corruption. To complement the macro-level cross-country Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Bank Institute developed the
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When discussing governance in particular organizations, the quality of governance within the organization is often compared to a standard of
2956:
1805:
1980:, in order to refer to the 'art of navigation' (or proper steering) of a community. Plato was referring to the political art of governance.
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and obligations are established, and differences are mediated". In contrast to the traditional meaning of "governance", some authors like
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298:
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Applebaugh, J. (rapporteur), "Governance Working Group", power-point presentation, National Defense University and ISAF, 2010, slide 22
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Security sector governance (SSG) is a subpart concept or framework of security governance that focuses specifically on decisions about
1134:, which have also brought to light challenges to the existing governance structures. One of these challenges concerns the ownership of
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2164:
3427:
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2595:"What are 'Integrated Landscape Approaches' and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map protocol"
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Governance can also define normative or practical agendas. Normative concepts of fair governance or good governance are common among
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One of these efforts to create an internationally comparable measure of governance and an example of an external assessment is the
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1605:
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Rotberg, R. I. (2004). The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Breakdown, Prevention, and Repair. In: Zartman, W. L. (Eds)
2013:"We have put all our confidence, has als actyflie with ye help of our derrest Modir takin on Ws ye governance of our Realme":
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Participation, Sustainable Development, and Human Development. Additionally, in 2009 the Bertelsmann Foundation published the
1089:. The discussion about commons-based landscape governance puts forward the need for open technologies (i.e. accessible, under
569:. The first usage in connection with institutional structures (as distinct from individual rule) appears in Charles Plummer's
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Good government, Governance, Human complexity. Luigi Einaudi's legacy and contemporary societies, Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012.
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Hufty, Marc (2011). "Investigating Policy Processes: The Governance Analytical Framework (GAF). In: Wiesmann, U., Hurni, H.,
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even national-scale public sector administration can be organized democratically (while seeking consensus and cooperation) .
1769:
eds. Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives". Bern: Geographica Bernensia: 403â24.
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1278:
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mechanisms whereby market principles of competition serve to allocate resources while operating under government regulation
343:
2920:"Participatory Governance Reform: A Good Strategy for Increasing Government Responsiveness and Improving Public Services?"
1991:"When the king's grace came first to the right of the crown, and unto the governance of the realm young and unexpert..."
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the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development.
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specific geopolitical system (like a country) through established rules and guidelines. A government may operate as a
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2138:
1954:
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Bell, Stephen, 2002. Economic Governance and Institutional Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
1057:
272:
3658:
Asie Dwise (2011), Corporate Governance: An Informative Glimpse, International Journal of Governance. 1(2): 206â14
3641:
2153:
Manski, C. F. (2000). Economic analysis of social interactions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 115-136.
1508:
1398:
2866:
675:
191:
3542:
Zartman, W. L. (2004). When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p 3-4
3134:
Unpacking Outsourcing Governance: How to Build a Sound Governance Structure to Drive Insight Versus Oversight|
3712:
2425:
1630:
1520:
1501:
452:
3494:
Meyer, D. F. (2018). Predictors of good governance and effective government management: The case of Poland.
1946:
The Nature of the Machine and the Collapse of Cybernetics: A Transhumanist Lesson for Emerging Technologies
1669:
440:. It is also shaped by external factors such as globalization, social movements or technological progress.
433:
3299:. SSR Backgrounder Series. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). 2015.
2344:
James N. Rosenau, "Toward an Ontology for Global Governance", in Martin Hewson and Thomas Sinclair, eds.,
1650:
1544:
861:
be found in any society, and unlike other approaches, that these can be observed and analysed from a non-
773:
671:
598:
315:
2318:
Thakur, Ramesh; Van Langenhove, Luk (2006). "Enhancing Global Governance through Regional Integration".
792:
506:
495:
468:
211:
3216:
Sorensen, E. Metagovernance: The Changing Role of Politicians in Processes of Democratic Governance.
2979:
Does participatory governance matter? : exploring the nature and impact of participatory reforms
2065:
1916:
1882:
806:
581:). This usage of "governance" to refer to the arrangements of governing became orthodox including in
502:
2377:
1787:
1469:
form of dependence in both state and international law. This independency is the core of statehood.
1072:
public administration, economy, culture etc.). Generally, landscape governance could be described as
3229:
Onyango, P & Jentoft, S. Assessing Poverty in small-scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania.
1949:. Palgrave Studies in the Future of Humanity and its Successors. Cham (Zug): Springer. p. 48.
1709:
1684:
1580:
1302:
1090:
968:
660:
336:
292:
241:
186:
82:
27:
3676:
In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 9â13,
585:'s seminal text of the same title in 1904 and among some later British constitutional historians.
3707:
3013:"Putting the Public Back into Governance: The Challenges of Citizen Participation and Its Future"
2710:"From landscape resources to landscape commons: focussing on the non-utility values of landscape"
2070:
1921:
1887:
1801:
1640:
1360:
1356:
1223:
1185:
1009:
956:
917:
720:
664:
417:
72:
3681:
3507:
Kurtz, M. J., & Schrank A. (2007). Growth and governance: Models, measures, and mechanisms.
2750:"Landscape as mediator, landscape as commons. International perspectives on landscape research"
2457:
1635:
1531:(SGI), which systematically measure the need for reform and the capacity for reform within the
1251:
992:
the processes of decision-making involved in the control and management of the environment and
739:
711:
or evil, for profit or not. Conceiving of governance in this way, one can apply the concept to
574:
262:
196:
102:
2304:
1274:
3300:
2364:
2078:
2015:
1929:
1895:
1774:
1679:
1664:
1600:
1203:
769:
755:
566:
437:
236:
226:
181:
2461:
2034:"The Concept of Good Governance in Modern World and Governance by Caliphs of Islam â Part I"
2000:
3687:
3424:
2778:
2663:
2606:
2546:
2484:
1655:
1585:
1512:
1422:
1266:
1042:
982:
888:
614:
166:
34:
20:
1048:
The quality of land governance depends on its practical implementation, which is known as
8:
3702:
3381:
2103:
1610:
1590:
1239:
1147:
1117:, making sure that they are capable of meeting the health needs of targeted populations.
1049:
1027:
562:
329:
171:
161:
47:
2667:
2610:
2550:
2504:
955:
relationships between all groups involved and describing the flow of information to all
727:, to partnerships and other associations, to business relationships (especially complex
447:
Most institutions of higher education offer governance as an area of study, such as the
3175:
3155:
3082:
2982:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Comparative Urban Studies Project.
2687:
2632:
2572:
2195:
2187:
1855:
1001:
949:
933:
905:
799:
380:
201:
156:
107:
3566:
2059:
1943:
Malapi-Nelson, Alcibiades (2017). "Cybernetics: The Book, the Club, and the Decline".
1876:
3677:
3274:
3115:
3074:
3032:
2993:
2983:
2939:
2749:
2731:
2691:
2679:
2624:
2564:
2462:
The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else
2419:
2300:
2261:
2240:
2134:
1950:
1843:
1833:
1738:
1689:
1660:
1645:
1615:
1327:
978:
841:
777:
429:
372:
134:
2919:
2636:
2576:
1082:
conflicting interests, ensuring the democratic and just treatment of the landscape.
989:
human activity (i.e. that governance should be based upon environmental principles).
3589:
3179:
3167:
3107:
3066:
3024:
2935:
2931:
2721:
2671:
2614:
2554:
2327:
2236:
2199:
2179:
1750:
less on the state and its institutions and more on social practices and activities.
993:
743:
206:
129:
3086:
2675:
2092:
1994:
1910:
3661:
3625:
3431:
3403:
Andrews M. (2008) The good governance agenda: Beyond indicators without theory,
3388:
3328:
3141:
2963:
2652:"Political landscapes between manifestations and democracy, identities and power"
2559:
2534:
2491:
2468:
2445:
2257:
Anarchism and Social Revolution: An Anarchist Politics of the Transitionary State
2255:
2099:
1944:
1732:
1625:
1595:
1376:
1348:
1331:
1005:
558:
231:
221:
176:
92:
3655:" (October 2002; updated August 2004). ECGI â Finance Working Paper No. 02/2002.
3442:
Andrews M. (2008) The good governance agenda: Beyond indicators without theory,
2651:
1438:
government and the achievement of consensus by democratic means (participation).
3648:
2260:. Contributions to Political Science. Cham, Zug: Springer Nature. p. 135.
1699:
1674:
1270:
1258:
986:
781:
712:
633:
594:
404:
77:
3054:
2957:'Triumph, Deficit or Contestation? Deepening the 'Deepening Democracy' Debate'
2331:
1847:
3696:
3078:
3070:
3036:
2997:
2943:
2735:
2683:
2628:
2568:
1418:
1405:
the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.
1114:
1098:
1038:
1023:
867:
848:
825:
625:
464:
384:
3451:
3412:
811:
through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and their state
3135:
3101:
1827:
732:
629:
376:
87:
3111:
2834:
2619:
2594:
1570:
1516:
1135:
1094:
925:
893:
812:
728:
716:
456:
425:
364:
19:
This article is about the general concept. For the academic journal, see
3012:
2254:
Williams, Brian (30 September 2024). "Anarchism in the Economic Realm".
3028:
1694:
1386:
1262:
1190:
1131:
929:
829:
602:
582:
393:
2191:
3473:
The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace
3156:"Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations"
2977:
2726:
2709:
2165:"Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations"
1575:
1364:
1068:
862:
413:
408:
397:
2533:
van Oosten, Cora; Uzamukunda, Assumpta; Runhaar, Hens (2018-05-01).
649:
26:. For information on the administrative structure of Knowledge, see
3171:
2966:
Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Working Paper 264 July 2006.
2183:
1352:
1323:
1158:
761:
735:, and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful activity.
621:
421:
3674:
Sovereignty â Some critical Remarks on the Genealogy of Governance
3652:
3619:
Open Budgets Key to Open Government: Next Steps for OGP Countries
3055:"Improving Social Well-Being Through New Democratic Institutions"
1704:
1086:
389:
360:
765:
760:
There is a distinction between the concepts of governance and
1712:(StratML), particularly Part 2, Performance Plans and Reports
1497:
1425:
and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy.
573:(an 1885 translation from a 15th-century Latin manuscript by
554:
416:
where citizens vote on who should govern towards the goal of
2511:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
787:
In general terms, public governance occurs in various ways:
3423:
WB (World Bank) (2019). âWorldwide Governance Indicatorsâ,
2797:
2795:
2532:
1433:'s Regional Project on Local Governance for Latin America:
921:
3590:"Sustainable Governance Indicators 2009 â An Introduction"
2593:
Reed, James; Deakin, Liz; Sunderland, Terry (2015-01-07).
1417:
the use of institutions, structures of authority and even
795:(PPP) or with the collaboration of community organisations
2227:
Offe, Claus (2009). "Governance: An "Empty Signifier"?".
1992:
1110:
724:
579:
The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy
407:, which is a specific group of people entrusted with the
368:
16:
Processes of interacting with people and making decisions
3425:
https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents
2801:
2792:
1511:
project, developed by members of the World Bank and the
3642:"Manifesto for Smarter Intervention in Complex Systems"
911:
The laws and customs (rules) applying to that direction
1533:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3594:
Policy Performance and Executive Capacity in the OECD
2057:
1874:
973:
Governance in an environmental context may refer to:
505:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2835:"Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance"
2592:
2317:
1164:
738:
Most theories of governance as process arose out of
605:. Since then, the term has gained increasing usage.
1026:â. The operational dimension of land governance is
3294:
2058:
1909:
1875:
855:
33:"Governing" redirects here. For the magazine, see
3342:"A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance"
2650:Gailing, Ludger; Leibenath, Markus (2017-05-19).
1908:
1401:project of the World Bank defines governance as:
1330:of a single state. SSG applies the principles of
553:, the metaphorical sense first being attested in
3694:
3053:Touchton, Michael; Wampler, Brian (2013-12-27).
2649:
2407:. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013
1008:'; for the purpose of attaining environmentally-
3322:Managing Development â The Governance Dimension
3052:
2708:Gerber, Jean-David; Hess, GĂ©rald (2017-10-19).
1985:
3380:This is a very widely cited definition, as in
3273:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
998:International Union for Conservation of Nature
359:is the overall complex system or framework of
3587:
3533:, 2-4. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1942:
1490:
1311:
852:equals needs to form a regular relationship.
768:. Governance, on the other hand, conveys the
337:
2020:State Papers: King Henry the Eighth; Part IV
1760:
1758:
1413:An alternate definition sees governance as:
1034:relevance of comprehensive land governance.
2809:. Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
2804:"Governance for Health in the 21st Century"
1621:Governance, risk management, and compliance
1296:
1212:
1121:developed a health policy framework called
962:
678:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3644:, by Mark Fell, Carré & Strauss. 2013.
3596:. GĂŒtersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
3399:
3397:
3153:
3103:Civil Society and Participatory Governance
2707:
2162:
1860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1460:Internal and external effective governance
344:
330:
3531:When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
3496:Polish Journal of Management Studies (18)
3452:https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810802455120
3413:https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810802455120
3218:American Review of Public Administration.
2864:
2725:
2618:
2558:
1755:
1337:
1245:
698:Learn how and when to remove this message
545:derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb
525:Learn how and when to remove this message
449:Balsillie School of International Affairs
3666:Heritier, P. & Silvestri P. (Eds.),
3144:|2015|Vested Way|accessed 17 August 2016
2253:
2126:
1832:. B. Guy Peters (2nd ed.). London.
1197:
1179:
639:
501:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3588:Empter, Stefan; Janning, Josef (2009).
3394:
3268:
3262:
3099:
2479:
2477:
2290:
1968:Plato used the term ÎșÏ
ÎČΔÏΜηÏÎčÎșÎź in the
1737:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1442:
1154:World Summit on the Information Society
1152:Internet governance was defined by the
1063:
882:
873:
805:through the formation and execution of
3695:
3233:. Volume 11 2010, pp. 250â63 (p. 258).
2975:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2703:
2701:
2346:Approaches to Global Governance Theory
1825:
1606:International healthcare accreditation
1566:2020s in governance and policy studies
1552:Government Performance and Results Act
1537:Government Performance and Results Act
1233:
1141:
3236:
3048:
3046:
2917:
2588:
2586:
2485:The global land grab: beyond the hype
2357:
2127:Lijun, Yang; Wei, Shan (1998-08-14).
1764:
1734:Governance: A very short introduction
1730:
1318:Security sector governance and reform
943:
818:
474:
3617:Castro, Michael, 12 September 2013,
3563:"World Governance Index 2009 Report"
3220:Volume 36 2006, pp. 98â114 (p. 103).
3010:
2714:International Journal of the Commons
2474:
2448:. Global Land Tool Network, no date.
2226:
2079:participating institution membership
1993:William Tyndale; John Frith (1831).
1930:participating institution membership
1896:participating institution membership
1431:United Nations Development Programme
1334:to the security sector in question.
1326:and their implementation within the
1279:President of the European Commission
1104:
924:. The principal players include the
835:
749:
676:adding citations to reliable sources
643:
478:
396:(public administration), a governed
3269:Vitasek, Kate; et al. (2011).
2906:
2698:
1363:(the "principals"), in a spirit of
1041:', was partly made possible by the
13:
3635:
3592:. In Stiftung, Bertelsmann (ed.).
3565:. World Governance. Archived from
3100:Donaghy, Maureen M. (2013-03-05).
3043:
2583:
2539:Environmental Science & Policy
2439:Policy Paper: Good Land Governance
2130:New Humanism and Global Governance
1829:Governance, politics and the state
1370:
1342:
1016:
908:or their like direct a corporation
14:
3729:
3259:. Sage publications 2003. p. 171.
3207:. Sage publications 2003. p. 170.
3154:Williamson, Oliver (1979-10-01).
2802:Kickbusch I, Gleicher D. (2012).
2483:Mayke Kaag and Annelies Zoomers:
2093:Ătymologie du terme "gouvernance"
2016:"Letter of James V to Henry VIII"
1529:Sustainable Governance Indicators
1284:
1171:Information technology governance
1165:Information technology governance
561:and in royal correspondence from
268:Sustainable Governance Indicators
3653:Corporate Governance and Control
3475:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p 55.
2918:Speer, Johanna (December 2012).
2505:"Voluntary Guidelines on Tenure"
2241:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00570.x
1058:Committee on World Food Security
648:
483:
273:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
3611:
3600:from the original on 2011-07-19
3581:
3555:
3545:
3536:
3523:
3514:
3501:
3488:
3478:
3465:
3456:
3436:
3417:
3374:
3365:
3354:from the original on 2018-04-03
3334:
3314:
3303:from the original on 2017-06-03
3287:
3249:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3186:from the original on 2020-02-27
3147:
3128:
3093:
3004:
2969:
2950:
2897:
2888:
2877:from the original on 2010-11-23
2867:"IT Governance: A Simple Model"
2858:
2847:from the original on 2018-11-26
2827:
2816:from the original on 2020-07-15
2772:
2766:
2742:
2643:
2526:
2515:from the original on 2017-02-11
2497:
2451:
2432:
2393:
2384:
2351:
2338:
2311:
2284:
2247:
2220:
2209:from the original on 2017-08-08
2156:
2147:
2120:
2109:
2086:
2051:
2040:from the original on 2019-03-06
2026:
1808:from the original on 2020-08-19
1509:Worldwide Governance Indicators
1482:Absence of effective governance
1473:Effects of effective governance
1399:Worldwide Governance Indicators
856:Governance Analytical Framework
2936:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.034
2163:Williamson, Oliver E. (1979).
2007:
1936:
1902:
1868:
1819:
1794:
1724:
1:
3718:Political science terminology
3331:, 1991, Washington D.C., p. 1
3271:The Vested Outsourcing Manual
3059:Comparative Political Studies
2865:Smallwood, Deb (March 2009).
2676:10.1080/01426397.2017.1290225
2471:. New York: Basic Books. 2000
2326:(3 July, September): 233â40.
1717:
1631:Governance without government
1521:World Bank Governance Surveys
1502:African Peer Review Mechanism
940:(Becht, Bolton, Röell 2004).
588:However, the use of the term
453:Munk School of Global Affairs
3160:Journal of Law and Economics
3017:Public Administration Review
2775:"Health Systems: Governance"
2560:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.02.002
2172:Journal of Law and Economics
1670:Rule According to Higher Law
434:non-government organizations
7:
3628:, retrieved 2 December 2014
3011:Fung, Archon (2015-02-25).
2348:, SUNY Press, Albany, 1999.
2102:, document prepared by the
2022:. Murray. 1836. p. 95.
1999:. Ebenezer Palmer. p.
1558:
1545:Open Government Partnership
1269:, particularly through the
824:publicâentities are making
793:public-private partnerships
791:through networks involving
316:Market governance mechanism
299:Governance, risk management
10:
3734:
3444:Oxford Development Studies
3405:Oxford Development Studies
3296:Security Sector Governance
2871:Tech Decision CIO Insights
1491:Measurement and assessment
1374:
1315:
1312:Security sector governance
1300:
1249:
1201:
1183:
1168:
1145:
966:
947:
886:
839:
753:
469:London School of Economics
308:Environmental, social, and
32:
18:
2424:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2332:10.1163/19426720-01203002
2066:Oxford English Dictionary
1917:Oxford English Dictionary
1883:Oxford English Dictionary
1091:creative commons licenses
571:The Governance of England
461:Graduate Institute Geneva
363:, functions, structures,
3509:Journal of Politicsâ, 69
3347:. The World Bank. 2006.
3246:. Routledge 2012. p. 40.
3244:Environmental Governance
3071:10.1177/0010414013512601
2976:Brian., Wampler (2011).
1710:Strategy Markup Language
1685:Seat of local government
1581:Collaborative governance
1303:Collaborative governance
1297:Collaborative governance
1265:, arose from increasing
1213:Participatory governance
969:Environmental governance
963:Environmental governance
608:
293:Chief governance officer
28:Knowledge:Administration
3257:Governing as Governance
3205:Governing as Governance
2071:Oxford University Press
1922:Oxford University Press
1888:Oxford University Press
1651:Principalâagent problem
1641:Participatory democracy
1389:defines governance as:
1357:non-profit organization
1224:participatory budgeting
1186:Government by algorithm
1010:sustainable development
894:Corporate organizations
3471:Brierly, J. L. (1955)
2599:Environmental Evidence
2372:Cite journal requires
1782:Cite journal requires
1636:Open-source governance
1440:
1427:
1407:
1395:
1338:As a normative concept
1252:Multi-level governance
1246:Multi-level governance
1079:
740:neoclassical economics
263:World Governance Index
3112:10.4324/9780203098011
2620:10.1186/2047-2382-4-2
2116:Usage frequency graph
1680:Simulation Governance
1665:New public management
1601:Ecclesiastical polity
1435:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1204:Regulatory governance
1198:Regulatory governance
1180:Blockchain governance
1074:
756:Public administration
640:Governance as process
567:Henry VIII of England
383:, power dynamics and
3713:Political philosophy
2781:on February 14, 2009
2509:Governance of Tenure
2133:. World Scientific.
1996:The works of Tyndale
1826:Pierre, Jon (2020).
1731:Bevir, Mark (2012).
1656:Public choice theory
1586:Corporate governance
1513:World Bank Institute
1443:Effective governance
1267:European integration
1064:Landscape governance
1043:Washington Consensus
983:environmental policy
920:) and the corporate
904:The manner in which
889:Corporate governance
883:Corporate governance
874:Nonprofit governance
672:improve this section
615:corporate governance
494:factual accuracy is
310:corporate governance
2668:2017LandR..42..337G
2611:2015EnvEv...4....2R
2551:2018ESPol..83...63V
2104:European Commission
2069:(Online ed.).
2036:. 9 November 2015.
1920:(Online ed.).
1886:(Online ed.).
1611:Internet governance
1591:Contract management
1351:. In the case of a
1275:José Manuel Barroso
1240:contract management
1234:Contract governance
1148:Internet governance
1142:Internet governance
1050:land administration
1028:land administration
985:that advocates for
896:often use the word
798:through the use of
731:relationships), to
563:James V of Scotland
3624:2016-12-21 at the
3430:2020-05-03 at the
3387:2011-07-24 at the
3327:2011-09-16 at the
3231:Fish and Fisheries
3140:2016-08-26 at the
3029:10.1111/puar.12361
2962:2016-08-17 at the
2656:Landscape Research
2490:2017-02-11 at the
2467:2017-02-11 at the
2444:2017-10-14 at the
2098:2017-10-14 at the
1550:Section 10 of the
950:Project governance
944:Project governance
934:board of directors
900:to describe both:
819:Private governance
475:Origin of the word
3569:on 4 October 2011
3121:978-0-203-09801-1
3065:(10): 1442â1469.
2989:978-1-933549-58-3
2930:(12): 2379â2398.
2924:World Development
2494:, Zed Books, 2014
2458:De Soto, Hernando
2320:Global Governance
2077:(Subscription or
1928:(Subscription or
1894:(Subscription or
1839:978-1-350-31143-5
1690:Social innovation
1661:Public management
1646:Policy Governance
1616:Global governance
1429:According to the
1109:According to the
1105:Health governance
994:natural resources
979:political ecology
842:Global governance
836:Global governance
750:Public governance
708:
707:
700:
535:
534:
527:
457:Sciences Po Paris
430:political parties
375:borne out of the
354:
353:
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3629:
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2786:
2777:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
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1900:
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1879:
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1753:
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774:"administration"
744:transaction cost
703:
696:
692:
689:
683:
652:
644:
577:, also known as
530:
523:
519:
516:
510:
507:reliably sourced
487:
486:
479:
436:, community and
346:
339:
332:
192:Higher education
98:Multistakeholder
43:
42:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3693:
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3672:Senn, Marcell.
3638:
3636:Further reading
3633:
3632:
3626:Wayback Machine
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
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3561:
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3432:Wayback Machine
3422:
3418:
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3395:
3389:Wayback Machine
3379:
3375:
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3329:Wayback Machine
3319:
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3187:
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3148:
3142:Wayback Machine
3133:
3129:
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3051:
3044:
3009:
3005:
2990:
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2964:Wayback Machine
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2469:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2446:Wayback Machine
2437:
2433:
2417:
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2410:
2408:
2401:"Focus on Land"
2399:
2398:
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2389:
2385:
2373:
2371:
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2339:
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2293:Conn. Ins. L. J
2289:
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2225:
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2161:
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2110:
2100:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
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2052:
2043:
2041:
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2031:
2027:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1990:
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1941:
1937:
1927:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1873:
1869:
1853:
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1783:
1781:
1772:
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1720:
1715:
1626:Governmentality
1596:Data governance
1561:
1493:
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1379:
1377:Good governance
1373:
1371:Good governance
1349:good governance
1345:
1343:Fair governance
1340:
1332:good governance
1328:security sector
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1200:
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1019:
1017:Land governance
1006:good governance
981:which promotes
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891:
885:
876:
858:
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821:
758:
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693:
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684:
669:
653:
642:
636:organizations.
611:
559:William Tyndale
531:
520:
514:
511:
500:
492:This section's
488:
484:
477:
350:
321:
320:
312:
309:
303:
300:
288:
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278:
277:
258:
257:
248:
247:
246:
217:Security sector
212:Political party
151:
150:
141:
140:
139:
124:
123:
114:
113:
112:
67:
66:
41:
31:
17:
12:
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3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Accountability
3705:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3670:
3664:
3659:
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3649:Patrick Bolton
3647:Becht, Marco,
3645:
3637:
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3286:
3280:978-0230112681
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3261:
3248:
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3172:10.1086/466942
3166:(2): 233â261.
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3092:
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3023:(4): 513â522.
3003:
2988:
2968:
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2857:
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2791:
2765:
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2720:(2): 708â732.
2697:
2662:(4): 337â348.
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2431:
2392:
2383:
2374:|journal=
2350:
2337:
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2283:
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2246:
2229:Constellations
2219:
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2178:(2): 233â261.
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2085:
2050:
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2006:
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1955:
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1754:
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1700:SOA governance
1697:
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1677:
1675:Sarbanes-Oxley
1672:
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1653:
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1573:
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1441:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
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1341:
1339:
1336:
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1301:Main article:
1298:
1295:
1286:
1285:Metagovernance
1283:
1271:European Union
1259:Liesbet Hooghe
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1214:
1211:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1181:
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1169:Main article:
1166:
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1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1106:
1103:
1099:open platforms
1065:
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967:Main article:
964:
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945:
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884:
881:
875:
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840:Main article:
837:
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809:
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770:administrative
754:Main article:
751:
748:
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654:
647:
641:
638:
634:private sector
610:
607:
575:John Fortescue
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405:governing body
352:
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341:
334:
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301:and compliance
297:
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286:Related topics
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3109:
3106:. Routledge.
3105:
3104:
3096:
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3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
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2868:
2861:
2843:
2840:. June 2005.
2836:
2830:
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2745:
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2402:
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2010:
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1997:
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1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1956:9783319545172
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1948:
1947:
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1885:
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1841:
1835:
1831:
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1736:
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1419:collaboration
1414:
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1115:health system
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1059:
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1040:
1039:land grabbing
1035:
1031:
1029:
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1024:land grabbing
1011:
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1003:
999:
995:
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977:a concept in
976:
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960:
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941:
937:
935:
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910:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
895:
890:
880:
871:
869:
868:social policy
864:
853:
850:
849:James Rosenau
843:
833:
831:
827:
826:public policy
814:
810:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
789:
788:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
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741:
736:
734:
733:project teams
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
702:
699:
691:
688:December 2013
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2754:ResearchGate
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1517:rule of law
1191:Blockchains
1136:health data
1123:Health 2020
1095:open-source
987:sustainable
813:bureaucracy
746:economics.
729:outsourcing
721:non-profits
541:, the word
515:August 2016
426:think tanks
418:public good
197:Information
103:Open-source
73:Algorithmic
3703:Governance
3697:Categories
3604:2009-08-07
3573:3 February
3358:2011-03-16
3307:2017-05-28
3242:Evans, J.
3190:2019-11-22
2881:2009-12-16
2851:2018-12-12
2820:2020-04-27
2785:2020-04-25
2759:2021-12-19
2519:2017-02-08
2411:2019-11-22
2213:2019-05-01
2081:required.)
2044:2019-03-03
1932:required.)
1898:required.)
1848:1165386354
1812:2020-05-02
1718:References
1695:Sociocracy
1387:World Bank
1263:Gary Marks
1238:(See also
1184:See also:
1132:healthcare
932:, and the
930:management
898:governance
870:research.
830:government
603:World Bank
590:governance
583:Sidney Low
547:kubernaein
543:governance
539:government
394:government
357:Governance
237:Technology
227:Simulation
88:Electronic
56:Governance
38:(magazine)
22:Governance
3682:2042-6402
3079:0010-4140
3037:0033-3352
2998:809068134
2944:0305-750X
2736:1875-0281
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2684:0142-6397
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2545:: 63â70.
1962:26 August
1856:cite book
1576:Anarchism
1423:resources
1365:democracy
1277:, former
1069:Landscape
863:normative
807:consensus
659:does not
630:voluntary
622:political
549:(meaning
503:talk page
414:democracy
409:authority
398:territory
361:processes
167:Corporate
36:Governing
24:(journal)
3622:Archived
3598:Archived
3552:Nijhoff.
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3428:Archived
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1970:Georgias
1911:"govern"
1806:Archived
1559:See also
1355:or of a
1353:business
1324:security
1159:Internet
762:politics
601:and the
551:to steer
496:disputed
392:and its
256:Measures
172:Cultural
162:Clinical
149:By field
122:By level
48:a series
46:Part of
3180:8559551
2664:Bibcode
2607:Bibcode
2547:Bibcode
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2200:8559551
1705:Statism
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1060:(CFS).
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665:sources
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996:. The
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597:, the
467:, and
135:Global
65:Models
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3352:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3176:S2CID
3083:S2CID
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2773:WHO.
2688:S2CID
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2196:S2CID
2188:JSTOR
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609:Types
555:Plato
537:Like
438:media
390:state
373:norms
365:rules
207:Ocean
130:Local
3678:ISSN
3575:2013
3511:(2).
3275:ISBN
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2994:OCLC
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1974:Laws
1964:2020
1951:ISBN
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1844:OCLC
1834:ISBN
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