Government by algorithm

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law. It's a regulation." "OK. Show me the regulation." "Well, it isn't really a regulation. It's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago." "Great. We can change that!" Laws should specify goals, rights, outcomes, authorities, and limits. If specified broadly, those laws can stand the test of time. Regulations, which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail, should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms, that is, as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws. It's time for government to enter the age of big data. Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come.

985: 770: 580: 588: 852: 826:. Similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $ 100 million and to would have taken about 10 years to develop. With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development. 55: 568: 822:(population 4,104) for $ 170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $ 4,600,000,000. Cryptocurrency will be allowed for payments. Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring 3482: 1869:

United Kingdom, and Sweden largely oppose the idea. The survey results exhibit significant generational differences. Over 60% of Europeans aged 25-34 and 56% of those aged 34-44 support the measure, while a majority of respondents over the age of 55 are against it. International perspectives also vary: 75% of Chinese respondents support the proposal, whereas 60% of Americans are opposed.

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Sometimes the "rules" aren't really even rules. Gordon Bruce, the former CIO of the city of Honolulu, explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes, he was told, "That's against the law." His reply was "OK. Show me the law." "Well, it isn't really a

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is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance. In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for

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is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration. The term "government by algorithm" has appeared in academic literature as an alternative for "algorithmic governance" in 2013. A related term, algorithmic regulation, is

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which is used to keep citizens safe. This system generates a QR code in one of three colors (green, yellow, or red) after users fill in a form on Alipay with personal details. A green code enables the holder to move around unrestricted. A yellow code requires the user to stay at home for seven days

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called "close-contact-detector". Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app is able to detect "close contact" using surveillance data (i.e. using public transport records, including trains and flights) and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status

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In Costa Rica, the possible digitalization of public procurement activities (i.e. tenders for public works, ...) has been investigated. The paper discussing this possibility mentions that the use of ICT in procurement has several benefits such as increasing transparency, facilitating digital access

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Cellphone data is used to locate infected patients in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other countries. In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those

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to make it more automated and seamless. A virtual assistant will guide citizens through any interactions they have with the government. Automated and proactive services "push" services to citizens at key events of their lives (including births, bereavements, unemployment, ...). One example is the

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Researchers found some evidence that when citizens perceive their political leaders or security providers to be untrustworthy, disappointing, or immoral, they prefer to replace them by artificial agents, whom they consider to be more reliable. The evidence is established by survey experiments on

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indicates that 51% of Europeans are in favor of reducing the number of national parliamentarians and reallocating these seats to an algorithm. This proposal has garnered substantial support in Spain (66%), Italy (59%), and Estonia (56%). Conversely, the citizens of Germany, the Netherlands, the

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is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms. A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.

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as tools for rationalization and evaluation of administrative behavior. The automation of rule-based processes was an ambition of tax agencies over many decades resulting in varying success. Early work from this period includes Thorne McCarty's influential TAXMAN project in the US and Ronald

1781:'s Center for the Governance of Change in Spain found that 25% of citizens from selected European countries were somewhat or totally in favor of letting an artificial intelligence make important decisions about how their country is run. The following table lists the results by country: 1624:

are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates. Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of

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combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations. For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated". O'Reilly's suggestion is based on

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he invisible hand of cyberspace is building an architecture that is quite the opposite of its architecture at its birth. This invisible hand, pushed by government and by commerce, is constructing an architecture that will perfect control and make highly efficient regulation

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developed the concept of algocracy — information technologies constrain human participation in public decision making. Aneesh differentiated algocratic systems from bureaucratic systems (legal-rational regulation) as well as market-based systems (price-based regulation).

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as an AI avatar named "AI Steve", saying that constituents could interact with AI Steve to shape policy. Endacott stated that he would only attend Parliament to vote based on policies which had garnered at least 50% support. AI Steve placed last with 179 votes.

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can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence, and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted

2705:"Organisations: Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute): Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia" 609:, published an article in the journal "Communist" about a computer network for processing information and control of the economy. In fact, he proposed to make a network like the modern Internet for the needs of algorithmic governance (Project 1657:

estimated in 2017, automation of US government work could save 96.7 million federal hours annually, with a potential savings of $ 3.3 billion; at the high end, this rises to 1.2 billion hours and potential annual savings of $ 41.1 billion.

5053: 1616:(i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires, to investigate how householders responded in wildfires and spotting wildfire in real time using 1149:. Medical records serve as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patient's care. In the EU, work is ongoing on a 1697:, the conflict between democracy and dictatorship is seen as a conflict of two different data-processing systems—AI and algorithms may swing the advantage toward the latter by processing enormous amounts of information centrally. 755:

technology to ensure transparency and hinder corruption in governmental transactions. "Government by Algorithm?" was the central theme introduced at Data for Policy 2017 conference held on 6–7 September 2017 in London.

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Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data, collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers, is used to more efficiently organize human life as a collective. As

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AI teaching assistants are being developed and used for education (e.g., Georgia Tech's Jill Watson) and there is also an ongoing debate on whether perhaps teachers can be entirely replaced by AI systems (e.g., in

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represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government. Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary)

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Stainforth, Elizabeth and Jo Lindsay Walton. "Computing Utopia: The Horizons of Computational Economies in History and Science Fiction." Science Fiction Studies, vol. 46 no. 3, 2019, p. 471-489. Project MUSE,

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of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work". Also

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to be carried out where needed). The algorithms used by the monitoring software can be incorporated into existing surveillance systems in public spaces (hospitals, stations, airports, shopping centres, ...)

1531:. The close contact detector can be accessed via popular mobile apps including Alipay. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials. 1215:

to public tenders, reducing direct interaction between procurement officials and companies at moments of high integrity risk, increasing outreach and competition, and easier detection of irregularities.

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during the COVID-19 pandemic. The system does not store identifying data, but rather allows to alert city authorities and police where breaches of the mask and mask wearing rules are spotted (allowing

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often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the European Union and China.

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to generate various three-digit "risk scores" for prescriptions of medications and an overall "Overdose Risk Score", collectively referred to as Narx Scores, in a process that potentially includes

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was said to be a mass surveillance effort with a centralized numerical score for each citizen given for their actions, though newer reports say that this is a widespread misconception.

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SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand. The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believes SAM will be advanced enough to run as a

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Senator, Ted E.; Wong, Raphael W.H.; Marrone, Michael P.; Llamas, Winston M.; Klinger, Christina D.; Khan, A.F. Umar; Cottini, Matthew A.; Goldberg, Henry G.; Wooton, Jerry.

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Model of cybernetic thinking about organisation. On the one hand in reality a system is determined. On the other hand, cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.

619:"by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing 4543: 2759:. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. pp. 495–508. 1409: 899:, so that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behaviour. Several ethical aspects of that technology are still being discussed. 941:, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs. A decentralized autonomous organization is an 5209: 4859: 4571: 4245: 2774: 3941: 5288:

Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe (8 May 2020).

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in courts. According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court. The Chinese AI judge is a

3614: 996:, 45% of the studied US federal agencies have experimented with AI and related machine learning (ML) tools up to 2020. US federal agencies counted the number of 6453: 6900: 2490:

Veale, Michael; Brass, Irina (2019). "Administration by Algorithm? Public Management Meets Public Sector Machine Learning". Social Science Research Network.

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are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance. Cryptocurrencies are currencies, which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental

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applications, which are listed below. 53% of these applications were produced by in-house experts. Commercial providers of residual applications include

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and red means a two-week quarantine. In some cities such as Hangzhou, it has become nearly impossible to get around without showing one's Alipay code.

1472:" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda 644:

to improve the management of the national economy. Elements of the project were used in 1972 to successfully overcome the traffic collapse caused by a

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In 2018, the Netherlands employed an algorithmic system SyRI (Systeem Risico Indicatie) to detect citizens perceived being high risk for committing

1164:. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by 555:

and Teresa Scantamburlo argued that the combination of a human society and certain regulation algorithms (such as reputation-based scoring) forms a

6944: 3351: 1704:, which quietly flagged thousands of people to investigators. This caused a public protest. The district court of Hague shut down SyRI referencing 551:

that rules by the effective use of information, with algorithmic governance, although algorithms are not the only means of processing information.

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and by not pretending to be an objective candidate. This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.

5991: 5111: 1038: 5166:"A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines" 5934:

Banna, Md. Hasan Al; Taher, Kazi Abu; Kaiser, M. Shamim; Mahmud, Mufti; Rahman, Md. Sazzadur; Hosen, A. S. M. Sanwar; Cho, Gi Hwan (2020).

5474: 3458:"Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth" 1766: 1726: 1670:, a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions, and the accountability for any such decisions. According to a 2016's book 1235: 1579:

said that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway", as he has been informed by mobile phone operators. In USA, Europe and UK,

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defined as setting the standard, monitoring and modifying behaviour by means of computational algorithms – automation of

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Sodemann, Angela A.; Ross, Matthew P.; Borghetti, Brett J. (November 2012). "A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance".

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and Teresa Scantamburlo, where the reputation-credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to the citizens and computed by a

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Zhao, Xilei; Xu, Yiming; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel; Cova, Thomas J.; Wu, Alex; Yan, Xiang (2022-06-01).

1088: 6313: 4933: 3274: 2969: 2275:"DERECOM. Derecho de la Comunicación. - An approach to the algorithmic legal order and to its civil, trade and financial projection" 6236: 1145:

National health administration entities and organisations such as AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association) hold

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of reputation enforce desired behavior. The usage of feed-loops for the management of social systems is already been suggested in

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in-person final exams were impossible for thousands of students. The public high school

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will also be rebuilt to include even more privacy control and accountability into the way the government uses citizen's data.

6844: 6722: 6543: 6131: 4131: 3914: 3766: 3166: 3011: 979: 922: 348: 155: 85: 70: 4792: 4166: 1172:. There were flagged due to potential fraud, public safety and national security issues. Some of the scanned data came from 6871: 6205: 5241: 4581: 4544:"A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear" 4086:"The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions" 3428: 2782: 1476: 1139: 475: 5860:"California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire" 4885: 3927: 3710: 5644: 2058: 1239: 606: 4766: 2029: 6479: 6081:

Gómez, Diego; Salvador, Pablo; Sanz, Julia; Casanova, Carlos; Taratiel, Daniel; Casanova, Jose Luis (August 15, 2018).

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of three other users. To make this inquiry users scan a Quick Response (QR) code on their smartphones using apps like

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See section on smart contracts; this is possible by means of a digital birth certificate, triggering a smart contract

3831: 2901: 2093:"Algorithmic Government: Automating Public Services and Supporting Civil Servants in using Data Science Technologies" 1946: 1633:

breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.

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Singh, Saurabh; Sharma, Pradip Kumar; Yoon, Byungun; Shojafar, Mohammad; Cho, Gi Hwan; Ra, In-Ho (1 December 2020).

3262: 6984: 6939: 6897: 4400: 3550: 1951: 404: 148: 90: 38: 5567: 5437: 5266: 6828: 6018:"Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking" 5618: 5500: 4724: 2865: 1157: 1058: 115: 6016:

Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Ellsworth, William L.; Zhu, Weiqiang; Chuang, Lindsay Y.; Beroza, Gregory C. (2020-08-07).

6999: 6641: 4511: 2704: 1078: 637: 323: 6338: 3211: 2352: 6920: 4960: 1334: 958:). Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property ( 930: 744: 690:

published a paper in 1998, where he expressed optimism that the then-available computer technologies such as

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Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa (8 October 2019). "On social machines for algorithmic regulation".

6959: 6775: 4370: 3377: 1690: 1173: 1068: 1048: 5936:"Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges" 4707:"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. < 3297: 6376: 4826:"A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education" 4576: 2536: 1671: 1400:

trained using Tama city datasets. The project was backed by high-profile executives Tetsuzo Matsumoto of

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could evolve to computer systems, which will strongly affect the practice of courts. In 2006, attorney

343: 110: 95: 6914: 5791: 4192:"Cuccinelli Announces USCIS' FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump's Goals" 1354:

Besides use in grading, software systems like AI were used in preparation for college entrance exams.

6964: 6866: 6857: 6505:"OASI, the first search engine to find the algorithms that governments and companies use on citizens" 4496:

Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95

3298:"Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city" 1621: 1572: 614: 6401:

Rinta-Kahila, Tapani; Someh, Ida; Gillespie, Nicole; Indulska, Marta; Gregor, Shirley (4 May 2022).

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The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes

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Freeman Engstrom, David; Ho, Daniel E.; Sharkey, Catherine M.; Cuéllar, Mariano-Florentino (2020).

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under the banner "Fuck the algorithm." This protest was successful and the grades were taken back.

1519: 1344: 1282: 592:"Blockchain and the future of governance. Let's overcome the hype and understand what can be done." 468: 424: 373: 318: 214: 20: 6454:"Fuck the Algorithm - Jugendproteste in Großbritannien gegen maschinelle Notenvergabe erfolgreich" 2757:

Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

6989: 6979: 6083:"Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture" 4111: 1493: 1381: 997: 984: 678: 641: 4631: 3989: 1262:

Some government agencies provide track and trace systems for services they offer. An example is

769: 7004: 6949: 5619:"Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies" 3902:"A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts" 1971: 1890: 1601: 1243: 881: 834: 673: 620: 394: 328: 234: 6480:"U.S. Government Is Using an Algorithm to Flag American Citizens for Denaturalization: Report" 5840: 4709:

http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client

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assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.

6954: 6749:"Prescription-Drug Policing: The Right To Health Information Privacy Pre- and Post-Carpenter" 5677:"How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives" 5143: 4250: 1878: 1666:

There are potential risks associated with the use of algorithms in government. Those include

1580: 1568: 1270: 1001: 823: 687: 669: 368: 358: 313: 5290:"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing" 4382: 2220: 6886: 6853: 6535: 6403:"Algorithmic decision-making and system destructiveness: A case of automatic debt recovery" 6094: 6029: 5947: 5890: 2662: 2395: 1981: 1901:

imagines an algorithm supposedly based on "fairness" recreating a premodern rural economy.

1762: 1686: 1647: 1592: 1497: 1428: 903: 298: 6559: 5054:"Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020" 8: 6848: 6839: 5792:"Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data" 5029:"World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand" 4659:"AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app" 4548: 4353: 4112:"The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions" 4045:"Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology" 2511:"Cyberocracy, Cyberspace, and Cyberology:Political Effects of the Information Revolution" 1450: 1306:

plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.

1124: 993: 947: 691: 461: 303: 293: 179: 120: 6265:"Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy" 6098: 6033: 5951: 5894: 4085: 2666: 2399: 2300: 6892: 6875: 6434: 6294: 6112: 6058: 6017: 5973: 5916: 5803: 5772: 5749:

Zhao, Xilei; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel (April 15, 2020).

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expressed apprehension of "infinitely stable dictatorships" created by government AI.

6917:, An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis 6802: 6785: 6762: 6739: 6728: 6718: 6620: 6539: 6438: 6298: 6286: 6063: 6045: 5977: 5965: 5920: 5908: 5821: 5776: 5735: 5721: 5662: 5327: 5309: 5217: 5013: 5001: 4507: 4127: 3901: 3883: 3852: 3827: 3762: 3530: 3329: 3317: 3162: 3141: 3083: 3079: 3029:

IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews

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Reflections on" Taxman: An Experiment in Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning.

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In 2021, Eticas Foundation has launched a database of governmental algorithms called

1694: 1682: 1547: 1290: 955: 892: 877: 873: 860: 811: 552: 266: 75: 6748: 6116: 4521: 3732: 3401: 3190:(2013). "Open Data and Algorithmic Regulation". In Goldstein, B.; Dyson, L. (eds.). 3048: 2808: 1689:, regulated parties might try to manipulate their outcome in own favor and even use 601:

In 1962, the director of the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the

6780: 6753: 6610: 6600: 6531: 6424: 6414: 6276: 6132:"A brief exchange with Tim O'Reilly about "algorithmic regulation" | Tim McCormick" 6102: 6053: 6037: 5955: 5898: 5813: 5762: 5707: 5317: 5301: 5183: 4991: 4541: 4499: 4491: 4119: 3875: 3872:"The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements" 3718: 3309: 3129: 3075: 3036: 2839: 2670: 2454: 2413: 2403: 2240: 2232: 2191: 2137: 2104: 2073: 1921: 1916: 1756: 1733: 1667: 1564: 1252: 1192: 1169: 918: 652: 633: 572: 338: 261: 80: 6924: 6822: 6419: 6402: 5879:"STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI" 5712: 5695: 4980:"Collaborative е-Rulemaking, Democratic Bots, and the Future of Digital Democracy" 3352:"Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits" 3236: 2612:"'Far more than surveillance' is happening and could change how government is run" 1256: 1187:

is a US software, which combines data from the prescription registries of various

6904: 6835: 5455: 5089: 4728: 4123: 3974:"The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot" 3821: 3187: 2999: 1986: 1941: 1911: 1719: 1617: 1462: 1413: 1393: 1263: 934: 818:

by tech firms in 2021. Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km) in Nevada's rural

731: 695: 683: 363: 353: 308: 224: 125: 5960: 5935: 5903: 5878: 5087:[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence]. 3956:"Silent Notary - Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection" 3156: 579: 6041: 5767: 5750: 5696:"Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach" 5519: 5392: 5345: 4893: 3736: 3040: 2889: 2674: 1991: 1936: 1718:

Due to public criticism, the Australian government announced the suspension of

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Mousavi, S. Mostafa; Sheng, Yixiao; Zhu, Weiqiang; Beroza, Gregory C. (2019).

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Sayad, Younes Oulad; Mousannif, Hajar; Al Moatassime, Hassan (March 1, 2019).

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Sam Corbett-Davies; Emma Pierson; Avi Feller; Sharad Goel (October 17, 2016).

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key functions in 2019, and a review of all debts raised using the programme.

1701: 1626: 1613: 1501: 1424: 1359: 1298: 1223: 885: 819: 548: 6107: 6082: 5305: 4811:"Could Artificial Intelligence Replace Our Teachers? | Education World" 2109: 2092: 1765:. Software code can be looked into and improvements can be proposed through 1571:, in order to research and prevent the spread of the virus. Russia deployed 6067: 5751:"Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations" 5331: 3871: 3776: 2843: 2459: 2442: 2427: 2408: 2383: 2077: 1885: 1737: 1454: 1432: 1417: 1389: 1219: 1203: 1161: 959: 942: 926: 851: 846: 830: 540: 539:

Government by algorithm raises new challenges that are not captured in the

520: 219: 24: 6237:"Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector" 4961:"Robot to run for mayor in Japan promising 'fairness and balance' for all" 4503: 1687:

transparency is brought into the decision making by algorithmic governance

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literature and the practice of public administration. Some sources equate

5568:"Moscow deploys facial recognition technology for coronavirus quarantine" 5438:"In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags" 3879: 2236: 1956: 1377: 1249: 1231: 1227: 963: 951: 791: 544: 28: 6362:

Rechtbank Den Haag 5 February 2020, C-09-550982-HA ZA 18-388 (English),

4845:"The Future of Homeschooling: How Robots are Changing In-Home Education" 4246:"Walmart Will Implement New Opioid Prescription Limits By End Of Summer" 3723: 3483:"Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities" 3117: 3095: 3063: 2244: 1542:

In Cannes, France, monitoring software has been used on footage shot by

1222:(construction of buildings, roads, ...), e-tenders can also be used for 54: 6429: 4492:"Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation" 4442: 3706: 2418: 2196: 2179: 1678:

are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.

1586: 1515: 1468:

In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "

1294: 1188: 782: 752: 595: 516: 187: 130: 6915:

New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector

6845:

A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency

6615: 5242:"Meet AI Steve, the avatar standing as a candidate in the UK election" 4721: 4019:"Leaked Palantir Doc Reveals Uses, Specific Functions And Key Clients" 3429:"Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County" 3402:"Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government" 1563:

who may come into contact with infected citizens. Also in March 2020,

1266:

for applications done by citizens (i.e. driving license procurement).

682:, where they claim to demonstrate the possibility of a democratically 567: 5116: 5112:"Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?" 4860:"POLITICS 2028: WHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WILL REPLACE POLITICIANS" 4167:"Little-Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship" 3551:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics" 1926: 1461:. Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a 1449:

In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for

1314: 1142:

employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.

723: 613:). This created a serious concern among CIA analysts. In particular, 529: 524: 6712: 6605: 6588: 5456:"Coronavirus France: Cameras to monitor masks and social distancing" 4996: 4979: 4418: 3955: 2830:

Medina, Eden (1 January 2015). "Rethinking algorithmic regulation".

1575:

to detect quarantine breakers. Italian regional health commissioner

1384:

program. While election posters and campaign material used the term

5992:"How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters" 5808: 5210:"Brighton general election candidate aims to be UK's first 'AI MP'" 3711:"View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks" 2657: 2360: 1976: 1931: 1675: 1654: 1609: 1605: 1412:. Organisers claimed that the 'AI mayor' was programmed to analyze 1401: 1348: 1322: 1184: 1123:

started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of

938: 869: 532:

is in its scope. In the context of blockchain, it is also known as

6400: 5594:"Italians scolded for flouting lockdown as death toll nears 3,000" 5501:"Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea" 4720:

CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <

4607:"Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center" 4401:"Track progress of a reported road fault or issue | nidirect" 3577:"Far From a Panopticon, Social Credit Focuses on Legal Violations" 2441:

Lumineau, Fabrice; Wang, Wenqian; Schilke, Oliver (1 March 2021).

1567:

shared private cellphone data with the federal government agency,

1408:. Michihito Matsuda came third in the election, being defeated by 1376:

In 2018, an activist named Michihito Matsuda ran for mayor in the

5085:"Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens" 4371:

Audit app: an effective tool for government procurement assurance

3942:"Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals" 3192:

Beyond Transparency: open Data and the Future of Civic Innovation

1597: 1479:, a businessman named Steve Endacott ran for the constituency of 1439: 1318: 1303: 1286: 799: 4886:"There's an AI Running for the Mayoral Role of Tama City, Tokyo" 4354:"Best Government Audit Software - 2023 Reviews & Comparison" 3118:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation" 2856: 2730:"Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet" 2126:"The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation" 1893:

describe a fictional scenario of global algorithmic regulation.

988:

Team Rubicon in the Rockaways Nov 12, 2012 - Palantir screenshot

4746:"Opinion | When Algorithms Give Real Students Imaginary Grades" 3849:

The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues

2894:

Information technology in government : Britain and America

2443:"Blockchain Governance—A New Way of Organizing Collaborations?" 2000: 1961: 1630: 1528: 1524: 1457:

parliamentary election, and was built by the artist collective

1405: 1347:

also employed a statistical calculus to assign final grades in

1309: 1255:

can also be used. Audits are performed in some countries after

815: 5748: 5375:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' platform" 5184:"Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens" 4767:"Skewed Grading Algorithms Fuel Backlash Beyond the Classroom" 1446:

by late 2020, when New Zealand has its next general election.

1207:

automated registering of babies when they are born. Estonia's

966:

ownership) Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as

6206:"Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government" 3212:"Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury" 1725:

In 2020, algorithms assigning exam grades to students in the

1165: 661: 629: 6339:"Europe Limits Government by Algorithm. The US, Not So Much" 6153:"Why the internet of things could destroy the welfare state" 5436:

Mozur, Paul; Zhong, Raymond; Krolik, Aaron (March 2, 2020).

5412:"China's coronavirus app could have unintended consequences" 4915: 1740:, sparked uproar from activists and Amazon's own employees. 686:

built on modern computer technology. The Honourable Justice

594:

with Andrea Bauer, Boris Moshkovits und Shermin Voshmgir at

6872:

Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government

5693: 4572:"Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism?" 4305:"Exclusive: Estonia's vision for an 'invisible government'" 3452: 3450: 3448: 1543: 1458: 1120: 711:

Since the 2000s, algorithms have been designed and used to

610: 135: 100: 4215: 4213: 3194:. San Francisco: Code for America Press. pp. 289–300. 2219:

Katzenbach, Christian; Ulbricht, Lena (29 November 2019).

1583:

is taken in charge to provide COVID-19 tracking services.

1420:

in a more 'fair and balanced' way than human politicians.

6080: 6015: 5796:

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

5789: 5393:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact detector' app" 5287: 5186:[AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town]. 4498:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 333–339. 4071:"300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir" 2301:"Rule by Algorithm? Big Data and the Threat of Algocracy" 1285:

in case of determining the percentage of a split after a

774: 4116:

Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets

3445: 5663:"Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System" 5498: 4490:

Stranieri, Andrew; Zeleznikow, John (2 December 1995).

4225: 4210: 3870:

Oranburg, Seth; Palagashvili, Liya (October 22, 2018).

3607:"China's Social Credit System: Speculation vs. Reality" 3527:

Platform for change : a message from Stafford Beer

3295: 2642: 1546:

cameras, allowing to monitor their compliance to local

950:

and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e.

640:. This project was aimed at constructing a distributed 6178:

Eggers, illiam D.; Schatsky, David; Viechnick, Peter.

5933: 4636:

RADII | Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China

4466: 3791:"What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations" 3261:

Brauneis, Robert; Goodman, Ellen P. (1 January 2018).

2775:"How the Computer Got Its Revenge on the Soviet Union" 1761:

An initial approach towards transparency included the

1131:) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include 6587:

Spatola, Nicolas; Macdorman, Karl F. (11 July 2021).

5876: 5645:"How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks" 3026: 2323: 2321: 1431:. In an augumented democracy, legislation is done by 1127:. Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ( 6589:"Why Real Citizens Would Turn to Artificial Leaders" 6234: 6180:"Demystifying artificial intelligence in government" 5736:"Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction" 4793:"The Machines Are Learning, and So Are the Students" 4761: 4759: 4684:"Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So" 4276: 4264: 4083: 4002:"Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles" 3869: 3656:"Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism?" 2561:

Ronfeldt, David; Varda, Danielle (1 December 2008),

2330:

The Siren Song: Algorithmic Governance By Blockchain

1750: 1706:

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

1587:

Prevention and management of environmental disasters

1281:

Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the

1199:

and criminal justice data as well as court records.

973: 810:

millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of

646:

CIA-sponsored strike of forty thousand truck drivers

6898:

How Blockchain can transform India: Jaspreet Bindra

6177: 4489: 3158:

Virtual Migration: the Programming of Globalization

2440: 2357:

British Educational Research Association Conference

1202:In Estonia, artificial intelligence is used in its 664:project in the UK. In 1993, the computer scientist 5520:"Coronavirus: Israel enables emergency spy powers" 4569: 3205: 3203: 3201: 2805:"IU professor analyzes Chile's 'Project Cybersyn'" 2318: 2218: 2180:"Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation" 4959:O'Leary, Abigail; Verdon, Anna (April 17, 2018). 4958: 4756: 2586:"Transparency in governance, through cyberocracy" 2030:"Government by Algorithm: A Review and an Agenda" 1510:A schematic of app-based COVID-19 contact tracing 16:Alternative form of government or social ordering 6931: 6586: 5435: 5346:"China launches coronavirus 'close contact' app" 4601: 4599: 3915:How blockchain technology could change our lives 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 1685:by the regulated parties might occur, once more 6704: 5475:"Coronavirus tests Europe's resolve on privacy" 4109: 3260: 3209: 3198: 2091:Engin, Zeynep; Treleaven, Philip (March 2019). 5499:Ivan Watson; Sophie Jeong (28 February 2020). 4165:Biddle, Sam; Saleh, Maryam (August 25, 2021). 3568: 2768: 2766: 2534: 2508: 2090: 1293:software is used in USA to assess the risk of 1160:has employed the software ATLAS, which run on 730:In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by 5139:"This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI" 4596: 3599: 3263:"Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City" 3182: 3180: 3178: 2755:Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973). 2629: 2560: 1039:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 859:Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and 469: 156: 3926:Official, Illuminates (September 11, 2019). 3890:– via Social Science Research Network. 3756: 2384:"Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law" 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1745:Observatory of Algorithms with Social Impact 1614:Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems 6528:Transparency: The Key to Better Governance? 5838: 4164: 3427:Independent, Daniel Rothberg | The Nevada. 3210:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (17 April 2017). 2763: 2381: 1343:employed algorithms to assign grades. UK's 6796: 6636: 6634: 5472: 4419:"Senate Tracker Help – The Florida Senate" 3175: 2933:The Computer Journal 20.2 (1977): 102-108. 2931:The LEGOL 1 prototype system and language. 2754: 2489: 2350: 1487: 1328: 734:, founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.: 672:and the economist Allin Cottrell from the 476: 462: 163: 149: 6773: 6614: 6604: 6593:Digital Government: Research and Practice 6428: 6418: 6280: 6129: 6106: 6057: 5959: 5902: 5841:"How AI is helping spot wildfires faster" 5807: 5766: 5711: 5321: 5082: 4995: 4984:Digital Government: Research and Practice 4740: 4467:"GovTrack.us: Tracking the U.S. Congress" 4231: 4219: 4152:European Commission - European Commission 3722: 3396: 3394: 3392: 2970:"The Future of Courts - Do They Have One" 2942: 2923: 2888: 2772: 2656: 2563:The Prospects for Cyberocracy (Revisited) 2458: 2417: 2407: 2195: 2108: 2013: 1711:The contributors of the 2019 documentary 1089:United States Patent and Trademark Office 713:automatically analyze surveillance videos 6560:"European Tech Insights (2019) | IE CGC" 6269:Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 5369: 5367: 5267:"Results - General Election 4 July 2024" 5207: 4883: 4570:Aaron M. Bornstein (December 21, 2017). 4383:"Track your driving licence application" 4110:Goldberg, H. G.; Senator, T. E. (1998). 3925: 3621: 3186: 2998: 2052: 2050: 1505: 983: 850: 768: 605:in Moscow (later Kharkevich Institute), 586: 578: 566: 6945:Applications of artificial intelligence 6631: 6407:European Journal of Information Systems 5163: 5109: 4857: 4068: 4042: 3750: 3630:"Transforming India through blockchain" 3426: 3115: 3068:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 2910: 2382:Hildebrandt, Mireille (6 August 2018). 2327: 2123: 1668:algorithms becoming susceptible to bias 1608:can also be detected using AI systems. 1276: 1153:which supports the use of health data. 1138:In the fight against money laundering, 6932: 6856:by Zeynep Engin and Philip Treleaven, 6710: 6451: 6230: 6228: 5026: 3846: 3819: 3757:Fries, Martin; P. Paal, Boris (2019). 3627: 3389: 3375: 3154: 2974:Journal of Law and Information Science 2829: 2609: 2056: 1629:, analysis, and computational models. 6746: 6525: 6374: 6262: 5642: 5473:Manancourt, Vincent (10 March 2020). 5364: 5136: 5027:Sarmah, Harshajit (28 January 2019). 4977: 4934:"Werden Bots die besseren Politiker?" 4842: 4791:Smith, Craig S. (December 18, 2019). 4790: 4282: 4270: 4158: 4036: 3705: 3061: 3006:(Version 2.0 ed.). Basic Books. 2967: 2177: 2047: 1872: 1681:There is also a serious concern that 1242:plans in order to reach the national 980:Artificial intelligence in government 923:decentralized autonomous organization 840: 6797:Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin (2019). 6536:10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0002 6203: 5643:Osumi, Magdalena (August 16, 2019). 5517: 4656: 4336:"Procurement at Forestry Commission" 4243: 3928:"Business inheritance in blockchain" 3847:Chohan, Usman W. (4 December 2017), 3826:. Birmingham, UK: Packt. p. 9. 3653: 3574: 3521: 3267:Yale Journal of Law & Technology 2583: 2328:Werbach, Kevin (24 September 2018), 2171: 2084: 1861:university students of all genders. 1772: 1732:In 2020, the US government software 1477:2024 United Kingdom general election 1218:Besides using e-tenders for regular 6567:Center for the Governance of Change 6225: 6197: 6130:McCormick, Tim (15 February 2014). 4884:Johnston, Lachlan (12 April 2018). 4858:Matsuda, Michihito (14 July 2018). 4843:Robot, Roybi (September 23, 2018). 4823: 4722:https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ 4069:Haskins, Caroline (July 12, 2019). 3851:, Social Science Research Network, 3617:from the original on 30 March 2021. 3543: 3511:. English Universities Press. 1959. 3349: 2920:Harvard Law Review (1977): 837–893. 2584:Shah, Bimal Pratap (July 4, 2019). 2565:, Social Science Research Network, 2332:, Social Science Research Network, 2059:"Rethinking algorithmic regulation" 1612:can be predicted using AI systems. 1514:In February 2020, China launched a 1240:nationally determined contributions 13: 6921:A bold idea to replace politicians 6825:by Data for Policy 2017 Conference 6669: 6311: 5857: 5543: 5269:. Brighton & Hove City Council 5164:Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022). 5060:. 26 November 2017. Archived from 3628:Bindra, Jaspreet (30 March 2018). 2947:. Nottingham, England: Spokesman. 2124:Danaher, John (1 September 2016). 1109:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1029:Securities and Exchange Commission 909: 891:These connections are explored by 14: 7016: 6816: 6452:Reuter, Markus (17 August 2020). 6087:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 5083:Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022). 4632:"China Now Has AI-Powered Judges" 4043:Winston, Ali (27 February 2018). 3679: 2773:Gerovitch, Slava (9 April 2015). 2272: 1947:Distributed ledger technology law 1751:Algorithmic bias and transparency 1365: 1273:to keep track of ongoing issues. 1178:National Crime Information Center 974:Algorithms in government agencies 400:Sustainable Governance Indicators 6910:Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy? 6865:by Prof. Philip C. 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Springer. pp. 283–302. 3302:Sustainable Cities and Society 2807:. UI News Room. Archived from 2293: 2266: 2212: 2178:Yeung, Karen (December 2018). 2117: 1767:source-code-hosting facilities 1438:In 2019, AI-powered messenger 1079:Social Security Administration 638:presidency of Salvador Allende 1: 6970:Social information processing 6642:"EUROPEAN TECH INSIGHTS 2021" 6420:10.1080/0960085X.2021.1960905 6312:Harari, Story by Yuval Noah. 6235:Capgemini Consulting (2017). 5713:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006 4657:Fish, Tom (6 December 2019). 4580:. No. 55. Archived from 1573:facial recognition technology 1335:Ofqual exam results algorithm 1269:Some government services use 931:Central bank digital currency 651:Also in the 1960s and 1970s, 106:Ofqual exam results algorithm 6705:General and cited references 5110:Diwakar, Amar (2022-08-22). 4443:"Legislative Search Results" 4244:Romo, Vanessa (2018-05-08). 4124:10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 3823:Building Blockchain Projects 2006: 1691:adversarial machine learning 1661: 1636: 1622:Earthquake detection systems 1257:subsidies have been received 1174:Terrorist Screening Database 1069:United States Postal Service 1049:Food and Drug Administration 790:may lead to the creation of 571:Computer-generated image of 523:where the usage of computer 515:) is an alternative form of 7: 6801:. Oxford University Press. 6526:Heald, David (2006-09-07). 6263:Verma, Shikha (June 2019). 5961:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 5904:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 5518:Tidy, Joe (17 March 2020). 4938:Politik & Kommunikation 3761:(in German). Mohr Siebeck. 3122:Philosophy & Technology 3062:Kelty, Christopher (2009). 2943:Cockshott, W. Paul (1993). 2184:Regulation & Governance 2130:Philosophy & Technology 1904: 1763:open-sourcing of algorithms 1672:Weapons of Math Destruction 1641: 1604:. They can make use of AI. 1317:. Another legal technology 1129:numerical analysis software 796:Intelligent street lighting 759: 628:Between 1971 and 1973, the 603:Russian Academy of Sciences 448:Market governance mechanism 431:Governance, risk management 10: 7021: 6697:doi:10.1353/sfs.2019.0084. 6672:"Understanding the Daemon" 6204:Mehr, Hila (August 2017). 6042:10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w 5768:10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x 4916:"AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019" 3654:Finn, Ed (10 April 2017). 3041:10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215319 2675:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8 1754: 1645: 1590: 1491: 1398:machine learning algorithm 1369: 1332: 1151:European Health Data Space 1099:Bureau of Labor Statistics 1019:Office of Justice Programs 977: 844: 562: 547:, which is a hypothetical 440:Environmental, social, and 96:IT-backed authoritarianism 18: 6867:University College London 6858:University College London 6717:. New York: Basic Books. 6711:Lessig, Lawrence (2006). 5818:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 3509:Cybernetic and Management 3314:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 3161:. Duke University Press. 3134:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 2142:10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 1777:A 2019 poll conducted by 954:, upon registration of a 615:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 6995:Technological utopianism 6823:Government by Algorithm? 6282:10.1177/0256090919853933 5847:. Video by John General. 5379:South China Morning Post 5033:Analytics India Magazine 4920:AI党 | 多摩市議会議員選挙2019 4799:– via NYTimes.com. 3376:Morrow, Garrett (2022). 3273:(1): 103. Archived from 2273:Abril, Rubén Rodríguez. 2221:"Algorithmic governance" 1435:of every single person. 1380:as a human proxy for an 1345:Department for Education 992:According to a study of 497:regulation by algorithms 425:Chief governance officer 21:Regulation of algorithms 19:Not to be confused with 6985:Sociology of technology 6940:Government by algorithm 6891:(Documentary, 2019) by 6829:Government by Algorithm 6377:"'iHuman': IDFA Review" 6364:ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:1878 6108:10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 5598:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5306:10.1126/science.abb6936 2968:Kirby, Michael (1998). 2945:Towards a new socialism 2896:. New York: Routledge. 2537:"Cyberocracy is Coming" 2535:David Ronfeldt (1992). 2509:David Ronfeldt (1991). 1727:UK sparked open protest 1602:Tsunami warning systems 1494:Digital contact tracing 1488:Management of infection 1382:artificial intelligence 1378:Tama city area of Tokyo 1372:Chatbot § Politics 1351:, due to the pandemic. 1329:Algorithms in education 998:artificial intelligence 794:smart city ecosystems. 698:, known for the slogan 679:Towards a New Socialism 642:decision support system 632:government carried out 621:self-teaching computers 509:algorithmic legal order 489:Government by algorithm 6863:Algorithmic Government 6854:Algorithmic Government 6799:Algorithmic Regulation 3682:"Blockchain Explained" 3462:The Nevada Independent 3237:"Data for Policy 2017" 2844:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052 2460:10.1287/orsc.2020.1379 2409:10.1098/rsta.2017.0355 2225:Internet Policy Review 2078:10.1108/K-02-2015-0052 1972:Management cybernetics 1511: 1427:presented the idea of 1404:and Norio Murakami of 1230:restoration projects. 989: 882:management cybernetics 856: 778: 741: 709: 674:Wake Forest University 598: 584: 576: 501:algorithmic governance 493:algorithmic regulation 395:World Governance Index 7000:Technology in society 6022:Nature Communications 5649:www.preventionweb.net 5416:MIT Technology Review 4504:10.1145/221270.221608 3385:– via ProQuest. 2281:(in European Spanish) 2110:10.1093/comjnl/bxy082 2057:Medina, Eden (2015). 1581:Palantir Technologies 1569:Robert Koch Institute 1509: 1333:Further information: 1271:issue tracking system 1244:Paris agreement goals 1234:restoration projects 1002:Palantir Technologies 987: 854: 777:for home care systems 772: 736: 704: 670:University of Glasgow 590: 582: 570: 534:blockchain governance 505:algocratic governance 6776:"The Pain Algorithm" 5399:. February 11, 2020. 5381:. February 12, 2020. 5064:on November 26, 2017 4744:(8 September 2020). 3880:10.2139/ssrn.3270867 2916:McCarty, L. Thorne. 2811:on 10 September 2009 2785:on 22 September 2021 2447:Organization Science 2237:10.14763/2019.4.1424 2097:The Computer Journal 1982:Predictive analytics 1648:Techno-progressivism 1593:Early warning system 1534:Alipay also has the 1520:Coronavirus outbreak 1498:Disease surveillance 1429:augumented democracy 1277:Justice by algorithm 1013:Number of Use Cases 948:employment contracts 937:are self-executable 904:Social Credit System 773:Architecture of the 607:Alexander Kharkevich 442:corporate governance 6960:Information society 6849:European Parliament 6840:Stanford University 6737:Knowledge article: 6530:. British Academy. 6099:2018JARS...12c6011G 6034:2020NatCo..11.3952M 5952:2020IEEEA...8s2880B 5895:2019IEEEA...7q9464M 5864:The Washington Post 5700:Fire Safety Journal 4742:Broussard, Meredith 4549:The Washington Post 4405:www.nidirect.gov.uk 3724:10.5210/fm.v2i9.548 3241:Data for Policy CIC 3155:Aneesh, A. (2006). 2929:Stamper, Ronald K. 2667:2019arXiv190413316C 2400:2018RSPTA.37670355H 2034:Stanford Law School 1600:can be detected by 1453:to run in the 2022 1451:The Synthetic Party 1416:put forward to the 1283:"Split Up" software 1226:projects and other 1168:officers regarding 1125:predictive policing 994:Stanford University 749:government auctions 745:Ministry of Justice 743:In 2017, Ukraine's 718:In his 2006's book 692:legal expert system 676:published the book 121:Predictive policing 6903:2021-06-28 at the 6893:Tonje Hessen Schei 6876:Harvard University 6834:2022-08-15 at the 6784:. pp. 36–47. 6375:Wilkinson, Amber. 5574:. 21 February 2020 5442:The New York Times 5352:. 11 February 2020 5300:(6491): eabb6936. 4896:on 5 December 2021 4797:The New York Times 4750:The New York Times 4727:2022-03-31 at the 4584:on January 3, 2018 3557:. 11 February 2022 3464:. 12 February 2021 3350:Gardner, Allison. 2838:(6/7): 1005–1019. 2590:The Kathmandu Post 2542:. RAND Corporation 2516:. RAND Corporation 2394:(2128): 20170355. 2197:10.1111/rego.12158 2072:(6/7): 1005–1019. 1895:Matthew De Abaitua 1873:In popular culture 1536:Alipay Health Code 1512: 1299:virtual recreation 990: 861:reputation systems 857: 841:Reputation systems 833:, the planners of 779: 599: 585: 583:LEGOL Group (1977) 577: 549:form of government 6881:The OASI Register 6740:Code: Version 2.0 6724:978-0-465-03914-2 6714:Code: Version 2.0 6599:(3): 26:1–26:24. 6545:978-0-19-726383-9 6244:www.capgemini.com 6184:Deloitte Insights 5996:EHS Daily Advisor 5946:: 192880–192923. 5889:: 179464–179476. 5144:Vice: Motherboard 4307:. March 20, 2019. 4198:. 16 October 2019 4133:978-3-642-08344-0 3768:978-3-16-156911-1 3277:on 15 August 2022 3168:978-0-8223-3669-3 3013:978-0-465-03914-2 1967:Legal informatics 1858: 1857: 1773:Public acceptance 1674:, algorithms and 1548:social distancing 1518:to deal with the 1481:Brighton Pavilion 1414:citizen petitions 1117: 1116: 956:death certificate 893:Nello Cristianini 866:control-theoreric 812:local governments 747:ran experimental 720:Virtual Migration 553:Nello Cristianini 486: 485: 173: 172: 7012: 6965:Social influence 6874:by Hila Mehr of 6812: 6793: 6770: 6754:Duke Law Journal 6736: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6646: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6608: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6422: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6284: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5963: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4999: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4892:. Archived from 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4830:Business Insider 4821: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4638:. 16 August 2019 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3960:silentnotary.com 3952: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3797:. Archived from 3787: 3781: 3780: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3735:. Archived from 3726: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3454: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3356:The Conversation 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3196: 3195: 3184: 3173: 3172: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3035:(6): 1257–1272. 3024: 3018: 3017: 3000:Lawrence, Lessig 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2890:Margretts, Helen 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2870: 2864:. Archived from 2863: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2781:. Archived from 2770: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2660: 2645:AI & Society 2640: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2541: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2462: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2411: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2359:. Archived from 2348: 2342: 2340: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2026: 1922:Code for America 1917:Civic technology 1784: 1783: 1757:Algorithmic bias 1565:Deutsche Telekom 1388:, and displayed 1341:Westminster High 1193:machine learning 1170:denaturalization 1007: 1006: 919:cryptocurrencies 653:Herbert A. Simon 634:Project Cybersyn 573:Project Cybersyn 478: 471: 464: 324:Higher education 230:Multistakeholder 175: 174: 165: 158: 151: 71:AI in government 57: 34: 33: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6975:Social networks 6930: 6929: 6905:Wayback Machine 6836:Wayback Machine 6819: 6809: 6725: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6670:Rieger, Frank. 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6606:10.1145/3447954 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6507:(Press release) 6503: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6458:netzpolitik.org 6450: 6446: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6306: 6261: 6257: 6248: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6215: 6213:ash.harvard.edu 6208: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6079: 6075: 6014: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5932: 5928: 5875: 5871: 5858:Holley, Peter. 5856: 5852: 5837: 5833: 5788: 5784: 5755:Fire Technology 5747: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5692: 5688: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5544:Paksoy, Yunus. 5542: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5516: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5471: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5408: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5147: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5090:Jyllands-Posten 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058:Hindustan Times 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5025: 5021: 4997:10.1145/3352463 4976: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4856: 4852: 4841: 4837: 4824:Leopold, Todd. 4822: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4739: 4735: 4729:Wayback Machine 4719: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4514: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4407:. May 18, 2018. 4399: 4398: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4358:sourceforge.net 4352: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3868: 3864: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3769: 3759:Smart Contracts 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680:Reiff, Nathan. 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3622: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3408:. 18 March 2021 3400: 3399: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3208: 3199: 3185: 3176: 3169: 3153: 3149: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3064:"Explaining IT" 3060: 3056: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2641: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2582: 2578: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2439: 2435: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2363:on 24 June 2021 2349: 2345: 2326: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2279:www.derecom.com 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2217: 2213: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2122: 2118: 2089: 2085: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1997:Algorithmocracy 1987:Sharing economy 1942:Digital Nations 1912:Anti-corruption 1907: 1875: 1864:A 2021 poll by 1775: 1759: 1753: 1736:, which run on 1720:Robodebt scheme 1693:. According to 1664: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1618:computer vision 1595: 1589: 1504: 1490: 1463:political party 1374: 1368: 1337: 1331: 1321:application is 1279: 1264:track and trace 1238:be part of the 1147:medical records 982: 976: 968:state registers 935:Smart contracts 915:Smart contracts 912: 910:Smart contracts 878:disimprovements 849: 843: 767: 762: 696:Lawrence Lessig 684:planned economy 575:operations room 565: 521:social ordering 491:(also known as 482: 453: 452: 444: 441: 435: 432: 420: 419: 410: 409: 390: 389: 380: 379: 378: 349:Security sector 344:Political party 283: 282: 273: 272: 271: 256: 255: 246: 245: 244: 199: 198: 169: 140: 126:Robodebt scheme 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7018: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:Sustainability 6987: 6982: 6980:Social systems 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6928: 6927: 6918: 6912: 6907: 6895: 6884: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6826: 6818: 6817:External links 6815: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6794: 6771: 6761:(4): 775–853. 6744: 6723: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6689: 6662: 6630: 6579: 6551: 6544: 6518: 6496: 6471: 6444: 6413:(3): 313–338. 6393: 6367: 6355: 6330: 6304: 6255: 6224: 6196: 6170: 6159:. 19 July 2014 6144: 6122: 6073: 6008: 5983: 5926: 5869: 5850: 5831: 5782: 5761:(2): 483–485. 5741: 5727: 5686: 5668: 5654: 5635: 5610: 5585: 5559: 5536: 5510: 5491: 5465: 5462:. May 4, 2020. 5447: 5428: 5410:Chen, Angela. 5402: 5384: 5363: 5337: 5280: 5258: 5233: 5200: 5175: 5156: 5129: 5102: 5075: 5045: 5019: 4970: 4951: 4925: 4907: 4876: 4850: 4835: 4816: 4802: 4783: 4755: 4733: 4713: 4700: 4675: 4649: 4623: 4595: 4562: 4534: 4512: 4482: 4458: 4434: 4410: 4392: 4374: 4363: 4345: 4327: 4310: 4296: 4287: 4285:, p. 848. 4275: 4273:, p. 847. 4263: 4236: 4232:Szalavitz 2021 4224: 4220:Szalavitz 2021 4209: 4183: 4157: 4148:"Press corner" 4139: 4132: 4102: 4076: 4061: 4035: 4010: 3993: 3982: 3965: 3947: 3933: 3918: 3907: 3893: 3862: 3839: 3832: 3812: 3801:on 24 May 2020 3782: 3767: 3749: 3698: 3672: 3646: 3620: 3598: 3567: 3542: 3536:978-0471948407 3535: 3523:Beer, Stafford 3514: 3499: 3474: 3444: 3419: 3388: 3368: 3342: 3288: 3253: 3228: 3197: 3174: 3167: 3147: 3128:(3): 245–268. 3108: 3074:(1): 156–160. 3054: 3019: 3012: 2991: 2960: 2954:978-0851245454 2953: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2902: 2881: 2849: 2822: 2796: 2762: 2747: 2721: 2709:www.mathnet.ru 2696: 2651:(3): 645–662. 2628: 2602: 2576: 2553: 2527: 2501: 2482: 2453:(2): 500–521. 2433: 2374: 2343: 2317: 2292: 2265: 2211: 2190:(4): 505–523. 2170: 2136:(3): 245–268. 2116: 2103:(3): 448–460. 2083: 2046: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992:Smart contract 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937:Digital divide 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1874: 1871: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1774: 1771: 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1663: 1660: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1588: 1585: 1577:Giulio Gallera 1489: 1486: 1392:of a feminine 1367: 1366:AI politicians 1364: 1330: 1327: 1278: 1275: 1253:audit software 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 975: 972: 911: 908: 897:social machine 870:feed-back loop 842: 839: 808:cryptocurrency 766: 763: 761: 758: 666:Paul Cockshott 657:expert systems 564: 561: 557:social machine 484: 483: 481: 480: 473: 466: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 438: 436: 433:and compliance 429: 427: 421: 418:Related topics 417: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 391: 387: 386: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:Ecclesiastical 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 284: 280: 279: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 253: 252: 251: 248: 247: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 201: 200: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 184: 183: 171: 170: 168: 167: 160: 153: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7017: 7006: 7005:Transhumanism 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6950:Collaboration 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6925:César Hidalgo 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6808:9780198838494 6804: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6650: 6649:IE University 6643: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6506: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 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4039: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3975: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3833:9781787125339 3829: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3795:BlockchainHub 3792: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3739:on 2022-04-10 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3188:O’Reilly, Tim 3183: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 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2071: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:Daniel Suarez 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1870: 1867: 1866:IE University 1862: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:IE University 1770: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1702:welfare fraud 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:deep-learning 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1503: 1502:COVID-19 apps 1499: 1495: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:Computer Lars 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1433:digital twins 1430: 1426: 1425:Cesar Hidalgo 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1360:homeschooling 1355: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:reforestation 1221: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1209:X-Road system 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 981: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 907: 905: 900: 898: 894: 889: 887: 886:Stafford Beer 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 853: 848: 838: 836: 832: 827: 825: 824:Washoe County 821: 820:Storey County 817: 813: 809: 804: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 776: 771: 757: 754: 750: 746: 740: 735: 733: 728: 725: 721: 716: 714: 708: 703: 701: 700:"Code is law" 697: 693: 689: 688:Michael Kirby 685: 681: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 622: 616: 612: 608: 604: 597: 593: 589: 581: 574: 569: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 479: 474: 472: 467: 465: 460: 459: 457: 456: 449: 446: 443: 437: 434: 428: 426: 423: 422: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 384: 383: 375: 374:Transnational 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 319:Environmental 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 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