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mentioned, and who had been in company with us, advanced a few steps towards the Crows and ascended a rock from which he addressed the Crow warriors in the most earnest and impressive manner. He told them that they had been here making a great noise, as if they could kill the enemy by it â that they had talked long and loud about going into the fort, and that the white men would say the Indian had a crooked tongue, when talking about his war exploits. He told them that their hearts were small, and that they were cowardly â that they acted more like squaws than men, and were not fit to defend their hunting ground. He told them that the white men were ashamed of them and would refuse to trade with such a nation of cowards â that the
Blackfeet would go home and tell their people that three thousand Crows could not take a handful of them, - that they would be laughed at, scorned, and treated with contempt by all nations wherever known â that no tribe would degrade themselves hereafter by waging war with them, and that the whole Crow nation, once so powerful, would forever after be treated as a nation of squaws. The old negro continued in this strain until they became greatly animated & told them that if the red man was afraid to go amongst his enemy, he would show them that a black man was not, and he leaped from the rock on which he had been standing, and, looking neither to the right nor to the left, made for the fort as fast as he could run. The Indians guessing his purpose, and inspired by his words and fearless example, followed close to his heels, and were in the fort dealing destruction to the right and left nearly as soon as the old man.
365:, but while we remained there having declined, they followed us with offers of females for two days. The Ricaras had been equally accommodating; we had equally withstood their temptation; but such was their desire to oblige that two very handsome young squaws were sent on board this evening, and persecuted us with civilities. The black man York participated largely in these favours; for instead of inspiring any prejudice, his colour seemed to procure him additional advantages from the Indians, who desired to preserve among them some memorial of this wonderful stranger. Among other instances of attention, a Ricara invited him into his house and presenting his wife to him, retired to the outside of the door: while there one of Yorkâs comrades who was looking for him came to the door, but the gallant husband would permit no interruption before a reasonable time had elapsed. (Numerous other reports confirm that women of these tribes, with their husbands' encouragement, would seek to have sexual intercourse with white men.)
420:, Washington, where Clark added his name to Lewis's and carved in the tree "By Land from the U. States in 1804 & 1805". York became the first African-American man to reach the Pacific Ocean when he walked nineteen miles (30 km) from camp with Clark. In late November, all the members of a party, including York and Sacagawea, were consulted by the leaders as to where to camp for the winter. According to Martin Plamondon II, to call this a vote, as it is often called, is to create a myth; there is no implication that the vote of the majority would be followed. He calls it "polling" rather than voting. In a reply, Dayton Duncan notes that Clark wrote down the views on the question of every member of the expedition, including York and Sacagawea. This was itself very unusual. The men believed that they, not the leaders, had made the decision. According to Duncan, it was a vote. Glen Kirkpatrick disagrees.
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669:, who left a lengthy autobiography, was a former slave who lived among the Crow much of the time between 1829 and 1836. However, Leonard refers to an "old negro", and Beckwourth was born in 1798 or 1800, so he would have been in his early 30s when Leonard came in contact with the old negro; according to Betts, this "all but rules him out". Beckwourth also would have been a small child at the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1803â1806. While Beckworth claims to have led the Crows' attack on the Blackfoot described by Leonard, he was "notorious" for "just plain lying" and claiming others' deeds as his own. He was called a
2543:, "This collection of persona poems tells the story of the infamous Lewis & Clark expedition from the point of view of Clark's personal slave, York. The poems form a narrative of York's inner and outer journey, before, during and after the expeditionâa journey from slavery to freedom, from the plantation to the great northwest, from servant to soul yearning to be free." The books were very well received: "Singly and together, these books are a great success: they portray the complex character of York, they enrich our understanding of an important chapter in American history", wrote William Joliff in a review article.
2470:, but, like all slaves, much in need of a white owner to run his life better than he could himself. In the Sambo tradition, York is neither manly nor heroic, qualities only whites can have. His role and contributions are systematically reduced to behavior that was considered fitting and appropriate for a negro, ignoring the positive aspects of York's character and his contributions, distorting some incidents to cast them in the most unfavorable light possible, and projecting onto York unsubstantiated qualities, such as a thick "Negro" dialect and an insatiable sexual appetite.
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previously unknown fact that York had a wife, and that his marriage antedated the expedition, which was deliberately made up primarily of unmarried men, like Lewis and Clark themselves. All that is known of his wife is that she was from the
Louisville area, where Clark and York lived before the expedition, and that she was enslaved by someone other than Clark. York's attempts to persuade Clark to let him return to the Louisville area led to a serious falling-out between them in 1808.
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nor
Beckwourth was. The man's success and comfort living with the Crows also supports York's identification. After his wife was taken to Natchez, York no longer had a reason to remain in Louisville, and he was quite upset at Clark's refusal to grant him his freedom, given his "immense services" during the expedition. It may be supposed that York ran away from his owner and was able to travel from St. Louis up the Missouri to Montana, some 1,500 miles (2,400 km).
202:'s father. William inherited York from his father in 1799. York was a large man; his weight has been estimated as 200 pounds (91 kg). He was about the same age as Clark, perhaps a few years older or younger, and naturally strong. His skin was dark: he was "black as a bear", said one who knew him, and his hair was short and curly. Like most of the enslaved, York was
2695:. It portrays William Clark, York, and an unnamed Native American. According to the artist, the work stands as "a visual reminder that three races contributed to the success of the Lewis and Clark Expeditionâsymbolic of the first integrated society in the Oregon country." In 2020, the statue of York was removed from the sculpture.
532:) in July 1809. By August Clark had decided "to hire or Sell him". This is the last mention of York in the letters written by William Clark. A 1811 letter from a Louisville relative reported that "I don't like him nor does any other person in this country", and also that the owner of York's wife was going to move to
2477:. The superhero York is the quintessential role model, a courageous, ingenious, brave, and self-sacrificing black hero who has overcome all of the obstacles that slavery and a hostile frontier threw at him. This York ultimately prevails; he is a figure not only for blacks to admire but also for them to emulate."
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The man described by
Leonard, who is never named and presumably did not want his name known, fits York's description in size, complexion, and age. Besides the statement that he was big, the only thing known about York's appearance is that his skin was very dark. He was a Black man, which neither Rose
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Clark believed that York would not provide "service" in St. Louis, and this angered him. He wrote his brother again that he would have punished York, and that if he is hired out in
Kentucky, it should be with a "Severe Master" so that after "a while he may do Some Service, I do not wish him again in
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I give and bequeath to my son Edmund... three slaves, to wit Peter (Vegas child), and Scipio and
Darathy (Rose's children)... I give and bequeath to my son William... one black man named York, also old York and his wife Rose, and their two children, Nancy and Juba; also three old negroes, Tame, Cupid
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The whole religion of the
Mandans consists in the belief of one great spirit presiding over their destinies. This being must be in the nature of a good genius since it is associated with the healing art, and the great spirit is synonymous with great medicine, a name also applied to every thing which
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was equal to that of the expedition's white men. He could swim, which many of the troupe could not. He was allowed to use a rifle, something the enslaved were not ordinarily permitted. When a decision had to be made, York's vote counted equally with those of the white men. The expedition apparently
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York expected to be given his freedom after the successful expedition was over, in view of what he called his "immense services", but Clark refused repeatedly and became angry when York would not go back willingly to his pre-expedition role of submissive body servant. He also expressed irritation at
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History of the expedition under the command of
Captains Lewis and Clark, to the sources of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Performed during the years 1804â5â6. By order of the President of the United States. Prepared for the press by
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was a fur trapper who lived for three years among the Crow and spoke their language. He was employed by
Europeans as guide and interpreter. However, in a letter that only appeared in the late 1930s, Rose was killed by Indians during the winter of 1832â33, which means he could have not have been the
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Again and again did they return to the charge, but all was of no use â all their efforts were of no avail â confusion began to spread through their ranks â many appeared overwhelmed with despair â and the whole Crow nation was about to retreat from the field, when the negro, who has been heretofore
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of a slave was a formal process that required documentation. No known documents exist confirming that Clark ever freed York. According to
Darrell Millner, there is nothing to corroborate any of these claims, and York's alleged desire to return to slavery "lacks historical foundation". Clark's story
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Contrary to the general belief that Clark freed York immediately after their return, York remained enslaved and the property of Clark for at least five more years. He accompanied Clark on the latter's celebratory visit to Washington D.C. in 1807, and when Clark moved his family to St. Louis to take
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The object which appeared to astonish the Indians most, was captain Clarkâs servant York, a remarkable stout strong negro. They had never seen a being of that colour, and therefore flocked round him to examine the extraordinary monster. By way of amusement he told them that he had once been a wild
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A modern writer has called York indispensable to the expedition. The journals are peppered with references to York's hunting prowess: he shot buffalo, deer, and geese alike. His use of a rifle is highly unusual and shows the trust expedition members had in him. His skill in hunting with a rifle may
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The wagoner was York, the hero of the Missouri expedition & adviser of the Indians. He could not get up early enough in the morningâhis horses were ill keptâtwo diedâthe others grew poor. He sold them, was cheatedâentered into serviceâfared ill. Damn this freedom, said York. I have never had a
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There is no doubt from the journals written during the expedition that York played a vital role in its success. Not only did he fulfill his duties as a laborer along the expedition, the journals also suggest that the color of York's skin intrigued the Native tribes so much they seemingly gave the
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That year Clark moved to St. Louis, to take up his new duties as US agent for Indian affairs. York and other household members moved with him. By November 1808, Clark was angered by York's refusal to accept the move to St. Louis and repeated requests that he be hired out in Louisville or sold to
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In the course of the conversation, the chief observed that some foolish young men of his nation had told him there was a person among us who was quite black, and he wished to know if it could be true. We assured him that it was true, and sent for York: the Borgne was very much surprised at his
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Historian William Gwaltney, in a study of black fur traders, asserts that the man was likely John Brazeau, a black Sioux war leader. "It was very likely that Brazeau told Zenas Leonard that he had come west with Lewis and Clark. As far as anyone can tell, Brazeau was telling a bald faced lie,
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It will be recollected that I was amongst these Indians once before, when some of our horses were stolen and we followed them into the Crow village, â where we found our horses and also a negro man, in the winter of 1832â33. This man we found to be of as great advantage to us now as on former
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These women are handsomer than the Sioux; both of them are however, disposed to be amorous, and our men found no difficulty in procuring companions for the night by means of the interpreters. These interviews were chiefly clandestine, and were of course to be kept a secret from the husband or
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York's most spectacular contributions were with the Native American tribes the expedition came into contact with, whose assistance was sometimes very necessary. According to the journals of the expedition, York's blackness served as a passport with them; they were impressed by such a "strange
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In 1988, 47 letters written by Clark to his brother Jonathan were discovered; written between 1792 and 1811, they were published as a volume in 2002. Information concerning York was one of the main surprises in the letters, according to their editor James J. Holmberg. From them we learn the
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indeed, is completely reversed among the Ricaras; that the wife or the sister should submit to a stranger's embraces without the consent of her husband or brother, is a cause of great disgrace and offence, especially as for many purposes of civility or gratitude the husband and brother will
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send York...and promit him to Stay a few weeks with his wife. he wishes to Stay there altogether and hire himself which I have refused. he prefers being Sold to return here, he is Serviceable to me at this place, and I am determined not to Sell him to gratify him, and have derected him to
477:"It is shown that York had gained a little freedom while on the expedition with Lewis and Clark. It is mentioned in journals that York went on scouting trips and going to trade with villages, experiencing freedom while doing that. Clark named two geographic discoveries after him;
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provided the only account of York's later life. By then a successful writer, Irving visited Clark at his home near St. Louis in 1832. Irving may have been the one to ask about York, as his account labels York "the hero of the expedition", which Clark is unlikely to have stated:
195:. He participated in the entire exploration and made significant contributions to its success. He was the first African American to cross the continent and see the Pacific. He has become an American icon and several monuments depicting him have been erected honoring his legacy.
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by one who knew him. "I knew Jim intimately and he was the biggest liar that ever lived." In addition, he was not negroid in appearance. His father was white, and the ethnicity of his mother is not known, but she may well have been no more than half or a quarter Black
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occasions, as he has become thoroughly acquainted with their language, method of transacting their public and private business, and considered of great value by the Indians. He enjoys perfect peace and satisfaction, and has every thing he desires at his own command.
678:). He never described himself as Black, and he "resembled an Indian so much as to pass for one." Three people who saw him mistook him for a white man. "On the basis of both age and appearance, Beckwourth having been Leonard's 'old negro' simply does not stand up."
2516:, on April 29, 2005, directed by Susan Hardie and performed (with African drumming) by Casteal. According to author Harnetiaux, "One element you see is the affinity between Yorkâs African drumming experience and the Native American drumming". There were
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appearance, examined him closely, and spit on his finger and rubbed the skin in order to wash off the paint; nor was it until the negro uncovered his head, and showed his short hair, that the Borgne could be persuaded that he was not a painted white man.
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485:, indicating that Clark may have respected him. When a poll was taken to decide where the group should stay over one winter, York's vote was recorded. He was also able to swim, unlike some of the men who were with them on their expedition."
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229:. However, according to Clark as reported by Irving, York was lazy, would not get up in the morning, did not take good care of his horses, longed to return to slavery, and died of cholera. However, the credibility of this report is dubious.
267:) and Daphny (also spelled Dafney, Daphney, and Daphne) were Rose's children not by Old York, and that Nancy and Juba were Old York and Rose's biological children. This would make Scipio, Daphney, Juba, and Nancy the half-siblings of York.
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York "participated fully in the journey and contributed in significant ways to its success." The records of the well-documented trip do not reveal any racial bias against him. For all intents and purposes, York's role in Lewis and Clark's
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His slavesâset them freeâone he placed at a ferryâanother on a farm, giving him land, horses, &c.âa third he gave a large wagon & team of 6 horses to ply between Nashville and Richmond. They all repented & wanted to come
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was a fur trader who in 1839 published a memoir of his travels over several years throughout the upper West. Modern scholars consider it highly reliable. (He was the first to see and publish a description of the huge trees we call
607:] a trader on the Missouri river, and has remained here ever sinceâwhich is about ten or twelve years. He has acquired a correct knowledge of their manner of living, and speaks their language fluently. He has rose [
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happy day since I got it. He determined to go back to his old masterâset off for S Louis, but was taken with the cholera in Tennessee & died. Some of the traders think they have met traces of York's crowd, on the Missouri.
2918:. Since we do not know what York looked like, the artist focused instead on the statue's back, making it a focal point. The back is "scarred" with sections of William Clark's maps. The project was begun by four law students.
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is self-serving and reflects pro-slavery arguments that Africans were happy to be slaves and could not lead successful lives as free people. Millner further states that it is "much more likely" that York was never freed.
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In this village we found a negro man, who informed us that he first came to this country with Lewis & Clarkâwith whom he also returned to the State of Missouri, and in a few years returned again with a Mr. Mackinney
611:] to be quite a considerable character, or chief, in their village; at least he assumes all the dignities of a chief, for he has four wives, with whom he lives alternately. This is the custom of many of the chiefs.
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They had indeed abundant sources of suspiscion in all they saw: the appearance of the men, their arms, their clothing, the canoes, the strange looks of the negro, and the sagacity of our dog, all in turn shared their
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The most plausible family tree based on this description and others is that York was the son of Old York, not by Rose, that Scipio (also spelled Sippo, Seppo, Sep, and Pipo, likely named the same as the Roman general
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Historian Robert Betts said the freedom York had during the Lewis and Clark expedition made resuming enslavement unbearable. York asked Clark for his freedom based upon his good services during the expedition.
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Early fur trade on the Northern Plains : Canadian traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738â1818. The Narratives of John Macdonell, David Thompson, FrançoisâAntoine Laroque, and Charles McKenzie
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of what is today north-central Wyoming. The identity of the Black man, who purportedly said he had returned from St. Louis after first visiting the area with Lewis and Clark, has been subject to speculation.
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he fair sex received our men with more than hospitality. York was here again an object of astonishment; the children would follow him constantly, and if he chanced to turn towards them, run with great terror.
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All the men of the expedition except York received double pay according to rank, $ 5 to $ 30 per month, and each enlisted man was granted 320 acres (130 ha) of land. York, as a slave, received nothing.
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I did wish to do well by him, but as he has got Such a notion about freedom and his emence Services, that I do not expect he will be of much Service to me again; I do not think with him, that his Services
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In the mean while we entertained our visitors by showing them what was new to them in the boat; all which, as well our black servant, they called Great Medicine, the meaning of which we afterwards learnt.
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Narrative of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard. A native of Clearfield County, Pa. who spent five years in trapping for furs, trading with the Indians, &c., &c., of the Rocky Mountains. Written by
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There is a single, unsupported oral report, from 1965, that York also had the name Ben. The name never appears in any of the many records of the Lewis and Clark expedition, nor in any other document.
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York was forced to return to St. Louis, where Clark found him "insolent and sulky". To "mend" this, Clark whipped York ("gave him a Severe trouncing"). He put him in jail ("Caleboos", slang Spanish
2933:, Portland, Oregon, Attached to the pedestal was a paper plaque describing York's role in the Lewis and Clark expedition. The artist at first was unknown, but he subsequently revealed that he was
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expedition a pass through the land as well as commencing with trade. The journals also suggest that York had gained the respect of many of the men who were part of the expedition as well.
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In September 1804 it was noted that while on a hunting party York had killed an elk. There is no record of York having trained to use a firearm, which was not generally allowed for slaves.
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were called by Clark "York's 8 Islands", but have since become known as "York's Islands" or simply "Yorks Islands". A small tributary of the Yellowstone River was also named for York.
536:. York was hired out as a wagoner, making deliveries in Louisville; the last reference to him is from 1815. Another report has him transporting goods between Nashville and Richmond.
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In 1972, one of the six sections of Peter Michaelson's poem/essay "Bestride the Mighty and Heretofore Deemed Endless Missouri: An Essay on the Corps of Discovery", deals with York.
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have antedated the expedition. He also kept his eye out for new species, for which the expedition was searching. He played a major role in the heavy work of paddling upstream,
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Darrell Millner has studied how York has been shaped and presented over 200 years. He classifies scholarly treatment of York into what he calls two broad categories: the
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animal, and caught and tamed by his master, and to convince them, showed them feats of strength, which added to his looks made him more terrible than we wished him to be.
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The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth, mountaineer, scout, and pioneer, and chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Written from his own dictation by T. D. Bonner
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In contrast, the superhero presentation of York has elevated him "to near superhuman status and his contributions to the expedition were unsurpassed by others in the
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this Country until he applies himself to Come and give over that wife of hisâI wished him to Stay with his family four or five weeks only, and not 4 or 5 months."
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The men of the Lewis and Clark Expedition : a biographical roster of the fifty-one members and a composite diary of their activities from all known sources
453:. Clark said that "York was nearly exhausted by the heat, thirst and fatigue". Clark said this was because York was too fat and unaccustomed to walking quickly.
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The City Council of Portland in 2002, voted to affirm that "York Street", the origins of which name are unknown, is to be understood as referring to this York.
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held none of the enslaved's usual restrictions on movement, and while opportunities to escape may have appeared, York remained with the Corps of Discovery.
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Also in Louisville in 2003, the Kentucky Historical Society and the Kentucky Department of Highways erected a historical marker along the Ohio River.
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2000: Eugene Daub, Lewis and Clark Statue, at Clark's Point, in Case Park on Kansas City, Missouri. Depics Lewis, Clark, York, Sacajawea, and Seaman.
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York is first mentioned in Clark's journal on December 26, 1803, when Clark mentions that York and Corporal Whitehouse had been working with the
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None of the information in Clark's letters was known to the general public in the 19th and 20th centuries. During that long period, a report by
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245:. His skin was dark colored. He and several members of his family were enslaved by the Clark family. The will of John Clark III (father of
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2894:. Group depicts, left to right, York, Lewis, Seaman, Clark, and interpreter George Druillard. Funding problems had delayed it since 2002.
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Clark and another man said that, on June 20, 1804, York almost lost his eye during an assault/altercation when he had sand thrown at him.
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350:...after this the airgun was exhibited, very much to their astonishment, nor were they less surprised at the colour and manner of York.
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creature". According to Richard Betts, he was "the main attraction in Lewis and Clark's travelling magic show." York was a sensation.
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York was sent to work for a strict Louisville nephew, John H. Clark. A few weeks later, Clark mentions York again to his brother:
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York's insistence on remaining in Louisville, where his wife and possibly children were. He whipped York and eventually sold him.
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2673:, 1908, no European Americans are present. York meets with Native Americans, who are curious about him, examining his dark skin.
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In 2000, York was mentioned on a historical marker at the former location of Mulberry Hill, Clark's family home in Louisville.
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2524:, the play was again presented in Spokane on February 27â28, 2016, again with David Casteal. It was repeated February 2, 2018.
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Documentation concerning York is lacking for the years immediately following the expedition. About 20 years later, Clark told
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2508:, was created by playwright Bryan Harnetiaux in collaboration with actor and African drummer David Casteal, and premiered at
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405:, Indians brought their women to market "for a fishinghook or a string of beads", resulting in cases of "venereal disease".
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York, as he was illiterate. The bitterness between him and Clark prevented him from telling his story for publication as a
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695:. Frank Grouard, an interpreter, was said to have been "the son of an American Fur Company employee named John Brazeau."
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4983:"Historic Haas Mural in SW Portland to Undergo Restoration Following Critical Building Repairs [press release]"
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3489:"York of the Corps of Discovery: Interpretations of York's Character and His Role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition"
2991:"York of the Corps of Discovery: Interpretations of York's Character and His Role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition"
2855:, with plaques commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition and his participation in it, was placed on Louisville's
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up his new position as brigadier general of the militia and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the new territory.
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2974:. Includes an "Afterwards" by James J. Holberg (Revised ed.). Denver: Colorado Associated University Press.
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themselves present to a stranger these females, and be gratified by attentions to them. The Sioux had offered us
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black man Leonard saw in 1834. In addition, Rose's father was white and his mother was half Black and half
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Clark mentions York again in his journal on June 5, 1804, noting that York had swum to a sand bar from the
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5223:"President Clinton: Celebrating the Legacy of Lewis and Clark and Preserving America's Natural Treasures"
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that he had freed York and set him up in business, giving him six horses and a large wagon to start a
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2680:(1983) "transfers York from the periphery to the center of the dramatic story of which he is a part."
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in order to collect some greens for dinner. The majority of the men on the expedition could not swim.
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3931:
Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1778â1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark
3209:
York proceeded on : the Lewis & Clark Expedition through the eyes of their forgotten member
2520:
performances in New York City in July 2006, and a short production run in 2008. In commemoration of
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Undaunted courage : Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West
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1967:
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4588:"Bestride the Mighty and Heretofore Deemed Endless Missouri: An Essay on the Corps of Discovery"
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3762:"York Explored the West With Lewis and Clark, But His Freedom Wouldn't Come Until Decades Later"
3121:
York's adventures with Lewis and Clark : an African-American's part in the great expedition
3034:"York Explored the West With Lewis and Clark, But His Freedom Wouldn't Come Until Decades Later"
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York is in the canoe on the right, which is quite different from the Indian canoe on the left.
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York was born enslaved, the son of Old York and Rose, who had been enslaved by John Clark III,
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York was mentioned again in Clark's journal after a small party including York descended the
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3265:. 16:34. Produced for the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial by Executive Productions, Seattle.
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2021: Lewis & Clark State Historic Site, Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
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in 2000 produced "Proud Hunter", an illustration of York alone, carrying a small deer.
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1977:
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Oliver, Myrna (February 2, 1999). "Bob Scriver, Sculptor of Bronzes on the Old West".
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The Lewis and Clark companion : an encyclopedic guide to the voyage of discovery
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187:(1770â75 â after 1815) was an American explorer and historic figure, being the only
5598:"Bust of Black hero of Lewis & Clark trip mysteriously appears in Portland park"
5424:
3356:, another accomplished African-American slave from Kentucky, renowned as an explorer
2877:
2872:
York has a prominent place in the 2005 mural of the expedition by David McClain, in
2867:
2821:
2815:
2635:
5767:"A Conversation with Hasan Davis: York, Equity, Race and the Lewis and Clark Story"
5635:
5568:
5039:
Crimson Bluffs Chapter, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation (July 28, 2001).
4597:
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4188:
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3004:
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1987:
1982:
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3291:
A Conversation with Hasan Davis: York, Equity, Race and the Lewis and Clark Story
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on a pedestal, which formerly contained a statue of anti-Native American pioneer
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1957:
1927:
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1326:
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777:
5792:"York: The African American Man Traveling with the Lewis & Clark Expedition"
4866:"Picturing the Corps of Discovery: The Lewis and Clark Expedition in Oregon Art"
498:
someone there. As Clark wrote his brother when finally giving in, he decided to
5514:
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5179:
4684:
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mentions York as having possibly been the father of some dark-skinned Indians.
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5716:
5691:
5528:
3298:
York: The African American Man Traveling with the Lewis & Clark Expedition
2604:
436:, indicating that he was already working with the other men on the expedition.
408:
The memory of York persisted in Indian oral tradition until the 20th century.
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As part of the Lewis and Clark bicentennial celebrations of 2003, the opera
129:
Juba (brother), Nancy (sister), Scipio (half-brother), Daphney (half-sister)
4724:
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3163:
American slave, American hero : York of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
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4910:"University of Portland takes down statue of Lewis & Clark slave York"
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3633:
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2764:
1597:
4752:"Revisioning the Journey of Lewis and Clark: Frank X Walker's York Poems"
4033:
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark
3599:
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark
3373:
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark
3189:
2972:
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark
2907:
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2778:
2669:
1905, he is seen from the back, working, and in plain slave clothing. In
2187:
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1331:
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584:
563:
270:
William Clark called York his "playmate". He was Clark's "body servant".
5350:
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4865:
4769:
4751:
4609:
4527:"Great PlainsâII. Notes from a six-thousand-mile ramble through America"
3514:
3488:
3390:
3293:. 58:28. Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, National Park Service.
3016:
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4587:
4200:
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3333:
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2335:
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1203:
401:
York is not mentioned by name, but at their 1805â06 winter camp on the
203:
5193:
3144:
I Am Sacajawea, I Am York : Our Journey West with Lewis and Clark
428:
The name York is mentioned in the Lewis and Clark journals 135 times.
328:, and building shelters. He aided in navigating trails and waterways.
5393:
5364:
4601:
4398:. More legible at user.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/html/leonintr.html.
2750:
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2715:
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3682:"Overlook Park in Great Falls, Montana on the Lewis and Clark Trail"
2837:
In 2001, York was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the
1262:
640:
518:] been so great/or my Situation would promit me to liberate him.
4445:
Jim Beckwourth : Black Mountain man and war chief of the Crows
2459:
school, which has been the main trend until very recently, and the
2170:
1728:
1672:
1624:
1284:
1129:
984:
890:
675:
655:
580:
440:
3232:
The Journey of York: Unsung Hero of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
340:
The following excerpts are from the expedition's official report:
5895:
Lewis and Clark Journals, Members of the Expedition (U. Nebraska)
5602:
5559:
2798:
2790:
2153:
1235:
915:
732:
433:
218:
2665:, 1897, York is well and distinctively dressed. In the painting
5121:"All in the Family. The In-House Honorifics of Lewis and Clark"
4658:
revived to celebrate Black History Month [part 1 of 2]"
2830:
posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the
1855:
1677:
1257:
1240:
1102:
937:
905:
670:
5631:"Portland's York statue toppled amid 'intimidating' vandalism"
2702:, "Explorers at the Portage", was erected in Overlook Park in
36:
5015:"U.S. Board on Geographic Names, listing for "York's Island""
3413:
Holmberg, James J. (2001). "York". In Klebee, John E. (ed.).
2937:. The bust was toppled and seriously damaged in July 2021. A
1112:
1098:
1073:
570:
362:
296:
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretative Center
2493:
was presented at the Penn State Opera Theater. Composer was
2728:
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center
979:
809:
4469:"Beyond The Pale. African-Americans in the Fur Trade West"
2763:, 1998, shows the stripes of York's whipping on his back.
416:
On November 18, 1805, York accompanied Clark to a tree at
4977:
4035:. Revised ed., with a new epilogue by James J. Holmberg.
3664:"Final Years of York's Life (U.S. National Park Service)"
3601:. Revised ed., with a new epilogue by James J. Holmberg.
687:
probably for fun." A John Brazeau was an employee of the
514:
488:
3963:
Dear Brother. Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark
3380:
Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark
2706:. It depicts Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, York, and
2584:
and her child are seen from the back, in the foreground.
620:
On the return, Leonard met the same man again, in 1834:
4175:"The Blond Mandan: A Critical Review of an Old Problem"
3375:. University Press of Colorado, 2000 (revised edition).
2718:
rivers. Scriver donated a copy of the work, now with
174:
Sergeant (honorary posthumous â Presidential citation)
5842:"Building the Team- Part VII: York on the Expedition"
4933:"Great Falls Offers Other Attractions for Visitors".
4836:
Charlie Russell's Paintings of the Corps of Discovery
3385:
3062:
411:
4907:
3339:
List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area
2730:, located near the city on the Crooked Falls of the
2654:
York appears in several paintings by Western artist
2110:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
691:
and founded Braseau's Houses, a trading post on the
591:
562:
Historians have been unable to verify these claims.
4908:Oregonian/OregonLive, K. Rambo | The (2020-06-18).
3796:
3063:Ferraro & Stewart, Thomas E. & Jon (2019).
4129:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep.
3863:Tubbs, Stephenie Ambrose; Jenkinson, Clay (2003).
3709:
2560:
3989:
3279:. 6:56. Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.
2745:to create eight-story-high murals for the former
641:Proposed identities for the Black man Leonard met
5984:African-American history in Louisville, Kentucky
5920:
3098:York : the slave who helped explore America
2225:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4564:, Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation,
2580:, 1897. Left to right, Lewis, Clark, and York.
2480:
4140:Wood, W. Raymond; Thiessen, Thomas D. (1985).
3862:
3624:
3622:
2450:
423:
5464:. Associated Press. 29 Oct 2006. p. 14.
5451:"Couple donates funds for memorial sculpture"
5194:"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky â Mulberry Hill"
4387:
3841:. Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation.
3313:Building the Team VII: York On the Expedition
2431:
539:
527:
5557:
5041:"Yorks Islands Fishing Access Commemoration"
4750:Jolliff, William (Fall 2008 â Winter 2009).
4749:
4232:
4139:
4030:
3186:York: A Slave's Journey With Lewis and Clark
2531:has written two books of poetry about York:
2466:The Sambo version of York presents him as a
2230:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
331:
5944:African-American history in Omaha, Nebraska
5560:"On the Lewis & Clark & York Trail"
4312:
4058:
4056:
3933:. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill, 1896, p. 49.
3619:
2839:National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
273:
5954:African Americans in the American Old West
4415:
4110:
3900:Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
3360:Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
2438:
2424:
571:The Black man living with the Crow Indians
35:
5900:Recognizing York: A Community Initiative.
4859:
4857:
4585:
4557:
4496:
4423:. Preface to the new English edition, by
4411:
4409:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
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3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3095:
2906:, a 6 feet (1.8 m) bronze statue by
2698:In July 1989, a statue group by sculptor
5628:
5157:"Monument to Explorers Will Be Unveiled"
4466:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4062:
4053:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3797:Ambrose, Stephen E. (15 February 1996).
3550:
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3532:
3412:
3183:
3118:
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2634:
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2603:
2587:
2564:
2539:(2008). According to the publisher, the
2235:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
2100:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
2080:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889â90
302:. Left to right, York with a rifle, dog
285:
5558:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (March 29, 2007).
5248:"Kareem Honors York at 'Cowboy Oscars'"
4948:"Area Has Treasure Trove of Scrivers".
4795:"Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia"
4524:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3923:
3755:
3753:
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3747:
3486:
3160:
2988:
2851:In 2003, a statue of York, by sculptor
2537:When Winter Come: The Ascension of York
460:
5921:
5692:"Searching for York: full documentary"
5610:from the original on February 26, 2021
5595:
5521:
5154:
4962:
4863:
4854:
4832:
4441:
4435:
4406:
4272:
4172:
4089:
3467:
3454:
3141:
2949:
2723:
2667:Louis and Clark on the Lower Columbia,
489:William Clark's letters to his brother
206:, and information about him is scant.
5969:People from Caroline County, Virginia
5906:Vote 4 York Black Heritage Stamp 2013
5118:
4616:
4376:
4013:
3983:
3957:
3893:
3836:
3823:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3759:
3628:
3596:
3529:
3448:
3229:
3206:
3031:
2969:
2594:Louis and Clark on the Lower Columbia
2122:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1799:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
5622:
5596:Selsky, Andrew (February 24, 2021).
5577:from the original on August 24, 2021
5492:"Lewis and Clark monument dedicated"
5431:from the original on August 31, 2021
5365:"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky / York"
4952:. January 30, 1999. pp. A1, A3.
4833:Hunter, Frances (December 9, 2009),
4691:
4568:from the original on August 20, 2021
4558:Mussulman, Joseph A. (4 June 2021),
4507:from the original on August 30, 2021
4180:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
4077:from the original on 12 January 2020
4063:Natanson, Hannah (12 January 2020).
3936:
3744:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3644:from the original on August 18, 2021
3284:York: American's Forgotten Explorer.
2658:. In the painting commonly known as
2642:, placed on the base of the toppled
2314:Slave marriages in the United States
1918:Human trafficking in the Middle East
281:
5979:African-American history of Wyoming
5539:from the original on April 18, 2021
5505:from the original on 30 August 2021
5468:from the original on 30 August 2021
5351:"York (U.S. National Park Service)"
5170:from the original on 30 August 2021
5081:"Missouri islands renamed for York"
4995:from the original on March 17, 2017
4675:from the original on 30 August 2021
4313:Kirkpatrick, Glen (February 2002).
4173:Newman, Marshall T. (Autumn 1950).
4001:from the original on March 11, 2008
2884:Lewis and Clark Trailhead Monument,
2793:, which were named for York by the
2691:, was erected on the campus of the
1653:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
661:
615:
596:
16:African American slave and explorer
13:
5949:African-American history of Oregon
5326:"Streets of the Alphabet District"
5225:. January 17, 2001. Archived from
4843:from the original on June 10, 2021
4731:from the original on March 6, 2016
4539:from the original on April 1, 2021
4525:Frazier, Ian (February 19, 1989).
4364:from the original on June 15, 2020
3961:(2002). Holmberg, James J. (ed.).
3801:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3785:
3365:
3272:29:01. Oregon Public Broadcasting.
2629:Sovereign Hotel (Portland, Oregon)
2533:Buffalo Dance: The Journey of York
2307:last survivors of American slavery
412:Arriving at the Pacific and voting
14:
6000:
5964:Lewis and Clark Expedition people
5902:Lewis and Clark College, Portland
5888:
5422:
5119:Large, Arlen J. (November 1999).
5057:
4233:Plamondon II, Martin (May 2001).
3692:
3487:Millner, Darrell M. (Fall 2003).
2989:Millner, Darrell M. (Fall 2003).
2910:, was installed on the campus of
2732:Great Falls of the Missouri River
1268:Field slaves in the United States
1135:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
592:Passages talking of the Black man
83:Body servant (enslaved), explorer
5974:People from Louisville, Kentucky
5629:Sparling, Zane (July 28, 2021).
3263:York, the slave of William Clark
3215:: Creative Learning Connection.
3207:Jaime, Catherine McGrew (2011).
2710:, surveying the junction of the
1145:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
1140:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
969:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
739:
149:
5873:from the original on 2021-08-30
5859:
5848:from the original on 2021-08-30
5834:
5823:from the original on 2021-08-30
5809:
5798:from the original on 2021-08-30
5784:
5773:from the original on 2021-08-30
5759:
5748:from the original on 2021-08-30
5734:
5723:from the original on 2021-08-30
5709:
5698:from the original on 2021-08-27
5684:
5673:from the original on 2021-09-25
5655:
5644:from the original on 2021-07-29
5589:
5551:
5484:
5443:
5416:
5406:from the original on 2020-10-19
5386:
5375:from the original on 2021-05-06
5357:
5343:
5332:from the original on 2019-02-15
5318:
5307:from the original on 2015-09-06
5279:
5268:from the original on 2018-02-18
5240:
5215:
5204:from the original on 2021-02-26
5186:
5148:
5137:from the original on 2015-09-06
5112:
5101:from the original on 2018-02-18
5073:
5051:
5032:
5021:from the original on 2021-08-20
5007:
4971:
4956:
4941:
4926:
4901:
4890:from the original on 2021-09-01
4826:
4815:from the original on 2021-08-26
4787:
4776:from the original on 2021-08-24
4743:
4717:
4646:
4579:
4551:
4518:
4490:
4479:from the original on 2021-03-16
4460:
4346:
4335:from the original on 2015-09-06
4306:
4295:from the original on 2018-02-18
4266:
4255:from the original on 2019-02-15
4226:
4215:from the original on 2020-11-12
4166:
4133:
3911:from the original on 2021-09-05
3887:
3856:
3845:from the original on 2021-09-01
3774:from the original on 2020-05-20
3760:Parks, Shoshi (March 8, 2018).
3437:from the original on 2021-09-06
3046:from the original on 2020-05-20
3032:Parks, Shoshi (March 8, 2018).
2921:In 2021, a 4 feet (1.2 m)
2561:Honors (in chronological order)
2095:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1646:East, Southeast, and South Asia
681:
658:, so he was not "a negro man".
290:"Explorers at the Portage", by
5155:Wilson, Calvin (24 Apr 2000).
4864:Uecker, Jeffry (Winter 2002).
4315:"Lewis's bones; Chinook Point"
4273:Duncan, Dayton (August 2001).
3674:
3656:
3406:
3354:Stephen Bishop (cave explorer)
3142:Murphy, Claire Rudolf (2005).
2775:U.S. Board of Geographic Names
1794:Slave raiding in Easter Island
645:
418:Cape Disappointment State Park
221:business moving goods between
1:
4628:Pennsylvania State University
4467:Gwaltney, William W. (1995).
4419:(1892). Bonner, T. D. (ed.).
4193:10.1086/soutjanth.6.3.3628461
3839:"Enslaved Afrikan Adventurer"
3399:
3382:. Yale University Press, 2002
3067:. Chicago, IL: Red Dock, Inc.
451:Spirit Mound Historic Prairie
232:
5934:19th-century American slaves
5880:– via www.youtube.com.
5855:– via www.youtube.com.
5830:– via www.youtube.com.
5817:"York Before the Expedition"
5805:– via www.youtube.com.
5780:– via www.youtube.com.
5755:– via www.youtube.com.
5730:– via www.youtube.com.
5705:– via www.youtube.com.
5501:. 6 Jun 2008. p. C003.
4937:. July 16, 1989. p. 23.
4624:"York: The Voice of Freedom"
4454:University of Oklahoma Press
4150:University of Oklahoma Press
4037:University Press of Colorado
3905:University of Nebraska Press
3720:University of Nebraska Press
3603:University Press of Colorado
3421:University Press of Kentucky
3077:Steenwyk, Elizabeth (2000).
2929:, was secretly installed in
2708:the expedition's dog, Seaman
2660:Lewis and Clark meeting the
2570:Lewis and Clark meeting the
2541:University of Kentucky Press
2481:Creative works based on York
2085:Temporary Slavery Commission
1746:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
629:
7:
5989:People enslaved in Virginia
5867:"York After the Expedition"
5456:The Springfield News-Leader
4871:Oregon Historical Quarterly
4275:"Decision at Chinook Point"
4235:"Decision at Chinook Point"
3837:Toure, Ahati N. N. (2021).
3710:Clarke, Charles G. (2002).
3494:Oregon Historical Quarterly
3327:
3300:. 8:16. BrightRoad2Success.
2996:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2859:, next to the wharf on the
2685:The Naming of Mt. Jefferson
2451:The Sambo and the superhero
2105:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
1150:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
424:Mentions in Clark's journal
10:
6005:
5425:"The Making of a Monument"
5400:Historical Marker Database
5369:Historical Marker Database
5198:Historical Marker Database
4671:. 2 Feb 2018. p. e5.
4497:Musselman, Joseph (2013),
3416:Encyclopedia of Louisville
3307:York Before the Expedition
3161:Pringle, Laurence (2006).
2857:Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere
2795:Lewis and Clark Expedition
2631:. York is at bottom right.
2627:, west face of the former
2290:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2127:Anti-Slavery International
1892:North Africa and West Asia
540:Washington Irving's report
193:Lewis and Clark Expedition
104:Lewis and Clark Expedition
43:Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere
18:
4979:Oregon Historical Society
4586:Michelson, Peter (1972).
4417:Beckwourth, James Pierson
3969:: Yale University Press.
3457:"York: The American Hero"
3455:Carole (March 12, 2019).
3319:York After the Expedition
3255:
3096:Gustafson, R. W. (2000).
2739:Oregon Historical Society
2644:statue of Harvey W. Scott
2386:Emancipation Proclamation
2058:Opposition and resistance
1816:Sex trafficking in Europe
1804:Blackbirding in Polynesia
1367:Trans-Saharan slave trade
707:
332:York and Native Americans
178:
170:
162:
142:
137:
133:
125:
117:
109:
98:
87:
79:
71:
65:Caroline County, Virginia
53:
34:
27:
4400:Clearfield, Pennsylvania
3236:North Mankato, Minnesota
3146:. Walker & Company.
3119:Blumberg, Rhoda (2004).
3081:. Northland Publishing.
2892:Jefferson City, Missouri
2166:Compensated emancipation
1377:Indian Ocean slave trade
5717:"York: One Man's Story"
5533:Lewis and Clark College
5497:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
5287:"Street named for York"
5164:(Kansas City, Missouri)
4500:Mapping the Yellowstone
4442:Wilson, Elinor (1972).
3997:. Lewis and Clark.org.
3344:List of enslaved people
3238:: Capstone Publishing.
3184:Phillips, Brad (2006).
3169:: Calkins Creek Books.
3167:Honesdale, Pennsylvania
2970:Betts, Robert (2000) .
2912:Lewis and Clark College
2843:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
2683:In 1988, the sculpture
2676:"Bilalian Odyssey", by
2090:1926 Slavery Convention
1846:Germany in World War II
1463:North and South America
985:Contract of manumission
698:
383:they do not comprehend.
5300:(3): 40. August 2002.
5261:(3): 32. August 2001.
4701:. 2016. Archived from
4596:. 23/24 (4/1): 16â29.
4425:Charles Godfrey Leland
3995:"Fallout over Freedom"
3967:New Haven, Connecticut
3634:"York in the Journals"
3597:Betts, Robert (2000).
2954:There are no writings
2797:. The privately owned
2777:as designation for an
2693:University of Portland
2656:Charles Marion Russell
2650:
2632:
2616:
2613:Charles Marion Russell
2601:
2598:Charles Marion Russell
2585:
2578:Charles Marion Russell
1571:British Virgin Islands
1123:Circassian slave trade
1089:Safavid imperial harem
1084:Ottoman Imperial Harem
638:
627:
613:
560:
528:
520:
505:
399:
393:
385:
377:
372:
367:
352:
347:
311:
260:
5499:(St. Louis, Missouri)
5460:Springfield, Missouri
5395:Lewis and Clark Mural
4808:(2): 1, 3. May 1986.
4358:National Park Service
4031:Robert Betts (2000).
3688:on December 25, 2021.
3507:10.1353/ohq.2003.0005
3461:Denver Public Library
3387:National Park Service
3277:York: One Man's Story
3230:Davis, Hasan (2019).
3009:10.1353/ohq.2003.0005
2903:York: Terra Incognita
2638:
2622:
2607:
2591:
2568:
2510:Spokane Civic Theatre
1810:Europe and North Asia
1770:Australia and Oceania
1470:Pre-Columbian America
1042:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
974:Slavery in al-Andalus
896:Black Sea slave trade
825:21st-century jihadism
633:
622:
600:
551:
509:
500:
394:
388:
380:
373:
368:
353:
348:
342:
289:
255:
163:Years of service
102:Participating in the
5162:The Kansas City Star
4981:(January 22, 2016).
4663:The Spokesman-Review
4561:Fallout over Freedom
3767:Smithsonian Magazine
3039:Smithsonian Magazine
2773:was accepted by the
2704:Great Falls, Montana
2689:Michael Florin Dente
2265:Indentured servitude
2193:Underground Railroad
1993:United Arab Emirates
1382:Zanzibar slave trade
1349:By country or region
1162:Atlantic slave trade
1064:Ma malakat aymanukum
948:Venetian slave trade
689:American Fur Company
534:Natchez, Mississippi
479:York's Eight Islands
461:After the expedition
300:Great Falls, Montana
47:Louisville, Kentucky
5939:19th-century deaths
5423:Meyer, Sabra Tull.
5094:(2): 30. May 2000.
4950:Great Falls Tribune
4935:Great Falls Tribune
4757:Appalachian Journal
4667:Spokane, Washington
4126:Pail Allen, Esquire
3897:(August 16, 1805).
3670:on August 15, 2022.
3286:18:48. Stefan Milo.
3270:Searching for York.
2950:Writings about York
2826:In 2001, President
2522:Black History Month
2514:Spokane, Washington
2497:and librettist was
2351:Slave Route Project
1482:Americas indigenous
1372:Red Sea slave trade
1362:Contemporary Africa
1225:Topics and practice
995:Crimean slave trade
990:Bukhara slave trade
943:Genoese slave trade
820:Contemporary Africa
800:Forced prostitution
243:Ladysmith, Virginia
5638:(Portland, Oregon)
5529:"Recognizing York"
5063:"Clark's 1805 map"
4152:. pp. 68â69.
3929:*William English,
3895:Lewis, Meriweather
2832:United States Army
2781:of islands in the
2651:
2633:
2617:
2602:
2586:
2475:Corps of Discovery
2132:Blockade of Africa
1439:Somali slave trade
1355:Sub-Saharan Africa
1047:Turkish Abductions
1005:Khivan slave trade
1000:Khazar slave trade
953:Balkan slave trade
911:Prague slave trade
317:Corps of Discovery
312:
157:United States Army
5908:, Jackson Davis V
5229:on 26 August 2006
5069:on July 23, 2011.
4965:Los Angeles Times
4112:Lewis, Meriwether
3991:Ăhati N. N. TourĂ©
3880:978-0-8050-6725-5
3716:Lincoln, Nebraska
3430:978-0-8131-2100-0
3245:978-1-5435-1290-8
3222:978-1-4565-8936-3
3199:978-1-885027-36-8
3192:: Apricot Press.
3153:978-0-8027-8919-8
3088:978-0-87358-758-7
3073:Children's books
2939:white supremacist
2874:Liberty, Missouri
2787:Broadwater County
2678:Isaka Shamsud-din
2448:
2447:
2398:Freedmen's Bureau
2220:Third Servile War
2215:International law
1782:Human trafficking
1544:Human trafficking
1219:Thirteen colonies
1037:Sack of Baltimore
805:Human trafficking
693:Yellowstone River
546:Washington Irving
282:On the expedition
237:York was born in
215:Washington Irving
182:
181:
5996:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5636:Portland Tribune
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5569:Portland, Oregon
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5252:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5125:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5065:. Archived from
5055:
5049:
5048:
5043:. Archived from
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4987:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4799:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4705:on March 6, 2016
4695:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:on March 5, 2004
4630:. Archived from
4620:
4614:
4613:
4602:10.2307/25294631
4583:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4450:Norman, Oklahoma
4439:
4433:
4432:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4385:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4319:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4279:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4146:Norman, Oklahoma
4137:
4131:
4130:
4108:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4028:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3955:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3757:
3742:
3741:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3684:. Archived from
3678:
3672:
3671:
3666:. Archived from
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3594:
3527:
3526:
3484:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3410:
3395:
3378:James Holmberg,
3249:
3226:
3213:Madison, Alabama
3203:
3180:
3157:
3138:
3115:
3092:
3068:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3028:
2985:
2931:Mount Tabor Park
2916:Portland, Oregon
2888:Sabra Tull Meyer
2648:Portland, Oregon
2504:A one-man play,
2440:
2433:
2426:
2410:Emancipation Day
2243:
2210:Slave Trade Acts
901:Byzantine Empire
743:
716:
715:
667:James Beckwourth
662:James Beckwourth
616:Passage 2 (1834)
605:Kenneth McKenzie
597:Passage 1 (1832)
531:
483:York's Dry Creek
306:, Lewis, Clark,
265:Scipio Africanus
189:African-American
155:
153:
152:
144:
39:
25:
24:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5891:
5886:
5885:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5826:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5776:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5751:
5749:
5742:"Who Was York?"
5740:
5739:
5735:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5667:www.youtube.com
5661:
5660:
5656:
5647:
5645:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5508:
5506:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5471:
5469:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5407:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5335:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5294:We Proceeded On
5289:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5255:We Proceeded On
5250:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5173:
5171:
5153:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:We Proceeded On
5123:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5088:We Proceeded On
5083:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5056:
5052:
5047:on May 7, 2011.
5037:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4802:We Proceeded On
4797:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4779:
4777:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4678:
4676:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4584:
4580:
4571:
4569:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4495:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4461:
4440:
4436:
4429:T. Fisher Unwin
4414:
4407:
4386:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4322:We Proceeded On
4317:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4282:We Proceeded On
4277:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4242:We Proceeded On
4237:
4231:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4138:
4134:
4109:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4070:Washington Post
4061:
4054:
4047:
4029:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3956:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:. p. 321.
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3809:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3758:
3745:
3730:
3708:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3638:lewis-clark.org
3632:(4 June 2021).
3627:
3620:
3613:
3595:
3530:
3485:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3431:
3423:. p. 962.
3411:
3407:
3402:
3368:
3366:Further reading
3330:
3258:
3246:
3223:
3200:
3177:
3154:
3135:
3112:
3102:Conrad, Montana
3089:
3079:My Name is York
3049:
3047:
2982:
2960:slave narrative
2952:
2945:, is suspected.
2927:Harvey W. Scott
2804:Western artist
2761:Porter Williams
2747:Sovereign Hotel
2563:
2499:Jason Charnesky
2483:
2453:
2444:
2415:
2414:
2319:Slave narrative
2275:Fugitive slaves
2255:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2205:Slave rebellion
2060:
2050:
2049:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1820:United Kingdom
1756:Yankee princess
1350:
1342:
1341:
1069:Avret Pazarları
1015:Avret Pazarları
884:Medieval Europe
850:
840:
839:
778:Forced marriage
753:
710:
701:
684:
664:
648:
643:
632:
618:
599:
594:
573:
556:
555:
542:
491:
463:
426:
414:
358:point of honour
356:relations. The
334:
310:and her infant.
284:
276:
239:Caroline County
235:
150:
148:
138:Military career
67:
58:
49:
41:York statue at
30:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5917:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5889:External links
5887:
5884:
5883:
5858:
5833:
5808:
5783:
5758:
5733:
5708:
5683:
5654:
5621:
5588:
5550:
5520:
5515:newspapers.com
5483:
5478:newspapers.com
5442:
5415:
5385:
5356:
5342:
5317:
5278:
5239:
5214:
5185:
5180:newspapers.com
5166:. p. 12.
5147:
5111:
5072:
5059:Clark, William
5050:
5031:
5006:
4970:
4967:. p. A16.
4955:
4940:
4925:
4900:
4878:(4): 452â479.
4853:
4825:
4786:
4764:(1/2): 90â96.
4742:
4716:
4690:
4685:newspapers.com
4645:
4615:
4593:Chicago Review
4578:
4550:
4532:The New Yorker
4517:
4489:
4473:Lest We Forget
4459:
4434:
4405:
4375:
4345:
4305:
4265:
4225:
4187:(3): 255â272.
4165:
4158:
4132:
4116:Clark, William
4088:
4052:
4045:
4012:
3993:(April 2006).
3982:
3975:
3959:Clark, William
3935:
3922:
3886:
3879:
3855:
3822:
3807:
3784:
3743:
3728:
3691:
3673:
3655:
3630:Clark, William
3618:
3611:
3528:
3501:(3): 302â333.
3466:
3447:
3429:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3383:
3376:
3371:Robert Betts,
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3227:
3221:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3104:: The author.
3093:
3087:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3029:
3003:(3): 302â333.
2986:
2980:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2919:
2898:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2849:
2846:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:Michael Haynes
2802:
2783:Missouri River
2767:
2757:York's Stripes
2754:
2735:
2696:
2681:
2674:
2662:Mandan Indians
2572:Mandan Indians
2562:
2559:
2550:Little Big Man
2545:
2544:
2529:Frank X Walker
2527:Kentucky poet
2525:
2502:
2495:Bruce Trinkley
2487:
2482:
2479:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2297:List of slaves
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Dutch Republic
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:Child soldiers
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Spanish Empire
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Middle Passage
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1010:Ottoman Empire
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
956:
955:
945:
940:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
857:
851:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
830:Sexual slavery
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
795:
790:
788:Child marriage
785:
775:
770:
765:
763:Child soldiers
760:
754:
749:
748:
745:
744:
736:
735:
725:
724:
709:
706:
700:
697:
683:
680:
663:
660:
647:
644:
642:
639:
631:
628:
617:
614:
598:
595:
593:
590:
572:
569:
541:
538:
490:
487:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
447:
444:
437:
425:
422:
413:
410:
403:Columbia River
387:
386:
333:
330:
292:Robert Scriver
283:
280:
275:
274:The name "Ben"
272:
234:
231:
191:member of the
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
121:Old York, Rose
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
51:
50:
40:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6001:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5592:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:The Oregonian
5561:
5554:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5479:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5352:
5346:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5243:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5181:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5020:
5016:
5010:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4929:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4686:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4389:Zenas Leonard
4384:
4382:
4380:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4159:0-8061-1899-7
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4046:0-87081-618-7
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3978:
3976:0-300-09010-2
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3808:0-684-81107-3
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3729:0-8032-6419-4
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3612:0-87081-618-7
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Shields Green
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3176:1-59078-282-8
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3134:0-06-009113-4
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:1-84197-076-X
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2981:0-87081-714-0
2977:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2943:Patriot Front
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Yorks Islands
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:commissioned
2740:
2737:In 1989, the
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:added (photo
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2555:Thomas Berger
2552:
2551:
2547:In his novel
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Slave catcher
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Forced labour
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:Abolitionists
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
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1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:comfort women
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:Chukri System
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
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1679:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Latin America
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:interregional
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:prison labour
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:United States
1492:
1488:
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1480:
1476:
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1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:White slavery
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Slave raiding
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Corvée labour
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
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1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Abbasid harem
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
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1055:
1052:
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1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:Barbary Coast
1020:
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1012:
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1003:
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996:
993:
991:
988:
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756:
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729:Forced labour
727:
726:
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576:Zenas Leonard
568:
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301:
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288:
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271:
268:
266:
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254:
252:
251:William Clark
248:
247:George Rogers
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
205:
201:
200:William Clark
196:
194:
190:
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158:
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120:
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112:
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105:
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93:William Clark
90:
86:
82:
80:Occupation(s)
78:
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66:
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5929:1770s births
5911:
5875:. Retrieved
5861:
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5836:
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5775:. Retrieved
5761:
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5634:
5624:
5614:February 24,
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5563:
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5523:
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5495:
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5433:. Retrieved
5418:
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5320:
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5297:
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5281:
5270:. Retrieved
5258:
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5242:
5231:. Retrieved
5227:the original
5217:
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5188:
5178:– via
5172:. Retrieved
5160:
5150:
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5127:
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5091:
5087:
5075:
5067:the original
5053:
5045:the original
5034:
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5009:
4997:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4958:
4949:
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4875:
4869:
4845:, retrieved
4835:
4828:
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4805:
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4761:
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4745:
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4719:
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4703:the original
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4683:– via
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4661:
4655:
4648:
4636:. Retrieved
4632:the original
4618:
4591:
4581:
4570:, retrieved
4560:
4553:
4543:September 2,
4541:. Retrieved
4530:
4520:
4509:, retrieved
4499:
4492:
4481:. Retrieved
4472:
4462:
4456:. p. 7.
4444:
4437:
4420:
4393:
4366:. Retrieved
4348:
4337:. Retrieved
4325:
4321:
4308:
4297:. Retrieved
4285:
4281:
4268:
4257:. Retrieved
4248:(2): 13â19.
4245:
4241:
4228:
4217:. Retrieved
4184:
4178:
4168:
4141:
4135:
4124:
4079:. Retrieved
4068:
4032:
4003:. Retrieved
3985:
3962:
3930:
3925:
3915:September 2,
3913:. Retrieved
3899:
3889:
3869:. New York:
3865:
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3798:
3776:. Retrieved
3765:
3711:
3686:the original
3676:
3668:the original
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3637:
3598:
3498:
3492:
3450:
3439:. Retrieved
3415:
3408:
3391:
3379:
3372:
3318:
3312:
3306:
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3290:
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3276:
3269:
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3185:
3162:
3143:
3123:. New York:
3120:
3097:
3078:
3064:
3048:. Retrieved
3037:
3000:
2994:
2971:
2955:
2953:
2935:Todd McGrain
2923:bust of York
2901:
2883:
2828:Bill Clinton
2756:
2743:Richard Haas
2684:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2640:Bust of York
2625:Richard Haas
2608:
2593:
2569:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2535:(2004), and
2532:
2518:off-Broadway
2505:
2490:
2472:
2465:
2454:
2346:Slave patrol
2183:Freedom suit
2159:Sierra Leone
2149:Colonization
2065:Abolitionism
2045:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
2018:Christianity
1968:Saudi Arabia
1824:Penal Labour
1789:Blackbirding
1695:Debt bondage
1683:penal system
1509:Contemporary
1499:Field slaves
1487:U.S. Natives
1446:South Africa
1317:Galley slave
1290:Slave market
1280:House slaves
1253:Blackbirding
1231:Conscription
1155:21st century
1118:Umm al-walad
962:Muslim world
931:Emancipation
835:Wage slavery
815:Penal labour
793:Wife selling
783:Bride buying
768:Conscription
758:Child Labour
751:Contemporary
711:
702:
685:
682:John Brazeau
665:
649:
634:
623:
619:
608:
601:
574:
561:
552:
543:
525:
521:
513:
510:
506:
501:
496:
492:
476:
472:
468:
464:
427:
415:
407:
400:
395:
389:
381:
374:
369:
354:
349:
343:
339:
335:
322:
313:
277:
269:
261:
256:
236:
212:
208:
197:
184:
183:
91:Enslaved by
21:Bust of York
5663:"- YouTube"
4120:Allen, Paul
3190:Nephi, Utah
3059:Screenplay
2908:Alison Saar
2853:Ed Hamilton
2779:archipelago
2700:Bob Scriver
2468:happy slave
2361:court cases
2238: [
2188:Slave Power
2176:Manumission
2023:Catholicism
1898:Afghanistan
1639:Puerto Rico
1551:The Bahamas
1529:Slave codes
1332:Shanghaiing
1322:Impressment
1214:Slave Coast
1094:Qajar harem
1054:Concubinage
1027:slave trade
651:Edward Rose
646:Edward Rose
564:Manumission
397:admiration.
5959:Crow tribe
5923:Categories
5877:2021-08-30
5852:2021-08-30
5827:2021-08-30
5802:2021-08-30
5777:2021-08-30
5752:2021-08-30
5727:2021-08-30
5702:2021-08-30
5677:2021-08-30
5648:2021-07-29
5581:August 24,
5410:2021-08-30
5379:2021-08-30
5336:2019-02-15
5311:2021-08-24
5272:2021-08-25
5233:2010-12-19
5208:2021-08-30
5141:2021-09-06
5105:2021-08-24
5025:2011-01-14
4999:August 20,
4919:2023-01-02
4914:oregonlive
4894:2021-09-01
4819:2021-08-26
4780:2021-08-24
4735:August 20,
4572:August 21,
4511:August 22,
4483:2021-08-30
4427:. London:
4368:August 20,
4339:2021-08-25
4328:(1): 2â3.
4299:2021-08-25
4288:(3): 2â3.
4259:2021-08-24
4219:2021-09-25
4081:12 January
3871:Henry Holt
3849:2021-09-01
3778:2020-04-21
3648:August 20,
3441:2021-08-31
3400:References
3334:Estevanico
3050:2020-04-21
2861:Ohio River
2726:), to the
2376:J.Q. Adams
2366:Washington
2336:Slave name
2285:convention
2260:Common law
1633:Encomienda
1429:Seychelles
1414:Mauritania
1337:Slave ship
1204:Panyarring
1199:New France
848:Historical
258:and Harry.
233:Early life
204:illiterate
75:After 1815
19:See also:
5509:30 August
5472:30 August
5435:August 1,
5371:. 2021 .
5174:30 August
5130:: 12â15.
4847:August 1,
4679:30 August
4209:163656454
3523:165692798
3025:165692798
2769:In 2000,
2751:Sacagawea
2720:Sacagawea
2623:Mural by
2582:Sacajawea
2461:superhero
2371:Jefferson
2028:Mormonism
1963:Palestine
1777:Australia
1707:Indonesia
1598:Lei Ăurea
1581:Code Noir
1561:Caribbean
1534:Treatment
1273:Treatment
1246:Devshirme
1108:Odalisque
926:In Russia
867:Babylonia
855:Antiquity
630:Passage 3
326:portaging
308:Sacagawea
294:, in the
253:) states:
223:Nashville
166:1803â1806
126:Relatives
118:Parent(s)
61:Ladysmith
5871:Archived
5846:Archived
5821:Archived
5796:Archived
5771:Archived
5746:Archived
5721:Archived
5696:Archived
5671:Archived
5642:Archived
5608:Archived
5575:Archived
5537:Archived
5503:Archived
5466:Archived
5429:Archived
5404:archived
5402:, 2013,
5373:Archived
5330:Archived
5302:Archived
5263:Archived
5202:Archived
5200:. 2020.
5168:Archived
5132:Archived
5096:Archived
5019:Archived
4990:Archived
4888:Archived
4884:20615278
4841:archived
4810:Archived
4774:Archived
4770:40934720
4729:Archived
4727:. 2018.
4709:March 2,
4673:Archived
4638:March 6,
4610:25294631
4566:archived
4537:Archived
4505:archived
4477:Archived
4391:(1839).
4362:Archived
4360:. 2021.
4330:Archived
4290:Archived
4250:Archived
4213:Archived
4118:(1814).
4075:Archived
4005:March 6,
3999:Archived
3909:Archived
3843:Archived
3817:33044492
3772:Archived
3738:48870926
3642:Archived
3515:20615343
3435:Archived
3389:(2018),
3328:See also
3309:. 9:16.
3044:Archived
3017:20615343
2966:General
2712:Missouri
2463:school.
2403:Iron bit
2393:40 acres
2356:breeding
2171:Freedman
2006:Religion
1866:Portugal
1751:Thailand
1741:Maldives
1736:Malaysia
1729:Kwalliso
1673:Booi Aha
1625:Restavek
1605:Colombia
1576:Trinidad
1566:Barbados
1456:Zanzibar
1404:Ethiopia
1285:Saqaliba
1179:Database
1130:Saqaliba
891:Ancillae
721:a series
719:Part of
676:quadroon
656:Cherokee
581:redwoods
529:calabozo
441:keelboat
434:whipsaws
227:Richmond
143:Service/
88:Employer
5603:KOMO-TV
4395:himself
4201:3628461
4122:(ed.).
3315:. 8:30.
3125:Collins
2941:group,
2799:islands
2791:Montana
2600:, 1905.
2381:Lincoln
2254:Related
2154:Liberia
2040:Judaism
1978:Tunisia
1953:Morocco
1943:Lebanon
1908:Bahrain
1903:Algeria
1871:Romania
1836:Denmark
1829:Slavery
1763:Vietnam
1434:Somalia
1424:Nigeria
1399:Comoros
1327:Pirates
1236:Ghilman
1169:Bristol
1059:history
1032:pirates
921:History
810:Peonage
733:slavery
503:return.
219:drayage
57:1770â75
5543:May 7,
4882:
4768:
4725:"York"
4699:"York"
4608:
4354:"York"
4207:
4199:
4156:
4043:
3973:
3877:
3815:
3805:
3736:
3726:
3609:
3521:
3513:
3427:
3321:10:40.
3296:2020:
3289:2020:
3282:2018:
3275:2017:
3268:2009:
3261:2005:
3256:Videos
3242:
3219:
3196:
3173:
3150:
3131:
3108:
3085:
3023:
3015:
2978:
2900:2010:
2882:2008:
2615:, 1908
2302:owners
1938:Kuwait
1933:Jordan
1886:Sweden
1876:Russia
1861:Poland
1856:Norway
1678:Laogai
1663:Brunei
1658:Bhutan
1620:revolt
1593:Brazil
1556:Canada
1519:partus
1504:female
1389:Angola
1258:Coolie
1241:Mamluk
1194:Nantes
1174:Brazil
1103:Cariye
938:Thrall
906:Kholop
872:Greece
708:Legacy
671:humbug
363:squaws
304:Seaman
154:
145:branch
110:Spouse
5305:(PDF)
5290:(PDF)
5266:(PDF)
5251:(PDF)
5135:(PDF)
5124:(PDF)
5099:(PDF)
5084:(PDF)
4993:(PDF)
4986:(PDF)
4880:JSTOR
4813:(PDF)
4798:(PDF)
4766:JSTOR
4606:JSTOR
4333:(PDF)
4318:(PDF)
4293:(PDF)
4278:(PDF)
4253:(PDF)
4238:(PDF)
4205:S2CID
4197:JSTOR
3519:S2CID
3511:JSTOR
3021:S2CID
3013:JSTOR
2914:, in
2759:, by
2724:above
2687:, by
2646:, in
2611:, by
2596:, by
2457:Sambo
2329:songs
2324:films
2242:]
2198:songs
2035:Islam
2013:Bible
1988:Yemen
1983:Qatar
1973:Syria
1948:Libya
1913:Egypt
1881:Spain
1851:Malta
1724:Korea
1712:Japan
1690:India
1668:China
1615:Haiti
1475:Aztec
1451:Sudan
1419:Niger
1311:Naval
1184:Dutch
1113:Qiyan
1099:Jarya
1074:Harem
916:Serfs
862:Egypt
603:[
585:Crows
554:back.
241:near
5616:2021
5583:2021
5545:2021
5511:2021
5474:2021
5437:2021
5176:2021
5001:2021
4849:2021
4737:2021
4711:2016
4681:2021
4656:York
4640:2008
4574:2021
4545:2021
4513:2021
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