Lewis and Clark Expedition

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pulling boats upstream. Despite his contributions to the Corps of Discovery, Clark refused to release York from bondage upon returning east. While all the other explorers enjoyed rewards of double pay and hundreds of acres of land, York received nothing. After the end of the expedition, Clark allowed York only a brief visit to Kentucky to see his wife before forcing him to return to Missouri. It is unlikely that he ever saw his wife again: "ten years after the expedition's end, York was still enslaved, working as a wagoner for the Clark family". The last years of York's life are disputed. In the 1830s, a Black man who said he had first come with Lewis and Clark was living as a chief with Native Americans they met on the expedition, in modern Wyoming.

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American trail that led from the upper end of the Missouri River to the Columbia River which ran to the Pacific Ocean. They gained information about the natural habitat, flora and fauna, bringing back various plant, seed and mineral specimens. They mapped the topography of the land, designating the location of mountain ranges, rivers and the many Native American tribes during the course of their journey. They also learned and recorded much about the language and customs of the Native American tribes they encountered, and brought back many of their artifacts, including bows, clothing and ceremonial robes.

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offered their assistance, providing the expedition with their knowledge of the wilderness and with the acquisition of food. The expedition had blank leather-bound journals and ink for the purpose of recording such encounters, as well as for scientific and geological information. They were also provided with various gifts of medals, ribbons, needles, mirrors, and other articles which were intended to ease any tensions when negotiating their passage with the various Native American chiefs whom they would encounter along their way.

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diplomatic affairs with another tribe. Consequently, both chiefs were offered a few gifts, but neither was satisfied and they wanted some gifts for their warriors and tribe. At that point, some of the warriors from the Partisan tribe took hold of their boat and one of the oars. Lewis took a firm stand, ordering a display of force and presenting arms; Captain Clark brandished his sword and threatened violent reprisal. Just before the situation erupted into a violent confrontation, Black Buffalo ordered his warriors to back off.

66: 513: 573: 1665: 886:. They did this not just for shelter and protection, but also to officially establish the American presence there, with the American flag flying over the fort. During the winter at Fort Clatsop, Lewis committed himself to writing. He filled many pages of his journals with valuable knowledge, mostly about botany, because of the abundant growth and forests that covered that part of the continent. The health of the men also became a problem, with many suffering from colds and influenza. 860: 724: 1651: 6198: 1637: 1303: 47: 1623: 535:, a repeating rifle with a 20-round tubular magazine that was powerful enough to kill a deer. The expedition was prepared with flintlock firearms, knives, blacksmithing supplies, and cartography equipment. They also carried flags, gift bundles, medicine, and other items that they would need for their journey. The route of Lewis and Clark's expedition took them up the 1353:. However, Biddle's narrative account omitted much of the material related to their discoveries in flora and fauna. Since Biddle's account was the only printed account of the original journals for the next 90 years, many of Lewis and Clark's discoveries were later unknowingly rediscovered and given new names. It wasn't until 1904–1905, through the publication of 483:, to accompany them. Newfoundlands are amicable, large working dogs and good swimmers, lovers of water and commonly found on fishing boats, as they can assist in water rescues. Seaman proved a valuable member of the party, aiding with hunting and protection from bears and other potential predators. He was the only animal to complete the entire trip. 1319:

knowledge of numerous tribes of Native Americans hitherto unknown; they informed themselves of the trade which may be carried on with them, the best channels and positions for it, and they are enabled to give with accuracy the geography of the line they pursued. Back east, the botanical and zoological discoveries drew the intense interest of the

875:. Lack of food was a major factor. The elk, the party's main source of food, had retreated from their usual haunts into the mountains, and the party was now too poor to purchase enough food from neighboring tribes. On November 24, 1805, the majority of the party voted to move their camp to the south side of the Columbia River near modern 4359:

Meriwether Lewis. In 8vo. illustrated with a Map of the Country inhabited by the Tribes of Western Indians. ("This is an interesting volume, and exhibits not only some valuable geographical notices, but very copious and amusing details respecting the manners, habits, and divisions of the India North America Tribes.")

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tribes would often take on a sister for a wife. Chastity among women was not held in high regard. Infant daughters were often sold by the father to men who were grown, usually for horses or mules. Women in Sioux nations were often bartered away for horses or other supplies; yet this was not practiced

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Lewis was determined to remain at the fort until April 1, but was still anxious to move out at the earliest opportunity. By March 22, the stormy weather had subsided and the following morning, on March 23, 1806, the journey home began. The Corps began their journey homeward using canoes to ascend the

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It was impossible to find a character who to a complete science in botany, natural history, mineralogy & astronomy, joined the firmness of constitution & character, prudence, habits adapted to the woods & a familiarity with the Indian manners and character, requisite for this undertaking.

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to fund an expedition through the Louisiana territory to the Pacific Ocean. He did not attempt to make a secret of the Lewis and Clark expedition from Spanish, French, and British officials, but rather claimed different reasons for the venture; he used a secret message to ask for funding, due to poor

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and named Army Captain Meriwether Lewis its leader, who then invited William Clark to co-lead the expedition with him. Lewis demonstrated remarkable skills and potential as a frontiersman, and Jefferson made efforts to prepare him for the long journey ahead as the expedition was gaining approval and

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The Corps met their objective of reaching the Pacific, mapping and establishing their presence for a legal claim to the land. They established diplomatic relations and trade with at least two dozen indigenous nations. They did not find a continuous waterway to the Pacific Ocean but located a Native

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Though she has been discussed in literature frequently, much of the information is exaggeration or fiction. Scholars say she did notice some geographical features, but "Sacagawea ... was not the guide for the Expedition, she was important to them as an interpreter and in other ways." The sight of a

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controlled a vast inland empire and expected gifts from strangers who wished to navigate their rivers or to pass through their lands. According to Harry W. Fritz, "All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe, determined to block free trade on the river. ...

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by documenting an American presence there before European nations could claim the land. According to some historians, Jefferson understood that he would have a better claim of ownership to the Pacific Northwest if the team gathered scientific data on animals and plants. However, his main objectives

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Travels to the source of the Missouri river and across the American continent to the Pacific ocean. Performed by order of the government of the United States, in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. By Captains Lewis and Clarke. Published from the official report, and illustrated by a map of the route,

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or "Teton-wan Sioux") had problems when they met, and there was a concern the two sides might clash. According to Harry W. Fritz, "All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe, determined to block free trade on the river. ... The Sioux were also expecting a

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The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River, & such principle stream of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across

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One of the primary customs that distinguished Native American cultures from those of the West was that it was customary for the men to take on two or more wives if they were able to provide for them and often took on a wife or wives who were members of the immediate family circle, e.g. men in the

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As the expedition encountered the various Native American tribes during the course of their journey, they observed and recorded information regarding their lifestyles, customs and the social codes they lived by, as directed by President Jefferson. By European standards, the Native American way of

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The captains were able to negotiate their passage without further incident with the aid of better gifts and a bottle of whiskey. During the next two days, the expedition made camp not far from Black Buffalo's tribe. Similar incidents occurred when they tried to leave, but trouble was averted with

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and the northwest in general. The expedition was to make native people understand that their lands now belonged to the United States and that "their great father" in Washington was now their sovereign. The expedition encountered many different native nations and tribes along the way, many of whom

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One of the expedition's primary objectives as directed by President Jefferson was to be a surveillance mission that would report back the whereabouts, military strength, lives, activities, and cultures of the various Native American tribes that inhabited the territory newly acquired by the United

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The expedition documented natural resources and plants that had been previously unknown to Euro-Americans, though not to the indigenous peoples. Lewis and Clark were the first Americans to cross the Continental Divide, and the first Americans to see Yellowstone, enter into Montana, and produce an

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by the same route about a century before. Jefferson had a copy of Le Page's book in his library detailing Moncacht-Apé's itinerary, and Lewis carried a copy with him during the expedition. Le Page's description of Moncacht-Apé's route across the continent neglects to mention the need to cross the

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Two months passed after the expedition's end before Jefferson made his first public statement to Congress and others, giving a one-sentence summary about the success of the expedition before getting into the justification for the expenses involved. In the course of their journey, they acquired a

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On February 11, 1805, a few weeks after her first contact with the expedition, Sacagawea went into labor which was slow and painful, so the Frenchman Charbonneau suggested she be given a potion of rattlesnake's rattle to aid in her delivery. Lewis happened to have some snake's rattle with him. A

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Captain Lewis made his first mistake by offering the Sioux chief gifts first, which insulted and angered the Partisan chief. Communication was difficult, since the expedition's only Sioux language interpreter was Pierre Dorion who had stayed behind with the other party and was also involved with

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An enslaved Black man known only as York took part in the expedition as personal servant to William Clark, his enslaver. York did much to help the expedition succeed. He proved popular with the Native Americans, who had never seen a Black man. He also helped with hunting and the heavy labor of

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Jefferson had the expedition declare "sovereignty" and demonstrate their military strength to ensure native tribes would be subordinate to the U.S., as European colonizers did elsewhere. After the expedition, the maps that were produced allowed the further discovery and settlement of this vast

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One of their horses disappeared, and they believed the Sioux were responsible. Afterward, the two sides met and there was a disagreement, and the Sioux asked the men to stay or to give more gifts (or tribute) instead, before being allowed to pass through their territory. Clark wrote they were

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By Order of the Government of the United States; containing Delineations of the Manners, Customs, Religion, &c. of the Indians; compiled from various authentic Sources and original Documents; and a summary of the Statistical View of the Indian Nations, from the official communication of

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Many of the tribes had friendly experiences with British and French fur traders in various isolated encounters along the Missouri and Columbia Rivers, and for the most part the expedition did not encounter hostilities. However, there was a tense confrontation on September 25, 1804, with the

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and Missouri Rivers on August 11. As the groups reunited, one of Clark's hunters, Pierre Cruzatte, mistook Lewis for an elk and fired, injuring Lewis in the thigh. Once together, the Corps was able to return home quickly via the Missouri River. They reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806.

736:"warlike" and were the "vilest miscreants of the savage race". They came close to blows several times, until the Lakota chief, Black Buffalo, persuaded Lewis to distribute more tobacco to the assembled warriors. Lewis complied and the expedition was allowed to continue upstream to the 1183:

life seemed harsh and unforgiving as witnessed by members of the expedition. After many encounters and camping in close proximity to the Native American nations for extended periods of time during the winter months, they soon learned first hand of their customs and social orders.

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition gained an understanding of the geography of the Northwest and produced the first accurate maps of the area. During the journey, Lewis and Clark drew about 140 maps. Stephen Ambrose says the expedition "filled in the main outlines" of the area.

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back to St. Louis with a sample of specimens, some never-before-seen east of the Mississippi. One chief asked Lewis and Clark to provide a boat for passage through their national territory. The Americans quickly continued westward (upriver), and camped for the winter in the

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They witnessed that many of the Native American nations were constantly at war with other tribes, especially the Sioux, who, while remaining generally friendly to the white fur traders, had proudly boasted of and justified the almost complete destruction of the once great

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had been there in early 1805. Miscommunication caused Clark to record the name as "Haley". Captain Hill returned in November 1805, and anchored about 10 miles (16 km) from Fort Clatsop. The Chinook told Hill about Lewis and Clark, but no direct contact was made.

498:. Their goals were to explore the vast territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and to establish trade and US sovereignty over the Native Americans along the Missouri River. Jefferson also wanted to establish a US claim of "discovery" to the Pacific Northwest and 274:'s goals was to find "the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce." He also placed special importance on declaring US sovereignty over the land occupied by the many different Native American tribes along the 870:

The expedition sighted the Pacific Ocean for the first time on November 7, 1805, arriving two weeks later. The expedition faced the beginning of its second bitter winter camped on the north side of the Columbia River, in a storm-wracked area Clark called

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with two dozen Native American nations, without whose help the group would have risked starvation during the harsh winters and/or become hopelessly lost in the vast ranges of the Rocky Mountains.

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For years, Thomas Jefferson read accounts about the adventures of various explorers on the western frontier, and, consequently, maintained a long-held interest in further exploring this mostly-unknown region of the continent. In the 1780s, while

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where Lewis joined them six days later. The expedition set out the next afternoon, May 21. While accounts vary, it is believed the Corps had as many as 45 members, including the officers, enlisted military personnel, civilian volunteers, and

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that the Americans were encroaching on territory claimed by Spain. After the Lewis and Clark expedition set off in May, the Spanish sent four armed expeditions of 52 soldiers, mercenaries , and Native Americans on August 1, 1804, from

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After the expedition had set-up camp, nearby tribal members came to visit in fair numbers, some staying all night. For several days, Lewis and Clark met in council with Mandan chiefs. Here they met a French-Canadian fur trapper named

242:—and to establish an American presence in the new lands before European powers attempted to establish claims of their own. The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific, economical and humanitarian, i.e., to document the West's 5291: 1380:, showcased them as American pioneers. However, the story remained relatively shallow until mid-century as a celebration of US conquest and personal adventures, but more recently the expedition has been more thoroughly researched. 1049:

official description of these different regions. Their visit to the Pacific Northwest, maps, and proclamations of sovereignty with medals and flags were legal steps needed to claim title to each indigenous nation's lands under the

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Since the expedition, Lewis and Clark have been commemorated and honored over the years on various coins, currency, and commemorative postage stamps, as well as in a number of other capacities. In 2004, the American elm cultivar

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In his writings, Meriwether Lewis presented a somewhat negative view of her, though Clark had a higher regard for her, and provided some support for her children in subsequent years. In the journals, they used the terms "squar"

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woman and her infant son would have been reassuring to some indigenous nations, and she played an important role in diplomatic relations by talking to chiefs, easing tensions, and giving the impression of a peaceful mission.

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tribe, to the south. A recent Sioux raid had killed 75 Omaha men, burned 40 lodges, and taken four dozen prisoners." The expedition held talks with the Lakota near the confluence of the Missouri and Bad Rivers in what is now

1331:" he had grown as being an "excellent" food source. The expedition helped establish the U.S. presence in the newly acquired territory and beyond and opened the door to further exploration, trade and scientific discoveries. 1570:

traveled down the Mississippi from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. The French then established a chain of posts along the Mississippi from New Orleans to the Great Lakes. There followed a number of French explorers including

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Map of Lewis and Clark's expedition: It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri Rivers, and the Rocky Mountains around

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of 1803, to explore and detail as much of the new territory as possible. Furthermore, he wished to find a practical travel route across the western half of the continent—directly avoiding the hot and desolate desert

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in central Nebraska and learned that the expedition had been there many days before. The expedition was covering 70 to 80 miles (110 to 130 km) a day and Vial's attempt to intercept them was unsuccessful.

3283: 1533: 964:, was stolen by Native Americans, but was retrieved shortly. Worried that other such acts might follow, Lewis warned the chief that any other wrongdoing or mischievous acts would result in instant death. 1257:

When the expedition reached Marias River, on June 16, 1805, Sacagawea became dangerously ill. She was able to find some relief by drinking mineral water from the sulphur spring that fed into the river.

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Fenelon, James; Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise (1985). "Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition".

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In 2004, a complete and reliable set of the expedition's journals was compiled by Gary E. Moulton. Circa 2004, the bicentennial of the expedition further elevated popular interest in Lewis and Clark.

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from the Upper Missouri to visit the "Great Father" in Washington. After Chief Shehaka's visit, it required multiple attempts and multiple military expeditions to safely return Shehaka to his nation.

3506: 1579:, among others. Vial may have preceded Lewis and Clark to Montana. In 1787, he gave a map of the upper Missouri River and locations of "territories transited by Pedro Vial" to Spanish authorities. 464:, Jefferson possessed an enormous library on the subject of North American geography, to which Lewis had full access. He spent time consulting maps and books, as well as conferring with Jefferson. 531:. The soldiers were to distribute them to the tribes that they met. The expedition also prepared advanced weapons to display their military firepower. Among these was an Austrian-made .46 caliber 4781:"History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark: To the Sources of the Missouri, thence Across the Rocky Mountains and down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean" 784:, which outlined the names of various tribes, their locations, trading practices and water routes used, among other points. President Jefferson would later present this report to Congress. 945:

Before leaving, Clark gave the Chinook a letter to give to the next ship captain to visit, which was the same Captain Hill who had been nearby during the winter. Hill took the letter to

667:. His burial site was marked with a cedar post on which was inscribed his name and day of death. 1 mile (2 km) up the river, the expedition camped at a small river which they named 460:, and the search for possible living remnants. Lewis, however, was not ignorant of science, having demonstrated a marked capacity to learn, especially with Jefferson as his teacher. At 475:, in the summer of 1803, to Lewis's specifications, and was completed on August 31. The vessel was immediately loaded with equipment and provisions. While in Pittsburgh, Lewis bought a 1487: 1323:

who requested specimens, various artifacts traded with the Native Americans, and reports on plants and wildlife along with various seeds obtained. Jefferson used seeds from "Missouri

1471: 4994: 5853: 986:'s territory. In the night, half of Clark's horses disappeared, but not a single Crow had been seen. Lewis and Clark stayed separated until they reached the confluence of the 5858: 5706: 776:. Charbonneau, at this time, began to serve as the expedition's translator. Peace was established between the expedition and the Mandan chiefs with the sharing of a Mandan 323:(London, 1763), all of which greatly influenced his decision to send an expedition. Like Captain Cook, he wished to discover a practical route through the Northwest to the 519:(Camp Wood) reconstruction, where the Corps of Discovery mustered on the east side of the Mississippi River, through the winter of 1803–1804, to await the transfer of the 1030: 3536: 4356:

The Travels of Captains Lewis and Clarke, from St. Louis, by way of the Missouri and Columbia Rivers, to the Paciﬁc Ocean; performed in the Years 1804, 1805, and 1806.

780:. By April 25, Captain Lewis wrote his progress report of the expedition's activities and observations of the Native American nations they had encountered to-date in 655:. He had been among the first to sign up with the Corps of Discovery and was the only member to die during the expedition. He was buried at a bluff by the river, now 552:, and it might be the source of Lewis and Clark's mistaken belief that they could easily carry boats from the Missouri's headwaters to the westward-flowing Columbia. 4972: 3279: 909:

arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River while Lewis and Clark were still there. Neither Rezanov nor Lewis and Clark knew about each other. Rezanov had come from

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On the south side of the Columbia River, 2 miles (3 km) upstream on the west side of the Netul River (now Lewis and Clark River), they constructed

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in 1876, and the expedition was largely forgotten. Lewis and Clark began to gain attention around the start of the 20th century. Both the 1904

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in Idaho, along the north bank of the Clearwater River, where the members of the expedition collected 65 horses in preparation to cross the

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had learned of Gray's discovery and used his maps. Vancouver's expedition explored over 100 miles (160 km) up the Columbia, into the

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Upon the return from their expedition, Lewis and Clark struggled to prepare their manuscripts for publication. Clark managed to persuade

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corn" along with a number of other unidentified seeds to plant at Monticello which he cultivated and studied. He later reported on the "

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A Navigation Companion for the Lewis & Clark Trail. Volume 1, History, camp locations and daily summaries of expedition activities

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in Congress. Congress subsequently appropriated $ 2,324 for supplies and food, the appropriation of which was left in Lewis's charge.

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nation. During the night, the Blackfeet tried to steal their weapons. In the struggle, the soldiers killed two Blackfeet men. Lewis,

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The US mint prepared special silver medals with a portrait of Jefferson and inscribed with a message of friendship and peace, called

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Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery: British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon

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were centered around finding an all-water route to the Pacific coast and commerce. His instructions to the expedition stated:

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Pekka Hamalainen, "Lakota America, a New History of Indigenous Power," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), pp. 130–136

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Pekka Hamalainen, "Lakota America, a New History of Indigenous Power," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), pp. 129–131

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Gray, Edward (2004). "Visions of Another Empire: John Ledyard, an American Traveler across the Russian Empire, 1787–1788".

1604:. Lewis and Clark used the maps produced by these expeditions when they descended the lower Columbia to the Pacific coast. 1016:

and José Jarvet to intercept Lewis and Clark and imprison the entire expedition. They reached the Pawnee settlement on the

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As of 1984, no US exploration party was more famous, and no American expedition leaders are more recognizable by name.

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1788 – December 20, 1812), was a Shoshone Native American woman who arrived with her husband and owner

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tribe, to the south. A recent Sioux raid had killed 75 Omaha men, burned 40 lodges, and taken four dozen prisoners."

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in 1789. Mackenzie and his party were the first non-indigenous people to cross mainland North America, north of

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During the 19th century, references to Lewis and Clark "scarcely appeared" in history books, even during the

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On July 3, before crossing the Continental Divide, the Corps split into two teams so Lewis could explore the

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Full text of the Lewis and Clark journals online – edited by Gary E. Moulton, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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pm on May 14, 1804. Under Clark's command, they traveled up the Missouri River in their keelboat and two

449: 4811: 4761:"National Archives photos dating from the 1860s–1890s of the Native cultures the expedition encountered" 4736:

The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1904: A Story of the Great Exploration Across the Continent in 1804–6

1000: 843:'s 1792 notes and maps to orient themselves once they reached the lower Columbia River. The sighting of 162:, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the 5716: 5157: 2024: 1686: 1543: 312: 239: 4805: 4799: 2650: 6201: 6089: 6041: 6011: 5816: 5731: 5691: 5350: 5263: 5000: 4936: 4825: 3501: 1583: 1440: 1251: 917:), intending to establish a Russian agricultural colony to help with the perennial food shortages in 898: 717: 543:

via the Columbia River, and it may have been influenced by the purported transcontinental journey of

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Native America, Discovered And Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, And Manifest Destiny

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Research Foundation in commemoration of the expedition's bicentenary; the tree has a resistance to

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and had it forwarded to Thomas Jefferson, who thus received it before Lewis and Clark returned.

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Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary

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short time after administering the potion, she delivered a healthy boy who was given the name

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edited a two-volume history of the Lewis and Clark expedition that was published in 1814, in

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Jefferson's America: The President, the Purchase, and the Explorers Who Transformed a Nation

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Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

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Undaunted Courage, Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West

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Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West

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Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West

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to report their findings to President Jefferson via maps, sketches, and various journals.

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After Wilkinson died in 1825, it was discovered that he was a spy for the Spanish crown.

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Into the unknown: leadership lessons from Lewis & Clark's daring westward adventure

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sometimes visited the lower Columbia River, Lewis and Clark repeatedly asked the local

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Corps of Discovery Online Atlas, created by Watzek Library, Lewis & Clark College

4705: 4684: 4663: 4644: 4623: 4602: 4569: 4541: 4534: 4505: 4430: 4341: 4313: 4302: 4276: 4255: 4234: 4213: 4192: 4171: 4150: 4129: 4108: 4080: 4059: 4038: 4014: 3990: 3948: 3924: 3917: 3901: 3890: 3874: 3859: 3816: 3795: 3771: 3743: 3722: 3698: 3677: 3666: 3408: 3151: 2756: 2731: 2580: 2134: 2109: 1588: 1426: 987: 976: 894: 495: 300: 4734: 4144: 1398:, as the start of the Lewis and Clark voyage of discovery and in 2019 it recognized 1226: 6149: 6065: 6005: 5984: 5826: 5615: 5569: 4848: 4722:

Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day Off and Other Lessons from the Lewis and Clark Trail

4489:. University of Illinois Press (Original from the University of Virginia). p. 3839: 2051:"Founders Online: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, 27 February 1803" 1679: 1628: 1596:, named it after his ship and claimed it for the United States. Later in 1792, the 1377: 836: 832: 812: 656: 629: 499: 476: 404: 348: 316: 271: 230: 179: 144: 118: 52: 20: 4808:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 4802:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 4372: 3407:. The Oxford History of the United States. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1394:

In the 1970s, the federal government memorialized the winter assembly encampment,

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Devil on the deep blue sea: The notorious career of Captain Samuel Hill of Boston

2643:"Lewis and Clark, Journey Leg 13, 'Ocian in View!', October 8 – December 7, 1805" 1717: 1707: 1346: 1279: 1116: 1004: 953: 918: 906: 876: 777: 644: 625: 549: 512: 433: 336: 65: 4814:

Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol III

544: 387:, a wide assortment of Native American presents, medical and surgical supplies, 6137: 5899: 5806: 5681: 5558: 5402: 5328: 5323: 3785: 3642:

History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol II

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Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Floyd, Charles; Whitehouse, Joseph (1905).

4034:

Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello

3631:

History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol I

2328: 782:

A Statistical view of the Indian nations inhabiting the Territory of Louisiana

448:, Lewis learned how to describe and preserve plant and animal specimens; from 6217: 6177: 6035: 5620: 5585: 5575: 5382: 5298: 4470:——; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). 4455:——; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). 4444:——; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893). 4423:

Coues, Elliott; Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Jefferson, Thomas (1893).

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In 1803, Jefferson sent Lewis to Philadelphia to study medicinal cures under

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Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: with related documents, 1783–1854

859: 5333: 3938: 3712: 1509: 1448: 1403: 1163: 1112: 1104: 1017: 968: 961: 926: 883: 872: 863: 828: 723: 712: 672: 671:. During the final week of August, Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the 652: 639:

From St. Charles, the expedition followed the Missouri through what is now

480: 388: 368: 367:, convincing him of the importance of securing the territory posthaste. In 351:

in 1793–twelve years earlier than Lewis and Clark. Mackenzie's accounts in

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Glorious Misadventures: Nikolai Rezanov and the Dream of a Russian America

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In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark

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History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 4

4458:

History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 3

4447:

History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 2

4426:

History of the expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark: Volume 1

4415:

History of the Expedition of Captain Lewis and Clark, 1804-5-6, Volume 1

3497:"Pittsburgh recognized as starting point for Lewis and Clark expedition" 3312: 1351:

History of the Expedition Under the Commands of Captains Lewis and Clark

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Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society

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Lewis and Clark returned from their expedition, bringing with them the

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The Journals of Patrick Gass: Member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

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Acts of discovery: visions of America in the Lewis and Clark journals

1314:, who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their return from the expedition 1231: 1221: 1209: 1077: 1073: 1061: 946: 773: 688: 259: 254:

and to establish positive trade relations with (potentially unknown)

251: 171: 4790:

Lewis & Clark Fort Mandan Foundation: Discover Lewis & Clark

3986:

Zebulon Pike, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West

1716:, American history professor and librarian who edited and published 1270:) and "savages" to refer to Sacagawea and other indigenous peoples. 851:

confirmed that the expedition had almost reached the Pacific Ocean.

331:

had already charted a route in his quest for the Pacific, following

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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage

4817: 4812:

Louis Starr Collection Concerning the Field Notes of William Clark.

4326:

Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806, V.6

1197: 769: 752: 616: 194:, on May 14, 1804, met Lewis and ten other members of the group in 191: 175: 4498:

Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2004). Moulton, Gary E. (ed.).

4209:

The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia

999:

In March 1804, before the expedition began in May, the Spanish in

751:. Just before departing on April 7, 1805, the expedition sent the 46: 1311: 1234:, a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition 1093: 879:. Both Sacagawea and the enslaved York participated in the vote. 737: 441: 392: 380: 324: 4361:

Modern Publications, and New Editions of Valuable Standard Works

4076:

The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent

1302: 4772:

Travel the Lewis and Clark Expedition, a National Park Service

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Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2003). Bergon, Frank (ed.).

1349:

to edit the journals, which were then published in 1814 as the

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Lewis and his crew set-sail that afternoon, traveling down the

457: 344: 332: 223: 3838:(1). University of Minnesota Press: Wíčazo Ša Review, 85–104. 5859:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression

4794: 3404:

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815

1267: 1146: 707: 296: 819:. They descended on foot, then proceeded in canoes down the 4789: 3694:

The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography

2572: 1031:

List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition

866:

reconstruction on the Columbia River near the Pacific Ocean

799:

They followed the Missouri to its headwaters, and over the

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1804–1806 American overland expedition to the Pacific coast

1162:

The Sioux were also expecting a retaliatory raid from the

79:

May 14, 1804 – September 23, 1806

4973:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

3770:. Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. p. 47. 676: 4701:

National Geographic Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail

4599:

Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery

4167:

Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark, Volume 3

3767:

Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History

3529:"Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' PRAIRIE EXPEDITION" 2106:

Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery

226:, ending six months later on September 23 of that year. 2530: 2431:"Bad River Encounter Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 1694:– the only non-motorized pass on the expedition's route 452:, refinements in computing latitude and longitude, and 432:. He also arranged for Lewis to be further educated by 218:

in 1805. The return voyage began on March 23, 1806, at

3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 2670: 2668: 2470: 2468: 2133:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 81, 87–91. 1611:

had crossed North America from Quebec to the Pacific.

471:

used for the first year of the journey was built near

2329:"May 14, 1804 | Discovering Lewis & Clark ®" 1238:

Sacagawea, sometimes spelled Sakajawea or Sakagawea (

4418:. A. C. McClurg & Company, Chicago. p. 500. 4212:. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. p. 513. 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2823: 2351: 1618: 1060:(APS). Lewis and Clark received some instruction in 5065:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3084: 2665: 2465: 1355:

Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

1130: 1115:, but without mention of the actual author, banker 4533: 4482: 4329:. Dodd, Mead & Company, New York. p. 280. 3916: 3889: 3665: 3595:"Sir Alexander Mackenzie | Scottish explorer" 3315:. U.S. National Park Service. September 11, 2018. 2566: 415:funding. Jefferson explained his choice of Lewis: 359:'s intent to establish control over the lucrative 4657: 4531: 4378:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown. 3103: 3065: 2730:. Bullbrier Press. pp. 7, 46–49, 56, 63–64. 2108:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 9–10. 942:Columbia River, and later by trekking over land. 6215: 4386:Travels to the Source of the Missouri River ... 3970:(3). University of Pennsylvania Press: 347–380. 1439:Campsite Lewis and Clark in Camp Sandy Beach at 4960:A Summary View of the Rights of British America 4662:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 3873:. University of California Press. p. 290. 3742:. University of California Press. p. 184. 3443: 3441: 2755:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 254–257. 1200:nation, who held their women in higher regard. 897:about trading ships. They learned that Captain 398:Two years into his presidency, Jefferson asked 233:commissioned the expedition, shortly after the 4526:Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 4272:Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 4254:. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 245. 4188:The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history 3488: 3015:"Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition" 2576:Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 971:. Lewis's group of four met some men from the 905:A Russian maritime expedition under statesman 420:All the latter qualifications Capt. Lewis has. 299:, where they discussed a possible trip to the 4833: 4504:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 357. 4429:. Francis P. Harper, New York. p. 1364. 4233:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 310. 4191:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 568. 4079:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 444. 4058:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 509. 2721: 2719: 2260: 2258: 1477:Lewis and Clark were honored (along with the 731:, Lewis and Clark Memorial Park, North Dakota 444:, among other navigational instruments. From 5519:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence 4501:The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark 4476:. Francis P. Harper, New York. p. 1298. 4450:. Francis P. Harper, New York. p. 1364. 3983:Harris, Matthew L.; Buckley, Jay H. (2012). 3438: 3273: 3271: 2919: 2275: 2273: 1833: 1831: 1742:'Chopunnish' was the Captain's term for the 1208:nation, along with the Missouris, Illinois, 1153:, one of the three tribes that comprise the 186:. Clark, along with 30 others, set out from 4800:Lewis and Clark Expedition Maps and Receipt 4469: 4454: 4443: 4422: 4128:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 240. 3989:. University of Oklahoma Press, 256 pages. 3914: 3739:Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 3166: 2103: 508:this continent for the purpose of commerce. 5611:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) 5008:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 4840: 4826: 4660:Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans 4586:The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806 4371:Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (1815). 4370: 4297:Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2004). 4013:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 196. 3947:. Mountain Press Publishing. p. 447. 3815:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 647. 3656:. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd. 3645:. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd. 3634:. Toranto, George N. Morang & Co. Ltd. 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2716: 2285: 2255: 1724:Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 1542:in Sioux City, Iowa is the first of 2,600 839:and Columbia rivers. Lewis and Clark used 743:In the winter of 1804–05, the party built 562:Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 45: 6304:Military expeditions of the United States 6279:History of the Northwestern United States 5837:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar 5797:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 5722:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service 3794:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 504. 3428: 3426: 3424: 3391: 3268: 2270: 1828: 1481:) on the Series of 1901 $ 10 Legal Tender 1436:in North Dakota is named after the pair. 5464:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth 4739:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 4404: 4322: 4269:Woodger, Elin; Toropov, Brandon (2009). 3758:Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists. 3736:Clark, Ella E.; Edmonds, Margot (1983). 3672:. Simon and Schuster, New York. p. 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3214: 3190: 3178: 2787: 2750: 2579:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 244–45. 2393: 2177: 1527:Lewis and Clark Mosaic image in Missouri 1301: 1246:on the expedition to the Pacific Ocean. 1225: 1034: 1024: 858: 786: 722: 571: 511: 178:volunteers under the command of Captain 5757:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 4697: 4683:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. 4658:Gen. Thomas James (February 11, 2018). 4615: 4554: 4461:. Francis P. Harper, New York. p. 3046: 2128: 1720:'s account of Lewis and Clark's journal 1568:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 1493:Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center in 994: 428:, a physician and former leader in the 182:and his close friend Second Lieutenant 70:Route of expedition with modern borders 6216: 4676: 4582: 4142: 3896:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3711: 3494: 3421: 3079:Allen, Lewis & Clark, Vol. 1, 1916 2829: 2725: 2623:from the original on February 22, 2015 2607: 2605: 2603: 2573:Elin Woodger; Brandon Toropov (2009). 2561:Allen, Lewis & Clark, Vol. 1, 1916 2536: 2370:Allen, Lewis & Clark, Vol. 1, 1916 2357: 1434:Lewis and Clark Public School District 1100:territory in the years that followed. 6294:History of United States expansionism 5717:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 5554:Jefferson and the Library of Congress 5529:Founding Fathers of the United States 5089:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 4821: 4718: 4593: 4563: 4301:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 312. 4170:. Digital Scanning Inc. p. 528. 3867:Fresonke, Kris; Spence, Mark (2004). 3509:from the original on January 28, 2024 3298: 3277: 3150:". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.14. 2811:from the original on October 15, 2018 2801:"Meriwether Lewis is shot in the leg" 2504: 2031:from the original on December 8, 2015 1582:Early in 1792, the American explorer 1374:Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 589:Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia 311:(London, 1784), an account of Cook's 5990:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 4847: 4296: 4275:. Infobase Publishing. p. 438. 4104:Pedro Vial and the Roads to Santa Fe 3539:from the original on August 15, 2021 3397: 3179:Lewis, Clark Floyd, Whitehouse, 1905 1551: 1389: 1056:The expedition was sponsored by the 410:In 1803, Jefferson commissioned the 4937:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 4875:Vice President of the United States 4583:Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether. 4230:Lewis & Clark among the Indians 4010:Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes 3319:from the original on August 5, 2023 3215:Coues, Lewis, Clark, Jefferson 1893 3191:Coues, Lewis, Clark, Jefferson 1893 3167:Coues, Lewis, Clark, Jefferson 1893 2925: 2788:Coues, Lewis, Clark, Jefferson 1893 2600: 2517:Lewis-Clark: Native American Tribes 2441:from the original on August 3, 2020 2394:Coues, Lewis, Clark, Jefferson 1893 2339:from the original on March 20, 2020 2291: 2104:Duncan, Dayton; Burns, Ken (1997). 2061:from the original on April 12, 2019 2011: 1786: 1710:were also commissioned by Jefferson 440:who instructed him in the use of a 258:tribes. The expedition returned to 13: 6259:History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania 5317:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice 4680:Lewis and Clark: Across the Divide 4519: 4290: 3605:from the original on June 15, 2020 2122: 2097: 1683:, a 1955 film about the expedition 1288: 1121:Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library 706:nation (whom the Americans called 539:to its headwaters, then on to the 303:. Jefferson had also read Captain 204:Continental Divide of the Americas 14: 6335: 5311:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 4748: 4719:Tubbs, Stephenie Ambrose (2008). 4540:. Simon and Schuster Paperbacks. 4337:The Journals of Lewis & Clark 4122:Miller, Robert J. Miller (2006). 3401:(2011). Kennedy, David M. (ed.). 3286:from the original on May 20, 2020 3025:from the original on May 30, 2023 2510: 1592:, discovered the yet to be named 982:Meanwhile, Clark had entered the 6284:History of the Pacific Northwest 6197: 6196: 5842:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 4886:United States Secretary of State 4643:. Sasquatch Books. p. 208. 4568:. University Press of Colorado. 4480: 4107:. University of Oklahoma Press. 4073:Lavender, David Sievert (2001). 4037:. University of Oklahoma Press. 4003: 3941:; MacGregor, Carol Lynn (1807). 3923:. University of Illinois Press. 3697:. Nova Publishers. p. 229. 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3521: 3476: 3464: 3453: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3059: 1954: 1663: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1558:Timeline of European exploration 1532: 1520: 1501: 1486: 1470: 1456: 1406:as the start of the expedition. 1131:Encounters with Native Americans 854: 795:at Ross Hole, September 4, 1805. 347:, reaching the Pacific coast of 64: 32:Lewis and Clark (disambiguation) 6264:History of Louisville, Kentucky 5847:250th Anniversary silver dollar 5247:Founder, University of Virginia 4725:. University of Nebraska Press. 4299:The Journals Of Lewis And Clark 3808: 3791:The Journals of Lewis and Clark 3764:Cutright, Paul Russell (2000). 3718:The Journals of Lewis and Clark 3621: 3278:Parks, Shoshi (March 8, 2018). 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3131: 3122: 3037: 3007: 2995: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2913: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2807:. A&E Television Networks. 2793: 2781: 2769: 2744: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2635: 2554: 2542: 2492: 2480: 2453: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2085: 2073: 2043: 2017: 2005: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1757: 1748: 1736: 1177: 647:. On August 20, 1804, Sergeant 560:For a chronological guide, see 281: 131:, i.e. Lewis, Clark, and 40 men 6319:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 6289:History of the Rocky Mountains 5787:Thomas Jefferson School of Law 5593:Separation of church and state 5502:American Philosophical Society 5439:Notes on the State of Virginia 5432:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 4864:President of the United States 4205: 4184: 4055:The Encyclopedia of Louisville 4027: 3892:The Lewis and Clark Expedition 3756:Cutright, Paul Russel (1969). 3721:. Penguin Classics, New York. 3495:Bauder, Bob (March 10, 2019). 3140:The Lewis and Clark Expedition 3019:University of Nebraska Lincoln 2153: 1990: 1942: 1921: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1692:Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana) 1577:Pierre Antoine and Paul Mallet 1495:Cape Disappointment State Park 1321:American Philosophical Society 1058:American Philosophical Society 936: 403:relations with the opposition 265: 1: 5747:University of Virginia statue 5581:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 5219:Federal judicial appointments 4906:Congress of the Confederation 4481:Jackson, Donald Dean (1962). 4072: 3964:Journal of the Early Republic 3866: 3763: 3760:University of Nebraska Press. 3447: 2961: 2498: 2303: 1837: 1773: 1508:Lewis and Clark statue (with 1465:150th anniversary issue, 1954 1423:North Dakota State University 1370:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 1239: 1012:, New Mexico northward under 596: 355:(1801) informed Jefferson of 309:A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean 202:. The expedition crossed the 160:Corps of Discovery Expedition 6269:History of Missoula, Montana 6254:Exploration of North America 5452:European journey memorandums 5192:State of the Union Addresses 5121:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition 4783:published in 1814; from the 4774:Discover Our Shared Heritage 4729: 4497: 4268: 4247: 4163: 4007:; Marc, Jaffe, eds. (2006). 3915:Furtwangler, Albert (1993). 3829: 3690: 3660: 3581: 3569: 3482: 3470: 3459: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3116: 3097: 3001: 2949: 2901: 2889: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2775: 2710: 2674: 2474: 2381: 2315: 2264: 2249: 2237: 2165: 2091: 2025:"Lewis and Clark Expedition" 1966: 1885: 1822: 1798: 1562:Exploration of North America 1451:also honors both explorers. 1297: 1215: 827:, and Columbia rivers, past 791:Lewis and Clark meeting the 651:died, apparently from acute 567: 7: 6060:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph 5792:Thomas Jefferson University 5762:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 5269:Democratic-Republican Party 5187:West Point Military Academy 4979:Declaration of Independence 4929:Second Continental Congress 4333: 4164:Saindon, Robert A. (2003). 4121: 4093: 4051: 3982: 3784: 3691:Bennett, George D. (2002). 3649: 3638: 3627: 3557: 3448:Fresonke & Spence, 2004 3117:Woodger & Toropov, 2009 3078: 2962:Fresonke & Spence, 2004 2902:Woodger & Toropov, 2009 2698: 2647:National Geographic Society 2560: 2513:"Lakota Sioux Difficulties" 2382:Woodger & Toropov, 2009 2369: 2279: 2225: 2189: 2178:Homser, James Kendall, 1903 2012:Woodger & Toropov, 2009 1978: 1909: 1810: 1704:Red River Expedition (1806) 1614: 1544:National Historic Landmarks 835:, at the confluence of the 490:to meet up with Clark near 210:, eventually coming to the 10: 6340: 6314:North American expeditions 6229:1800s in the United States 6224:Lewis and Clark Expedition 5099:Lewis and Clark Expedition 4636: 4616:Fenster, Julie M. (2016). 4532:Steven E. Ambrose (1996). 4523: 4354:Lewis, Meriwether (1811). 4226: 4206:Rodriguez, Junius (2002). 4185:Schwantes, Carlos (1996). 4143:Peters, Arthur K. (1996). 3887: 3735: 3432: 3337: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3202: 2986:Gass & MacGregor, 1807 2973: 2937: 2877: 2686: 2548: 2486: 2459: 2417: 2405: 2213: 2201: 2080:Gass & MacGregor, 1807 1873: 1861: 1849: 1823:Fenelon & Wilson, 2006 1698:Lewis and Clark's Keelboat 1687:Gateway Arch National Park 1555: 1463:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1372:in St. Louis and the 1905 1277: 1219: 1028: 925:, was unable to cross the 711:retaliatory raid from the 559: 555: 494:, in October 1803, at the 156:Lewis and Clark Expedition 40:Lewis and Clark Expedition 29: 18: 6244:1806 in the United States 6239:1805 in the United States 6234:1804 in the United States 6165: 6090:Frederick Madison Roberts 6012:Martha Jefferson Randolph 5998: 5932:(1997 documentary series) 5867: 5692:Thomas Jefferson Building 5660: 5629: 5484: 5423: 5349: 5264:Anti-Administration party 5227: 5074: 5054: 5001:All men are created equal 4947: 4855: 4806:William Clark Field Notes 4564:Betts, Robert B. (2002). 4555:Bassman, John H. (2009). 3961: 3937: 3786:DeVoto, Bernard Augustine 3558:Loomis & Nasatir 1967 3502:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 3251:Clark & Edmonds, 1983 3227:Clark & Edmonds, 1983 3203:Clark & Edmonds, 1983 3145:January 28, 2024, at the 2985: 2687:Clark & Edmonds, 1983 2549:Clark & Edmonds, 1983 2129:Ambrose, Stephen (1996). 2079: 1897: 1441:Yawgoog Scout Reservation 1252:Jean Baptiste Charbonneau 1149:tribe (also known as the 718:Fort Pierre, South Dakota 675:, a place abounding with 135: 124: 113: 102: 94: 75: 63: 44: 5985:Wine bottles controversy 5777:Jefferson City, Missouri 5242:Franco-American alliance 4698:Schmidt, Thomas (2002). 4677:Gilman, Carolyn (2003). 4398:: 317–368. January 1815. 4340:. Penguin. p. 560. 4227:Ronda, James P. (1984). 3888:Fritz, Harry W. (2004). 3282:. Smithsonian Magazine. 3137:Harry W. Fritz (2004). " 2751:Matthews, Owens (2013). 1729: 1366:United States Centennial 841:William Robert Broughton 473:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 321:The History of Louisiana 6158:(2nd great-grandfather) 6102:Jane Randolph Jefferson 6054:Ellen Randolph Coolidge 5636:Presidential elections 5539:Jefferson and education 5524:Committee of the States 5015:Consent of the governed 4894:U.S. Minister to France 4704:. National Geographic. 4408:; Clark, Clark (1903). 3809:—— (1998). 3650:—— (1902). 3639:—— (1902). 3599:Encyclopedia Britannica 3560:pp. 382–86, map: p. 290 1540:Sergeant Floyd Monument 1273: 952:They made their way to 383:, 30 gallons of strong 379:, 130 rolls of pigtail 6324:Scientific expeditions 5940:(2002 animated series) 5772:Monticello Association 5497:American Enlightenment 5458:Indian removal letters 5415:White House Colonnades 5410:Virginia State Capitol 5388:University of Virginia 5274:Jeffersonian democracy 5170:Native American policy 5040:Land Ordinance of 1785 5035:Land Ordinance of 1784 4367:, February 1811, p. 2. 4248:Uldrich, Jack (2004). 3582:Woodger, Toropov, 2009 2926:Woodger, Toropov, 2012 2649:. 1996. Archived from 2292:Woodger, Toropov, 2009 1787:Woodger, Toropov, 2009 1315: 1235: 1136:States as part of the 1041: 867: 796: 749:Washburn, North Dakota 732: 702:The Americans and the 600: 524: 510: 422: 170:was a select group of 6084:T. Jefferson Coolidge 6080:(great-granddaughter) 6072:John Wayles Jefferson 5817:Jefferson–Jackson Day 5752:David d'Angers statue 5549:Jefferson and slavery 5534:Historical reputation 5237:Early life and career 4969:(initial draft; 1775) 4967:Olive Branch Petition 4785:World Digital Library 4767:on February 12, 2008. 4637:Hayes, Derek (1999). 4410:Hosmer, James Kendall 4052:Kleber, John (2001). 4005:Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. 3844:10.1353/wic.2004.0006 2726:Malloy, Mary (2006). 2699:Harris, Buckley, 2012 2653:on September 27, 2016 2055:founders.archives.gov 1933:Cutright 1969, p. 27. 1643:Modern history portal 1514:St. Charles, Missouri 1305: 1244:Toussaint Charbonneau 1229: 1125:University of Montana 1051:Doctrine of Discovery 1038: 1029:Further information: 1025:Geography and science 1003:learned from General 931:Fort Ross, California 862: 790: 766:Toussaint Charbonneau 726: 641:Kansas City, Missouri 621:St. Charles, Missouri 593:Charles Marion Russel 575: 515: 505: 446:Benjamin Smith Barton 417: 353:Voyages from Montreal 196:St. Charles, Missouri 6274:History of St. Louis 6249:Columbia River Gorge 6108:Lucy Jefferson Lewis 6018:Mary Jefferson Eppes 5492:Age of Enlightenment 5126:Red River Expedition 4917:Governor of Virginia 4731:Wheeler, Olin Dunbar 4392:The Quarterly Review 4365:The Quarterly Review 3812:The Course of Empire 3628:Allen, Paul (1902). 1714:James Kendall Hosmer 1671:United States portal 1602:Columbia River Gorge 1598:Vancouver Expedition 1546:in the United States 1359:Reuben Gold Thwaites 995:Spanish interference 958:Bitterroot Mountains 891:maritime fur traders 760:nation's territory. 523:to the United States 492:Louisville, Kentucky 158:, also known as the 30:For other uses, see 6152:(great-grandfather) 5854:U.S. postage stamps 5822:Currency depictions 5802:Peaks and mountains 5732:Karl Bitter statues 5702:Jefferson Territory 5599:The American Museum 5507:American Revolution 5158:Non-Intercourse Act 5141:Embargo Act of 1807 5045:Northwest Ordinance 5028:Freedom of religion 4622:. Crown/Archetype. 4149:. Abbeville Press. 3662:Ambrose, Stephen E. 3169:, Vol. 2 pp. 557–58 1609:Alexander Mackenzie 1607:From 1792 to 1793, 1415:'Lewis & Clark' 747:, near present-day 533:Girandoni air rifle 529:Indian Peace Medals 430:American Revolution 329:Alexander Mackenzie 198:, then went up the 143:, August 1804 near 41: 6299:Louisiana Purchase 6114:Randolph Jefferson 6048:George W. Randolph 6042:Thomas J. Randolph 5953:Jefferson's Garden 5913:Jefferson in Paris 5677:Jefferson Memorial 5304:Compromise of 1790 5279:First Party System 5181:Marbury v. Madison 5104:Corps of Discovery 5094:Louisiana Purchase 4559:. John H. Bassman. 4099:Nasatir, Abraham P 2002:Ambrose, pp. 98–99 1421:) was released by 1419:Prairie Expedition 1316: 1236: 1174:gifts of tobacco. 1155:Great Sioux Nation 1138:Louisiana Purchase 1042: 868: 811:, and crossed the 801:Continental Divide 797: 733: 727:Reconstruction of 605:Corps of Discovery 601: 577:Corps of Discovery 525: 521:Louisiana Purchase 412:Corps of Discovery 289:Minister to France 235:Louisiana Purchase 168:Corps of Discovery 164:Louisiana Purchase 129:Corps of Discovery 108:Louisiana Purchase 39: 6211: 6210: 6078:Sarah N. Randolph 5981:(2020 miniseries) 5948:(2008 miniseries) 5782:Jefferson College 5742:Louisville statue 5712:Jefferson Lecture 5165:First Barbary War 5114:Empire of Liberty 5056:French Revolution 4985:Committee of Five 4952:the United States 4629:978-0-3079-5654-5 4282:978-0-8160-4781-9 4219:978-1-57607-188-5 4198:978-0-8032-9228-4 4065:978-0-8131-2100-0 4044:978-0-8061-2504-6 3930:978-0-252-06306-0 3907:978-0-313-31661-6 3414:978-0-19-983246-0 2737:978-0-9722854-1-4 2586:978-1-4381-1023-3 2539:, pp. 20–22. 2294:pp. 104, 265, 271 1955:Furtwangler, 1993 1589:Columbia Rediviva 1586:, sailing in the 1552:Prior discoveries 1427:Dutch elm disease 1390:Legacy and honors 977:George Drouillard 659:, in what is now 496:Falls of the Ohio 301:Pacific Northwest 150: 149: 106:Explore the 1803 6331: 6200: 6199: 6150:William Randolph 6092:(great-grandson) 6086:(great-grandson) 6006:Martha Jefferson 5921:Thomas Jefferson 5827:Jefferson nickel 5812:Other placenames 5737:Hempstead statue 5616:Virginia dynasty 5570:National Gazette 5259:Ratification Day 4995:physical history 4940: 4932: 4920: 4909: 4897: 4889: 4878: 4867: 4849:Thomas Jefferson 4842: 4835: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4776:Travel Itinerary 4768: 4763:. Archived from 4744: 4726: 4715: 4694: 4673: 4654: 4633: 4612: 4590: 4579: 4560: 4551: 4539: 4515: 4494: 4488: 4477: 4466: 4451: 4440: 4419: 4399: 4379: 4351: 4330: 4312: 4286: 4265: 4244: 4223: 4202: 4181: 4160: 4146:Seven trail west 4139: 4118: 4090: 4069: 4048: 4024: 4000: 3979: 3958: 3934: 3922: 3911: 3895: 3884: 3863: 3832:Wíčazo Ša Review 3826: 3805: 3781: 3753: 3732: 3708: 3687: 3671: 3657: 3646: 3635: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3419: 3418: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3101: 3095: 3082: 3076: 3063: 3057: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2609: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2511:Ronda, James P. 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2335:. May 14, 1804. 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1680:The Far Horizons 1673: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1629:Geography portal 1626: 1625: 1624: 1536: 1524: 1505: 1490: 1474: 1460: 1420: 1378:Portland, Oregon 1338:Native American 1241: 911:Novo-Arkhangelsk 831:and present-day 807:, then north to 768:, and his young 630:African-American 614: 611:(Camp Wood) at 4 598: 587:, October 1805 ( 500:Oregon territory 477:Newfoundland dog 450:Robert Patterson 405:Federalist Party 389:mosquito netting 349:British Columbia 317:Le Page du Pratz 291:, Jefferson met 272:Thomas Jefferson 231:Thomas Jefferson 180:Meriwether Lewis 145:Sioux City, Iowa 119:Thomas Jefferson 90: 88: 84: 68: 53:Meriwether Lewis 49: 42: 38: 21:Meriwether Lewis 6339: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6178:James Madison → 6161: 6096:Peter Jefferson 6062:(granddaughter) 6056:(granddaughter) 6030:Madison Hemings 6024:Harriet Hemings 5994: 5870: 5863: 5832:Two-dollar bill 5697:Jefferson River 5662: 5656: 5625: 5564:Pet mockingbird 5544:Religious views 5480: 5476:Founders Online 5419: 5352: 5345: 5230:accomplishments 5229: 5223: 5175:Burr conspiracy 5136:Cumberland Road 5131:Pike Expedition 5070: 5050: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4923: 4912: 4900: 4892: 4881: 4870: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4759: 4751: 4712: 4691: 4670: 4651: 4630: 4609: 4576: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4520:Further reading 4512: 4437: 4382: 4348: 4309: 4293: 4291:Primary sources 4283: 4262: 4241: 4220: 4199: 4178: 4157: 4136: 4115: 4087: 4066: 4045: 4029:Jackson, Donald 4021: 3997: 3955: 3931: 3908: 3881: 3870:Lewis and Clark 3823: 3802: 3778: 3750: 3729: 3705: 3684: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3422: 3415: 3399:Wood, Gordon S. 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217:, Vol. 1 p. 377 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3193:, Vol. 1 p. 229 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3147:Wayback Machine 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3104: 3096: 3085: 3077: 3066: 3058: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 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Carr 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5937:Liberty's Kids 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5884: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5807:Jefferson Rock 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Mount Rushmore 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5559:Jefferson Pier 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5424:Other writings 5421: 5420: 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5635: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5621:Ward republic 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5586:Betty Hemings 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576:Sally Hemings 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Poplar Forest 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361:Barboursville 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299:Residence Act 5297: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284:republicanism 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 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3060:Josephy, 2006 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3003: 3002:Ambrose, 1996 2998: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2950:Uldrich, 2004 2946: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2890:Ambrose, 1996 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2866:Ambrose, 1996 2862: 2855: 2854:Ambrose, 1996 2850: 2843: 2842:Uldrich, 2004 2838: 2832:, p. 30. 2831: 2826: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2776:Ambrose, 1996 2772: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2711:Ambrose, 1996 2707: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2675:Ambrose, 1996 2671: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2475:Ambrose, 1996 2471: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2360:, p. 16. 2359: 2354: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2316:Ambrose, 1996 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265:Saindon, 2003 2261: 2259: 2251: 2250:Ambrose, 1996 2246: 2239: 2238:Bennett, 2002 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2166:Ambrose, 1996 2162: 2155: 2154:Jackson, 1993 2150: 2142: 2140:9780684826974 2136: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2115:9780679454502 2111: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2092:Ambrose, 1996 2088: 2081: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2008: 1999: 1993:, pp. 136–137 1992: 1991:Jackson, 1993 1987: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1967:Ambrose, 1996 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1886:Ambrose, 1996 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1799:Ambrose, 1996 1795: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1633: 1630: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 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Lewis and Clark Expedition

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