344:
Island segregates eligible voters by race and place of origin in violation ." The Court accepted the findings of the majority of the
District Court that the appellants failed to prove that the New York Legislature was either motivated by racial considerations or in fact drew the districts on racial lines. The Court accepted that there may have been evidence which could have supported an inference that the legislature was moved by racial considerations, but found that there was also evidence supporting the contrary inference that was "equally, or more, persuasive." The Court accepted the finding that appellants failed to demonstrate that the statute was "the product of a state contrivance to segregate on the basis of race or place of origin," and therefore upheld the District Court's decision.
315:, who represented the Eighteenth District, along with several other New York County officials, to intervene as defendants supporting the constitutionality of the statute. The appellants claimed that apportionment statute deprived them of rights guaranteed by the Due Process and Equal protection portions of the Fourteenth Amendment and by the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibit the government from denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Specifically, they claimed that the statute "establish irrational, discriminatory and unequal Congressional Districts in the County of New York and segregat eligible voters by race and place of origin."
413:
three-judge
District Court contained a separate opinion for each, therefore, Goldberg argued that the District Court had made no findings of fact at all. He then went on to discuss and criticize the constitutional standards applied by each of the District Court judges. In this light, he argued that the majority’s grounds for their decision, i.e., accepting the findings and constitutional standards of the District Court, was meaningless and an abdication of the Supreme Court’s responsibilities. Goldberg further stated that the appellants had made sufficient showings of racially discriminatory intent in the redistricting plan to pursue their case.
319:
Twentieth
District, but only 5.1 per cent of the Seventeenth District. A majority of the District Court panel found that appellants had not made out their case. One judge concluded that "no proof was offered by any party that the specific boundaries created by were drawn on racial lines or that the Legislature was motivated by considerations of race, creed or country or origin in creating the districts." One judge dissented, viewing the evidence as "tantamount for all practical purposes, to a mathematical demonstration" that the legislation was "solely concerned with segregating" white voters from non-whites.
34:
4963:
380:
and Puerto Ricans as possible." Although he admitted that the
District Court had not made such a finding, Justice Douglas concluded that, absent any rebuttal or challenge by the State, the only inference that could be drawn from the facts was that it was "not possible to say 'that race is irrelevant to districting.'"
379:
Douglas recited the relevant facts, and concluded that "he record strongly suggests that these twists and turns producing an 11-sided, step-shaped boundary between the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Districts were made to bring into the Eighteenth District and keep out of the Seventeenth as many Negroes
343:
The Court began with a recitation of the relevant factual and procedural background, and then turned to first question presented in the statement, whether "appellants sustained their burden of providing that the portion of which delineates the boundaries of the
Congressional districts in Manhattan
383:
Douglas next addressed the argument advanced by the intervening parties that the districting plan was beneficial to minorities, because it allowed minority politicians an advantage in heavily minority districts. Douglas rejected this argument, referring to it as the theory of "separate but better
127:
A New York statute that delineated the boundaries of the congressional district in
Manhattan Island did not segregate eligible voters by race and place of origin in violation of the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment and in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
318:
The case was heard by a three judge panel of the
District Court. Appellants presented maps, statistics, and other evidence demonstrating that African-Americans and Puerto Ricans comprised 86.3 per cent of the Eighteenth District, 28.5 per cent of the Nineteenth District, 27.5 per cent of the
412:
Justice
Goldberg wrote a separate dissent, arguing that the appellants had satisfied their burden of establishing that district boundaries had been purposefully drawn on racial lines. Goldberg rejected the conclusion that the District Court had found to the contrary. The decision from the
3064:
384:
off," and writing "he fact that Negro political leaders find advantage in this nearly solid Negro and Puerto Rican district is irrelevant to our problem. Rotten boroughs were long a curse of democratic processes. Racial boroughs are also at war with democratic standards."
1239:
403:
tradition — 'of the people, by the people, for the people.'" Such a system, Douglas argued, "is a divisive force in a community, emphasizing differences between candidates and voters that are irrelevant in the constitutional sense."
1207:
836:
1498:
2054:
3900:
3000:
376:
on the right to vote. Douglas argued that though the right to vote was not being deprived, the redistricting was concentrating minority voters in particular districts and excluding them from others.
352:
Justice Harlan joined the opinion of the Court, but wrote separately, in a paragraph long concurrence, to comment that he believed that this case was governed by entirely different principles than in
2992:
1144:
932:
900:
3703:
1562:
3144:
272:, where the evidence was "equally, or more, persuasive" that racial considerations had not motivated the state legislature, the court will give deference to the findings of the district court.
3112:
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1159:
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1367:
1335:
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884:
2030:
308:
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2976:
2236:
1183:
399:. Under that system, constituencies were separated by religion. Douglas wrote that "Racial electoral registers, like religious ones, have no place in a society that honors the
4996:
3104:
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1199:
1828:
311:
challenging the constitutionality of the portion of New York's 1961 congressional apportionment statute which defined the four districts. The
District Court permitted
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1343:
1112:
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3259:
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1982:
1514:
1231:
1167:
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956:
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1530:
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916:
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1279:
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2150:
1937:
1423:
972:
964:
940:
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2381:
1120:
442:
Engstrom, Richard L.; Wildgen, John K. (1977). "Pruning Thorns from the Thicket: An Empirical Test of the Existence of Racial Gerrymandering".
3932:
3283:
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335:, who also wrote a concurring opinion. Justices Douglas and Goldberg each wrote dissenting opinions, and each joined the others opinion.
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38:
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3307:
2165:
110:
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4353:
4245:
4115:
4110:
1949:
1688:
1622:
387:
Finally, Douglas compared the situation in the Manhattan districts to the Electoral Register System that the
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2006:
1990:
1615:
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Justice Douglas dissented, arguing that the case raised a similar question to the issue raised in
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67:
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3615:
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3163:
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2086:
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1998:
1215:
8:
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4467:
4358:
3799:
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3631:
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3072:
3016:
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2589:
2469:
2453:
2330:
2110:
2094:
1788:
1672:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1015:
908:
812:
354:
4919:
4487:
4472:
4288:
3860:
3679:
3671:
3497:
3457:
3425:
3342:
3211:
3203:
3171:
3088:
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2864:
2840:
2808:
2729:
2673:
2665:
2517:
2413:
2228:
1897:
1812:
1741:
1652:
1570:
1031:
948:
788:
484:
471:
O'Loughlin, John (1992). "The Identification and Evaluation of Racial Gerrymandering".
459:
304:
159:
715:
515:
4929:
4439:
4278:
3995:
3987:
3940:
3663:
3537:
3251:
3008:
2848:
2832:
2783:
2769:
2745:
2501:
2485:
2445:
2373:
2314:
2014:
1921:
1857:
1804:
1696:
1471:
1359:
1303:
1069:
1055:
1023:
988:
373:
4462:
4448:
4421:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4363:
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4323:
4303:
4298:
4057:
4047:
3243:
3219:
2800:
2549:
2525:
2389:
1796:
1764:
1712:
1546:
1431:
1175:
1047:
820:
480:
451:
128:
Judgment of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York affirmed.
4904:
4492:
3065:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
2657:
2397:
2266:
1820:
1780:
1704:
1594:
1538:
1447:
1191:
804:
400:
195:
70:
4939:
4899:
4496:
4429:
3807:
3639:
3385:
3350:
3227:
2737:
2493:
2405:
2174:
1680:
1554:
388:
269:
183:
4980:
4736:
4477:
4373:
4328:
3901:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3529:
2920:
2792:
2461:
2429:
2357:
2220:
2126:
1974:
1889:
1522:
828:
796:
773:
4949:
4313:
4155:
3815:
3179:
2365:
1720:
1319:
1311:
1271:
428:
163:
771:
4383:
4368:
4333:
2689:
1966:
1881:
1753:
1563:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
187:
143:
3145:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
633:
376 U.S. at 61, Douglas, J. dissenting, quoting oral argument transcript
4378:
4043:
3235:
328:
151:
86:
3113:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2969:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
463:
331:
wrote for the majority, and was joined by 6 other justices, including
4676:
4529:
733:
300:
82:
4012:
4634:
4393:
2031:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
455:
114:
107:
309:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
396:
4894:
4726:
2237:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1637:
212:
Black, joined by Warren, Clark, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White
33:
2291:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
303:
brought suit against New York state officials, including then
392:
280:
Appellants, a group of citizens and registered voters in the
268:
held that in cases involving allegations of improper racial
57:
Wright et al. v. Rockefeller, Governor of New York, et al.
3925:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1829:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1480:
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
1240:
Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas
2722:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
441:
2135:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1464:
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission
450:(4). Comparative Legislative Research Center: 465–479.
2817:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
997:
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
4997:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
2881:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
2023:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
423:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 376
3712:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2777:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2103:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
1208:
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks
275:
3600:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3260:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
3129:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1983:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
372:, where racial gerrymandering was used to deprive
2897:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2574:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1400:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
1040:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
473:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4978:
3776:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2985:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
407:
2857:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2382:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1424:Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections
965:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
837:Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado
650:
648:
5002:United States electoral redistricting case law
1499:Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.
470:
361:
358:, a case that had also been decided that day.
347:
264:, 376 U.S. 52 (1964), was a case in which the
4028:
3933:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3284:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
3041:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2889:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2682:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1623:
757:
683:
681:
2151:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2055:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1938:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
662:
660:
645:
611:
609:
327:Four justices wrote opinions in this case.
5012:Congressional districts of New York (state)
3736:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3648:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2637:
2275:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1587:Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill
1416:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
4035:
4021:
3001:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2534:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1630:
1616:
764:
750:
678:
104:Judgment for defendants, injunction denied
3760:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3292:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2307:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
657:
654:376 U.S. at 63-67, Douglas, J. dissenting
606:
572:
570:
551:
549:
530:
528:
526:
524:
16:1964 US Supreme Court gerrymandering case
2993:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
1145:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
933:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
901:Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District
603:376 U.S. at 58-59, Harlan, J. concurring
338:
5007:United States equal protection case law
3704:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3573:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2438:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
2039:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1906:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
687:376 U.S. at 68, Goldberg, J. dissenting
675:376 U.S. at 67, Goldberg, J. dissenting
4979:
3847:
2945:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1740:
1651:
666:376 U.S. at 66, Douglas, J. dissenting
615:376 U.S. at 59, Douglas, J. dissenting
567:
546:
521:
4042:
4016:
3975:
3846:
2636:
2299:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1739:
1650:
1611:
745:
642:376 U.S. at 62 Douglas, J. dissenting
21:1964 United States Supreme Court case
3025:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
2166:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1160:United Jewish Organizations v. Carey
3792:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3608:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
3033:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
2143:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
2119:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1930:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1368:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
1336:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
322:
13:
4945:New York in the American Civil War
3565:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3490:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
3268:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2754:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1639:United States Fourteenth Amendment
774:redistricting in the United States
485:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01817.x
435:
266:Supreme Court of the United States
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5028:
5017:Legal history of New York (state)
4992:United States Supreme Court cases
3909:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3450:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
1137:City of Richmond v. United States
885:Hadley v. Junior College District
693:
276:Factual and procedural background
4961:
4935:New York and New Jersey campaign
3728:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
3137:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2598:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
711:52 (1964) is available from:
32:
3442:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
3121:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2478:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2323:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1837:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1248:Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n
669:
636:
627:
618:
313:Congressman Adam Clayton Powell
4987:1964 in United States case law
4910:History of slavery in New York
3308:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
597:
588:
579:
558:
537:
498:
1:
2977:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
2182:McNeese v. Board of Education
1689:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1184:City of Rome v. United States
492:
444:Legislative Studies Quarterly
408:Goldberg's dissenting opinion
2706:Hirabayashi v. United States
2558:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2510:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
2251:Owen v. City of Independence
1866:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
7:
4968:New York (state) portal
3592:United States v. Cruikshank
2762:Brown v. Board of Education
2063:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1914:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1456:North Carolina v. Covington
1440:North Carolina v. Covington
1200:Escambia County v. McMillan
981:Tennant v. Jefferson County
416:
362:Douglas' dissenting opinion
348:Harlan's concurring opinion
305:Governor Nelson Rockefeller
236:Goldberg, joined by Douglas
228:Douglas, joined by Goldberg
10:
5033:
2714:Korematsu v. United States
734:Oyez (oral argument audio)
4958:
4925:Invasion of Canada (1775)
4885:
4847:
4510:
4412:
4264:
4199:
4066:
4054:
3982:
3976:
3971:
3917:United States v. Morrison
3855:
3842:
3583:
3548:
3369:
3334:
3324:United States v. Skrmetti
3316:United States v. Virginia
3155:
2929:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2649:
2645:
2632:
2350:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2341:
2283:Gonzaga University v. Doe
2161:
1948:
1847:
1752:
1748:
1735:
1659:
1646:
1579:Wittman v. Personhuballah
1490:
1080:
1007:
780:
245:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
203:
137:
132:
126:
121:
99:
94:
62:
52:
48:Decided February 17, 1964
45:
31:
26:
4877:Census-designated places
4214:Administrative divisions
3949:United States v. Georgia
3893:City of Boerne v. Flores
3057:United States v. Fordice
2614:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2582:Washington v. Glucksberg
1352:Lopez v. Monterey County
1328:Lopez v. Monterey County
46:Argued November 19, 1963
4219:Congressional districts
3957:Shelby County v. Holder
3522:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3378:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2639:Equal Protection Clause
2566:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1959:United States v. Vuitch
1874:Griswold v. Connecticut
1008:Partisan gerrymandering
869:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
861:Avery v. Midland County
395:, and was also used in
297:Congressional Districts
253:; N.Y. State Law § 111.
3824:Armour v. Indianapolis
3188:Moritz v. Commissioner
2244:Procunier v. Navarette
2162:Civil rights liability
1950:Abortion jurisprudence
1408:Bartlett v. Strickland
1089:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
369:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
247:U.S. Const. Amend. XIV
176:William J. Brennan Jr.
3877:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3720:Richardson v. Ramirez
3688:Boddie v. Connecticut
3276:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
3105:Johnson v. California
2825:McLaughlin v. Florida
2213:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1773:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1665:Slaughter-House Cases
1296:United States v. Hays
1152:Beer v. United States
1097:Wright v. Rockefeller
1081:Racial gerrymandering
1064:Rucho v. Common Cause
701:Wright v. Rockefeller
505:Wright v. Rockefeller
339:The majority decision
261:Wright v. Rockefeller
251:U.S. Const. Amend. XV
27:Wright v. Rockefeller
4915:Province of New York
4274:Adirondack Mountains
3869:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3616:Breedlove v. Suttles
3466:Graham v. Richardson
3359:Obergefell v. Hodges
3164:Breedlove v. Suttles
3097:Grutter v. Bollinger
2937:Jefferson v. Hackney
2606:Obergefell v. Hodges
2542:Edwards v. Aguillard
2422:Epperson v. Arkansas
2259:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
2194:Jenkins v. McKeithen
2087:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2047:Hodgson v. Minnesota
2007:Bellotti v. Baird II
1999:Colautti v. Franklin
1754:Economic substantive
1288:Johnson v. De Grandy
1264:Voinovich v. Quilter
1216:Thornburg v. Gingles
877:Wells v. Rockefeller
772:Case law related to
4867:Indian reservations
4359:St. Lawrence Seaway
4191:Tourist attractions
3800:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3768:Mills v. Habluetzel
3752:Zablocki v. Redhail
3696:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3632:Oyama v. California
3624:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3557:Shapiro v. Thompson
3474:Sugarman v. Dougall
3418:Porterfield v. Webb
3410:Terrace v. Thompson
3073:Missouri v. Jenkins
3017:Hunter v. Underwood
2961:Milliken v. Bradley
2953:Norwood v. Harrison
2905:McDaniel v. Barresi
2590:Troxel v. Granville
2470:Mathews v. Eldridge
2454:Taylor v. Louisiana
2331:Connick v. Thompson
2111:Gonzales v. Carhart
2095:Stenberg v. Carhart
2079:Lambert v. Wicklund
1991:Bellotti v. Baird I
1789:Lochner v. New York
1673:Minor v. Happersett
1392:Georgia v. Ashcroft
1384:Easley v. Cromartie
1376:Sinkfield v. Kelley
1016:Gaffney v. Cummings
909:Gaffney v. Cummings
853:Burns v. Richardson
813:Wesberry v. Sanders
725:Library of Congress
355:Wesberry v. Sanders
4920:Stamp Act Congress
4289:Catskill Mountains
3861:Civil Rights Cases
3849:Enforcement Clause
3680:Oregon v. Mitchell
3672:Williams v. Rhodes
3498:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3458:Hernandez v. Texas
3343:Bowers v. Hardwick
3335:Sexual orientation
3212:Stanton v. Stanton
3204:Geduldig v. Aiello
3172:Goesaert v. Cleary
3089:Gratz v. Bollinger
2913:Palmer v. Thompson
2865:Hunter v. Erickson
2841:Loving v. Virginia
2809:Anderson v. Martin
2730:Shelley v. Kraemer
2674:Plessy v. Ferguson
2666:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2518:Kolender v. Lawson
2414:Loving v. Virginia
2229:Imbler v. Pachtman
2206:Wood v. Strickland
2071:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1898:Bowers v. Hardwick
1813:Buchanan v. Warley
1742:Due Process Clause
1653:Citizenship Clause
1571:Shapiro v. McManus
1129:Whitcomb v. Chavis
1032:Vieth v. Jubelirer
949:Karcher v. Daggett
789:Colegrove v. Green
160:William O. Douglas
148:Associate Justices
81:84 S. Ct. 603; 11
4974:
4973:
4930:Saratoga campaign
4279:Allegheny Plateau
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3996:Trump v. Anderson
3988:Gold Clause Cases
3967:
3966:
3941:Tennessee v. Lane
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3744:Trimble v. Gordon
3664:Levy v. Louisiana
3656:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3538:Bernal v. Fainter
3514:Ambach v. Norwick
3506:Foley v. Connelie
3402:Crane v. New York
3300:Lehr v. Robertson
3252:Caban v. Mohammed
3009:Palmore v. Sidoti
2849:Lee v. Washington
2833:Reitman v. Mulkey
2784:Gebhart v. Belton
2770:Briggs v. Elliott
2746:Sweatt v. Painter
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2502:Parratt v. Taylor
2486:Duren v. Missouri
2446:Arnett v. Kennedy
2374:Powell v. Alabama
2315:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
2200:Scheuer v. Rhodes
2015:H. L. v. Matheson
1922:Lawrence v. Texas
1858:Meyer v. Nebraska
1805:Coppage v. Kansas
1731:
1730:
1697:Perez v. Brownell
1605:
1604:
1472:Allen v. Milligan
1360:Hunt v. Cromartie
1344:Abrams v. Johnson
1304:Miller v. Johnson
1113:Connor v. Johnson
1070:Lamone v. Benisek
1056:Benisek v. Lamone
1024:Davis v. Bandemer
989:Evenwel v. Abbott
624:376 U.S. at 60-61
585:376 U.S. at 56-57
374:African Americans
257:
256:
172:John M. Harlan II
5024:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4389:Thousand Islands
4354:Ridge and Valley
4344:Niagara Frontier
4324:Hudson Highlands
4319:Holland Purchase
4304:Champlain Valley
4299:Central New York
4284:Capital District
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3973:
3972:
3885:Dellmuth v. Muth
3844:
3843:
3244:Parham v. Hughes
3220:Edwards v. Healy
3049:Freeman v. Pitts
2804:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2801:Browder v. Gayle
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2550:Turner v. Safley
2526:Hudson v. Palmer
2390:NAACP v. Alabama
1849:Right to privacy
1797:Muller v. Oregon
1765:Mugler v. Kansas
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1713:Rogers v. Bellei
1648:
1647:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1547:Lance v. Coffman
1515:Quinn v. Millsap
1432:Cooper v. Harris
1232:Chisom v. Roemer
1176:Mobile v. Bolden
1168:Wise v. Lipscomb
1105:Turner v. Fouche
1048:Gill v. Whitford
957:Brown v. Thomson
925:Chapman v. Meier
845:Fortson v. Toomb
821:Reynolds v. Sims
781:Equal population
766:
759:
752:
743:
742:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
714:
688:
685:
676:
673:
667:
664:
655:
652:
643:
640:
634:
631:
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622:
616:
613:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
577:
574:
565:
562:
556:
553:
544:
541:
535:
532:
519:
502:
488:
467:
323:Court's Decision
133:Court membership
36:
35:
24:
23:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4905:Rensselaerswyck
4881:
4843:
4506:
4408:
4260:
4239:Representatives
4195:
4062:
4050:
4041:
4011:
4002:
3978:
3963:
3851:
3830:
3579:
3544:
3482:In re Griffiths
3426:Webb v. O'Brien
3365:
3330:
3151:
3081:Texas v. Lesage
2873:Hadnott v. Amos
2658:Pace v. Alabama
2641:
2620:
2398:Hoyt v. Florida
2337:
2267:Felder v. Casey
2163:
2157:
1944:
1843:
1821:Adams v. Tanner
1781:Holden v. Hardy
1755:
1744:
1727:
1705:Afroyim v. Rusk
1655:
1642:
1636:
1606:
1601:
1595:Moore v. Harper
1539:Lance v. Dennis
1531:Branch v. Smith
1507:Upham v. Seamon
1486:
1448:Abbott v. Perez
1256:Growe v. Emison
1224:Clark v. Roemer
1192:Rogers v. Lodge
1076:
1003:
917:White v. Weiser
893:Mahan v. Howell
805:Gray v. Sanders
776:
770:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
696:
691:
686:
679:
674:
670:
665:
658:
653:
646:
641:
637:
632:
628:
623:
619:
614:
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602:
598:
593:
589:
584:
580:
575:
568:
563:
559:
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547:
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538:
533:
522:
503:
499:
495:
438:
436:Further reading
419:
410:
364:
350:
341:
325:
278:
196:Arthur Goldberg
186:
174:
162:
90:
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4972:
4971:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4940:State cessions
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:New Netherland
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
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4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Saint Lawrence
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4652:
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4642:
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4607:
4602:
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4522:
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4514:
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4505:
4504:
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4490:
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4475:
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4465:
4460:
4455:
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4437:
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4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Tri-State area
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Central Region
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:Transportation
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Climate change
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3808:Vacco v. Quill
3804:
3796:
3788:
3784:Clark v. Jeter
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3640:Oyler v. Boles
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3394:Heim v. McCall
3390:
3386:Truax v. Raich
3382:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3351:Romer v. Evans
3347:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3228:Craig v. Boren
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3196:Kahn v. Shevin
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
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2957:
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2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2738:Perez v. Sharp
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2698:Smith v. Texas
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2494:Parham v. J.R.
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2406:Oyler v. Boles
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2188:Pierson v. Ray
2185:
2179:
2175:Monroe v. Pape
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
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2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
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1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1681:Elk v. Wilkins
1677:
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1660:
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1656:
1644:
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1627:
1620:
1612:
1603:
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1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1555:Perry v. Perez
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1527:
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1511:
1503:
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1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1280:Holder v. Hall
1276:
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694:External links
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545:
543:376 U.S. at 54
536:
534:376 U.S. at 53
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479:(2): 165–184.
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391:instituted in
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270:gerrymandering
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4662:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:New York City
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Niagara Falls
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Southern Tier
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:North Country
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Mohawk Valley
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Hudson Valley
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:Plyler v. Doe
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:Frick v. Webb
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:Coit v. Green
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:Lucy v. Adams
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:Goss v. Lopez
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:In re Winship
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:Zucht v. King
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:Paul v. Davis
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:Azar v. Garza
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:Doe v. Bolton
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:Doe v. Bolton
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:Utah v. Evans
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:Cox v. Larios
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
941:Ball v. James
938:
935:
934:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:Davis v. Mann
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
798:
797:Baker v. Carr
794:
791:
790:
786:
785:
783:
779:
775:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
744:
735:
726:
717:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
684:
682:
672:
663:
661:
651:
649:
639:
630:
621:
612:
610:
600:
591:
582:
573:
571:
561:
552:
550:
540:
531:
529:
527:
525:
517:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
439:
431:
430:
426:
424:
421:
420:
414:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
370:
359:
357:
356:
345:
336:
334:
330:
329:Justice Black
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:Case opinions
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:Chief Justice
139:
138:
136:
131:
125:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
40:
30:
25:
19:
4950:9/11 attacks
4314:Finger Lakes
4224:Constitution
4136:Homelessness
4101:Demographics
4086:Bibliography
4056:
3994:
3986:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3822:
3816:Bush v. Gore
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3180:Reed v. Reed
3178:
3170:
3162:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2366:Buck v. Bell
2364:
2356:
2348:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2173:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1721:Saenz v. Roe
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1320:Bush v. Vera
1318:
1312:Shaw v. Hunt
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1272:Shaw v. Reno
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1121:Ely v. Klahr
1119:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
700:
671:
638:
629:
620:
599:
590:
581:
560:
539:
518: (1964).
504:
500:
476:
472:
447:
443:
429:Shaw v. Reno
427:
411:
386:
382:
378:
367:
365:
353:
351:
342:
326:
317:
279:
260:
259:
258:
241:Laws applied
191:
179:
167:
164:Tom C. Clark
155:
103:
95:Case history
74:
56:
18:
4829:Westchester
4757:Schenectady
4540:Cattaraugus
4458:Glens Falls
4426:Schenectady
4414:Metro areas
4384:Tech Valley
4369:Ski country
4364:Shawangunks
4334:Long Island
4229:Delegations
4141:LGBT rights
2741:(Cal. 1948)
2690:Lum v. Rice
1967:Roe v. Wade
1882:Roe v. Wade
1756:due process
282:Seventeenth
217:Concurrence
188:Byron White
144:Earl Warren
4981:Categories
4812:Washington
4732:Rensselaer
4660:Montgomery
4645:Livingston
4550:Chautauqua
4435:Binghamton
4379:Southtowns
4251:Government
4126:Healthcare
3236:Orr v. Orr
493:References
290:Nineteenth
286:Eighteenth
152:Hugo Black
87:U.S. LEXIS
85:512; 1964
4817:Charlotte
4762:Schoharie
4630:Jefferson
4502:Watertown
4483:Rochester
4468:Jamestown
4246:Elections
4116:Geography
4111:Education
4061:(capital)
3549:Residency
307:, in the
301:Manhattan
294:Twentieth
83:L. Ed. 2d
63:Citations
4872:Villages
4797:Tompkins
4787:Sullivan
4767:Schuyler
4752:Saratoga
4742:Rockland
4737:Richmond
4692:Onondaga
4677:New York
4625:Herkimer
4620:Hamilton
4600:Franklin
4585:Dutchess
4580:Delaware
4575:Cortland
4570:Columbia
4560:Chenango
4525:Allegany
4512:Counties
4488:Syracuse
4473:Kingston
4394:Tug Hill
4234:Senators
4209:Abortion
4201:Politics
4171:Politics
4156:Nickname
4121:Gun laws
4081:Airports
4048:New York
3370:Alienage
1641:case law
699:Text of
417:See also
209:Majority
115:S.D.N.Y.
108:F. Supp.
4887:History
4834:Wyoming
4782:Suffolk
4777:Steuben
4707:Orleans
4697:Ontario
4682:Niagara
4650:Madison
4610:Genesee
4565:Clinton
4555:Chemung
4453:Corning
4440:Buffalo
4404:Western
4399:Upstate
4266:Regions
4181:Symbols
4146:Museums
4131:History
4106:Economy
2765:(1954)
401:Lincoln
397:Lebanon
389:British
233:Dissent
225:Dissent
122:Holding
4895:Lenape
4857:Cities
4849:Places
4807:Warren
4802:Ulster
4772:Seneca
4727:Queens
4722:Putnam
4717:Otsego
4712:Oswego
4702:Orange
4687:Oneida
4672:Nassau
4655:Monroe
4615:Greene
4605:Fulton
4545:Cayuga
4535:Broome
4520:Albany
4463:Ithaca
4449:Elmira
4422:Albany
4176:Sports
4166:People
4068:Topics
4058:Albany
3999:(2024)
3991:(1935)
3960:(2013)
3952:(2006)
3944:(2004)
3936:(2003)
3928:(2001)
3920:(2000)
3912:(2000)
3904:(1999)
3896:(1997)
3888:(1989)
3880:(1976)
3872:(1966)
3864:(1883)
3827:(2012)
3819:(2000)
3811:(1997)
3803:(1991)
3795:(1988)
3787:(1988)
3779:(1985)
3771:(1982)
3763:(1979)
3755:(1978)
3747:(1977)
3739:(1976)
3731:(1974)
3723:(1974)
3715:(1973)
3707:(1973)
3699:(1972)
3691:(1971)
3683:(1970)
3675:(1968)
3667:(1968)
3659:(1966)
3651:(1966)
3643:(1962)
3635:(1948)
3627:(1942)
3619:(1937)
3611:(1928)
3603:(1886)
3595:(1876)
3576:(1985)
3568:(1977)
3560:(1969)
3541:(1984)
3533:(1982)
3525:(1982)
3517:(1979)
3509:(1978)
3501:(1977)
3493:(1976)
3485:(1973)
3477:(1973)
3469:(1971)
3461:(1954)
3453:(1948)
3445:(1927)
3437:(1923)
3429:(1923)
3421:(1923)
3413:(1923)
3405:(1915)
3397:(1915)
3389:(1915)
3381:(1914)
3362:(2015)
3354:(1996)
3346:(1986)
3327:(2024)
3319:(1996)
3311:(1994)
3303:(1983)
3295:(1982)
3287:(1981)
3279:(1981)
3271:(1980)
3263:(1979)
3255:(1979)
3247:(1979)
3239:(1979)
3231:(1976)
3223:(1975)
3215:(1975)
3207:(1974)
3199:(1974)
3191:(1972)
3183:(1971)
3175:(1948)
3167:(1937)
3148:(2023)
3140:(2016)
3132:(2014)
3124:(2013)
3116:(2007)
3108:(2005)
3100:(2003)
3092:(2003)
3084:(1999)
3076:(1995)
3068:(1993)
3060:(1992)
3052:(1992)
3044:(1991)
3036:(1989)
3028:(1986)
3020:(1985)
3012:(1984)
3004:(1982)
2996:(1982)
2988:(1978)
2980:(1977)
2972:(1977)
2964:(1974)
2956:(1973)
2948:(1973)
2940:(1972)
2932:(1971)
2924:(1971)
2916:(1971)
2908:(1971)
2900:(1971)
2892:(1969)
2884:(1969)
2876:(1969)
2868:(1969)
2860:(1968)
2852:(1968)
2844:(1967)
2836:(1967)
2828:(1964)
2820:(1964)
2812:(1964)
2796:(1955)
2757:(1950)
2749:(1950)
2733:(1948)
2725:(1948)
2717:(1944)
2709:(1943)
2701:(1940)
2693:(1927)
2685:(1899)
2677:(1896)
2669:(1886)
2661:(1883)
2617:(2016)
2609:(2015)
2601:(2009)
2593:(2000)
2585:(1997)
2577:(1990)
2569:(1989)
2561:(1989)
2553:(1987)
2545:(1987)
2537:(1985)
2529:(1984)
2521:(1983)
2513:(1982)
2505:(1981)
2497:(1979)
2489:(1979)
2481:(1977)
2473:(1976)
2465:(1975)
2457:(1975)
2449:(1974)
2441:(1974)
2433:(1971)
2425:(1968)
2417:(1967)
2409:(1962)
2401:(1961)
2393:(1958)
2385:(1950)
2377:(1932)
2369:(1927)
2361:(1922)
2353:(1905)
2334:(2011)
2326:(2010)
2318:(2009)
2310:(2009)
2302:(2005)
2294:(2003)
2286:(2002)
2278:(1989)
2270:(1988)
2262:(1982)
2254:(1980)
2246:(1978)
2240:(1978)
2232:(1976)
2224:(1976)
2216:(1975)
2208:(1975)
2202:(1974)
2196:(1969)
2190:(1967)
2184:(1963)
2178:(1961)
2164:under
2154:(2022)
2146:(2020)
2138:(2019)
2130:(2018)
2122:(2016)
2114:(2007)
2106:(2006)
2098:(2000)
2090:(1997)
2082:(1997)
2074:(1996)
2066:(1992)
2058:(1990)
2050:(1990)
2042:(1989)
2034:(1986)
2026:(1983)
2018:(1981)
2010:(1979)
2002:(1979)
1994:(1976)
1986:(1976)
1978:(1973)
1970:(1973)
1962:(1971)
1941:(2022)
1933:(2016)
1925:(2003)
1917:(1992)
1909:(1989)
1901:(1986)
1893:(1973)
1885:(1973)
1877:(1965)
1869:(1925)
1861:(1923)
1840:(1937)
1832:(1931)
1824:(1917)
1816:(1917)
1808:(1915)
1800:(1908)
1792:(1905)
1784:(1898)
1776:(1897)
1768:(1887)
1724:(1999)
1716:(1971)
1708:(1967)
1700:(1958)
1692:(1898)
1684:(1884)
1676:(1875)
1668:(1873)
1598:(2023)
1590:(2019)
1582:(2016)
1574:(2015)
1566:(2015)
1558:(2012)
1550:(2007)
1542:(2006)
1534:(2003)
1526:(2002)
1518:(1989)
1510:(1982)
1502:(1977)
1483:(2024)
1475:(2023)
1467:(2022)
1459:(2018)
1451:(2018)
1443:(2017)
1435:(2017)
1427:(2017)
1419:(2015)
1411:(2009)
1403:(2006)
1395:(2003)
1387:(2001)
1379:(2000)
1371:(2000)
1363:(1999)
1355:(1999)
1347:(1997)
1339:(1997)
1331:(1996)
1323:(1996)
1315:(1996)
1307:(1995)
1299:(1995)
1291:(1994)
1283:(1994)
1275:(1993)
1267:(1993)
1259:(1993)
1251:(1992)
1243:(1991)
1235:(1991)
1227:(1991)
1219:(1986)
1211:(1984)
1203:(1984)
1195:(1982)
1187:(1980)
1179:(1980)
1171:(1978)
1163:(1977)
1155:(1976)
1140:(1975)
1132:(1971)
1124:(1971)
1116:(1971)
1108:(1970)
1100:(1964)
1092:(1960)
1073:(2019)
1059:(2018)
1051:(2018)
1043:(2006)
1035:(2004)
1027:(1986)
1019:(1973)
1000:(2016)
992:(2016)
984:(2012)
976:(2004)
968:(1989)
960:(1983)
952:(1983)
944:(1981)
936:(1976)
928:(1975)
920:(1973)
912:(1973)
904:(1973)
896:(1973)
888:(1970)
880:(1969)
872:(1969)
864:(1968)
856:(1966)
848:(1965)
840:(1964)
832:(1964)
824:(1964)
816:(1964)
808:(1963)
800:(1962)
792:(1946)
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
716:Justia
713:
507:,
464:439420
462:
292:, and
220:Harlan
194:
192:·
190:
182:
180:·
178:
170:
168:·
166:
158:
156:·
154:
4862:Towns
4839:Yates
4824:Wayne
4792:Tioga
4665:Tryon
4640:Lewis
4635:Kings
4595:Essex
4530:Bronx
4493:Utica
4161:Parks
4151:Music
4096:Crime
4076:Index
4044:State
3977:Other
3584:Other
2342:Other
1491:Other
707:
511:
460:JSTOR
393:India
117:1962)
100:Prior
4590:Erie
4497:Rome
4430:Troy
2650:Race
709:U.S.
513:U.S.
106:211
89:1774
76:more
68:U.S.
66:376
4256:Law
4046:of
3156:Sex
705:376
509:376
481:doi
452:doi
299:in
111:460
4983::
4495:/
4451:/
4442:/
4428:/
4424:/
1067:/
703:,
680:^
659:^
647:^
608:^
569:^
548:^
523:^
516:52
477:72
475:.
458:.
446:.
288:,
284:,
249:;
71:52
4036:e
4029:t
4022:v
1631:e
1624:t
1617:v
765:e
758:t
751:v
487:.
483::
466:.
454::
448:2
113:(
79:)
73:(
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