1372:(TFC) is the worldwide consumption of energy by end-users (whereas primary energy consumption (Eurostat) or total energy supply (IEA) is total energy demand and thus also includes what the energy sector uses itself and transformation and distribution losses). This energy consists of fuel (78%) and electricity (22%). The tables list amounts, expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and how much of these is renewable energy. Non-energy products are not considered here. The data are of 2018. The world's renewable share of TFC was 18% in 2018: 7% traditional biomass, 3.6% hydropower and 7.4% other renewables.
1288:. Heat, especially at a relatively low temperature, is low-quality energy, whereas electricity is high-quality energy. It takes around 3 kWh of heat to produce 1 kWh of electricity. But by the same token, a kilowatt-hour of this high-quality electricity can be used to pump several kilowatt-hours of heat into a building using a heat pump. Electricity can be used in many ways in which heat cannot. So the loss of energy incurred in thermal electricity plants is not comparable to a loss due to, say, resistance in power lines, because of quality differences.
933:
22:
240:
6597:
5011:
6585:
2664:
5035:
38:
2888:
6621:
6609:
2688:
2676:
5047:
5023:
3969:
1255:(TES) indicates the sum of production and imports subtracting exports and storage changes. For the whole world TES nearly equals primary energy PE because imports and exports cancel out, but for countries TES and PE differ in quantity, and also in quality as secondary energy is involved, e.g., import of an oil refinery product. TES is all energy required to supply energy for end users.
326:), where 1 TWh = 10 kWh) and % of Total. Renewable is Biomass plus Heat plus renewable percentage of Electricity production (hydro, wind, solar). Nuclear is nonrenewable percentage of Electricity production. The above-mentioned underestimation of hydro, wind and solar energy, compared to nuclear and fossil energy, applies also to Enerdata.
2822:, a decrease was seen in 2023, but a moderate rise is anticipated in the coming years, largely fueled by data centers. The report also anticipates that a surge in electricity generation from low-emissions sources will meet the global demand growth over the next three years, with renewable energy sources predicted to surpass coal by early 2025.
2760:
provides an outlook based on the latest policy settings. The share of fossil fuel in global energy supply – stuck for decades around 80% – starts to edge downwards and reaches 73% by 2030. This undercuts the rationale for any increase in fossil fuel investment. Renewables are set to contribute 80% of
2861:
Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 88% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 in the alternative scenarios. "New" renewables—mainly wind, solar and geothermal energy—will contribute 83% of the total electricity generated. The average annual investment required between 2015 and
1044:
Much primary and converted energy is traded among countries. The table lists countries with large difference of export and import in 2021, expressed in Mtoe. A negative value indicates that much energy import is needed for the economy. Russian gas exports were reduced a lot in 2022, as pipelines to
2781:
limits global warming to 1.5 °C. The share of fossil fuel reaches 62% in 2030. Methane emissions from fossil fuel supply cuts by 75% in 2030. Total energy investment rises to almost US$ 5 trillion per year after 2030. Clean energy investment needs to rise everywhere, but the steepest increases are
2739:
In 2022, consumers worldwide spent nearly USD 10 trillion on energy, averaging more than USD 1,200 per person. This reflects a 20% increase over the previous five-year average, highlighting the significant economic impact and the increasing financial burden of energy consumption on a global scale.
2782:
needed in emerging market and developing economies other than China, requiring enhanced international support. The share of electricity in final consumption exceeds 50% by 2050 in NZE. The share of nuclear power in electricity generation remains broadly stable over time in all scenarios, about 9%.
2838:
will be difficult to achieve. Various scenarios for achieving the Paris
Climate Agreement Goals have been developed, using IEA data but proposing transition to nearly 100% renewables by mid-century, along with steps such as reforestation. Nuclear power and carbon capture are excluded in these
314:
Primary energy assessment by IEA follows certain rules to ease measurement of different kinds of energy. These rules are controversial. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as PE, which is set at the electric energy
142:. Of about 50 billion tonnes worldwide annual total greenhouse gas emissions, 36 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was a result of energy use (almost all from fossil fuels) in 2021. Many scenarios have been envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, usually by the name of
2152:
If the final energy delivered for consumption is E and the EROI equals R, then the net energy available is E-E/R. The percentage available energy is 100-100/R. For R>10 more than 90% is available but for R=2 only 50% and for R=1 none. This steep decline is known as the
1397:
The first table lists final consumption in the countries/regions which use most (85%), and per person as of 2018. In developing countries fuel consumption per person is low and more renewable. Canada, Venezuela and Brazil generate most electricity with hydropower.
940:
Energy resources must be processed in order to make it suitable for final consumption. For example, there may be various impurities in raw coal mined or raw natural gas that was produced from an oil well that may make it unsuitable to be burned in a power plant.
3428:“Data Page: Primary energy consumption per capita”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) - “Energy”. Data adapted from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Energy Institute, Various sources. Retrieved from
2773:
assumes all national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time. The APS is associated with a temperature rise of 1.7 °C in 2100 (with a 50% probability). Total energy investment rises to about US$ 4 trillion per year after
2765:
emissions in the mid-2020s but emissions remain high enough to push up global average temperatures to around 2.4 °C in 2100. Total energy demand continues to increase through to 2050. Total energy investment remains at about US$ 3 trillion per
1258:
The tables list TES and PE for some countries where these differ much, both in 2021 and TES history. Most growth of TES since 1990 occurred in Asia. The amounts are rounded and given in Mtoe. Enerdata labels TES as Total energy consumption.
2811:
current usage. Notably, 85% of the additional demand is expected to originate from China and India, with India's demand alone predicted to grow over 6% annually until 2026, driven by economic expansion and increasing air conditioning use.
1378:
Fuel comes in three types: Fossil fuel is natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), or from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, blast furnace gas). Secondly, there is renewable fuel
3404:
2165:
Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply and consumption of either their own country, of other countries of interest, or of all countries combined in one chart. One of the largest organizations in this field, the
96:. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource (e.g. coal), and intended end use (industrial, residential, etc.). Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the
315:
produced. But fossil and nuclear energy are set at the reaction heat, which is about three times the electric energy. This measurement difference can lead to underestimating the economic contribution of renewable energy.
1291:
In fact, the loss in thermal plants is due to poor conversion of chemical energy of fuel to electricity by combustion. Chemical energy of fuel is not inherently low-quality; for example, conversion to electricity in
2178:. The organization Enerdata on the other hand publishes a free Yearbook, making the data more accessible. Another trustworthy organization that provides accurate energy data, mainly referring to the USA, is the
2786:
The IEA's "Electricity 2024" report details a 2.2% growth in global electricity demand for 2023, forecasting an annual increase of 3.4% through 2026, with notable contributions from emerging economies like
321:
The table lists worldwide PE and the countries producing most (76%) of that in 2021, using
Enerdata. The amounts are rounded and given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh (41.9
2712:
3266:
3686:
3397:
2839:
scenarios. The researchers say the costs will be far less than the $ 5 trillion per year governments currently spend subsidizing the fossil fuel industries responsible for climate change.
318:
Enerdata displays data for "Total energy / production: Coal, Oil, Gas, Biomass, Heat and
Electricity" and for "Renewables / % in electricity production: Renewables, non-renewables".
2869:
countries (but increase in developing world regions) after 2020. The passenger car use decline will be partly compensated by strong increase in public transport rail and bus systems.
3772:
3541:
1266:. In 2019 TES was 606 EJ and final consumption was 418 EJ, 69% of TES. Most of the energy lost by conversion occurs in thermal electricity plants and the energy industry own use.
3668:
3043:
3450:
3357:
127:, who are not producing enough energy in their own countries to satisfy their energy demand. Total energy consumption tends to increase by about 1–2% per year. More recently,
6321:
973:
plants to remove contaminants such as water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and to adjust the heating value. It is used as fuel gas, also in thermal power stations.
3872:
3831:
250:
refers to first form of energy encountered, as raw resources collected directly from energy production, before any conversion or transformation of the energy occurs.
6497:
6165:
2736:, there was a significant decline in energy usage worldwide in 2020, but total energy demand worldwide had recovered by 2021, and has hit a record high in 2022.
2975:
1318:
6338:
2502:
3505:
3740:
3796:
3634:
5774:
5600:
3296:
2719:
1375:
In the period 2005–2017 worldwide final consumption of coal increased by 23%, of oil and gas increased by 18%, and that of electricity increased by 41%.
3605:
3258:
5769:
2965:
5637:
2862:
2050, including costs for additional power plants to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and for plant replacement, will be around $ 1.4 trillion.
5574:
4027:
Achieving the Paris
Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C
3683:
5283:
3572:
2970:
5516:
2955:
5400:
3768:
2960:
329:
The 2021 world total energy production of 14,800 MToe corresponds to a little over 172 PWh / year, or about 19.6 TW of power generation.
177:
165:
3537:
5659:
5617:
3707:
2133:
Some fuel and electricity is used to construct, maintain and demolish/recycle installations that produce fuel and electricity, such as
1046:
3664:
3233:
3041:
1262:
25% of worldwide primary production is used for conversion and transport, and 6% for non-energy products like lubricants, asphalt and
6538:
5654:
5239:
3989:
2795:, despite a slump in advanced economies due to economic and inflationary pressures. The report underscores the significant impact of
3442:
3349:
2175:
5869:
5590:
5308:
5085:
2216:
6225:
6014:
5182:
4124:
3327:
2547:
5874:
5837:
5691:
5676:
5595:
5244:
5188:
4744:
4092:
2357:
2179:
6533:
5671:
4788:
4463:
3827:
2950:
4057:
6672:
6555:
5511:
5506:
3813:
3164:
181:
333:
Largest
Primary Energy producers (76% of world production) as of 2021, given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year
6036:
5814:
5632:
5564:
5554:
5537:
5444:
2761:
new power capacity to 2030, with solar PV alone accounting for more than half. The STEPS sees a peak in energy-related CO
2352:
173:
5569:
2858:
in 2040. In 2050 renewables can cover nearly all energy demand. Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.
6465:
6326:
6283:
5779:
2876:
emission can reduce from 32 Gt in 2015 to 7 Gt (+2.0 Scenario) or 2.7 Gt (+1.5 Scenario) in 2040, and to zero in 2050.
2705:
2377:
2194:
6392:
6268:
6085:
5288:
4043:
2264:
104:. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of
3536:
Attinasi, Maria Grazia; Doleschel, Julia; Gerinovics, Rinalds; Gunnella, Vanessa; Mancini, Michele (4 August 2022).
6625:
6263:
6243:
6190:
6142:
5204:
4871:
2692:
3853:
6382:
6333:
5759:
5721:
5666:
5136:
3501:
3246:
Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing – averaging around 1% to 2% per year.
2585:
112:
3729:
6450:
5734:
5491:
4881:
3793:
3630:
2865:
Shifts from domestic aviation to rail and from road to rail are needed. Passenger car use must decrease in the
2630:
3288:
3135:
6560:
6095:
5627:
3594:
3379:
2615:
3195:
6543:
6215:
5744:
5739:
5644:
5521:
5078:
5051:
4411:
2748:
In World Energy
Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that "We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030"
6662:
5754:
5607:
4970:
4229:
4117:
2901:
2620:
2382:
2167:
2128:
1073:
93:
2807:, projecting a potential doubling of electricity consumption to 1,000 TWh by 2026, which is on par with
6682:
6613:
6377:
6180:
6137:
5910:
5832:
5686:
2680:
2402:
2322:
2239:
6657:
6652:
6482:
6157:
6132:
6105:
6067:
5984:
5802:
5649:
5612:
5362:
5131:
5126:
5121:
4876:
4734:
4396:
4341:
4321:
4316:
3004:
Nuclear: heat produced by nuclear reactions, 3 times the electric energy, based on 33% efficiency of
2835:
2600:
2542:
2492:
2472:
2202:
5997:
3472:
1279:
6492:
6487:
6477:
6418:
6258:
5764:
5729:
5622:
5549:
5390:
5219:
5155:
5116:
4805:
4149:
3072:
2907:
2590:
2497:
2449:
2367:
2221:
169:
135:
3564:
6601:
6523:
6433:
6175:
6147:
5827:
5486:
5464:
5071:
5027:
4965:
4950:
4346:
4326:
2850:, well below the current production. Renewable sources can increase their share to 300 EJ in the
2800:
2427:
1308:
3035:
is set at more than 10 times the electric energy due to the very low efficiency of these plants.
6667:
6647:
6200:
6020:
5962:
5879:
5864:
5749:
5395:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
4478:
4374:
4301:
4291:
4172:
4110:
2937:
2552:
2527:
2437:
2417:
2387:
2342:
2269:
2254:
1065:
991:
970:
49:
2846:
total primary energy demand in 2040 can be 450 EJ = 10,755 Mtoe, or 400 EJ = 9560 Mtoe in the
6589:
6235:
6112:
5920:
5380:
5303:
4418:
4209:
2668:
2487:
2442:
2259:
953:
3703:
3443:"IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels"
6428:
6306:
5967:
5542:
5469:
4866:
4839:
4817:
4724:
4657:
4406:
4336:
4281:
3429:
3225:
3094:
2931:
2532:
2432:
2372:
3985:
8:
6445:
6220:
5454:
5449:
4945:
4888:
4810:
4783:
4468:
4331:
4306:
3005:
2998:
2645:
2610:
2605:
2317:
1391:
3930:
3098:
936:
Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.
6273:
6205:
6122:
5972:
5937:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5459:
4925:
4903:
4893:
4729:
4049:
3110:
3084:
2925:
2640:
2580:
2537:
2412:
2289:
2232:
1069:
149:
There is a clear connection between energy consumption per capita, and GDP per capita.
57:
53:
3319:
29:
per year: Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as
6507:
6170:
5915:
5681:
5474:
5437:
5224:
5178:
5034:
4827:
4652:
4513:
4473:
4443:
4428:
4401:
4311:
4214:
4154:
4144:
4053:
4039:
3114:
2733:
2362:
2249:
2138:
287:
6550:
6117:
6100:
6041:
5932:
5696:
5420:
5293:
5229:
4986:
4960:
4955:
4935:
4920:
4761:
4751:
4531:
4458:
4194:
4031:
3102:
3032:
2913:
2818:
electricity demand is also forecasted to climb by 5% annually through 2026. In the
2635:
2407:
2279:
1384:
279:
230:
214:
128:
30:
6502:
6423:
6387:
6316:
6290:
6278:
6195:
6127:
6002:
5859:
5481:
5432:
5410:
5015:
4996:
4910:
4677:
4592:
4448:
4438:
4423:
4381:
4286:
4236:
4187:
4025:
3800:
3690:
3672:
3350:"Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021 - News"
3047:
2831:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2337:
3814:"Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) | Data"
3160:
1296:
can theoretically approach 100%. So energy loss in thermal plants is real loss.
6677:
6455:
6311:
6253:
6248:
6090:
5979:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5559:
5496:
5234:
5214:
5173:
5094:
4991:
4940:
4915:
4719:
4684:
4617:
4607:
4523:
4503:
4498:
4483:
4453:
4433:
4391:
4369:
4351:
4251:
4241:
4177:
3973:
3950:
3217:
3106:
2928: – Energy that responsibly meets social, economic, and environmental needs
2815:
2804:
2625:
2575:
2422:
2392:
2347:
2244:
2211:
1285:
1275:
1263:
1039:
1027:
964:
945:
932:
247:
131:
has been growing rapidly, averaging about 20% increase per year in the 2010s.
120:
101:
4035:
6641:
6528:
6460:
6185:
6007:
5992:
5927:
5822:
5039:
4898:
4858:
4822:
4778:
4704:
4667:
4585:
4508:
4276:
4271:
4224:
4204:
2919:
2893:
2819:
2595:
2557:
2274:
1007:
1003:
995:
760:
153:
105:
3502:"Balance of world energy trade | Global Energy Trading | Enerdata"
21:
6413:
6210:
5854:
5844:
5501:
5385:
5298:
4795:
4739:
4689:
4672:
4493:
4266:
4199:
3022:
2515:
2332:
2134:
1015:
295:
85:
64:, and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as
6440:
5957:
5949:
5209:
4800:
4766:
4640:
4630:
4573:
4556:
4541:
4488:
4386:
3026:
2796:
2522:
2284:
1061:
1053:
999:
957:
303:
266:
111:
As of 2022, energy consumption is still about 80% from fossil fuels. The
77:
239:
6472:
5849:
4834:
4756:
4694:
4662:
4602:
4296:
3018:
2397:
2327:
2294:
1402:
Final consumption in most using countries and per person (as of 2018)
1057:
1026:
in 1954 started electricity generation by solar panels, connected to a
1023:
1011:
323:
307:
299:
291:
61:
3763:
3761:
5427:
4844:
4771:
4645:
4625:
4597:
4536:
3221:
1293:
1030:. Mass production of panels around the year 2000 made this economic.
1019:
262:
139:
26:
4088:
3538:"Trade flows with Russia since the start of its invasion of Ukraine"
2170:(IEA), sells yearly comprehensive energy data which makes this data
119:
are major energy exporters. Their customers include for example the
4580:
4561:
4546:
4246:
3758:
3535:
3526:
Encyclopaedia
Britannica, vol.18, Energy Conversion, 15th ed., 1992
3089:
143:
37:
3706:. International Energy Agency. 26 September 2019. pp. 6, 36.
41:
Primary energy consumption by source (worldwide) from 1965 to 2020
5405:
5063:
4714:
4256:
4082:
3191:
3073:"Global fossil carbon emissions rebound near pre-COVID-19 levels"
2940: – Estimated maximum capacity for energy production on Earth
2887:
2171:
1380:
983:
979:
283:
273:
97:
84:. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example
81:
6408:
4261:
4182:
4133:
3259:"Global wind and solar growth on track to meet climate targets"
2910: – Modification of consumer energy usage during peak hours
1811:
The next table shows countries consuming most (85%) in Europe.
116:
72:
forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example
6322:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
5415:
3972:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3968:
3873:"Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions"
2808:
2792:
2788:
124:
89:
3595:"International recommendations for energy statistics (IRES)"
2141:
and wind turbines. For these producers to be economical the
1383:
and fuel derived from waste). And lastly, the fuel used for
134:
Two key problems with energy production and consumption are
4635:
4568:
4551:
4219:
3870:
2866:
258:
73:
4097:
3318:
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020).
960:
is derived by destructive distillation of bituminous coal.
6498:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4102:
1190:
World TES history (in
Million Tons of Energy Equivalent)
3696:
3430:
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use
976:
Nuclear reaction heat is used in thermal power stations.
189:
World total primary energy consumption by type in 2020
3974:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2976:
List of countries by energy consumption and production
2934: – Publication of the International Energy Agency
2922: – How a government or business deals with energy
1363: International aviation and marine bunkers (4.2%)
6339:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3931:
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023
3631:"World Energy Consumption Statistics | Enerdata"
1815:
Countries consuming most (85%) in Europe as of 2018.
56:. The system of global energy supply consists of the
2883:
243:
World map with primary energy use per person in 2021
2916: – Measure of an economy's energy inefficiency
152:A significant lack of energy supplies is called an
3317:
3216:
2966:List of countries by energy consumption per capita
1085:Total Energy Supply and Primary Energy (in MToe)
6639:
6539:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4030:. Springer International Publishing. p. 3.
3828:"Is There Such a Thing as a "Net Energy Cliff?""
3380:"Energy use per person vs. GDP per capita, 2021"
1045:Asia plus LNG export capacity is much less than
3986:"The Truth Behind the Climate Pledges – FEU-US"
1390:The amounts of fuel in the tables are based on
1280:Fuel cell § Theoretical maximum efficiency
1269:
5284:History of climate change policy and politics
5079:
4118:
3871:International Energy Agency, IEA (May 2024).
3854:"Global primary energy consumption by source"
2971:List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
2713:
3602:UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
2956:List of countries by electricity consumption
2904: – Worldwide consumption of electricity
944:Primary energy is converted in many ways to
253:Energy production is usually classified as:
159:
5401:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3398:"Statistical Review of World Energy (2021)"
2961:List of countries by electricity production
2143:ratio of energy returned on energy invested
178:List of countries by natural gas production
166:List of countries by electricity production
6620:
6608:
6065:
5086:
5072:
4125:
4111:
3186:
3184:
3182:
2720:
2706:
2687:
2675:
6360:
6166:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5309:United Nations Climate Change conferences
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3565:"Can Russia Execute a Gas Pivot to Asia?"
3192:"World Energy Statistics | Enerdata"
3088:
2779:Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario
5870:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3649:
2825:
1052:Transport of energy carriers is done by
931:
238:
36:
20:
6226:National Adaptation Programme of Action
6015:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4085:- World Energy & Climate Statistics
3179:
3070:
2548:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2160:
1307:World total final consumption of 9,717
25:Global energy consumption, measured in
6640:
5875:Economics of climate change mitigation
5838:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5361:
5189:Scientific consensus on climate change
4745:Integrated gasification combined cycle
4093:U.S. Energy Information Administration
3834:from the original on 20 September 2022
3562:
2358:Economics of climate change mitigation
2180:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2176:difficult to access for internet users
1079:
100:. It is needed in industry and global
6534:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6359:
6064:
5800:
5360:
5272:
5153:
5105:
5067:
4789:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
4464:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
4106:
4023:
4004:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3893:
3769:"Data tables – Data & Statistics"
3710:from the original on 31 December 2019
3496:
3494:
3465:
3440:
3014:Biomass based on lower heating value.
2951:List of countries by energy intensity
2185:
16:Global production and usage of energy
6556:Representative Concentration Pathway
5507:Tipping points in the climate system
5183:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5022:
3775:from the original on 3 February 2021
3224:; Rosado, Pablo (28 November 2020).
2122:
1299:
811:
182:List of countries by coal production
6327:Nationally determined contributions
6037:Individual action on climate change
5252:World energy supply and consumption
5046:
4931:World energy supply and consumption
3992:from the original on 21 August 2022
3667:2018. International Energy Agency.
3637:from the original on 31 August 2022
3575:from the original on 29 August 2022
3544:from the original on 29 August 2022
3508:from the original on 13 August 2022
3410:from the original on 15 August 2021
3360:from the original on 15 August 2022
3198:from the original on 23 August 2022
2353:Economic analysis of climate change
2300:World energy supply and consumption
822:Export minus Import in 2021 (MToe)
759:by source. Total generation was 28
174:List of countries by oil production
46:World energy supply and consumption
13:
6466:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
5093:
4060:from the original on 15 April 2021
3936:
3704:"Key World Energy Statistics 2019"
3491:
3453:from the original on 22 April 2018
3330:from the original on 3 August 2020
3320:"COâ‚‚ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
3269:from the original on 16 April 2023
3236:from the original on 16 April 2023
2752:The IEA presents three scenarios:
2378:Environmental full-cost accounting
948:, also known as secondary energy:
14:
6694:
6393:Satellite temperature measurement
5998:forestry for carbon sequestration
5289:History of climate change science
4098:World Energy Outlook from the IEA
4076:
3746:from the original on 10 June 2021
3611:from the original on 11 June 2021
3299:from the original on 2 April 2022
982:is used directly or converted to
6619:
6607:
6596:
6595:
6583:
6244:Climate Change Performance Index
5045:
5033:
5021:
5010:
5009:
3967:
3684:Key world energy statistics 2021
3289:"Global Electricity Review 2022"
3167:from the original on 5 July 2023
3071:Jackson RB, et al. (2022).
2886:
2844:+2.0 C (global warming) Scenario
2771:Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
2758:Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
2743:
2686:
2674:
2662:
1047:the gas no longer sent to Europe
6383:Instrumental temperature record
6334:Sustainable Development Goal 13
3978:
3864:
3846:
3820:
3806:
3787:
3722:
3677:
3623:
3587:
3556:
3529:
3520:
3434:
3422:
3390:
3372:
2994:IEA Primary energy assessment:
2988:
2586:Corporate social responsibility
2149:(EROI) should be large enough.
1033:
48:refers to the global supply of
6451:Climate variability and change
5801:
5492:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3441:Sauar, Erik (31 August 2017).
3342:
3311:
3281:
3251:
3210:
3153:
3136:"Energy consumption by source"
3128:
3077:Environmental Research Letters
3064:
1351: Non-OECD Americas (4.8%)
1311:by region in 2017 (IEA, 2019)
33:have begun rapidly increasing.
1:
6561:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
6096:Climate emergency declaration
3951:"Electricity 2024 – Analysis"
3057:
2616:Socially responsible business
1333: Non-OECD Eurasia (7.5%)
6544:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5770:Middle East and North Africa
5106:
4089:International Energy Outlook
3730:"Energy consumption in 2018"
3563:Tsafos, Nikos (4 May 2022).
3017:Electric energy produced by
1270:Discussion about energy loss
757:world electricity generation
7:
6673:Global environmental issues
5273:
2902:Electric energy consumption
2879:
2621:Sustainability organization
2383:Environmental impact design
2168:International Energy Agency
2147:energy return on investment
2129:Energy return on investment
1074:electric power transmission
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
837:
829:
10:
6699:
6378:Global surface temperature
6269:Popular culture depictions
6181:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5911:Carbon capture and storage
5833:Carbon offsets and credits
5154:
4132:
2403:High-performance buildings
2323:Carbon offsets and credits
2240:Carbon capture and storage
2126:
1345: Rest of Asia (13.5%)
1273:
1037:
163:
70:more processed and refined
6590:Climate change portal
6577:
6516:
6483:Extreme event attribution
6401:
6370:
6366:
6355:
6299:
6234:
6156:
6106:School Strike for Climate
6078:
6074:
6060:
6029:
5985:Climate-smart agriculture
5946:
5903:
5813:
5809:
5796:
5720:
5583:
5530:
5373:
5369:
5356:
5279:
5268:
5197:
5166:
5162:
5149:
5132:Climate change adaptation
5127:Climate change mitigation
5122:Effects of climate change
5112:
5101:
5005:
4979:
4855:
4735:Fossil fuel power station
4703:
4616:
4522:
4397:Electric potential energy
4362:
4342:Thermodynamic temperature
4322:Thermodynamic free energy
4317:Thermodynamic equilibrium
4163:
4140:
4036:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2
4024:Teske, Sven, ed. (2019).
3799:23 September 2020 at the
3473:"Yearly electricity data"
3194:. Yearbook.enerdata.net.
2601:Effects of climate change
2543:Climate-smart agriculture
2493:Sustainability accounting
2473:Climate change litigation
2217:Co-benefits of mitigation
2203:Climate change mitigation
963:Crude oil goes mainly to
207: Natural Gas (24.7%)
160:Primary energy production
78:unprocessed oil & gas
6493:Global warming potential
6300:International agreements
5947:Preserving and enhancing
5391:Arctic methane emissions
5313:Years in climate change
5220:Greenhouse gas emissions
5117:Causes of climate change
4806:Concentrated solar power
3107:10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6
2981:
2908:Energy demand management
2591:Corporate sustainability
2498:Sustainability reporting
2450:Verified Carbon Standard
2368:Environmental accounting
2222:Greenhouse gas emissions
1327: Middle East (5.1%)
170:Nuclear power by country
136:greenhouse gas emissions
6524:Climate change scenario
6176:Disaster risk reduction
5828:Carbon emission trading
5638:U.S. insurance industry
5618:Civilizational collapse
5465:sea surface temperature
4347:Volume (thermodynamics)
4327:Thermodynamic potential
4230:Mass–energy equivalence
2801:artificial intelligence
2462:Frameworks and treaties
1370:Total final consumption
1022:. The invention of the
775: Natural gas (23%)
140:environmental pollution
6517:Research and modelling
6201:Nature-based solutions
6021:Nature-based solutions
5963:Carbon dioxide removal
5880:Fossil fuel divestment
5865:Climate risk insurance
5775:Small island countries
5396:Arctic sea ice decline
4302:Quantum thermodynamics
4292:Laws of thermodynamics
4173:Conservation of energy
2938:World energy resources
2553:Nature-based solutions
2528:Carbon dioxide removal
2418:Public interest design
2388:Fossil fuel divestment
2343:Climate risk insurance
2270:Low-carbon electricity
2255:Fossil fuel divestment
1066:rail freight transport
971:natural-gas processing
954:thermal power stations
937:
244:
42:
34:
6478:Earth's energy budget
6361:Background and theory
6249:Climate crisis (term)
5921:Fossil fuel phase-out
5815:Economics and finance
5780:by individual country
5722:By country and region
5697:Security and conflict
5692:Psychological impacts
5381:Abrupt climate change
5304:Charles David Keeling
5137:By country and region
4419:Interatomic potential
4210:Energy transformation
3671:6 August 2021 at the
3604:. 2018. p. 105.
2826:Alternative scenarios
2488:Social responsibility
2260:Fossil fuel phase-out
1274:Further information:
1038:Further information:
935:
242:
164:Further information:
40:
24:
6307:Glasgow Climate Pact
5968:Carbon sequestration
5543:Mass mortality event
4867:Efficient energy use
4840:Airborne wind energy
4818:Solar thermal energy
4725:Electricity delivery
4337:Thermodynamic system
4282:Irreversible process
3665:Data and Statistics.
3161:"Energy definitions"
3046:11 June 2021 at the
2932:World Energy Outlook
2836:limit climate change
2830:The goal set in the
2533:Carbon sequestration
2373:Environmental design
2265:Fossil fuel vehicles
2161:Availability of data
1284:There are different
969:Natural-gas goes to
952:Coal mainly goes to
468:United Arab Emirates
223: Nuclear (4.3%)
6446:Climate sensitivity
6221:The Adaptation Fund
5677:Infectious diseases
5584:Social and economic
4889:Energy conservation
4811:Photovoltaic system
4784:Nuclear power plant
4469:Quantum fluctuation
4332:Thermodynamic state
4307:Thermal equilibrium
3689:6 July 2022 at the
3099:2022ERL....17c1001J
2999:lower heating value
2611:Ethical consumerism
2606:Energy conservation
2318:Building insulation
1816:
1403:
1392:lower heating value
1357: Africa (6.1%)
1339: China (20.6%)
1286:qualities of energy
1253:Total energy supply
1191:
1086:
1080:Total energy supply
787: Nuclear (10%)
334:
6663:Energy consumption
6017:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5989:Forest management
5973:Direct air capture
5938:Sustainable energy
5895:Net zero emissions
5890:Low-carbon economy
5885:Green Climate Fund
5672:Indigenous peoples
5575:Plant biodiversity
5363:Effects and issues
4926:Sustainable energy
4904:Energy development
4894:Energy consumption
4730:Energy engineering
2926:Sustainable energy
2631:Consumer behaviour
2581:Conscious business
2538:Direct air capture
2413:Low-carbon economy
2290:Sustainable energy
2186:Trends and outlook
2139:isotope separators
1814:
1401:
1189:
1084:
938:
332:
245:
201: Coal (27.2%)
144:net zero emissions
58:energy development
43:
35:
6683:Energy production
6635:
6634:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6508:Radiative forcing
6351:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6171:Adaptive capacity
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
5916:Energy transition
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5512:Tropical cyclones
5438:Urban heat island
5352:
5351:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5225:Carbon accounting
5179:Greenhouse effect
5145:
5144:
5061:
5060:
4828:Solar power tower
4474:Quantum potential
4312:Thermal reservoir
4215:Energy transition
3957:. 24 January 2024
3858:Our World in Data
3479:. 6 December 2023
3477:ember-climate.org
3384:Our World in Data
3324:Our World in Data
3295:. 29 March 2022.
3265:. 31 March 2022.
3230:Our World in Data
3140:Our World in Data
2997:Fossil: based on
2854:or 330 EJ in the
2734:COVID-19 pandemic
2730:
2729:
2363:Emissions trading
2250:Energy transition
2123:Energy for energy
2120:
2119:
1839:
1827:
1809:
1808:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1300:Final consumption
1250:
1249:
1187:
1186:
930:
929:
812:Energy conversion
781: Hydro (15%)
750:
749:
195: Oil (31.2%)
6690:
6658:Energy by region
6653:Energy economics
6623:
6622:
6611:
6610:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6551:Paleoclimatology
6368:
6367:
6357:
6356:
6118:Ecological grief
6101:Climate movement
6076:
6075:
6062:
6061:
6042:Plant-based diet
5933:Renewable energy
5811:
5810:
5798:
5797:
5633:Economic impacts
5565:Invasive species
5421:Coastal flooding
5371:
5370:
5358:
5357:
5294:Svante Arrhenius
5270:
5269:
5240:from agriculture
5230:Carbon footprint
5215:Greenhouse gases
5164:
5163:
5151:
5150:
5103:
5102:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5064:
5049:
5048:
5037:
5025:
5024:
5013:
5012:
4987:Carbon footprint
4921:Renewable energy
4762:Hydroelectricity
4752:Geothermal power
4195:Energy condition
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4021:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3681:
3675:
3662:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3356:. 8 March 2022.
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3092:
3068:
3051:
3033:Geothermal power
2992:
2914:Energy intensity
2896:
2891:
2890:
2816:Southeast Asia's
2722:
2715:
2708:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2408:Impact investing
2280:Renewable energy
2190:
2189:
2155:net energy cliff
1837:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1385:district heating
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1192:
1188:
1087:
1083:
816:
815:
805: Other (5%)
804:
799: Solar (4%)
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
769: Coal (36%)
768:
335:
331:
228:
222:
212:
206:
200:
194:
129:renewable energy
50:energy resources
6698:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6584:
6582:
6565:
6512:
6503:Orbital forcing
6397:
6362:
6343:
6317:Paris Agreement
6295:
6291:Warming stripes
6230:
6196:Managed retreat
6191:Loss and damage
6152:
6086:Business action
6070:
6048:
6025:
5948:
5942:
5899:
5860:Climate finance
5805:
5784:
5716:
5579:
5555:Extinction risk
5531:Flora and fauna
5526:
5487:Permafrost thaw
5482:Ozone depletion
5411:Extreme weather
5365:
5348:
5275:
5256:
5193:
5158:
5141:
5108:
5097:
5092:
5062:
5057:
5001:
4997:Waste-to-energy
4975:
4911:Energy security
4857:
4851:
4707:
4699:
4678:Natural uranium
4612:
4593:Mechanical wave
4524:Energy carriers
4518:
4358:
4287:Isolated system
4165:
4159:
4136:
4131:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4022:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3937:
3929:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3801:Wayback Machine
3794:GSR 2020 report
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3691:Wayback Machine
3682:
3678:
3673:Wayback Machine
3663:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3449:. Energy Post.
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3239:
3237:
3218:Ritchie, Hannah
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3048:Wayback Machine
2993:
2989:
2984:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2852:+2.0 C Scenario
2832:Paris Agreement
2828:
2764:
2746:
2726:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2571:
2570:Related content
2563:
2562:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2483:Paris Agreement
2478:Ethical banking
2468:Business ethics
2463:
2455:
2454:
2338:Climate finance
2313:
2305:
2304:
2235:
2188:
2163:
2131:
2125:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1302:
1282:
1272:
1082:
1042:
1036:
1018:, usually in a
946:energy carriers
814:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
800:
796:
794:
793: Wind (7%)
790:
788:
784:
782:
778:
776:
772:
770:
766:
310:, among others.
272:Nuclear, using
237:
236:
235:
234:
226:
224:
220:
218:
210:
208:
204:
202:
198:
196:
192:
184:
162:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6696:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6456:Cloud feedback
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6312:Kyoto Protocol
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6266:
6264:Media coverage
6261:
6256:
6254:Climate spiral
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6143:Public opinion
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6098:
6093:
6091:Climate action
6088:
6082:
6080:
6072:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6003:REDD and REDD+
6000:
5995:
5987:
5982:
5980:Carbon farming
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5807:
5806:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5712:Water security
5709:
5707:Water scarcity
5704:
5702:Urban flooding
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Forest dieback
5557:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5497:Sea level rise
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5470:stratification
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Carbon leakage
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5176:
5174:Climate system
5170:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5098:
5095:Climate change
5091:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4992:Jevons paradox
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Energy storage
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Electric power
4717:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4618:Primary energy
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Entropic force
4249:
4242:Thermodynamics
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4078:
4077:External links
4075:
4072:
4071:
4044:
4003:
3977:
3935:
3892:
3863:
3845:
3830:. 8 May 2017.
3819:
3805:
3786:
3757:
3721:
3695:
3676:
3648:
3622:
3586:
3555:
3528:
3519:
3490:
3464:
3433:
3421:
3403:. p. 13.
3389:
3371:
3341:
3310:
3280:
3250:
3209:
3178:
3152:
3127:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3006:nuclear plants
3002:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2827:
2824:
2805:cryptocurrency
2784:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2745:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Climate action
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2423:Sustainability
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Green building
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Eco-capitalism
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Coal phase-out
2242:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Climate change
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2184:
2162:
2159:
2127:Main article:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:United Kingdom
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1276:Energy quality
1271:
1268:
1264:petrochemicals
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1040:Energy trading
1035:
1032:
1028:power inverter
1008:water turbines
994:are driven by
988:
987:
977:
974:
967:
965:oil refineries
961:
928:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
813:
810:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
761:petawatt-hours
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
312:
311:
277:
270:
257:Fossil, using
248:Primary Energy
229: Others (
225:
219:
209:
203:
197:
191:
187:
186:
185:
161:
158:
121:European Union
102:transportation
98:global economy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6695:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6668:Human ecology
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:Energy policy
6646:
6645:
6643:
6628:
6627:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:Climate model
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6461:Cloud forcing
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6358:
6354:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6236:Communication
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:Vulnerability
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6186:Flood control
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6008:reforestation
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:afforestation
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5928:Nuclear power
5926:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Carbon budget
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5660:Mental health
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5601:United States
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:deoxygenation
5453:
5451:
5450:acidification
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5271:
5267:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5245:from wetlands
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Deforestation
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5054:
5053:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4971:United States
4969:
4967:
4966:South America
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:Energy policy
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Solar furnace
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:Nuclear power
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4705:Energy system
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Gravitational
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4586:Hydrogen fuel
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:Gravitational
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Heat transfer
4275:
4273:
4272:Heat capacity
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Negative mass
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Energy system
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4045:9783030058425
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3970:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3447:energypost.eu
3444:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3083:(3): 031001.
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:wind turbines
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:Energy policy
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:Energy portal
2889:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:+1.5 Scenario
2853:
2849:
2848:+1.5 Scenario
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2820:United States
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2744:IEA scenarios
2741:
2737:
2735:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Disinvestment
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:Reforestation
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Nuclear power
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:oil platforms
2130:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:United States
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:wind turbines
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:thermal plant
1001:
997:
993:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
950:
949:
947:
942:
934:
922:
921:
914:
913:
906:
905:
898:
897:
890:
889:
882:
881:
874:
873:
866:
865:
858:
857:
850:
849:
845:
842:
841:
834:
833:
826:
825:
821:
818:
817:
764:
762:
758:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
380:United States
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
346:Oil & Gas
345:
342:
339:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
319:
316:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
241:
232:
216:
213: Hydro (
190:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
157:
155:
154:energy crisis
150:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
106:useful energy
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:that becomes
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:raw resources
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
6624:
6612:
6600:
6581:
6414:Carbon cycle
6371:Measurements
6066:Society and
5950:carbon sinks
5855:Climate debt
5845:Carbon price
5667:Human rights
5502:Season creep
5460:heat content
5386:Anoxic event
5299:James Hansen
5251:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
4930:
4796:Oil refinery
4740:Cogeneration
4673:Nuclear fuel
4479:Quintessence
4267:Free entropy
4200:Energy level
4164:Fundamental
4062:. Retrieved
4026:
3994:. Retrieved
3980:
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3933:Download pdf
3883:. Retrieved
3879:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3838:20 September
3836:. Retrieved
3822:
3808:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3748:. Retrieved
3736:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3698:
3679:
3639:. Retrieved
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3601:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3569:www.csis.org
3568:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3531:
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3481:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3446:
3436:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3353:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3323:
3313:
3303:16 September
3301:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3273:16 September
3271:. Retrieved
3262:
3253:
3245:
3240:16 September
3238:. Retrieved
3229:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3169:. Retrieved
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3080:
3076:
3066:
3027:solar panels
2990:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2829:
2814:
2797:data centers
2785:
2778:
2770:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2691:
2679:
2516:Carbon sinks
2333:Climate debt
2299:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2132:
1810:
1768:
1746:
1724:
1702:
1680:
1658:
1636:
1614:
1592:
1570:
1548:
1526:
1464:
1442:
1396:
1389:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1306:
1290:
1283:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1177:Saudi Arabia
1051:
1043:
1034:Energy trade
1014:station, or
1000:gas turbines
990:Electricity
989:
943:
939:
835:Saudi Arabia
756:
754:
709:
687:
665:
644:South Africa
643:
621:
599:
577:
555:
533:
511:
489:
467:
445:
424:Saudi Arabia
423:
401:
379:
357:
340:Total (MToe)
328:
320:
317:
313:
252:
246:
188:
151:
148:
133:
110:
69:
65:
45:
44:
18:
6441:Carbon sink
6419:atmospheric
6284:video games
5958:Blue carbon
5591:Agriculture
5570:Marine life
5517:Water cycle
5475:temperature
5210:Fossil fuel
5052:WikiProject
4872:Agriculture
4801:Solar power
4767:Tidal power
4641:Natural gas
4631:Fossil fuel
4574:Latent heat
4542:Electricity
3996:1 September
3880:www.iea.org
3483:23 December
3364:5 September
3334:5 September
3050:, chapter 7
3011:Renewable:
2732:Due to the
2626:Sustainable
2523:Blue carbon
2428:Agriculture
2285:Solar power
2145:(EROEI) or
1968:Netherlands
1835:Electricity
1703:South Korea
1421:Electricity
1144:South Korea
1062:LNG carrier
1054:tanker ship
899:South Korea
267:natural gas
113:Gulf States
94:electricity
86:refined oil
54:consumption
6642:Categories
6473:Cryosphere
6434:permafrost
6206:Resilience
6158:Adaptation
6133:Litigation
6123:Governance
6068:adaptation
5850:Carbon tax
5803:Mitigation
5740:Antarctica
5628:Disability
4835:Wind power
4757:Hydropower
4708:components
4663:Hydropower
4653:Geothermal
4603:Sound wave
4514:Zero-point
4444:Mechanical
4429:Ionization
4402:Electrical
4297:Negentropy
4178:Energetics
3803:Fig.1 p.32
3714:7 December
3222:Roser, Max
3145:12 January
3090:2111.02222
3058:References
3019:hydropower
2438:Capitalism
2398:Green home
2328:Carbon tax
2295:Wind power
2137:, uranium
1844:renewable
1294:fuel cells
1058:tank truck
1024:solar cell
1012:hydropower
992:generators
324:petajoules
292:hydropower
288:geothermal
231:renewables
215:renewables
62:refinement
31:renewables
6488:Feedbacks
6259:Education
5760:Caribbean
5755:Australia
5682:Migration
5645:Fisheries
5596:Livestock
5522:Wildfires
5428:Heat wave
4946:Australia
4882:Transport
4877:Computing
4845:Wind farm
4772:Wave farm
4646:Petroleum
4626:Bioenergy
4598:Radiation
4537:Capacitor
4459:Potential
4091:, by the
4054:198078901
3641:31 August
3579:29 August
3548:29 August
3512:27 August
3414:19 August
3202:26 August
3171:16 August
3115:241035429
2443:Transport
2312:Economics
2172:paywalled
1832:renewable
1769:Venezuela
1747:Argentina
1725:Australia
1615:Indonesia
1430:renewable
1418:renewable
1020:wind farm
859:Indonesia
843:Australia
556:Australia
534:Indonesia
349:Renewable
280:Renewable
263:crude oil
27:exajoules
6614:Glossary
6602:Category
6424:biologic
6138:Politics
6030:Personal
5735:Americas
5608:Children
5374:Physical
5167:Overview
5107:Overview
5016:Category
4581:Hydrogen
4547:Enthalpy
4449:Negative
4439:Magnetic
4424:Internal
4382:Chemical
4247:Enthalpy
4166:concepts
4083:Enerdata
4058:Archived
3990:Archived
3832:Archived
3797:Archived
3773:Archived
3741:Archived
3737:Eurostat
3708:Archived
3687:Archived
3669:Archived
3635:Archived
3615:17 March
3606:Archived
3573:Archived
3542:Archived
3506:Archived
3457:22 April
3451:Archived
3405:Archived
3358:Archived
3328:Archived
3297:Archived
3267:Archived
3234:Archived
3226:"Energy"
3196:Archived
3165:Archived
3044:Archived
2880:See also
2681:Glossary
2433:Business
2195:a series
2193:Part of
2070:Portugal
1842:of which
1830:of which
1428:of which
1416:of which
1070:pipeline
352:Nuclear
282:, using
233:) (5.7%)
217:) (6.9%)
52:and its
6429:oceanic
6279:fiction
6128:Justice
6079:Society
5687:Poverty
5406:Drought
5274:History
5198:Sources
5028:Commons
4856:Use and
4715:Biomass
4685:Radiant
4532:Battery
4504:Thermal
4499:Surface
4484:Radiant
4454:Phantom
4434:Kinetic
4412:Binding
4392:Elastic
4375:Nuclear
4370:Binding
4257:Entropy
4155:Outline
4145:History
3961:8 April
3750:10 June
3263:Reuters
3095:Bibcode
2842:In the
2809:Japan's
2646:Tourism
2087:Denmark
2053:Finland
2036:Romania
2019:Austria
1985:Belgium
1951:Ukraine
1849:Germany
1820:Country
1381:biofuel
1321:(38.2%)
1246:14,500
1238:13,800
1230:14,400
1222:12,600
1166:Germany
1072:and by
984:biofuel
980:Biomass
891:Germany
710:Germany
622:Algeria
600:Nigeria
284:biomass
274:uranium
82:uranium
6409:Albedo
6402:Theory
6113:Denial
5904:Energy
5765:Europe
5745:Arctic
5730:Africa
5655:Health
5650:Gender
5613:Cities
5538:Biomes
5445:Oceans
5433:Marine
5156:Causes
5040:Portal
4961:Mexico
4956:Europe
4951:Canada
4936:Africa
4859:supply
4668:Marine
4557:Fossil
4509:Vacuum
4262:Exergy
4183:Energy
4134:Energy
4064:8 June
4052:
4042:
3885:30 May
3779:8 June
3693:p.6,34
3120:22 May
3113:
2669:Portal
2641:Living
2503:UNFCCC
2233:Energy
2104:Norway
2002:Sweden
1934:Poland
1866:France
1681:Mexico
1637:Canada
1593:Brazil
1549:Russia
1506:Africa
1486:Europe
1433:TFC pp
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1214:9,900
1206:8,700
1155:Canada
1128:1,516
1122:Russia
1106:2,950
883:Turkey
867:Norway
851:Canada
827:Russia
819:Nation
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
688:France
666:Norway
578:Brazil
512:Canada
402:Russia
265:, and
227:
221:
211:
205:
199:
193:
180:, and
117:Russia
6678:World
6626:Index
6388:Proxy
6148:Women
5623:Crime
5550:Birds
5416:Flood
4980:Misc.
4690:Solar
4494:Sound
4363:Types
4237:Power
4188:Units
4150:Index
4050:S2CID
3876:(PDF)
3744:(PDF)
3733:(PDF)
3609:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3293:Ember
3111:S2CID
3085:arXiv
2982:Notes
2945:Lists
2793:India
2789:China
2774:2030.
2766:year.
2693:Index
2116:100%
1917:Spain
1900:Italy
1790:World
1571:Japan
1527:India
1469:1,106
1447:1,436
1443:China
1133:Japan
1111:India
1103:3,650
1100:China
1010:in a
1006:, or
1002:in a
996:steam
926:-803
923:China
918:-357
915:Japan
910:-323
907:India
902:-239
894:-187
886:-118
878:-114
875:Italy
755:2021
734:14800
731:World
490:India
406:1,516
384:2,210
362:2,950
358:China
304:tidal
296:solar
125:China
6211:Risk
5750:Asia
5342:2024
5337:2023
5332:2022
5327:2021
5322:2020
5317:2019
4941:Asia
4695:Wind
4636:Coal
4608:Work
4569:Heat
4552:Fuel
4489:Rest
4387:Dark
4352:Work
4220:Mass
4066:2021
4040:ISBN
3998:2022
3963:2024
3887:2024
3840:2022
3781:2021
3752:2021
3716:2019
3643:2022
3617:2022
3581:2022
3550:2022
3514:2022
3485:2023
3459:2018
3416:2021
3366:2022
3336:2022
3305:2022
3275:2022
3242:2022
3204:2022
3173:2023
3147:2024
3122:2022
3040:See
3025:and
2867:OECD
2803:and
2791:and
2777:The
2769:The
2756:The
2636:Diet
2174:and
2099:71%
2082:67%
2065:39%
2048:57%
2031:86%
2014:72%
1997:23%
1980:16%
1963:12%
1946:16%
1929:43%
1912:39%
1895:40%
1878:21%
1861:46%
1838:Mtoe
1826:Mtoe
1823:Fuel
1805:1.2
1799:1970
1793:7050
1785:0.9
1763:1.2
1741:3.2
1719:2.6
1697:1.0
1675:2.1
1659:Iran
1653:5.0
1631:0.6
1609:1.0
1587:2.2
1565:3.0
1543:0.4
1521:0.5
1501:2.5
1481:4.4
1459:1.4
1424:Mtoe
1412:Mtoe
1409:Fuel
1319:OECD
1309:Mtoe
1278:and
1243:2021
1235:2020
1227:2019
1219:2010
1211:2000
1203:1990
1198:TES
1195:Year
1183:610
1172:102
1161:536
1150:151
1117:615
958:Coke
870:185
862:226
854:245
846:296
838:388
830:682
726:23%
704:65%
632:100%
446:Iran
434:100%
396:10%
343:Coal
308:wave
300:wind
259:coal
138:and
123:and
115:and
92:and
90:fuel
74:coal
6274:art
4562:Oil
4032:doi
3955:IEA
3354:IEA
3103:doi
2834:to
2110:16%
2093:15%
2076:20%
2059:34%
2042:20%
2025:19%
2008:35%
1940:12%
1923:10%
1872:12%
1869:100
1855:10%
1852:156
1802:30%
1796:14%
1782:88%
1760:27%
1738:21%
1694:18%
1663:147
1650:83%
1641:139
1628:14%
1622:21%
1619:126
1606:78%
1600:38%
1597:166
1584:19%
1575:201
1562:26%
1553:369
1540:25%
1537:104
1534:32%
1531:487
1518:23%
1512:58%
1509:531
1498:39%
1495:309
1492:11%
1489:982
1478:19%
1475:339
1456:30%
1453:555
1436:toe
1180:219
1169:286
1158:289
1147:298
1139:52
1136:400
1125:811
1114:927
1095:PE
1092:TES
998:or
746:7%
743:13%
740:53%
737:27%
723:47%
717:27%
714:102
701:34%
692:128
676:93%
670:214
651:91%
648:151
626:150
613:53%
610:47%
604:249
594:2%
591:42%
588:55%
582:325
566:33%
563:64%
560:423
547:14%
544:17%
541:69%
538:451
528:4%
525:10%
522:81%
516:536
506:6%
503:33%
500:11%
497:50%
494:615
484:1%
478:99%
472:218
462:1%
456:99%
450:354
428:610
418:4%
412:78%
409:16%
390:69%
387:13%
374:6%
371:10%
368:13%
365:71%
156:.
146:.
108:.
68:or
6644::
4056:.
4048:.
4038:.
4006:^
3988:.
3953:.
3938:^
3895:^
3878:.
3856:.
3771:.
3760:^
3739:.
3735:.
3651:^
3633:.
3600:.
3571:.
3567:.
3540:.
3504:.
3493:^
3475:.
3445:.
3382:.
3352:.
3326:.
3322:.
3291:.
3261:.
3244:.
3232:.
3228:.
3220:;
3181:^
3163:.
3138:.
3109:.
3101:.
3093:.
3081:17
3079:.
3075:.
3021:,
2872:CO
2799:,
2197:on
2182:.
2157:.
2113:10
2090:11
2073:11
2056:18
2039:19
2022:20
2011:11
2005:20
1991:8%
1988:26
1974:4%
1971:36
1960:10
1957:5%
1954:38
1943:12
1937:58
1926:21
1920:60
1909:25
1906:9%
1903:87
1892:26
1889:5%
1886:95
1875:38
1858:45
1776:3%
1773:20
1757:11
1754:7%
1751:42
1735:18
1732:7%
1729:60
1716:5%
1713:46
1710:5%
1707:85
1691:25
1688:7%
1685:95
1672:6%
1669:22
1666:0%
1647:45
1644:8%
1625:22
1603:45
1581:81
1578:3%
1559:65
1556:1%
1515:57
1472:8%
1450:6%
1394:.
1387:.
1076:.
1068:,
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1049:.
956:.
763:.
720:3%
698:1%
682:0
679:7%
660:0
657:8%
654:1%
638:0
616:0
585:1%
572:0
569:3%
550:0
519:5%
440:0
415:2%
393:8%
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
261:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
80:,
76:,
60:,
5185:)
5181:(
5087:e
5080:t
5073:v
4126:e
4119:t
4112:v
4068:.
4034::
4000:.
3965:.
3889:.
3860:.
3842:.
3816:.
3783:.
3754:.
3718:.
3645:.
3619:.
3583:.
3552:.
3516:.
3487:.
3461:.
3418:.
3386:.
3368:.
3338:.
3307:.
3277:.
3206:.
3175:.
3149:.
3124:.
3105::
3097::
3087::
3029:.
3008:.
3001:.
2874:2
2763:2
2750:.
2721:e
2714:t
2707:v
2107:8
2096:3
2079:4
2062:7
2045:4
2028:5
1994:7
1977:9
1779:6
1379:(
986:.
695:0
673:0
635:0
629:0
607:0
481:0
475:0
459:0
453:0
437:0
431:0
276:;
269:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
