695:
131:
229:, in the 480s, a man named Gong Xuanyi (龔玄宜) styled himself Gong the Sage and "said that a supernatural being had given him a 'jade seal jade block writing,' which did not require a brush: one blew on the paper and characters formed." He then used his powers to mystify a local governor. Eventually he was dealt with by the governor's successor, who presumably executed Gong. Timothy Hugh Barrett postulates that Gong's magical jade block was actually a printing device, and Gong was one of the first, if not the first printer. The semi-mythical record of him therefore describes his usage of the printing process to deliberately bewilder onlookers and create an image of mysticism around himself. However, woodblock print flower patterns applied to silk in three colours have been found dated from the
260:. According to Mahayana beliefs, religious texts hold intrinsic value for carrying the Buddha's word and act as talismanic objects containing sacred power capable of warding off evil spirits. By copying and preserving these texts, Buddhists could accrue personal merit. As a consequence the idea of printing and its advantages in replicating texts quickly became apparent to Buddhists, who by the 7th century, were using woodblocks to create apotropaic documents. These Buddhist texts were printed specifically as ritual items and were not widely circulated or meant for public consumption. Instead they were buried in consecrated ground. The earliest extant example of this type of printed matter is a fragment of a dhāraṇī (Buddhist spell) miniature scroll written in Sanskrit unearthed in a tomb in
1389:
1516:
715:
593:. If they were lucky enough to get one, they thought nothing of copying the entire text out by hand, so they could recite it day and night. In recent years merchants engrave and print all manner of books belonging to the hundred schools, and produce ten thousand pages a day. With books so readily available, you would think that students' writing and scholarship would be many times better than what they were in earlier generations. Yet, to the contrary, young men and examination candidates leave their books tied shut and never look at them, preferring to amuse themselves with baseless chatter. Why is this?
336:
796:
1119:. They were mostly used for prayers and amulets. The technique may have spread from China or been an independent invention, but had very little impact and virtually disappeared at the end of the 14th century. In India the main importance of the technique has always been as a method of printing textiles, which has been a large industry since at least the 10th century. Nowadays wooden block printing is commonly used for creating beautiful textiles, such as block print saree, kurta, curtains, kurtis, dress, shirts, cotton sarees.
1774:
191:
1199:
2960:), p. 435: "Printing in Arabic appears in the Middle East within a century or so of becoming well established in China. Moreover, medieval Arabic chronicles confirm that the craft of paper making came to the Middle East from China by way of Central Asia, and one print was found in the excavation of the medieval Egyptian Red Sea port of al-Qusair al-Qadim where wares imported from China have been discovered. Nevertheless, it seems more likely that Arabic block printing was an independent invention".
1683:
865:
679:, "if no printed edition were available on the market, the hand-copied manuscript of a book would cost ten times as much as the printed work", and also, "once a printed edition appeared, the transcribed copy could no longer be sold and would be discarded". The result is that despite the mutual co-existence of hand-copied manuscripts and printed texts, the cost of the book had declined by about 90 percent by the end of the 16th century. As a result, literacy increased. In 1488, the
498:
886:
573:
together with standard commentaries, are all fully represented. When I was young and devoted myself to learning, there were only one or two scholars in every hundred who possessed copies of all the classics and commentaries. There was no way to copy so many works. Today, printed editions of these works are abundant, and officials and commoners alike have them in their homes. Scholars are fortunate indeed to have been born in such an era as ours!
2973:), p. 427: "Judging from palaeography and the eighth-century date of the introduction of paper to the Islamic world, Arabic block printing must have begun in the ninth or tenth century. It persisted into, but possibly not beyond, the fourteenth century"... "Yet it had so little impact on Islamic society that today only a handful of scholars are aware it ever existed, and no definite textual reference to it has been thought to survive".
213:
1128:
165:
37:
564:. The Three Institutes were one of several imperial libraries, with eight other major palace libraries, not including imperial academies. According to Weng Tongwen, by the 11th century, central government offices were saving tenfold by substituting earlier manuscripts with printed versions. The impact of woodblock printing on Song society is illustrated in the following exchange between
1281:
the almost instantaneous arrival of both xylography and movable type in Europe. The early Jesuit missionaries of late-16th-century China, for instance, had a similar distaste for wood-based printing for very different reasons. These
Jesuits found that "the cheapness and omnipresence of printing in China made the prevailing wood-based technology extremely disturbing, even dangerous".
643:
fifteenth century most books in major libraries were still in manuscript, not in print. Almost to the end of the empire it remained cheaper to pay a copyist than to buy a printed book. Seven hundred and fifty years after the first imperially sponsored printed works in the
Northern Song, the greatest book project of the eighteenth century, the
694:
1174:, by comparing the watermarks in the paper used in block books with watermarks in dated documents, concluded that the "heyday" of block books was the 1460s, but that at least one dated from about 1451. Block books printed in the 1470s were often of cheaper quality, as a cheaper alternative to books printed by
649:(四庫全書), was produced as a manuscript, not as a printed collection. About 4 percent of it was printed in movable type in 1773, but it was hand-carved movable wooden type. Indeed, the entire collection was only printed for the first time in the 1980s. Access to books, especially large works, such as the
1453:
Korean printing with movable metallic type developed mainly within the royal foundry of the Yi dynasty. Royalty kept a monopoly of this new technique and by royal mandate suppressed all non-official printing activities and any budding attempts at commercialization of printing. Thus, printing in early
1319:
European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century. Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe
1314:
Other modern scholars such as
Endymion Wilkinson hold a more conservative and skeptical view. While Wilkinson does not deny "China's dominance in book production from the fourth to the fifteenth century," he also insists that arguments for the Chinese advantage "should not be extended either forwards
1259:
Only during the Ming and Qing dynasties did wooden and metal movable types see any considerable use, but the preferred method remained woodblock. Usage of movable type in China never exceeded 10 percent of all printed materials while 90 percent of printed books used the older woodblock technology. In
1612:
Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, craftsmen soon decided that the semi-cursive and cursive script style of
Japanese writings was better reproduced using woodblocks. By 1640 woodblocks were once again used for nearly all purposes. After the 1640s, movable type printing declined, and books
1673:
is a method for dyeing textiles (usually silk) using wood blocks invented in the 5th–6th centuries in China. An upper and a lower block are made, with carved out compartments opening to the back, fitted with plugs. The cloth, usually folded a number of times, is inserted and clamped between the two
1511:
in Kyoto and started publishing books using domestic wooden movable type printing-press instead of metal from 1599. Ieyasu supervised the production of 100,000 types, which were used to print many political and historical books. In 1605, books using domestic copper movable type printing-press began
597:
Woodblock printing also changed the shape and structure of books. Scrolls were gradually replaced by concertina binding (經摺裝) from the Tang period onward. The advantage was that it was now possible to flip to a reference without unfolding the entire document. The next development known as whirlwind
1289:
to Qing China, also remarked with some amazement that the printing industry was "as free as in
England, and the profession of printing open to everyone". The commercial success and profitability of woodblock printing was attested to by one British observer at the end of the nineteenth century, who
1280:
Commentaries on printing in China from the 1990s on, which cite contemporary
European observers with first-hand knowledge, complicate the traditional narrative. T. H. Barrett points out that only Europeans who had never seen Chinese woodblock printing in action tended to dismiss it, perhaps due to
667:
by elite scholars and collectors. The age of printing gave the act of copying by hand a new dimension of cultural reverence. Those who considered themselves real scholars and true connoisseurs of the book did not consider imprints to be real books. Under the elitist attitudes of the time, "printed
572:
The emperor went to the
Directorate of Education to inspect the Publications Office. He asked Xing Bing how many woodblocks were kept there. Bing replied, "At the start of our dynasty, there were fewer than four thousand. Today, there are more than one hundred thousand. The classics and histories,
1440:
was done through woodblock prints. The general assumption is that movable type did not replace block printing in places that used
Chinese characters due to the expense of producing more than 200,000 individual pieces of type. Even woodblock printing was not as cost productive as simply paying a
322:
at the inner end, which reads: "Reverently made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of
Xiantong ". It is considered the world's oldest securely dated woodblock scroll. The Diamond sutra was closely followed by the
642:
As a result of block-printing technology, it became easier and cheaper to produce multiple copies of books quickly. By the eleventh century, the price of books had fallen by about one tenth what they had been before and as a result they were more widely disseminated. Nevertheless, even in the
505:
Following the maturation of woodblock printing, official, commercial, and private publishing businesses emerged while the size and number of collections grew exponentially. The Song dynasty alone accounts for some 700 known private collections, more than triple the number of all the preceding
1169:
Block books, where both text and images are cut on a single block for a whole page, appeared in Europe in the mid-15th century. As they were almost always undated, and without statement of printer or place of printing, determining their dates of printing has been an extremely difficult task.
2722:
In late Ming/early Qing China, cost for copying 20 to 30 pages was around .02 to .03 tael, which worked out to something like 0.005 tael per hundred characters, while a carver was typically paid 0.02 to 0.03 tael per hundred characters carved, and could carve 100 to 150 characters a
1674:
blocks. By unplugging the different compartments and filling them with dyes of different colours, a multi-coloured pattern can be printed over quite a large area of folded cloth. The method is not strictly printing however, as the pattern is not caused by pressure against the block.
1372:, 1767–1773). The emperor himself commissioned the Jesuits to instruct Chinese artisans in the intaglio technique, but they did not obtain good results. Already in the 19th century, the growing xenophobia against Europeans was progressively relegating the use of engraving in China.
610:
with alternate openings of printed and blank pairs of pages. In the 14th century the folding was reversed outwards to give continuous printed pages, each backed by a blank hidden page. Later the sewn bindings were preferred rather than pasted bindings. Only relatively small volumes
1404:
605:
Around the year 1000, butterfly binding was developed. Woodblock prints allowed two mirror images to be easily replicated on a single sheet. Thus two pages were printed on a sheet, which was then folded inwards. The sheets were then pasted together at the fold to make a
2820:
1567:
to printed books, and reproducing them for wider consumption. These books, now known as Kōetsu Books, Suminokura Books, or Saga Books, are considered the first and finest printed reproductions of many of these classic tales; the Saga Book of the Tales of Ise
2448:
749:, of which there are several copies in various museums and collections. It is still commonly reproduced in China today and its images are very popular: it includes landscapes, flowers, animals, reproductions of jades, bronzes, porcelain and other objects.
1335:
During the 16th and 17th centuries, printmaking enjoyed great popularity, especially in the illustration of books such as
Buddhist texts, poems, novels, biographies, medical treatises, music, etc. The major center of production was initially in Kien-ngan
253:, includes several ink-squeeze rubbings, believed to have led to the early duplication of texts that inspired printing. A stone inscription cut in reverse dating from the first half of the 6th century implies that it may have been a large printing block.
1267:
Traditionally it has been assumed that the prevalence of woodblock printing in East Asia as a result of Chinese characters led to the stagnation of printing culture and enterprise in that region. S. H. Steinberg describes woodblock printing in his
1661:
were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440–1460.
294:, which advocates the practice of printing apotropaic and merit making texts and images, was translated by Chinese monks. The oldest extant evidence of woodblock prints created for the purpose of reading are portions of the
1574:), printed in 1608, is especially renowned. Saga Books were printed on expensive paper, and used various embellishments, being printed specifically for a small circle of literary connoisseurs. For aesthetic reasons, the
236:
Inscribed seals made of metal or stone, especially jade, and inscribed stone tablets probably provided inspiration for the invention of printing. Copies of classical texts on tablets were erected in a public place in
1379:
in 1930. Influenced by contemporary Russian engraving, this school dealt especially with popular, agricultural and military subjects for propaganda purposes, as is evident in the work of P'an Jeng and Huang Yong-yu.
2456:
637:
Despite the productive effect of woodblock printing, historian Endymion Wilkinson notes that it never supplanted handwritten manuscripts. Indeed, manuscripts remained dominant until the very end of Imperial China:
1352:). On the other hand, in the 18th century, the industry began to decline, with stereotyped images. This coincided with the arrival of European missionaries who introduced Western engraving techniques. The Jesuit
1272:
as having "outlived their usefulness" and their printed material as "cheap tracts for the half-literate, which anyway had to be very brief because of the laborious process of cutting the letters". John Man's
547:
Imperial establishments such as the Three Institutes: Zhaowen Institute, History Institute, and Jixian Institute also followed suit. At the start of the dynasty the Three Institutes' holdings numbered 13,000
737:
In modern times, Chinese printing continued the tradition begun in medieval times. Black-and-white woodcuts were generally replaced by colored ones, achieved by printing successive runs with different inks.
408:. However printing onto cloth only became common in Europe by 1300. "In the 13th century the Chinese technique of blockprinting was transmitted to Europe", soon after paper became available in Europe.
1285:
made note of "the exceedingly large numbers of books in circulation here and the ridiculously low prices at which they are sold". Two hundred years later the Englishman John Barrow, by way of the
1364:
the one hundred and four maps of the Chinese Empire made by Jesuit missionaries were printed, as well as illustrations of his military victories, which he commissioned in Paris from the engraver
1320:
was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and for the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China.
828:'s accession to the throne. The completed work, amounting to some 6,000 volumes, was finished in 1087. Unfortunately the original set of woodblocks was destroyed in a conflagration during the
462:
Prior to the introduction of printing, the size of private collections in China had already seen an increase since the invention of paper. Fan Ping (215–84) had in his collection 7,000 rolls (
686:
observed during his trip to China that "even village children, ferrymen, and sailors" could read, although this applied mainly to the south, while northern China remained largely illiterate.
814:
sent the monk Yeoga to request from the Song a copy of the complete Buddhist canon. The request was granted in 991 when Seongjong's official Han Eongong visited the Song court. In 1011,
1277:
makes a similar case: "wood-blocks were even more demanding than manuscript pages to make, and they wore out and broke, and then you had to carve another one – a whole page at a time".
1723:
the first known example is a Diamond sutra of 1341, printed in black and red at the Zifu Temple in modern-day Hubei province. The earliest dated book printed in more than 2 colours is
1563:
and Suminokura Soan. At their studio in Saga, Kyoto, the pair created a number of woodblock versions of the Japanese classics, both text and images, essentially converting
83:. Each page or image is created by carving a wooden block to leave only some areas and lines at the original level; it is these that are inked and show in the print, in a
1260:
one case an entire set of wooden type numbering 250,000 pieces was used for firewood. Woodblocks remained the dominant printing method in China until the introduction of
954:, and people lent woodblock-printed illustrated books of various genres. The content of these books varied widely, including travel guides, gardening books, cookbooks,
760:, London), brought in 1693 by a German physician from China to Europe, which includes flowers, fruits, birds, insects and ornamental motifs reminiscent of the style of
2472:
302:
in 1906. They have been dated to the reign of Wu Zetian using character form recognition. The oldest text containing a specific date of printing was discovered in the
1735:), a book on ink-cakes printed in 1606 and the technique reached its height in books on art published in the first half of the 17th century. Notable examples are the
1310:
in China. When it is considered, too, that a block has been laboriously cut for each leaf, the cheapness of the result is only accounted for by the wideness of sale.
1594:), in which several characters are written in succession with smooth brush strokes. As a result, a single typeface was sometimes created by combining two to four
3790:
1637:
in the 19th century, as the links between the characters require compromises when movable type is used which were considered inappropriate for sacred texts.
1559:
The great pioneers in applying movable type printing press to the creation of artistic books, and in preceding mass production for general consumption, were
387:
paper scroll. A dhāraṇī sutra was printed in Japan around AD 770. One million copies of the sutra, along with other prayers, were ordered to be produced by
2801:
846:
and its surprisingly enduring nature, having survived completely intact over 760 years, it is considered the most accurate of Buddhist canons written in
1484:
in 1591. However, western printing-press were discontinued after the ban on Christianity in 1614. The moveable type printing-press seized from Korea by
494:. The combined total of all known private book collectors prior to the Song dynasty number around 200, with the Tang alone accounting for 60 of them.
3909:
3412:
1252:
dynasties for printing banknotes. The invention of movable type did not have an immediate effect on woodblock printing and it never supplanted it in
2858:
1649:, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with
671:
However, copyists and manuscripts only continued to remain competitive with printed editions by dramatically reducing their price. According to the
621:, with wooden boards at front and back, and loops and pegs to close up the book when not in use. For example, one complete Tripitaka had over 6,400
2202:
98:
by the 7th century AD and remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts, as well as images, until the 19th century.
1306:
can for even less. A penny Prayer-book, admittedly sold at a loss, cannot compete in mass of matter with many of the books to be bought for a few
1449:
in the 20th century. And unlike China, the movable type system was kept mainly within the confines of a highly stratified elite Korean society:
842:
numbered 81,258 printing blocks, 52,330,152 characters, 1496 titles, and 6568 volumes. Due to the stringent editing process that went into the
3383:
2138:
741:
Between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, three—and five—color prints appeared. The oldest surviving print is the
130:
3849:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on woodblock printing
3354:
2885:
585:
I can recall meeting older scholars, long ago, who said that when they were young they had a hard time getting their hands on a copy of
2873:
2648:
3265:
Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp.15–23, 61–73.
1433:
of 1377. This form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".
3813:
2998:
2899:
2502:
3852:
1653:. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the
1356:
edited in 1714–1715 a series of poems by Emperor Kangxi, which he illustrated with landscapes of the imperial summer residence at
2911:
1236:
645:
3822:
3768:
534:. The majority of which were secular in nature. Texts contained material such as medicinal instruction or came in the form of a
2947:), p. 427: "The thesis proposed here, that the word tarsh meant "printblock" in the dialect of the medieval Muslim underworld".
1388:
915:
from the 12th century to the 13th century, many books were printed and published by woodblock printing at Buddhist temples in
3846:
3678:
3568:
291:
2497:
The Xiantong era (咸通 Xián tōng) ran from 860–874, crossing the reigns of Yi Zong (懿宗 Yì zōng) and Xi Zong (僖宗 Xī zōng), see
2480:
3817:
836:
ordered another set to be created and work began in 1237, this time only taking 12 years to complete. In 1248 the complete
602:旋風裝) was to secure the first and last leaves to a single large sheet, so that the book could be opened like an accordion.
3416:
2674:
2515:
424:, the Directorate of education and other agencies used these block print disseminate their standardized versions of the
1396:
930:
was due to the high literacy rate of Japanese people. The literacy rate of the Japanese by 1800 was almost 100% for the
2932:
3726:
3656:
3629:
3535:
3323:
3228:
2554:
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2267:
2131:
1744:
1515:
1294:
had already reached an astoundingly low price compared to what could be found in his home country. Of this, he said:
766:
2476:
87:
process. Carving the blocks is skilled and laborious work, but a large number of impressions can then be printed.
777:
and the landscape painter Wáng Niè. It was noted for the quality of its polychrome and drawings, which influenced
2428:
3860:, a video demonstrating printing of multicolored wallpaper with a press, using blocks produced by William Morris
3799:
3481:
91:
3759:
1441:
copyist to write out a book by hand if there was no intention of producing more than a few copies. Although
1290:
noted that even before the arrival of western printing methods, the price of books and printed materials in
1016:
3919:
3899:
2124:
773:
It was initiated by the scholar and landscape painter Wáng Gài and expanded and prefaced by the art critic
3420:
3879:
2262:
Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications,
1245:
869:
859:
790:
28:
3719:
Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 1: Paper and Printing
1621:, when Japan opened the country to the West and began to modernize, that this technique was used again.
1488:'s forces in 1593 was also in use at the same time as the printing press from Europe. An edition of the
108:
art print. Most European uses of the technique for printing images on paper are covered by the art term
3857:
3808:
1599:
1429:, but no copies survived to the present. The oldest extant book printed with movable metal type is the
703:
2085:
829:
714:
1006:
447:. It took 10 years to finish the 130,000 blocks needed to print the text. The finished product, the
3904:
3894:
3040:
2040:
1375:
In the 20th century, the genre was revived by the writer Lou Siun, who founded a woodcut school in
824:. The project was suspended in 1031 after Heyongjong's death, but work resumed again in 1046 after
3389:
94:, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD. Woodblock printing existed in
352:
169:
2488:
2337:
Pan, Jixing (1997). "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries".
3360:
1810:
1365:
1033:
depicting secular subjects became very popular among the common people and were mass-produced.
818:
issued the carving of their own set of the Buddhist canon, which would come to be known as the
726:
383:. The document is printed on a 8 cm × 630 cm (3.1 in × 248.0 in)
365:
3218:
2284:
1045:
wrestlers, beautiful women, landscapes of sightseeing spots, historical tales, and so on, and
3914:
3560:
3485:
3338:
2498:
1930:
1900:
1609:
characters. In one book, 2,100 characters were created, but 16% of them were used only once.
1231:
1223:
1116:
541:
487:
432:, philosophical works, encyclopedias, collections, and books on medicine and the art of war.
391:. As each copy was then stored in a tiny wooden pagoda, the copies are together known as the
335:
319:
2652:
3889:
3666:
3497:
3088:"Early Card painters and Printers in Germany, Austria and Flanders (14th and 15th century)"
2983:
2410:"A History of Writings in Japanese and Current Studies in the Field of Rare Books in Japan"
2346:
1950:
1207:
1178:. Block books continued to be printed sporadically up through the end of the 15th century.
838:
820:
3778:
3765:
Excellent images and descriptions of examples, mostly Chinese, from the Schoyen Collection
3578:
1546:
1436:
Movable type never replaced woodblock printing in Korea. Indeed, even the promulgation of
393:
195:
8:
3795:
1990:
1765:
1595:
1307:
1138:
815:
811:
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remarked upon the unforeseen effect an abundance of books had on examination candidates:
226:
125:
2350:
1498:
3884:
3601:
3057:
2370:
1591:
1528:
1485:
1171:
992:
530:(1077–1148) as well as one other individual owned libraries of 6,000 titles in 100,000
1512:
to be published, but copper type did not become mainstream after Ieyasu died in 1616.
1426:
1302:
cottager cannot buy anything like the amount of printed matter for his penny that the
388:
3835:
3764:
3722:
3714:
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3674:
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Allan H. Stevenson (Spring 1967). "The Quincentennnial of Netherlandish Blockbooks".
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1980:
1960:
1890:
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introduced Hangeul, an alphabetic system, in the 15th century, Hangeul only replaced
1286:
847:
825:
799:
795:
417:
257:
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2821:"Printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous Buddhist scriptures"
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3315:
Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture
3049:
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2020:
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833:
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405:
143:
76:
3841:
2429:"Gutenberg and the Koreans: The Invention of Movable Metal Type Printing in Korea"
1560:
1497:
was printed in 1598, using a Korean moveable type printing press, at the order of
514:. The earliest extant private Song library catalogue lists 1,937 titles in 24,501
48:
China, the world's earliest printed text containing a date of production, AD 868 (
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2030:
1970:
1920:
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1133:
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84:
49:
2984:"Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art"
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2010:
1820:
1570:
1473:
1299:
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1021:
1011:
774:
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384:
24:
3413:"About the Japanese and Composition, the reconstruction of history and future"
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864:
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1001:
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Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at
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41:
2409:
617:) were bound up, and several of these would be enclosed in a cover called a
613:
3737:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part 2
1800:
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1618:
1470:
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Korea served only the small, noble groups of the highly stratified society.
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1203:
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1090:
900:
890:
778:
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Evidence of woodblock printing appeared in Korea and Japan soon afterward.
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45:
2414:
62nd IFLA General Conference - Conference Proceedings - August 25–31, 1996
1089:
with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of
986:
885:
663:
Not only did manuscripts remain competitive with imprints, they were even
510:
became commonplace while six individuals owned collections of over 30,000
2197:
2095:
1880:
1736:
1713:
1634:
1613:
were mass-produced by conventional woodblock printing during most of the
1353:
1261:
1241:
746:
722:
466:), or a few hundred titles. Two centuries later, Zhang Mian owned 10,000
380:
311:
303:
295:
250:
242:
230:
974:
956:
3783:
3579:"Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing"
3061:
2358:
2187:
2000:
1940:
1910:
1614:
1555:
is one of the earliest works produced on a movable type press in Japan.
1158:
1081:
927:
904:
676:
113:
105:
95:
3831:
Wood-Block Printing, by F. Morley Fletcher, Illustrated by A. W. Seaby
3605:
3863:
3830:
2182:
2177:
2075:
1850:
1694:
1630:
1489:
1253:
1219:
1072:
1059:
1050:
968:
527:
479:
287:
3053:
936:
272:無垢淨光大陀羅尼經) and was printed using woodblock during the Tang dynasty,
212:
3804:
3748:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute
3597:
2803:
Gift Exchange among States in East Asia During the Eleventh Century
1870:
1606:
1575:
1493:
1376:
1227:
962:
946:
920:
850:
as well as a standard edition for East Asian Buddhist scholarship.
471:
376:
307:
261:
139:
64:
1063:
and greatly developed Japanese woodblock printing culture such as
1057:
established the technique of multicolor woodblock printing called
996:(puppet) theatre, etc. The best-selling books of this period were
379:, South Korea in 1966 and dated between 704 and 751 in the era of
3853:
The History of Chinese Bookbinding: the case of Dunhuang findings
3641:
Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900-1400
2999:"Block Printing History, Types, Process and Materials To Be Used"
2157:
1835:
1698:
1508:
1437:
1395:, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377.
1349:
1345:
1127:
1046:
1029:
980:
931:
878:
874:
803:
683:
680:
448:
444:
401:
238:
135:
109:
100:
20:
164:
71:
or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in
2861:
Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.
2162:
1741:
Treatise on the Paintings and Writings of the Ten Bamboo Studio
1719:
Colour is very common in Asian woodblock printing on paper; in
1418:
1337:
1150:
1038:
730:
578:
536:
347:(960-1279). The world's oldest extant print advertising medium.
299:
806:
is one of the foremost Chogye Buddhist temples in South Korea.
36:
23:. For the related technique invented in the 18th century, see
3814:"Multiple Impressions: Contemporary Chinese Woodblock Prints"
3290:, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April -June , 1959), pp. 96–103 (103).
3087:
3077:
Master E.S., Alan Shestack, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1967.
2152:
1720:
1706:
1602:
1564:
1446:
1430:
1409:
1341:
1234:. The earliest extant book printed using movable type is the
1107:
916:
607:
340:
199:
173:
80:
72:
68:
2697:
1403:
1393:
Jikji: Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters
752:
Another outstanding series is the collection of twenty-nine
3825:—Numerous links to Online Resources and Other Organizations
3176:
3174:
2631:
2629:
2568:
2566:
1709:
1042:
2809:(PhD dissertation). University of Washington. p. 191.
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
1584:, like that of traditional handwritten books, adopted the
668:
books were for those who did not truly care about books".
420:
and an assortment of other texts were printed. During the
3847:
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures
3147:
2757:
1629:
In countries using Arabic scripts, works, especially the
1536:
1407:
Movable type used to print the earliest extant book, the
1330:
1142:
951:
540:(類書), a type of encyclopedic reference book used to help
522:, Chen Zhensun's collection lists 3,096 titles in 51,180
3268:
3171:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3120:
3105:
2626:
2563:
700:
Painting Manual of the Garden as Large as a Mustard Seed
3255:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 330.
3021:
3019:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2301:
1298:
We have an extensive penny literature at home, but the
1244:
c. 1139–1193. Metal movable type was used in the Song,
1105:
A few specimen of wood block printing, possibly called
482:
and his cousin Xiao Mai both had collections of 30,000
2272:
1585:
1579:
1550:
1540:
1206:
characters arranged primarily by rhyming scheme, from
653:, remained difficult right into the twentieth century.
490:(508–555) was said to have had a collection of 80,000
3791:
Chinese book-binding methods, from the V&A Museum
3359:(in Japanese). Printing Museum, Tokyo. Archived from
3159:
3132:
3117:
1115:, have been excavated from a 10th-century context in
743:
Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Paintings
3251:
Needham, Joseph; Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).
3220:
Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese
3016:
2740:
2718:
Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China
2387:
2279:
Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013).
2239:
2227:
2215:
1141:
correspondences between the Old and New Testaments:
944:(farmer) class due to the spread of private schools
370:
283:
sutra, was also discovered and dated to 690 to 699.
1705:
The earliest woodblock printing known is in colour—
506:centuries combined. Private libraries of 10–20,000
16:
Early printing technique using carved wooden blocks
3671:Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print
3530:. Pelican History of Art (3rd ed.). Penguin.
3523:
3450:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3443:
3293:
3073:
3071:
3037:
2859:The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.
2728:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2549:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 830.
1423:Prescribed Texts for Rites of the Past and Present
1181:The method was also used extensively for printing
1053:are the most famous artists. In the 18th century,
3651:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini. 1988.
1691:Views of Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces
249:, the blibography of the official history of the
3871:
3698:THE BOOK: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking
2890:. Konosuke Hashiguchi. (2013) Seikei University.
2278:
2203:Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints
950:. There were more than 600 rental bookstores in
770:, published in two parts between 1679 and 1701.
3388:(in Japanese). Letterpress Labo. Archived from
3068:
2330:
1519:
926:The mass production of woodblock prints in the
256:The rise of printing was greatly influenced by
1526:
998:Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko (Life of an Amorous Man)
2715:
2455:. Hyundae Bulkyo Media Center. Archived from
2396:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress
2132:
1417:In 1234, cast metal movable type was used in
1024:, and these books were reprinted many times.
990:, art books, play scripts for the kabuki and
397:(百万塔陀羅尼, "1,000,000 towers/pagodas Darani").
3866:, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. 2009.
3521:
3463:The Japan Federation of Printing Industries.
3250:
3216:
2501:. The book was thus prepared in the time of
1677:
764:ceramics. Equally famous is the compilation
689:
216:Coloured woodcut Buddha, 10th century, China
3673:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky.
3624:(8th ed.). Delaware: Oak Knoll Books.
2869:
2867:
2283:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1340:) and, from the 17th century, in Sin-ngan (
1202:A revolving table typecase with individual
1027:From the 17th century to the 19th century,
3734:
3700:, Oxford University Press, seventh edition
3410:
3381:
3223:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 266.
3153:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2763:
2139:
2125:
1772:
1230:. Metal movable type also appeared in the
3743:
3695:
3274:
3217:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, Martin M. (1995).
3180:
3111:
2912:Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life.
2720:. Stanford University Press. p. 36.
2703:
2635:
2572:
2324:
1188:
3910:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
3647:
3586:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3498:"Shi zhu zhai shu hua pu (FH.910.83-98)"
3474:Print Culture: From Steam Press to Ebook
3288:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3286:Sohn, Pow-Key, "Early Korean Printing,"
3204:
2864:
1681:
1514:
1402:
1387:
1197:
1126:
1100:
884:
863:
794:
713:
693:
496:
334:
211:
189:
163:
129:
35:
3864:China engraved block printing technique
3704:
3576:
3554:
3502:University of Cambridge Digital Library
3311:
3192:
3165:
3141:
3126:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2839:
2787:
2775:
2245:
2233:
2221:
1237:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union
646:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
518:. Zhou Mi's collection numbered 42,000
428:. Other disseminated works include the
245:for scholars and students to copy. The
27:. For Japanese woodblock printing, see
3872:
3619:
3441:
3025:
2813:
2649:"Dunhuang concertina binding findings"
2258:
2256:
2254:
1331:Decline of woodblock printing in China
3823:American Printing History Association
3713:
2874:Edo Picture Books and the Edo Period.
2751:
1617:. It was after the 1870s, during the
1226:around the year 1041 by the commoner
404:by 1000 AD and could be found in the
323:earliest extant printed almanac, the
116:produced mainly in the 15th century.
3818:University of Michigan Museum of Art
3665:
3638:
3299:
2996:
2799:
2734:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
3709:(in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
3707:Summa Artis XX. El arte de la China
3417:Japan Science and Technology Agency
2544:
2489:"Printed copy of the Diamond Sutra"
2336:
2251:
1746:Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual
1131:Three episodes from the block book
266:Great spell of unsullied pure light
13:
3760:Centre for the History of the Book
3649:Diccionario Larousse de la Pintura
3312:Ikegami, Eiko (28 February 2005).
2388:Andrea Matles Savada, ed. (1993).
1480:in 1590, and was first printed in
719:Morning Shine on the Western Ridge
435:In 971 work began on the complete
40:The intricate frontispiece of the
14:
3931:
3753:
3557:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
3526:The Art and Architecture of China
3253:Science and Civilisation in China
2997:Khan, Irshad (10 February 2023).
1507:established a printing school at
1370:Conquests of the Emperor of China
1097:gained international popularity.
784:
767:Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden
400:Woodblock printing spread across
286:This coincides with the reign of
2477:Cultural Heritage Administration
1397:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
568:and Xing Bing in the year 1005:
270:Wugou jingguang da tuoluoni jing
3522:Sickman, L.; Soper, A. (1971).
3515:
3490:
3466:
3454:
3435:
3404:
3375:
3347:
3332:
3305:
3280:
3259:
3244:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3080:
3031:
2990:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2879:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2709:
2667:
2641:
2538:
1633:were printed from blocks or by
1421:(Korea) to print the 50-volume
632:
411:
372:Muggujeonggwang Dadharanigyeong
318:is 14 feet long and contains a
3858:Video: Block-printed wallpaper
3800:International Dunhuang Project
3721:, Cambridge University Press,
3696:McMurtrie, Douglas C. (1962),
3555:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008),
3548:
3318:. Cambridge University Press.
2508:
2449:"Early Print Culture in Korea"
2404:– via Countrystudies.us.
2381:
1624:
1360:. During the reign of Emperor
1270:Five Hundred Years of Printing
279:–670 AD. A similar piece, the
1:
3746:Chinese History: A New Manual
3446:A History of Japan: 1334–1615
2208:
2065:
1840:
1825:
1079:. In the early 20th century,
934:class and 50% to 60% for the
702:(c. 1679–1701), by Wang Kai,
273:
203:
198:, the oldest printed text in
177:
172:, the oldest printed text in
147:
3796:Chinese book-binding methods
3744:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012),
3739:, Cambridge University Press
3705:Rivière, Jean Roger (1966).
3577:Bulliet, Richard W. (1987).
2545:Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1970).
2394:North Korea: A Country Study
1749:published in 1679 and 1701.
1665:
1085:that fused the tradition of
75:in antiquity as a method of
19:For Western art prints, see
7:
2473:"National Treasure No. 126"
1752:
1640:
1586:
1580:
1551:
1541:
1520:
870:Under the Wave off Kanagawa
860:Woodblock printing in Japan
791:Woodblock printing in Korea
501:Western woodcut press, 1872
371:
292:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
92:method of printing on cloth
29:Woodblock printing in Japan
10:
3936:
3781:of a European block-book,
3735:Twitchett, Denis (1998b),
3622:An ABC for Book Collectors
3382:Kazuo Mori (25 May 2017).
2825:UNESCO Memory of the World
2281:The Book: A Global History
1716:printed in three colours.
1464:
1264:in the late 19th century.
1193:
1162:
1156:
966:(books on urban culture),
857:
788:
704:Metropolitan Museum of Art
552:, by the year 1023 39,142
123:
119:
104:is the best-known type of
18:
3809:SOAS University of London
3476:, p.75, 2013, Routledge,
2104:
2094:
2086:Thermal-transfer printing
2084:
2074:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1834:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1732:
1678:Colour woodblock printing
1527:
1122:
690:Three-five colored prints
577:In 1076, the 39 year old
360:
330:
3805:Chinese woodblock prints
3384:
3355:
3041:British Museum Quarterly
2923:Junko Nishiyama. (2018)
2547:The Rise of Modern China
2339:Chinese Science Bulletin
1961:Photostat and rectigraph
1687:Mino province: Yoro-taki
1476:was brought to Japan by
1383:
1275:The Gutenberg Revolution
853:
327:(乾符四年曆書), dated to 877.
220:
3842:Block printing in India
3442:Sansom, George (1961).
2800:Hyun, Jeongwon (2013).
1760:Part of a series on the
1315:or backwards in time."
353:The Great Dharani Sutra
170:The Great Dharani Sutra
3639:Chia, Lucille (2011),
2927:. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu.
2876:National Diet Library.
2716:Kai-Wing Chow (2004).
2679:The Schøyen Collection
2520:The Schøyen Collection
1811:Intaglio (printmaking)
1702:
1645:Around the mid-1400s,
1556:
1462:
1414:
1400:
1366:Charles-Nicolas Cochin
1328:
1312:
1215:
1189:Impact of movable type
1154:
1007:Nansō Satomi Hakkenden
908:
882:
807:
734:
727:National Palace Museum
711:
661:
595:
575:
502:
459:, was printed in 983.
348:
217:
209:
187:
161:
53:
3787:, with hand-colouring
3620:Carter, John (2006).
3561:Yale University Press
3003:Wooden Printing block
2499:List of Tang Emperors
1931:Hot metal typesetting
1685:
1518:
1451:
1406:
1391:
1317:
1296:
1232:Southern Song dynasty
1224:Northern Song dynasty
1222:were invented in the
1201:
1145:and the serpent, the
1130:
1101:Asia and North Africa
1017:Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige
897:Twenty Views of Tōkyō
888:
867:
798:
717:
697:
640:
583:
570:
560:, and by 1127 73,877
500:
488:Emperor Yuan of Liang
338:
215:
193:
167:
133:
39:
3472:Robertson, Frances,
3461:History of printing.
3363:on 29 September 2022
3339:Kotobank Saga Books.
1951:Daisy wheel printing
1071:influenced European
960:(satirical novels),
844:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
839:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
821:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
455:, also known as the
416:From 932 to 955 the
375:) was discovered at
77:printing on textiles
3920:Textual scholarship
3900:History of printing
3771:11 May 2008 at the
3195:, pp. 580–581)
2790:, pp. 578–579)
2778:, pp. 577–578)
2435:. 13 September 2006
2351:1997ChSBu..42..976P
1991:Dot matrix printing
1766:History of printing
1565:emaki (handscrolls)
1535:: libretto for the
1220:wooden movable type
816:Hyeonjong of Goryeo
812:Seongjong of Goryeo
361:무구정광대다라니경/無垢淨光大陀羅尼經
325:Qianfu sinian lishu
314:. This copy of the
281:Saddharma pundarika
264:. It is called the
227:Book of Southern Qi
126:History of printing
63:is a technique for
3880:Chinese inventions
3715:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
3392:on 30 January 2023
2925:新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅
2887:第6回 和本の楽しみ方4 江戸の草紙
2706:, p. 910-911.
2685:on 4 November 2006
2526:on 4 November 2006
2495:. British Library.
2486: •
2470: •
2446: •
2426: •
2407: •
2359:10.1007/BF02882611
2076:Solid ink printing
1791:Woodblock printing
1703:
1557:
1486:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1415:
1401:
1325:Endymion Wilkinson
1216:
1172:Allan H. Stevenson
1155:
909:
883:
808:
735:
712:
698:Illustration from
658:Endymion Wilkinson
503:
349:
290:, under which the
218:
210:
188:
162:
106:Japanese woodblock
57:Woodblock printing
54:
3836:Project Gutenberg
3680:978-1-56852-481-8
3570:978-0-300-12728-7
3559:, Great Britain:
3484:, 9780415574167,
3342:The Asahi Shimbun
2483:on 16 March 2008.
2149:
2148:
2114:
2113:
1981:Spirit duplicator
1891:Chromolithography
1743:of 1633, and the
1287:Macartney mission
1214:, published 1313.
978:(romance novel),
972:(comical books),
848:Classical Chinese
800:Tripitaka Koreana
556:, by 1068 47,588
474:(441–513) 20,000
394:Hyakumantō Darani
369:
258:Mahayana Buddhism
233:(before AD 220).
225:According to the
196:Hyakumantō Darani
112:, except for the
3927:
3838:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3662:
3644:
3635:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3583:
3573:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3494:
3488:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3419:. Archived from
3411:Noriyuki Kasai.
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2914:The Japan Times.
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:. United Nations
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2681:. Archived from
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2651:. Archived from
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2522:. Archived from
2512:
2506:
2496:
2493:Collection Items
2484:
2479:. Archived from
2468:
2466:
2464:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2433:Rightreading.com
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2345:(12): 976–981 .
2334:
2328:
2322:
2299:
2298:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2193:Textile printing
2173:New Year picture
2168:Old master print
2141:
2134:
2127:
2106:Digital printing
2070:
2067:
2061:Thermal printing
2021:Phototypesetting
1845:
1842:
1830:
1827:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1757:
1756:
1734:
1689:from the series
1589:
1583:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1499:Emperor Go-Yōzei
1482:Kazusa, Nagasaki
1460:
1443:Sejong the Great
1326:
1165:Old master print
721:(1714-1715), by
659:
566:Emperor Zhenzong
457:Kaibao Tripitaka
439:Buddhist Canon (
406:Byzantine Empire
374:
364:
362:
278:
275:
247:Suishu jingjizhi
208:
205:
186:
182:
179:
156:
152:
149:
134:A fragment of a
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3905:Relief printing
3895:Decorative arts
3870:
3869:
3828:
3773:Wayback Machine
3756:
3729:
3681:
3659:
3632:
3610:
3608:
3581:
3571:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3423:on 23 July 2022
3415:(in Japanese).
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3211:
3207:, p. 2110)
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3154:Twitchett 1998b
3152:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3054:10.2307/4422966
3036:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2764:Twitchett 1998b
2762:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2655:on 9 March 2000
2647:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2459:on 19 July 2011
2447:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2302:
2295:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2145:
2116:
2115:
2068:
2041:Dye-sublimation
2031:Inkjet printing
1971:Screen printing
1921:Offset printing
1861:Relief printing
1843:
1828:
1784:
1755:
1725:Chengshi moyuan
1680:
1668:
1659:Biblia pauperum
1643:
1627:
1524:
1505:Tokugawa Ieyasu
1467:
1461:
1458:
1386:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1196:
1191:
1167:
1161:
1134:Biblia pauperum
1125:
1103:
1095:Hiroshi Yoshida
1055:Suzuki Harunobu
913:Kamakura period
862:
856:
830:Mongol invasion
793:
787:
754:Kaempfer Prints
692:
660:
657:
635:
600:xuanfeng zhuang
451:edition of the
418:Twelve Classics
414:
389:Empress Shōtoku
333:
276:
223:
206:
184:
180:
154:
150:
128:
122:
85:relief printing
50:British Library
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3826:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3776:
3762:
3755:
3754:External links
3752:
3751:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3679:
3663:
3657:
3645:
3636:
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3617:
3598:10.2307/603463
3592:(3): 427–438.
3574:
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3547:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3514:
3489:
3465:
3453:
3434:
3403:
3374:
3346:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3292:
3279:
3277:, p. 911.
3275:Wilkinson 2012
3267:
3258:
3243:
3229:
3209:
3205:Larousse (1988
3197:
3185:
3183:, p. 935.
3181:Wilkinson 2012
3170:
3158:
3156:, p. 637.
3146:
3131:
3116:
3114:, p. 909.
3112:Wilkinson 2012
3104:
3079:
3067:
3048:(3/4): 83–87.
3030:
3015:
2989:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2936:
2933:978-4808711016
2916:
2904:
2902:Mitsui Fdosan.
2892:
2878:
2863:
2838:
2812:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2766:, p. 636.
2756:
2754:, p. 373.
2739:
2727:
2708:
2704:Wilkinson 2012
2696:
2666:
2640:
2638:, p. 912.
2636:Wilkinson 2012
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2575:, p. 930.
2573:Wilkinson 2012
2562:
2555:
2537:
2507:
2380:
2329:
2327:, p. 910.
2325:Wilkinson 2012
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2051:Laser printing
2047:
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2043:
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2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:Spark printing
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1623:
1571:Ise monogatari
1547:Hon'ami Kōetsu
1478:Tenshō embassy
1474:printing-press
1469:Western style
1466:
1463:
1456:
1425:, compiled by
1385:
1382:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1176:printing press
1157:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1102:
1099:
1022:Jippensha Ikku
1012:Takizawa Bakin
895:. From series
858:Main article:
855:
852:
832:of 1232. King
789:Main article:
786:
785:Goryeo (Korea)
783:
758:British Museum
691:
688:
655:
634:
631:
441:Kaibao zangshu
413:
410:
332:
329:
298:discovered at
222:
219:
124:Main article:
121:
118:
61:block printing
25:Wood engraving
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3770:
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3761:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3728:0-521-08690-6
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:Lane, Richard
3664:
3660:
3658:84-395-0976-6
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3631:9781584561125
3627:
3623:
3618:
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3599:
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3553:
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3537:0-14-056110-2
3533:
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3327:
3325:9780521601153
3321:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3302:, p. 33.
3301:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3232:
3230:9789027285768
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3193:Rivière (1966
3189:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3168:, p. 14.
3167:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3144:, p. 11.
3143:
3138:
3136:
3129:, p. 10.
3128:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3028:, p. 46.
3027:
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2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2788:Rivière (1966
2784:
2777:
2776:Rivière (1966
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2737:, p. 41.
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2623:, p. 38.
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 33.
2610:
2605:
2599:, p. 21.
2598:
2593:
2587:, p. 43.
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2556:0-19-501240-2
2552:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2395:
2391:
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2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
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2352:
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2326:
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2319:
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2307:
2305:
2296:
2294:9780191668746
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:0-7141-1447-2
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2248:, p. 61.
2247:
2242:
2236:, p. 50.
2235:
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2224:, p. 60.
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2014:
2012:
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1561:Honami Kōetsu
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1533:, Saga Books)
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79:and later on
78:
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38:
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3779:Fine example
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2246:Barrett 2008
2241:
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1801:Movable type
1790:
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1686:
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1669:
1655:Ars moriendi
1651:movable type
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1218:Ceramic and
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1204:movable type
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1147:Annunciation
1132:
1117:Arabic Egypt
1106:
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1091:Hasui Kawase
1086:
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3890:Book design
3798:, from the
3549:Works cited
3097:28 February
3026:Carter 2006
3008:12 February
2900:Nihonbashi.
2198:Bagru Print
2096:3D printing
2069: 1972
1881:Lithography
1844: 1515
1829: 1440
1737:Hu Zhengyan
1714:Han dynasty
1647:block-books
1635:lithography
1625:Middle East
1354:Matteo Ripa
1262:lithography
1242:Western Xia
1139:typological
747:Hu Zhengyan
723:Matteo Ripa
542:examination
381:Later Silla
312:Aurel Stein
310:in 1907 by
304:Mogao Caves
296:Lotus Sutra
251:Sui dynasty
243:Han dynasty
241:during the
231:Han dynasty
168:Replica of
114:block books
3874:Categories
3784:Apocalypse
3611:17 January
3482:0415574161
3236:12 January
2752:Tsien 1985
2659:1 November
2530:6 December
2463:3 December
2439:3 December
2419:3 December
2400:3 December
2209:References
2188:Bagh Print
2001:Xerography
1941:Mimeograph
1911:Hectograph
1783:Techniques
1615:Edo period
1587:renmen-tai
1163:See also:
1159:Block book
1153:'s miracle
1082:shin-hanga
928:Edo period
905:shin-hanga
802:stored at
781:painting.
745:(1644) by
677:Hu Yinglin
277: 650
207: 770
185: 751
183: – c.
181: 704
155: 670
153: – c.
151: 650
96:Tang China
3885:Book arts
3689:475522764
3507:11 August
3385:嵯峨本と角倉素庵。
3356:嵯峨本『伊勢物語』
3300:Lane 1978
2735:Chia 2011
2675:"MS 2540"
2621:Chia 2011
2609:Chia 2011
2597:Chia 2011
2585:Chia 2011
2516:"MS 2489"
2453:Buddhapia
2367:1001-6538
2183:Ghalamkar
2178:Kalamkari
1851:Mezzotint
1712:from the
1695:Hiroshige
1666:Technique
1542:Katsuragi
1490:Confucian
1254:East Asia
1208:Wang Zhen
1073:Japonisme
1060:nishiki-e
1051:Hiroshige
987:kusazōshi
969:kokkeibon
665:preferred
651:Histories
598:binding (
528:Ye Mengde
480:Xiao Tong
443:開寶藏書) in
437:Tripiṭaka
430:Histories
366:romanized
288:Wu Zetian
138:print in
3769:Archived
3717:(1985),
3669:(1978).
2375:98230482
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1753:See also
1657:and the
1607:hiragana
1581:Saga-bon
1576:typeface
1552:Saga-bon
1521:Saga-bon
1494:Analects
1457:—
1377:Shanghai
1362:Qianlong
1323:—
1304:Chinaman
1228:Bi Sheng
1212:Nong Shu
1041:actors,
975:ninjōbon
963:sharebon
957:kibyōshi
947:terakoya
921:Kamakura
893:in Shiba
708:New York
656:—
472:Shen Yue
426:Classics
385:mulberry
377:Bulguksa
320:colophon
308:Dunhuang
140:Sanskrit
65:printing
3816:at the
3643:, Brill
3092:Trionfi
3062:4422966
2831:30 July
2689:23 July
2503:Yi Zong
2390:"Silla"
2347:Bibcode
2285:574–576
2158:Woodcut
1836:Etching
1729:Chinese
1707:Chinese
1699:ukiyo-e
1671:Jia xie
1600:cursive
1578:of the
1509:Enko-ji
1438:Hangeul
1399:, Paris
1350:Jiangsu
1346:Nanjing
1300:English
1087:ukiyo-e
1069:Ukiyo-e
1065:ukiyo-e
1047:Hokusai
1035:ukiyo-e
1030:ukiyo-e
981:yomihon
932:samurai
911:In the
907:artist.
891:Zōjō-ji
879:ukiyo-e
875:Hokusai
826:Munjong
810:In 989
804:Haeinsa
684:Choe Bu
675:author
625:in 595
591:Han shu
449:Sichuan
445:Chengdu
402:Eurasia
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239:Luoyang
144:Chinese
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120:History
110:woodcut
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1248:, and
1151:Gideon
1123:Europe
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1039:kabuki
1014:, and
993:jōruri
937:chōnin
881:artist
834:Gojong
762:Kangxi
731:Taipei
681:Korean
614:juan 卷
579:Su Shi
537:leishu
526:, and
478:, and
357:Korean
331:Spread
300:Turpan
69:images
67:text,
3807:from
3602:JSTOR
3582:(PDF)
3427:8 May
3396:8 May
3367:8 May
3058:JSTOR
2969:See (
2956:See (
2943:See (
2807:(PDF)
2371:S2CID
2153:Ajrak
1721:China
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1603:kanji
1539:play
1465:Japan
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1431:Jikji
1410:Jikji
1384:Korea
1358:Jehol
1342:Anhui
1292:China
1194:China
1108:tarsh
942:nōmin
917:Kyoto
854:Japan
775:Li Yu
608:codex
587:Shiji
341:Jinan
262:Xi'an
221:China
200:Japan
174:Korea
90:As a
81:paper
73:China
44:from
3723:ISBN
3685:OCLC
3675:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3613:2019
3565:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3509:2015
3478:ISBN
3429:2023
3398:2023
3369:2023
3320:ISBN
3238:2019
3225:ISBN
3099:2010
3010:2023
2929:ISBN
2833:2016
2723:day.
2691:2017
2661:2013
2551:ISBN
2532:2006
2465:2009
2441:2009
2421:2009
2402:2009
2363:ISSN
2289:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2110:1991
2100:1986
2090:1981
2080:1972
2055:1969
2045:1957
2035:1950
2025:1949
2015:1940
2005:1938
1995:1925
1985:1923
1975:1911
1965:1907
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1945:1885
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