Tang dynasty - Knowledge

4123: 2398: 2863: 5712: 5693:. In the year 691 she had more than 100,000 families (more than 500,000 people) from around the region of Chang'an move to populate Luoyang instead. With a population of about a million, Luoyang became the second largest city in the empire, and with its closeness to the Luo River it benefited from southern agricultural fertility and trade traffic of the Grand Canal. However, the Tang court eventually demoted its capital status and did not visit Luoyang after the year 743, when Chang'an's problem of acquiring adequate supplies and stores for the year was solved. As early as 736, granaries were built at critical points along the route from Yangzhou to Chang'an, which eliminated shipment delays, spoilage, and pilfering. An artificial lake used as a transshipment pool was dredged east of Chang'an in 743, where curious northerners could finally see the array of boats found in southern China, delivering tax and tribute items to the imperial court. 6338: 6535:

abundant harvests after a long drought or famine, the granting of amnesties, or the installment of a new crown prince. For special celebration in the Tang era, lavish and gargantuan-sized feasts were sometimes prepared, as the imperial court had staffed agencies to prepare the meals. This included a prepared feast for 1,100 elders of Chang'an in 664, a feast held for 3,500 officers of the Divine Strategy Army in 768, and one in 826 for 1,200 members of the imperial family and women of the palace. Alcohol consumption was a prominent facet of Chinese culture; people during the Tang drank for nearly every social event. An 8th-century court official allegedly had a serpent-shaped structure called the 'ale grotto' built on the ground floor using a total of 50,000 bricks, which featured bowls from which each of his friends could drink.

2766: 6978: 5122: 3616: 2188: 7025: 2854: 5585:) of Japan like many cities was arranged in the checkerboard street grid pattern of the Tang capital and in accordance with traditional geomancy following the model of Chang'an. Of these 108 wards in Chang'an, two of them (each the size of two regular city wards) were designated as government-supervised markets, and other space reserved for temples, gardens, ponds, etc. Throughout the entire city, there were 111 Buddhist monasteries, 41 Taoist abbeys, 38 family shrines, 2 official temples, 7 churches of foreign religions, 10 city wards with provincial transmission offices, 12 major inns, and 6 graveyards. Some city wards were literally filled with open public playing fields or the backyards of lavish mansions for playing horse polo and 5019: 7070: 6994: 3290:, which became one of the most powerful state agencies, run by capable ministers chosen as specialists. The commission began the practice of selling merchants the rights to buy monopoly salt, which they transported and sold in local markets. In 799 salt accounted for over half of the government's revenues. S.A.M. Adshead writes that this salt tax represents "the first time that an indirect tax, rather than tribute, levies on land or people, or profit from state enterprises such as mines, had been the primary resource of a major state." Even after the power of the central government was in decline after the mid 8th century, it was still able to function and give out imperial orders on a massive scale. The 4011: 3441:, and captured both Tang dynasty capitals, Luoyang and Chang'an. A medieval Chinese source claimed that Huang Chao killed 8 million people. The Tang never recovered from this rebellion, weakening it for future military powers to replace it. Large groups of bandits in the size of small armies ravaged the countryside in the last years of the Tang. They smuggled illicit salt, ambushed merchants and convoys, and even besieged several walled cities. Amid the sacking of cities and murderous factional strife among eunuchs and officials, the top tier of aristocratic families, which had amassed a large fraction of the landed wealth and official positions, was largely destroyed or marginalized. 4716: 918: 6192:, and became the dominant ideology during the prosperous Tang. Buddhist monasteries played an integral role in Chinese society, offering lodging for travelers in remote areas, schools for children throughout the country, and a place for urban literati to stage social events and gatherings such as going-away parties. Buddhist monasteries were also engaged in the economy, since their land property and serfs gave them enough revenues to set up mills, oil presses, and other enterprises. Although the monasteries retained 'serfs', these monastery dependents could actually own property and employ others to help them in their work, including their own slaves. 7010: 4231: 4893: 2935: 6139: 7726:, to besiege their capital city; by means of an agreement they obtained friendly relations, and asked to be allowed to pay every year tribute of gold and silk; in the sequel they became subject to Ta-shih. In the second year of the period Ch'ien-feng they sent an embassy offering Ti-yeh-ka. In the first year of the period Ta-tsu they again sent an embassy to our court. In the first month of the seventh year of the period K'ai-yuan their lord sent the ta-shou-ling of T'u-huo-lo to offer lions and ling-yang, two of each. A few months after, he further sent ta-te-seng to our court with tribute." 6433: 5569:

five miles (8 km) of outer walls running north to south. The royal palace, the Taiji Palace, stood north of the city's central axis. From the large Mingde Gates mid-center on the main southern wall, a wide city avenue stretched all the way north to the central administrative city, behind which was the Chentian Gate of the royal palace, or Imperial City. Intersecting this were fourteen main streets running east to west, while eleven main streets ran north to south. These main intersecting roads formed 108 rectangular wards with walls and four gates each, each filled with multiple

5102: 3328:(r. 805–820), whose reign was aided by the fiscal reforms of the 780s, including a government monopoly on the salt industry. He also had an effective and well-trained imperial army stationed at the capital led by his court eunuchs; this was the Army of Divine Strategy, numbering 240,000 in strength as recorded in 798. Between the years 806 and 819, Emperor Xianzong conducted seven major military campaigns to quell the rebellious provinces that had claimed autonomy from central authority, managing to subdue all but two of them. Under his reign there was a brief end to the hereditary 6355: 11953:唐·孙棨《北里志》:诸女自幼丐，有或佣其下里贫家。常有不调之徒，潜为渔猎，亦有良家子为其家聘之，以转求厚赂。误陷其中，则无以自脱。初教之歌令，而责之甚急，微涉退怠，则鞭朴备至。(Some of these girls were beggars when they were young, and some came from poor families. There were often improper people who secretly sold the girls to brothels. Some girls from the boudoir were married into such families and sold to brothels at high prices. Once they were trapped here, there was no way to get out by themselves. At first, these girls were taught to sing, and then they were quickly reprimanded. If they were a little negligent, they would be whipped with a whip.) 15016: 593: 6259: 4962: 3578: 4545: 6501: 7169:... the beast opened its mouth and spit brew into a goblet seated on a large lotus leaf beneath. When the cup was 80% full, the dragon ceased spewing ale, and a guest immediately seized the goblet. If he was slow in draining the cup and returning it to the leaf, the door of a pavilion at the top of the mountain opened and a mechanical wine server, dressed in a cap and gown, emerged with a wooden bat in his hand. As soon as the guest returned the goblet, the dragon refilled it, the wine server withdrew, and the doors of the pavilion closed 6623: 3885: 6452: 5545: 4441: 4370: 2959: 6610: 6327: 2798: 5886: 3156: 82: 6795:(the existence of whom Yingxing wrote was "an uncertain matter") into the 2nd millenniums BC, because the properly wet and humid climate in southern China for growing rice was not yet fully settled or cultivated by the Chinese. Song Yingxing also noted that in the Ming dynasty, seven tenths of civilians' food was rice. During the Tang dynasty rice was not only the most important staple in southern China, but had also become popular in the north where central authority resided. 5473: 3348: 6971:, and salting their foods. The emperor had large ice pits located in the parks in and around Chang'an for preserving food, while the wealthy and elite had their own smaller ice pits. Each year the emperor had laborers carve 1000 blocks of ice from frozen creeks in mountain valleys, each block with the dimension of 3 ft (0.91 m) by 3 ft by 3.5 ft (1.1 m). Frozen delicacies such as chilled melon were enjoyed during the summer. 3251: 5150: 6492:. Government officials were granted vacations during their tenure in office. Officials were granted 30 days off every three years to visit their parents if they lived 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away, or 15 days off if the parents lived more than 167 mi (269 km) away (travel time not included). Officials were granted nine days of vacation time for weddings of a son or daughter, and either five, three, or one days/day off for the 5601: 7321: 3758: 3168: 2371: 6128: 3332:, as Xianzong appointed his own military officers and staffed the regional bureaucracies once again with civil officials. However, Xianzong's successors proved less capable and more interested in the leisure of hunting, feasting, and playing outdoor sports, allowing eunuchs to amass more power as drafted scholar-officials caused strife in the bureaucracy with factional parties. The eunuchs' power became unchallenged after 2425: 6591: 6676:. The emperor selected particularly talented women from the outer jiaofang to form the spring court, who were supplemented by courtesans from other troupes. During the Tang Dynasty, singing courtesans who were also talented in the poetry. In addition to singing, some courtesans composed their own songs, and even popularized a new form of lyrical verse that incorporated quotations of famous historical figures. 5654: 5737: 7262: 2986: 1968:) was the world's most populous city for much of the dynasty's existence. Two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries estimated the empire's population at about 50 million people, which grew to an estimated 80 million by the dynasty's end. From its numerous subjects, the dynasty raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers for 2102: 6544: 5764:. Over 48,900 poems penned by some 2,200 Tang authors have survived to the present day. Skill in the composition of poetry became a required study for those wishing to pass imperial examinations, while poetry was also heavily competitive; poetry contests amongst guests at banquets and courtiers were common. Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang included 3005:(d. 710), persuaded her husband to staff government offices with his sister and her daughters, and in 709 requested that he grant women the right to bequeath hereditary privileges to their sons (which before was a male right only). Empress Wei eventually poisoned Zhongzong, whereupon she placed his fifteen-year-old son upon the throne in 710. Two weeks later, 6419:. The Uighurs built the first Manichean monastery in China in 768, yet in 843 the Tang government ordered that the property of all Manichean monasteries be confiscated in response to the outbreak of war with the Uighurs. With the blanket ban on foreign religions two years later, Manicheism was driven underground and never flourished in China again. 7415:, complete with text and illustrated drawings for 833 different medicinal substances. In addition to compiling pharmacopeias, the Tang fostered learning in medicine by upholding imperial medical colleges, state examinations for doctors, and publishing forensic manuals for physicians. Authors of medicine in the Tang include Zhen Chuan (d. 643) and 7292:

which days were not. With so many books coming into circulation for the general public, literacy rates could improve, along with the lower classes being able to obtain cheaper sources of study. Therefore, there were more lower-class people seen entering the Imperial Examinations and passing them by the later Song dynasty. Although the later

2319:, Taizong showed himself to be a capable leader who listened to the advice of the wisest members of his council. In 628, Emperor Taizong held a Buddhist memorial service for the casualties of war, and in 629 he had Buddhist monasteries erected at the sites of major battles so that monks could pray for the fallen on both sides of the fight. 6810:, noodles, and many other kinds of food that soak wheat in water. While aristocrats favored wonton, civilians usually consumed noodles and noodle slice soup that were easier to produce. Pancakes was rare in China before the Tang, when it gained popularity. Food shops in Tang cities such as Chang'an commonly sold both pancakes and 6662:. While renowned for their politeness, courtesans were reputed to dominate conversations among elite men, and as being unafraid to openly criticize the rudeness of prominent male guests, including for talking too much, too loudly, or for boasting of their accomplishments.Courtesans were sometimes beaten by their procuring 3262:

unintended effect of stimulating trade, as more markets with fewer bureaucratic restrictions were opened up. By 780, the old grain tax and labor service of the 7th century was replaced by a semiannual tax paid in cash, signifying the shift to a money economy boosted by the merchant class. Cities in the

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was established. Also, the abandonment of the equal-field system meant that people could buy and sell land freely. Many poor fell into debt because of this, forced to sell their land to the wealthy, which led to the exponential growth of large estates. With the breakdown of the land allocation system

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s hereditary rule without accreditation. The Tang government relied on these governors and their armies for protection and to suppress local revolts. In return, the central government would acknowledge the rights of these governors to maintain their army, collect taxes and even to pass on their title

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in modern Chinese cuisine, steamed cake was usually stuffed with meat and vegetables. Shops and packmen regularly sold inexpensive steamed cake on the streets of Chang’an. Boiled cake was the staple of the Northern Dynasties, and it kept its popularity in the Tang dynasty. It included a wide variety

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Valley from Tibet in 722, lost it to the Tibetans in 737, and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo-Korean General Gao Xianzhi. When the An Lushan Rebellion ended in 763, the Tang Empire withdrew its troops from its western lands, allowing the Tibetan Empire to largely cut off China's direct

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by sail at sea, the Tang were able to acquire and gain many new technologies, cultural practices, rare luxury, and contemporary items. From Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, the Tang dynasty were able to acquire new ideas in fashion, new types of ceramics, and improved silver-smithing

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of land allotted to each family was in fact decreasing in size in places where population expanded and the wealthy bought up most of the land. Hard-pressed peasants and vagrants were then induced into military service with benefits of exemption from both taxation and corvée labor service, as well as

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government officials traveled to the capital in the year 643 to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts, Emperor Taizong discovered that many had no proper quarters to rest in and were renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Emperor Taizong ordered the government agencies in charge

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The legal code distinguished different levels of severity in meted punishments when different members of the social and political hierarchy committed the same crime. For example, the severity of punishment was different when a servant or nephew killed a master or an uncle than when a master or uncle

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Rebellion (874–884) resulted in the sacking of both Chang'an and Luoyang, and took an entire decade to suppress. It was the Huang Chao rebellion by the native Han rebel Huang Chao that permanently destroyed the power of the Tang dynasty since Huang Chao not only devastated the north but marched into

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rose to the highest seat of power in 690, establishing the short-lived Wu Zhou. Empress Wu's rise to power was achieved through cruel and calculating tactics: a popular conspiracy theory stated that she killed her own baby girl and blamed it on Gaozong's empress so that the empress would be demoted.

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and water-powered armillary sphere became well known throughout the country, since students attempting to pass the imperial examinations by 730 had to write an essay on the device as an exam requirement. However, the most common type of public and palace timekeeping device was the inflow clepsydra.

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During the Tang dynasty, wheat replaced the position of millet and became the main staple crop. As a consequence, wheat cake shared a considerable amount in the staple of Tang. There were four main kinds of cake: steamed cake, boiled cake, pancake, and Hu cake. Steamed cake was consumed commonly by

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figurines from the time period portray). The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like "an elaborate edifice above the forehead", while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments, combs, pearl necklaces, face powders, and perfumes. A 671 law attempted to force women to wear

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in order to avoid Korean ships in the Yellow Sea. In order to sail back to Japan in 838, the Japanese embassy to China procured nine ships and sixty Korean sailors from the Korean wards of Chuzhou and Lianshui cities along the Huai River. It is also known that Chinese trade ships traveling to Japan

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By the year 737, Emperor Xuanzong discarded the policy of conscripting soldiers that were replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who were more battle-hardened and efficient. It was more economically feasible as well, since training new recruits and sending them out to

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granted to the ailing Tang was also challenged when natural disasters led many to believe that the Tang had lost their right to rule. Furthermore, in 873 a disastrous harvest shook the foundations of the empire; in some areas only half of all agricultural produce was gathered, and tens of thousands

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is the first full-length book printed at regular size, complete with illustrations embedded with the text and dated precisely to 868. Among the earliest documents to be printed were Buddhist texts as well as calendars, the latter essential for calculating and marking which days were auspicious and

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Although Chang'an was the capital of the earlier Han and Jin dynasties, after subsequent destruction in warfare, it was the Sui dynasty model that comprised the Tang era capital. The roughly square dimensions of the city had six miles (10 km) of outer walls running east to west, and more than

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The Tang dynasty government attempted to create an accurate census of the empire's population, mostly for effective taxation and military conscription. The early Tang government established modest grain and cloth taxes on each household, persuading households to register and provide the government

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Although the central and local governments kept an enormous number of records about land property in order to assess taxes, it became common practice in the Tang for literate and affluent people to create their own private documents and signed contracts. These had their own signature and that of a

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During the Tang, the many common foodstuffs and cooking ingredients in addition to those already listed were barley, garlic, salt, turnips, soybeans, pears, apricots, peaches, apples, pomegranates, jujubes, rhubarb, hazelnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, walnuts, yams, taro, etc. The various meats that

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and the afterlife was a reality parallel to the living world, complete with its own bureaucracy and afterlife currency needed by dead ancestors. Funerary practices included providing the deceased with everything they might need in the afterlife, including animals, servants, entertainers, hunters,

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began raiding northeast China in 605, a Chinese general led 20,000 Turks against them, distributing Khitan livestock and women to the Turks as a reward. On two occasions between 635 and 636, Tang royal princesses were married to Turk mercenaries or generals in Chinese service. Throughout the Tang

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During the 44-year reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the Tang dynasty reached its height, a golden age with low economic inflation and a toned down lifestyle for the imperial court. Seen as a progressive and benevolent ruler, Xuanzong abolished the death penalty in the year 747; all executions had to be

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Concepts of women's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal-minded for the period. However, this was largely reserved for urban women of elite status, as men and women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks; with wives and daughters

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In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. During this period, China's power, culture,

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and a means to create gold from concocted mixtures of many other elements. Although they never achieved their goals in either of these futile pursuits, they did contribute to the discovery of new metal alloys, porcelain products, and new dyes. The historian Joseph Needham labeled the work of the

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cups, singing, and dancing at taverns attracted customers. If a foreigner in China pursued a Chinese woman for marriage, he was required to stay in China and was unable to take his bride back to his homeland, as stated in a law passed in 628 to protect women from temporary marriages with foreign

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in 655, and Wu began to make many of his court decisions for him, discussing affairs of state with his councilors, who took orders from her while she sat behind a screen. When Empress Wu's eldest son, the crown prince, began to assert his authority and advocate policies opposed by Empress Wu, he

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This genealogy claimed by the T'ang royal house established its claim to be descended from a notable Han clan and to be members of a prominent north-western lineage. However, there is some reason to believe that this line of descent, presented as solid fact by the T'ang histories, was in fact a

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since the city's nighttime curfew was lifted by the government for three days straight. Between the years 628 and 758, the imperial throne bestowed a total of sixty-nine grand carnivals nationwide, granted by the emperor in the case of special circumstances such as important military victories,

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during the 9th century undermined this civil order. The dynasty and central government went into decline by the latter half of the 9th century; agrarian rebellions resulted in mass population loss and displacement, widespread poverty, and further government dysfunction that ultimately ended the

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used in the Tang, including general Yang Wulian's wooden statue of a monk who stretched his hands out to collect contributions; when the number of coins reached a certain weight, the mechanical figure moved his arms to deposit them in a satchel. This weight-and-lever mechanism was exactly like

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The examination system, used only on a small scale in Sui and Tang times, played a central role in the fashioning of this new elite. The early Song emperors, concerned above all to avoid domination of the government by military men, greatly expanded the civil service examination system and the

6231:"—was one of the first men of the Tang to denounce Buddhism. Although his contemporaries found him crude and obnoxious, he foreshadowed the later persecution of Buddhism in the Tang, as well as the revival of Confucian theory with the rise of Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty. Nonetheless, 3261:

Although these natural calamities and rebellions stained the reputation and hampered the effectiveness of the central government, the early 9th century is nonetheless viewed as a period of recovery for the Tang dynasty. The government's withdrawal from its role in managing the economy had the

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More intriguingly, faced with the opposition of imperial court judges who wanted to uphold the mandatory capital punishment, Emperor Taizong explained that Falin's defamation of the royal ancestry "was not without foundation." Emperor Taizong apparently recognized that the imperial clan's

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witness and scribe in order to prove in court (if necessary) that their claim to property was legitimate. The prototype of this actually existed since the ancient Han dynasty, while contractual language became even more common and embedded into Chinese literary culture in later dynasties.

2921:, though they reverted to the original forms after her death. Arguably the most important part of her legacy was diminishing the hegemony of the Northwestern aristocracy, allowing people from other clans and regions of China to become more represented in Chinese politics and government. 3025:

approved beforehand by the emperor himself (there were only 24 executions in the year 730). Xuanzong bowed to the consensus of his ministers on policy decisions and made efforts to staff government ministries fairly with different political factions. His staunch Confucian chancellor

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Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert (ed.),

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With the central government collapsing in authority over the various regions of the empire, it was recorded in 845 that bandits and river pirates in parties of 100 or more began plundering settlements along the Yangtze River with little resistance. In 858, massive floods along the

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Despite the many expatriate European travelers coming into China to live and trade, many travelers, mainly religious monks and missionaries, recorded China's stringent immigrant laws. As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to, there were many government

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The 7th and first half of the 8th century are generally considered to be the era in which the Tang reached the zenith of its power. In this period, Tang control extended further west than any previous dynasty, stretching from north Vietnam in the south, to a point north of

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founded the dynasty after taking advantage of a period of Sui decline and precipitating their final collapse, in turn inaugurating a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty was formally interrupted during 690–705 when Empress

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access to the Silk Road. An internal rebellion in 848 ousted the Tibetan rulers, and the Tang regained the northwestern prefectures from Tibet in 851. These lands contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang dynasty desperately needed.

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to heirs. As time passed, these military governors slowly phased out the prominence of civil officials drafted by exams, and became more autonomous from central authority. The rule of these powerful military governors lasted until 960, when a new civil order under the

4219:(Canon of the White and Gloomy Planet of War) of 759. The Battle of Baekgang was actually a restoration movement by remnant forces of Baekje, since their kingdom was toppled in 660 by a joint Tang–Silla invasion, led by Chinese general Su Dingfang and Korean general 3234:

faced famine and starvation. In the earlier period of the Tang, the central government was able to meet crises in the harvest, as it was recorded from 714 to 719 that the Tang government responded effectively to natural disasters by extending the price-regulation

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had been used in China since the 2nd century BC, during the Tang dynasty the Chinese were using wrapping paper as folded and sewn square bags to hold and preserve the flavor of tea leaves. This followed many other uses for paper such as the first recorded use of

3918:(r. 712–756). The Emperor invited Taoist and Buddhist monks and clerics to his court, exalted Laozi with grand titles, wrote commentary on Taoist scriptures, and set up a school to prepare candidates for Taoist examinations. In 726 he called upon the Indian monk 4930:

techniques. The Tang Chinese also gradually adopted the foreign concept of stools and chairs as seating, whereas the Chinese beforehand always sat on mats placed on the floor. People of the Middle East coveted and purchased in bulk Chinese goods such as silks,

3608:. The earliest law code to survive was established in the year 653; it was divided into 500 articles specifying different crimes and penalties ranging from ten blows with a light stick, one hundred blows with a heavy rod, exile, penal servitude, or execution. 5529:

methods. Rich commoners and nobles who worshipped ancestors and/or gods wanted them to know "how important and how admirable they were", so they "wrote or commissioned their own obituaries" and buried figures along with their bodies to ward off evil spirits.

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on February 20, 705, forced Empress Wu to yield her position on February 22. The next day, her son Zhongzong was restored to power; the Tang was formally restored on March 3. She died soon after. To legitimize her rule, she circulated a document known as the

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nomads, who were becoming the most dominant ethnic group in Central Asia. To handle and avoid any threats posed by the Turks, the Sui government repaired fortifications and received their trade and tribute missions. They sent four royal princesses to form

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of Sichuan province stated that at one of these 182 m (600 ft) 'fire wells', men collected natural gas into portable bamboo tubes which could be carried around for dozens of km (mi) and still produce a flame. These were essentially the first

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of a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an which had collected vast riches as multitudes of anonymous repentants left money, silk, and treasure at its doors. Although the monastery used its funds generously, the Emperor condemned it for fraudulent

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Yangzhou was the headquarters for the Tang government's salt monopoly, and was the greatest industrial center of China. It acted as a midpoint in shipping of foreign goods to be distributed to the major cities of the north. Much like the seaport of

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Yet the potential of a widespread examination system was not fully realized until the succeeding Song dynasty, when the merit-driven scholar official largely shed his aristocratic habits and defined his social status through the examination system.

7009: 6215:. Although the ban was lifted just a few years after, Buddhism never regained its once dominant status in Chinese culture. This situation also came about through a revival of interest in native Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism and Taoism. 5451:, but noted that their draft was too deep for them to enter the Euphrates River, which forced them to ferry passengers and cargo in small boats. Shulama also noted that Chinese ships were often very large, with capacities up to 600–700 passengers. 3911: 6th century BC). People bidding for office would request the prayers of Buddhist monks, with successful aspirants making donations in return. Before the persecution of Buddhism in the 9th century, Buddhism and Taoism were both accepted. 7371:(730–805) complete a map of China and her former colonies in Central Asia. Upon its completion in 801, the map was 9.1 m (30 ft) in length and 10 m (33 ft) in height, mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred 3946:, and distributed its wealth to other Buddhist and Taoist monasteries, and to repair local statues, halls, and bridges. In 714, he forbade Chang'an shops from selling copied Buddhist sutras, giving a monopoly of this trade to the Buddhist clergy. 3213:

after 755, the central Chinese state barely interfered in agricultural management and acted merely as tax collector for roughly a millennium, save a few instances such as the Song's failed land nationalization during the 13th-century war with the

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The Chinese population would not dramatically increase until the Song dynasty, when it doubled to 100 million because of extensive rice cultivation in central and southern China, coupled with higher yields of grain sold in a growing market.

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Persia. Sogdian merchants and their families living in cities such as Chang'an, Luoyang, and Xiangyang usually built a Zoroastrian temple once their local communities grew larger than 100 households. Sogdians were also responsible for spreading

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There were many other mechanical inventions during the Tang era. These included a 3 ft (0.91 m) tall mechanical wine server of the early 8th century that was in the shape of an artificial mountain, carved out of iron and rested on a

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is often lost in translation to other languages). Tang poems remained popular and great emulation of Tang era poetry began in the Song dynasty; in that period, Yan Yu (嚴羽; active 1194–1245) was the first to confer the poetry of the High Tang

7377:(Chinese unit of measuring distance). A Chinese map of 1137 is similar in complexity to the one made by Jia Dan, carved on a stone stele with a grid scale of 100 li. However, the only type of map that has survived from the Tang period are 6734:) became popular in southern China. Tea was viewed then as a beverage of tasteful pleasure and with pharmacological purpose as well. During the Tang dynasty, tea became synonymous with everything sophisticated in society. The poet 6496:

of close relatives (travel time not included). Officials also received a total of three days off for their son's capping initiation rite into manhood, and one day off for the ceremony of initiation rite of a close relative's son.

5872:. Timothy C. Wong places this story within the wider context of Tang love tales, which often share the plot designs of quick passion, inescapable societal pressure leading to the abandonment of romance, followed by a period of 3627:. He is depicted with a tall hat, wide-sleeved belted outer garment, and a rectangular "kerchief" in front. A white inner gown hangs over his square shoes, and he holds a tablet containing a report to his superiors to his chest 7548:) describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty, written sources mentioned the rotary fan as even more widely used. 5311:

in Guangzhou and admired its transparent quality. He also provided a description of Guangzhou's landmarks, granaries, local government administration, some of its written records, treatment of travelers, along with the use of

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The Silk Road also affected the art from the period. Horses became a significant symbol of prosperity and power as well as an instrument of military and diplomatic policy. Horses were also revered as a relative of the dragon.

4459:. Like the earlier Han dynasty, the Tang dynasty (along with Turkic allies) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s. During Emperor Taizong's reign alone, large campaigns were launched against not only the 3147:

examination candidates were required to write an essay on the causes of the Tang's decline. Although An Lushan was killed by one of his eunuchs in 757, this time of troubles and widespread insurrection continued until rebel

4122: 3821:

and writing. Although a disproportionate number of civil officials came from aristocratic families, wealth and noble status were not prerequisites, and the exams were open to all male subjects whose fathers were not of the

4223:(595–673). In another joint invasion with Silla, the Tang army severely weakened the Goguryeo Kingdom in the north by taking out its outer forts in the year 645. With joint attacks by Silla and Tang armies under commander 2822:

suddenly died in 675. Many suspected he was poisoned by Empress Wu. Although the next heir apparent kept a lower profile, in 680 he was accused by Wu of plotting a rebellion, banished, and later obliged to commit suicide.

4266:

to expel the Tang forces. At the same time the Tang faced threats on its western border when a large Chinese army was defeated by the Tibetans on the Dafei River in 670. By 676, the Tang army was expelled out of Korea by

3476:, bestowed with the imperial surname Li by the Tang court. Zhu Wen, originally a salt smuggler who served as a lieutenant under the rebel Huang Chao, surrendered to Tang forces. By helping to defeat Huang, he was renamed 5608:

The Tang capital was the largest city in the world at its time, the population of the city wards and its suburban countryside reaching two million inhabitants. The Tang capital was very cosmopolitan, with ethnicities of

5067: 643) conquered the West, and remained open for almost four decades. It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678, but in 699, during Empress Wu's period, the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the 4118:

were given enormous power, including the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes, and pass their titles on hereditarily. This is commonly recognized as the beginning of the fall of Tang's central government.

2765: 7024: 6103:, mythical and mundane tales, as well as notes on various subjects. The exact literary category or classification that Duan's large informal narrative would fit into is still debated amongst scholars and historians. 5661:

Chang'an was the center of the central government, the home of the imperial family, and was filled with splendor and wealth. However, incidentally it was not the economic hub during the Tang dynasty. The city of

3955:

with accurate demographic information. In the official census of 609, the population was tallied at 9 million households, about 50 million people, and this number did not increase in the census of 742.

6471:

More than earlier periods, the Tang era was renowned for the time reserved for leisure activities, especially among the upper classes. Many outdoor sports and activities were enjoyed during the Tang, including

6688:

hats with veils again in order to promote decency, but these laws were ignored as some women started wearing caps and even no hats at all, as well as men's riding clothes and boots, and tight-sleeved bodices.

5121: 3833:

Open competition was designed to draw the best talent into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers was to avoid imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and

6180:, continued its influence during the Tang period and was accepted by some members of imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. In an age before 2397: 5006:

and the Tang government's rationalization of the greater canal system that reduced costs of transporting grain and other commodities. The state also managed roughly 32,100 km (19,900 mi) of

4157:

provisions for farmland and dwellings for dependents who accompanied soldiers on the frontier. By the year 742 the total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies had risen to about 500,000 men.

3238:

system throughout the country. The central government was able then to build a large surplus stock of foods to ward off the rising danger of famine and increased agricultural productivity through

2862: 5882:, but that underlying traditional Chinese values of inseparableness of self from one's environment (including human society) served to create the necessary fictional device of romantic tension. 4502:(d. 649). A Tibetan tradition mentions that Chinese troops captured Lhasa after Songtsän Gampo's death, but no such invasion is mentioned in either Chinese annals or the Tibetan manuscripts of 2829:, his eldest surviving son by Wu. Zhongzong tried to appoint his wife's father as chancellor: after only six weeks on the throne, he was deposed by Empress Wu in favor of his younger brother, 3974:

throughout the empire. Although there were many large and prominent cities, the rural and agrarian areas comprised some 80 to 90% of the population. There was also a dramatic migration from

5633:

to the west facilitated, many foreign settlers were able to move east to China, while the city of Chang'an itself had about 25,000 foreigners living within. Exotic green-eyed, blond-haired

5617:, Tibet, India, and many other places living within. Naturally, with this plethora of different ethnicities living in Chang'an, there were also many different practiced religions, such as 5521:

were commonly practiced ideologies that played a large role in people's daily lives. The Tang Chinese enjoyed feasting, drinking, holidays, sports, and all sorts of entertainment, while

5957:

beacons for ships that might go astray. Confirming Jia's reports about lighthouses in the Persian Gulf, Arabic writers a century after Jia wrote of the same structures, writers such as

5002:–Chinese dictionary available for serious scholars and students, while Turkic folk songs gave inspiration to some Chinese poetry. In the interior of China, trade was facilitated by the 6977: 7121:

observation. Yi Xing's device also had a mechanically timed bell that was struck automatically every hour, and a drum that was struck automatically every quarter-hour; essentially, a

6571:

economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes had sleeves four to five feet wide.

6290:. On numerous occasions where Tang princes would become crown prince or Tang princesses taking vows as Taoist priestesses, their lavish former mansions would be converted into Taoist 3095:(697–781), the newly recruited troops of the army at the capital were no match for An Lushan's frontier veterans, so the court fled Chang'an. While the heir apparent raised troops in 6993: 5711: 5395:

on the East African coast in order to cut out Arab middlemen, with various contemporary Chinese sources giving detailed descriptions of trade in Africa. The official and geographer

4389:

with Turkic clan leaders, in 597, 599, 614, and 617. The Sui stirred trouble and conflict amongst ethnic groups against the Turks. As early as the Sui dynasty, the Turks had become

10910:"The treasure trove making waves: Simon Worrall explains why a recent discovery on the seabed of the Indian Ocean will revolutionise our understanding of two ancient civilisations" 7177:

Yet the use of a teasing mechanical puppet in this wine-serving device wasn't exactly a novel invention of the Tang, since the use of mechanical puppets in China date back to the

6170:. This is also reflected in many short stories written in the Tang about people accidentally winding up in the realm of the dead, only to come back and report their experiences. 6195:

The prominent status of Buddhism in Chinese culture began to decline as the dynasty and central government declined as well during the late 8th century to 9th century. Buddhist

4688:

into regions west of China as captured Chinese soldiers shared the technique of papermaking to the Arabs. These techniques ultimately reached Europe by the 12th century through

3123:

assisted the Tang in putting down An Lushan's rebellion. A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by Tian Shengong happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the

6761:(531–591), confirmed in 851 by an Arab traveler who remarked that Tang Chinese lacked cleanliness because they relied on toilet paper instead of washing themselves with water. 13114: 5513:. The governmental system was supported by a large class of Confucian intellectuals selected through either civil service examinations or recommendations. In the Tang period, 7089:

Technology during the Tang period was built also upon the precedents of the past. Previous advancements in clockworks and timekeeping included the mechanical gear systems of

3693:

of divisional militia was continued by the Tang, along with farmer-soldiers serving in rotation from the capital or frontier in order to receive appropriated farmland. The

7161:

when filled, into an artificial lake that had intricate iron leaves popping up as trays for placing party treats. Furthermore, as the historian Charles Benn describes it:

5428: 5339:

trade, which Silla of Korea dominated. After Silla and Japan reopened renewed hostilities in the late 7th century, most Japanese maritime merchants chose to set sail from

3045:, who championed a more aggressive foreign policy employing non-Chinese generals. This policy ultimately created the conditions for a massive rebellion against Xuanzong. 5320:

under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, who purportedly slaughtered thousands regardless of ethnicity. Huang's rebellion was eventually suppressed in 884.

2772: 7714:, but did not succeed. In the 17th year of the period Cheng-kuan , the king of Fu-lin Po-to-li sent an embassy offering red glass, lu-chin-ching , and other articles. 5472: 5443:), Egypt, the fame of Chinese ceramics there led to an enormous demand for Chinese goods; hence Chinese often traveled there (this continued into later periods such as 5299:

burned and looted Canton on October 30, 758. The Tang government reacted by shutting the port of Canton down for roughly five decades; thus, foreign vessels docked at

4301:

Many Chinese Buddhist monks came to Japan to help further the spread of Buddhism as well. Two 7th-century monks in particular, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, visited the court of

4114:

in Western Afghanistan. Protectorate Generals were given a great deal of autonomy to handle local crises without waiting for central admission. After Xuanzong's reign,

3115:

was greatly excited at this prospect, and married his own daughter to the Chinese diplomatic envoy once he arrived, receiving in turn a Chinese princess as his bride.

563: 549: 535: 521: 507: 493: 479: 454: 440: 426: 5573:. The city was made famous for this checkerboard pattern of main roads with walled and gated districts, its layout even mentioned in one of Du Fu's poems. During the 6391:

still stands, and inside the pagoda there is Christian-themed artwork. Although the religion largely died out after the Tang, it was revived in China following the

4402:

Chinese conscripts, the majority of the troops led by Turkic generals were of non-Chinese origin, campaigning largely in the western frontier where the presence of

13310:

Major, John S. (1988), "Mingtang and Buddhist Utopias in the History of the Astronomical Clock: The Tower, Statue and Armillary Sphere Constructed by Empress Wu",

4696:

embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uighur Turks bearing gifts for the Tang Emperor. In 788–789 the Chinese concluded a military alliance with the

17760: 6647:, while men tended to farming in the fields.There were many women in the Tang era who gained access to religious authority by taking vows as Taoist priestesses. 5845:, they criticized it for its often vague content and lack of colloquial language, focusing more on clarity and precision to make their writing more direct. This 3499:. In 907 the Tang dynasty was ended when Zhu deposed Ai and took the throne for himself (known posthumously as Emperor Taizu of Later Liang). He established the 5646:

envoys. Several laws enforcing segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed during the Tang dynasty. In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced

4290:(r. 672–686) even established his conscripted army on that of the Chinese model, based his state ceremonies on the Chinese model, and constructed his palace at 3491:

to move the capital to Luoyang, preparing to take the throne for himself. In 904 Zhu assassinated Emperor Zhaozong to replace him with the emperor's young son

15045: 5101: 17755: 4421:; after these internal conflicts, the Tang began an offensive against the Turks. In the year 630, Tang armies captured areas of the Ordos Desert, modern-day 3862:

that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, scholar-officials served as intermediaries between the

3518:(Emperor Zhuangzong) inherited his title Prince of Jin along with his father's rivalry against Zhu. In 923 Li Cunxu declared a "restored" Tang dynasty, the 3903:

From the outset, religion played a role in Tang politics. In his bid for power, Li Yuan had attracted a following by claiming descent from the Taoist sage

7673:

During the rule of the Tang the world population grew from about 190 million to approximately 240 million, a difference of 50 million. See also

4106:(591–667), Emperor Gaozong established several protectorates governed by a Protectorate General or Grand Protectorate General, which extended the Chinese 2168:. Aside from traditional historiography, some modern historians have suggested that the Tang imperial family might have modified its genealogy to conceal 7018:

from the 7th–8th century of a lady attendant during the Tang era. Female hosts prepared feasts, tea parties, and played drinking games with their guests

4380:

The Sui and Tang carried out successful military campaigns against the steppe nomads. Chinese foreign policy to the north and west now had to deal with

3444:

During the last two decades of the Tang dynasty, the gradual collapse of central authority led to the rise of two prominent rival military figures over

14351:

Twitchett, Denis; Wechsler, Howard J. (1979), "Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper", in Twitchett, Denis (ed.),

4938:

wares. Songs, dances, and musical instruments from foreign regions became popular in China during the Tang dynasty. These musical instruments included

4254:

Although they were formerly enemies, the Tang accepted officials and generals of Goguryeo into their administration and military, such as the brothers

4684:. Although the battle itself was not of the greatest significance militarily, this was a pivotal moment in history, as it marks the spread of Chinese 3670:

included the personnel administration, finance, rites, military, justice, and public works—an administrative model which lasted until the fall of the

13966: 3971: 3184:, who slowly came to challenge the power of the central government. After the An Lushan Rebellion, the autonomous power and authority accumulated by 10252:

The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages

3087:, which allowed him to rebel with an army of more than 100,000 troops. After capturing Luoyang, he named himself emperor of a new, but short-lived, 17715: 15390: 3408:

The Tang dynasty recovered its power decades after the An Lushan rebellion and was still able to launch offensive conquests and campaigns like its

3041:(d. 753) favored government monopoly over the issuance of coinage. After 737, most of Xuanzong's confidence rested in his long-standing chancellor 2871:

Model of Luoyang imperial palace during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the

6967:

were important, and practiced throughout China. The common people used simple methods of preservation, such as digging deep ditches and trenches,

5945:

wrote accurate descriptions of places far abroad. In his work written between 785 and 805, he described the sea route going into the mouth of the

5219:

During the Tang dynasty, thousands of foreign expatriate merchants came and lived in numerous Chinese cities to do business with China, including

3550:

formed a military alliance with Li Keyong against Zhu Wen but the Khitans eventually turned against the Later Tang, helping another Shatuo leader

14901: 7866: 5812:–766) era with "canonical status within the classical poetic tradition." Yan Yu reserved the position of highest esteem among all Tang poets for 4472: 3777:, which qualified their graduates for appointment to the local, provincial, and central government bureaucracies. Two types of exams were given, 7457:

Chinese scientists of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes, often found through experiments of

6387:

was created in order to honor the achievements of their community in China. A Christian monastery was established in Shaanxi province where the

7185:

had an entire mechanical puppet theater operated by the rotation of a waterwheel. There was also an automatic wine-server known in the ancient

5650:

in the capital, Chang'an, to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from passing off as Chinese.

5267:

as a bustling mercantile business center where many large and impressive foreign ships came to dock. He wrote that "many large ships came from

3119:

helped recapture the Tang capital from the rebels, but they refused to leave until the Tang paid them an enormous sum of tribute in silk. Even

16559: 6402:

had been responsible for transmitting Buddhism to China from India during the 2nd to 4th centuries, soon afterwards they largely converted to

15128: 14858: 8329: 4464: 2872: 13441:——— (2008), "Provincial Autonomy and Frontier Defense in Late Tang: The Case of the Lulong Army", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.), 7173:... A pump siphoned the ale that flowed into the ale pool through a hidden hole and returned the brew to the reservoir inside the mountain. 5363:

The Chinese engaged in large-scale production for overseas export by at least the time of the Tang. This was proven by the discovery of the

17740: 17695: 15057: 7276:

made the written word available to vastly greater audiences. One of the world's oldest surviving printed documents is a miniature Buddhist

5291:(Lost Records of the State of Yue). Relations with the Arabs were often strained: When the imperial government was attempting to quell the 4398:

dynasty until the end of 755, there were approximately ten Turkic generals serving under the Tang. While most of the Tang army was made of

3567: 2304:

on July 2, 626. Shortly thereafter, his father abdicated in his favor and Li Shimin ascended the throne. He is conventionally known by his

15163: 6679:

It was fashionable for women to have full figures; men enjoyed the presence of assertive, active women. The foreign horse-riding sport of

3908: 3316:(d footnote: the capital) were ordered by the emperor to make a considerable number of machines, for distribution to the people along the 15315: 14796: 13813:

Empress Wu Zhao, Son of Heaven: Uses of Religious Patronage and Propaganda to Secure Support and Quell Dissension during the Tang Dynasty

6207:

finally shut down 4,600 Buddhist monasteries along with 40,000 temples and shrines, forcing 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns to return to

4184: 4026: 12583: 7300:

printing in the 11th century was innovative for his period, woodblock printing that became widespread in the Tang remained the dominant

6818:, and served at taverns, inns and shops. Japanese Buddhist monk Ennin observed that Hu cake was popular among all of China's civilians. 3636: 3009:(the later Emperor Xuanzong) entered the palace with a few followers and slew Empress Wei and her faction. He then installed his father 16033: 14968: 7051: 7045: 3017:. This was finally ended when Princess Taiping's coup failed in 712 (she later hanged herself in 713) and Emperor Ruizong abdicated to 1834: 1774: 6580: 15411: 7231:(1065–1101) in 1103 is the oldest existing technical treatise on Chinese architecture that has survived in full. During the reign of 6070: 5087:

along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire. Furthermore, banditry was a problem along the checkpoints and

3809:

tested a student's literary abilities in writing essays in response to questions on governance and politics, as well as in composing

3752: 2439: 8427:《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。 8120:... The newest proof is the recent archaeological discovery that shows that another prominent Li clan of the period, namely that of 6303:

Taoist alchemists as "protoscience rather than pseudoscience." However, the close connection between Taoism and alchemy, which some

4649: 4533:

in 821. The terms of this treaty, including the fixed borders between the two countries, are recorded in a bilingual inscription on

3681:(3rd century BC–3rd century AD), the basis for much of their administrative organization was very similar to the previous 3615: 3588:

Taizong set out to solve internal problems within the government which had constantly plagued past dynasties. Building upon the Sui

2913:

Buddha would be a female monarch who would dispel illness, worry, and disaster from the world. She even introduced numerous revised

2833:. This provoked a group of Tang princes to rebel in 684. Wu's armies suppressed them within two months. She proclaimed the Tianshou 16120: 15239: 15234: 14926: 13547: 13215:

Du, Wenyu (1998), "Tang Song Jingji Shili Bijiao Yanjiu" [Comparative Study of Tang and Song Dynasty's Economic Strength],

10408: 10141: 6337: 5927: 5172:

since perhaps the 2nd century BC, yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the

4356: 3826:. To promote widespread Confucian education, the Tang government established state-run schools and issued standard versions of the 3437:

against foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian merchants in 878–879 at the seaport and trading port of

2454: 5597:, which became the political center of the empire and served as the royal residence of the Tang emperors for more than 220 years. 15244: 15217: 14896: 8081:

and Li Mai-te, whose names show that they had either adopted or been granted the Chinese surname Li, but retained alien, perhaps

6326: 4352: 4166: 3963:, which recorded 58 million people in the year 2. S.A.M. Adshead disagrees, estimating about 75 million people by 750. 3140: 2323: 5984:

Many histories of previous dynasties were compiled between 636 and 659 by court officials during and shortly after the reign of

5383:

bowl inscribed with a date: "16th day of the seventh month of the second year of the Baoli reign", or 826, roughly confirmed by

4150:

troops began abandoning military service and the homes provided to them in the equal-field system. The supposed standard of 100

3001:(664–710), a poet, writer, and trusted official in charge of Wu's private office. In 706 the wife of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, 15335: 14931: 14828: 7477:, a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors, and many other useful formulas. The vitrified, translucent ceramic known as 4468: 3504: 1903: 1464: 9951: 7228: 6699:(719–756), who had Emperor Xuanzong appoint many of her relatives and cronies to important ministerial and martial positions. 4262:(639–701). From 668 to 676, the Tang Empire controlled northern Korea. However, in 671 Silla broke the alliance and began the 17512: 16894: 14763: 14745: 14727: 14660: 14635: 14569: 14551: 14503: 14485: 14463: 14440: 14422: 14400: 14378: 14360: 14342: 14320: 14294: 14275: 14217: 14167: 14147: 14129: 14111: 14093: 14075: 14057: 13980: 13920: 13900: 13837: 13802: 13784: 13758: 13740: 13701: 13683: 13665: 13577: 13534: 13468: 13450: 13432: 13414: 13396: 13376: 13353: 13301: 13283: 13263: 13240: 13206: 13184: 13164: 13142: 13124: 13092: 12986: 12968: 12942: 12921: 12896: 12878: 12860: 12842: 12813: 11117: 11056: 11031: 10350: 10260: 10236: 10177: 10120: 10091: 9961: 9082: 8399: 8108: 8061: 4821: 4364: 3083:

with a victory in 744, yet most of his campaigns against the Khitans were unsuccessful. He was given great responsibility in

1981: 1764: 6814:. Hu cake, which means "foreign cake", was extremely popular during the Tang. Hu cake was toasted in the oven, covered with 6286:. The ruling Li family of the Tang dynasty actually claimed descent from Laozi, traditionally credited as the author of the 5411:, Sri Lanka and India, the eastern and northern shores of the Arabian Sea to the Euphrates River. In 863 the Chinese author 4437:

from the northern frontier; this embassy succeeded in freeing 80,000 Chinese men and women who were then returned to China.

15191: 15176: 15091: 15035: 6311:, who states that alchemy was just as prominent (if not more so) in the secular sphere and practiced more often by laymen. 4958:. At the court there were nine musical ensembles (expanded from seven in the Sui dynasty) that played ecletic Asian music. 3991: 3667: 1337: 1327: 211: 17418: 7351:(547–627) was working for the Sui dynasty as a Commercial Commissioner in 605, he created a well-known gridded map with a 7193:

that employed an urn with an inner valve and a lever device similar to the one described above. There are many stories of

5876:. Wong states that this scheme lacks the undying vows and total self-commitment to love found in Western romances such as 4680:

mercenaries under the Chinese defected, helping the Arab armies of the Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander

4171:

In East Asia, Tang Chinese military campaigns were less successful elsewhere than in previous imperial Chinese dynasties.

3656:), which were obliged to draft, review, and implement policies respectively. There were also six ministries (Chinese: 1910:

of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the

15015: 14787: 11648: 6921:(r. 606–647), Indian envoys to the Tang brought two makers of sugar who successfully taught the Chinese how to cultivate 6392: 6212: 1806: 968: 10163: 2503:

Around that time, the Tang court enjoyed the visit of numerous dignitaries from foreign lands. These were portraited in

2187: 17564: 16564: 15196: 13628: 8982: 7301: 6095: 4731: 4360: 958: 13891:

Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The Economic and Social History of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),

10081: 6838:. In the south along the coast meat from seafood was by default the most common, as the Chinese enjoyed eating cooked 16208: 14851: 13046: 13028: 6274:

Rivaling Buddhism was Taoism, a native Chinese philosophical and religious belief system that found its roots in the

4534: 3480:("Zhu of Perfect Loyalty") and granted a series of rapid military promotions to military governor of Xuanwu Circuit. 3178:

One of the legacies that the Tang government left since 710 was the gradual rise of regional military governors, the

1635: 14234:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2004), "The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History",

11695: 5800:

per line with a fixed pattern of tones that required the second and third couplets to be antithetical (although the

3817:, all subjective criteria that favored the wealthy over those of more modest means who were unable to pay tutors of 3013:(r. 710–712) on the throne. Just as Emperor Zhongzong was dominated by Empress Wei, so too was Ruizong dominated by 2853: 15186: 14004:

Reed, Carrie E. (January–March 2003), "Motivation and Meaning of a 'Hodge-podge': Duan Chengshi's 'Youyang zazu'",

10301: 5749: 4796:

were recorded as being sent into the 8th century. S.A.M. Adshead offers a different transliteration stemming from "

4314: 3978:, as the North held 75% of the overall population at the dynasty's inception, which by its end was reduced to 50%. 3716:), where the emperor maintained his large palace quarters and entertained political emissaries with music, sports, 2914: 2841:. He was also forced to give up his father's surname Li in favor of the Empress Wu. She then ruled as China's only 2777: 2505: 2268:, the Prince of Qin. Li Shimin had commanded troops since the age of 18 years old, had prowess with bow and arrow, 2157: 15081: 10409:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 10340: 5018: 4648:. The Arab Umayyad commander Al-Yashkuri and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated. The Turgesh then 4433:

bearing gold and silk in order to persuade the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners who were captured during the

3367:

However, the Tang did manage to restore at least indirect control over former Tang territories as far west as the

17190: 14993: 14941: 14936: 14138:

Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2009), "Tang Military Culture and Its Inner Asian Influences", in Di Cosmo, Nicola (ed.),

13483: 8121: 7827: 7069: 6725: 6189: 6122: 5816:(712–770), who was not viewed as such in his own era, and was branded by his peers as an anti-traditional rebel. 5479: 4845: 3937:

Emperor Xuanzong closely regulated religious finances. Near the beginning of his reign in 713, he liquidated the

3682: 3192:

went beyond the central government's control. After a series of rebellions between 781 and 784 in today's Hebei,

2069: 1389: 16352: 13775:

Liu, Xinru (2001), "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in Michael Adas (ed.),

13549:

East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E.

13055:

Bossler, Beverly (2012), "Vocabularies of Pleasure: Categorizing Female Entertainers in the Late Tang Dynasty",

6791:

noted that rice was not counted amongst the five grains from the time of the legendary and deified Chinese sage

6235:

gained popularity amongst the educated elite. There were also many famous Chan monks from the Tang era, such as

17730: 17720: 15101: 15052: 13405:

Graff, David Andrew (2000), "Dou Jiande's dilemma: Logistics, strategy, and state", in van de Ven, Hans (ed.),

10909: 6683:

from Persia became a wildly popular trend among the Chinese elite, and women often played the sport (as glazed

4010: 4005: 2339: 1877: 1827: 1779: 784: 13767:

Liu, Pean (1991), "Viewing Chinese ancient navigation and shipbuilding through Zheng He's ocean expeditions",

5841:, "parallel prose") style begun in the Han dynasty. Although writers of the Classical Prose Movement imitated 5091:

towns, as Xuanzang also recorded that his group of travelers were assaulted by bandits on multiple occasions.

4517:. In fact, it was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now 17710: 17705: 17700: 17628: 16014: 15794: 15254: 14951: 14453: 9985: 7202:. Other devices included one by Wang Ju, whose "wooden otter" could allegedly catch fish; Needham suspects a 6032: 6026: 4735: 4480: 4274:

Although the Tang had fought the Japanese, they still held cordial relations with Japan. There were numerous

4131: 1985: 1801: 1727: 1662: 853: 725: 31: 15933: 13626:

Huters, Theodore (June 1987), "From Writing to Literature: The Development of Late Qing Theories of Prose",

10250: 8116:

genealogical connections to the Tuoba nobles and other "Barbarian" families were open contemporary knowledge

5657:

The bronze Jingyun Bell cast 711, height 247 cm high, weight 6,500 kg, now in the Xi'an Bell Tower

5447:

Egypt). From this time period, the Arab merchant Shulama once wrote of his admiration for Chinese seafaring

4994:(d. 664) visiting the South Asian state. After a 17-year-long trip, Xuanzang managed to bring back valuable 2968:, built by 709, was adjacent to the Dajianfu Temple in Chang'an, where Buddhist monks gathered to translate 17623: 17507: 15340: 14877: 14844: 14818: 14800: 7398: 7182: 7094: 6530:, and others were universal holidays. In Chang'an, there was always lively celebration, especially for the 6515: 5252: 4715: 3500: 3116: 2081: 1737: 472: 333: 13970: 11705: 17750: 17735: 17725: 17633: 16670: 16002: 15481: 15136: 14973: 14946: 14886: 7145:

of the compensating tank and could then control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night.

7059: 6380: 6372: 6344: 4434: 4275: 3975: 3943: 3765:

depicting candidates for civil service gathered around the wall where examination results had been posted

3724:. The capital was also filled with incredible amounts of riches and resources to spare. When the Chinese 2092: 1789: 1546: 927: 681: 293: 176: 15693: 9075:

The Great Leveler. Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

4612:

from China and withdrew after an agreement, but modern historians entirely dismiss this claim. The Arab

4208: 3487:, Zhu Wen seized control of the Tang capital Chang'an and with it the imperial family. By 903 he forced 3388: 2010:

flourished and further matured during the Tang era. It is traditionally considered the greatest age for

15573: 15212: 15116: 15111: 14782: 7718:

favored them with a message under his imperial seal and graciously granted presents of silk. Since the

7569: 7055: 4907: 4575: 4390: 4043: 3960: 3959:

writes that nonwithstanding census undercounting, China's population had not grown significantly since

3842:. The Tang law code ensured equal division of inherited property amongst legitimate heirs, encouraging 3666:) under the administrations that implemented policy, each of which was assigned different tasks. These 3555: 3473: 3034: 3002: 2388: 1969: 1794: 763: 17: 10113:

History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750

7439:; thyroid extracts were not used to treat patients with goiter in the West until 1890. The use of the 7427:, and the latter was the first to recognize that diabetic patients should avoid consuming alcohol and 5935:(fl. 8th century), an ethnic Indian astronomer, astrologer, and scholar born in the capital Chang'an. 5849:(archaic prose) style can be traced back to Han Yu, and would become largely associated with orthodox 4429:

from the Turks. After this military victory, On June 11, 631, Emperor Taizong also sent envoys to the

17591: 16739: 16303: 15322: 14331:"Court Historiography in Early Tang China: Assigning a Place to History and Historians at the Palace" 10150: 7603: 7015: 5722: 5112: 4444: 4230: 3620: 3496: 2826: 1820: 1757: 1722: 1295: 991: 901: 13884:

Chemistry and Chemical Technology: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts

7153:-wooden tortoise frame. This intricate device used a hydraulic pump that siphoned wine out of metal 6764:

In ancient times, the Chinese had outlined the five most basic foodstuffs known as the five grains:

5071:

originally installed in 640, once again connecting China directly to the West for land-based trade.

4990:

There was great interaction with India, a hub for Buddhist knowledge, with famous travelers such as

1501: 17549: 17524: 17374: 17033: 17028: 16081: 15754: 15294: 14921: 13710: 10136: 8314: 7533: 7232: 6672:, or professional singing courtesans, were culturally prominent, and joined talent agencies called 6663: 6651: 6600: 6200: 5953:(whom he called the people of Luo-He-Yi) had erected 'ornamental pillars' in the sea that acted as 5856:

Short story fiction and tales were also popular during the Tang, one of the more famous ones being

5820: 5128: 4911: 4801: 3938: 3915: 3888: 3581: 3488: 3341: 3325: 3018: 3006: 2980: 2486: 2462: 2327: 2052:, as well as encyclopedias and geographical works. Notable innovations included the development of 2041: 2028: 1491: 1140: 459: 445: 254: 7612:, edited, compiled, and completed in 1084 by a team of scholars under the Song dynasty Chancellor 7339:

depicting the north polar region; the map belongs to a set cataloguing a total of over 1,300 stars

3033:

and increase the money supply by upholding the use of private coinage, while his aristocratic and

1938:(755–763) led to the decline of central authority in the dynasty's latter half. Like the previous 17745: 17616: 17497: 17038: 16991: 16934: 16633: 16577: 16325: 15724: 15543: 15152: 12576: 10203: 8078: 8074: 7715: 7406: 7347:, there were further advances beyond the map-makers of the Han dynasty. When the Tang chancellor 7269:, printed in 868, is the world's first widely printed book to include a specific date of printing 6953: 6138: 6099:, an entertaining collection of foreign legends and hearsay, reports on natural phenomena, short 5985: 5938: 5893: 5781: 5590: 5162: 4978: 4892: 4604:(r. 644–656) sent an embassy to the Tang court at Chang'an. Arab sources claim Umayyad commander 4192: 4014: 3333: 3279: 3124: 3010: 2965: 2941: 2830: 2809: 2482: 2466: 2359: 2292:

on May 28, 621. Due to fear of assassination, Li Shimin ambushed and killed two of his brothers,

2265: 2096: 2023: 2001: 1717: 556: 242: 14546:, Qiraat, vol. 8, Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, p. 11, 13929:

Pan, Jixing (1997), "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries",

13606:——— (1993), "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development", 12698:

Czarnetzki, A.; Ehrhardt S. (1990). "Re-dating the Chinese amalgam-filling of teeth in Europe".

8128:, with the same claim to the Longxi ancestry, was in fact of unmistakable Tuoba Xianbei descent. 7582:, Song Qi, et al. Both were based on earlier annals, now lost. Both of them also rank among the 7097:(fl. 3rd century), which gave the Tang mathematician, mechanical engineer, astronomer, and monk 6933:, although it was during the Tang that the Chinese began to grow and process cotton, and by the 4513:

between 670 and 692, and in 763 the Tibetans even captured Chang'an for fifteen days during the

4018: 3510:

Zhu Wen's hated nemesis Li Keyong died in 908 but, out of loyalty to Tang, Li never claimed the

2934: 17638: 17539: 17534: 17222: 17170: 17090: 17023: 16927: 16912: 16805: 16572: 16526: 16367: 16254: 16160: 15222: 15086: 15072: 14791: 13249: 7788: 7557: 7364: 6317: 6204: 6065: 5068: 4306: 3995: 3185: 3171: 2335: 2065: 2049: 1769: 1747: 1732: 1218: 937: 10108: 8051: 6432: 5981:(Illustrated Accounts of Central India), which included a wealth of geographical information. 3596:

that subsequent Chinese dynasties would model theirs upon, as well as neighboring polities in

2457:. Early military conflicts were a result of the Tang interventions in the rivalry between the 280: 17690: 17569: 17529: 17342: 17217: 16281: 16271: 16230: 16201: 15704: 15468: 15367: 15362: 15171: 14906: 14355:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 242–289, 13910: 13570:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel

12587: 7584: 7256: 7213:, there were also government standard building codes, outlined in the early Tang book of the 6203:

that were exempt from state taxes beforehand were targeted by the state for taxation. In 845

6154: 6038: 5730: 5464: 5232: 5007: 4841: 4413:

Civil war in China was almost totally diminished by 626, along with the defeat in 628 of the

4283: 4247: 4180: 3802: 3131:

took hold of the opportunity and raided many areas under Chinese control, and even after the

2261: 2177: 2113: 1907: 1742: 1159: 230: 171: 17457: 15730: 13779:, Philadelphia: American Historical Association, Temple University Press, pp. 151–179, 8098: 3526:

remained splintered into various small kingdoms until most of China was reunified under the

3059:

The Tang Empire was at its height of power up until the middle of the 8th century, when the

17662: 17492: 17462: 17337: 17268: 17239: 17158: 16492: 16330: 16320: 15229: 15005: 14891: 14587: 14197: 13938: 9032: 7711: 7481:

was invented in China during the Tang, although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it.

7210: 5667: 5303:

instead. However, when the port reopened, it continued to thrive. In 851 the Arab merchant

5003: 4793: 4645: 4632:), and sought Chinese intervention. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to 4295: 4271:. Following a revolt of the Eastern Turks in 679, the Tang abandoned its Korean campaigns. 4172: 3774: 3746: 3624: 3384: 3222: 2838: 2301: 1947: 1784: 997: 17442: 13986: 13975:, Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 221–227, 7397:

The Chinese of the Tang era were interested in the benefits of officially classifying the

4373:

Tomb figure of mounted warrior similar to the one unearthed from the tomb of crown prince

2231:). Li Yuan rose in rebellion in 617, along with his son and his equally militant daughter 8: 17354: 17234: 17200: 17102: 16922: 16917: 16729: 16448: 16384: 16259: 16244: 16019: 15977: 15357: 15329: 14963: 14911: 12995:

Bernhardt, Kathryn (July 1995), "The Inheritance Right of Daughters: the Song Anomaly?",

10197: 9947: 8164: 7703: 7674: 7602:

presented to the emperor in 801. The Tang period was placed into the enormous 294-volume

7440: 7382: 7190: 6002: 5889: 5745: 5340: 5292: 4857: 4328: 4107: 3855: 3283: 3160: 3060: 3054: 2998: 2224: 1935: 949: 397: 320: 17070: 17060: 14591: 14303:

Tang, Zhiba (1991), "The influence of the sail on the development of the ancient navy",

14201: 13942: 13553: 10419: 7690: 7157:-headed faucets, as well as tilting bowls that were timed to dip wine down, by force of 6354: 3409: 17467: 17447: 17430: 17381: 17246: 17055: 17006: 16939: 16857: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16744: 16714: 16606: 16504: 16372: 16347: 16139: 15447: 15352: 14988: 14983: 14916: 14682: 14611: 14603: 14529: 14474: 14449: 14251: 14223: 14159:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800

14037: 14009: 13954: 13645: 13520: 13508: 13500: 13386: 13331: 13273: 13072: 13008: 11896: 10415: 7844: 7686: 7489: 7273: 7248: 7126: 6744: 6713: 6631: 6527: 6361: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6147: 6116: 5797: 5702: 5561: 5522: 5416: 5384: 5364: 5317: 4961: 4864: 4605: 4544: 4491: 4263: 4204: 3967: 3694: 3577: 3492: 3434: 2416: 2053: 2044:

were active, while Chinese court music flourished with instruments such as the popular

1984:

to the Tang court, while the Tang also indirectly controlled several regions through a

1891: 1752: 932: 820: 812: 514: 266: 181: 14369:

Twitchett, Denis (2000), "Tibet in Tang's Grand Strategy", in van de Ven, Hans (ed.),

13443:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

6500: 5161:

that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five

3229:, which drowned tens of thousands of people in the process. The Chinese belief in the 1906:. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a 839: 17576: 17472: 17408: 17403: 17332: 17229: 16944: 16872: 16867: 16709: 16638: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16411: 16362: 15910: 15898: 15772: 15432: 15249: 15181: 14998: 14759: 14741: 14723: 14656: 14631: 14615: 14565: 14547: 14499: 14481: 14459: 14436: 14418: 14396: 14374: 14356: 14338: 14316: 14290: 14271: 14213: 14163: 14143: 14125: 14107: 14089: 14071: 14053: 13976: 13916: 13896: 13833: 13816: 13798: 13780: 13754: 13736: 13720: 13697: 13679: 13676:

Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes

13661: 13573: 13530: 13512: 13464: 13446: 13428: 13410: 13392: 13372: 13366: 13349: 13343: 13323: 13297: 13279: 13259: 13253: 13236: 13220: 13202: 13180: 13160: 13138: 13120: 13088: 13064: 13042: 13024: 13012: 12982: 12964: 12938: 12917: 12892: 12874: 12856: 12838: 12809: 11113: 11052: 11027: 10346: 10256: 10232: 10207: 10173: 10116: 10087: 9957: 9078: 8104: 8057: 7800: 7719: 7474: 7138: 6964: 6730: 6112: 5549: 5399:(730–805) wrote of two common sea trade routes in his day: one from the coast of the 5304: 5084: 5052: 4967: 4849: 4833: 4657: 4641: 4629: 4613: 4495: 4340: 4152: 3511: 3312:... a standard model of the chain pump was issued from the palace, and the people of 3230: 3226: 3120: 2918: 2834: 2232: 2105: 1873: 1680: 1248: 1228: 1003: 747: 739: 204: 14778: 14697: 13958: 13893:

Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

13586:

Hsu, Mei-ling (1988), "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China",

12871:

Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu

7473:

cement for glass and porcelain wares, a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of

6742:(known as the Sage of Tea) even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea, called 5771: 4879:", but possibly derived from the name of the contemporaneous ruler Emperor Taizong. 4499: 3884: 2897: 2128:

origins, and it belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the

592: 17425: 17212: 17207: 17163: 17150: 17080: 17048: 17043: 16907: 16902: 16884: 16845: 16778: 16761: 16702: 16692: 16687: 16628: 16584: 16554: 16514: 16497: 16480: 16443: 16194: 15966: 15868: 15398: 15308: 15278: 15030: 14978: 14674: 14595: 14521: 14243: 14205: 14029: 13946: 13637: 13615: 13595: 13492: 13315: 13000: 7836: 7698: 7574: 7564: 7529: 7525: 7114: 6956:

even banned the slaughter of cattle on the grounds of his religious convictions to

6627: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6416: 6376: 6220: 6181: 6167: 5878: 5850: 5460: 5240: 4999: 4926: 4840:, who forced them to pay tribute to the Arabs. The 7th-century Byzantine historian 4763: 4758: 4752: 4661: 4601: 4588: 4530: 4514: 3931: 3823: 3635:(1368–1644) code of 1397, yet there were several revisions in later times, such as 3430: 3292: 3239: 3136: 3104: 3014: 2351: 2235:(d. 623), who raised and commanded her own troops. In winter 617, Li Yuan occupied 2061: 1943: 1854: 1359: 917: 909: 646: 603: 161: 14086:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

6622: 6451: 6232: 4640:

and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne. The Tang dynasty Chinese defeated the Arab

4335:(814–891) stayed in China from 839 to 847 and again from 853 to 858, landing near 4144:

the frontier every three years drained the treasury. By the late 7th century, the

4095: 2257:

on June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang.

17643: 17611: 17484: 17452: 17435: 17391: 17386: 17364: 17359: 17317: 17310: 17285: 17145: 17140: 16981: 16862: 16756: 16751: 16719: 16544: 16534: 16428: 16421: 16416: 16401: 16357: 16239: 16225: 16170: 16165: 15302: 14958: 14703: 14330: 14157: 13714: 13543: 13461:

The Eurasian Way of War: Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

13194: 13174: 12580: 12155:

Jia, Junxia (2009). "Analysis of cake food of Chang'an in Han and Tang Dynasty".

10404: 7693: 7203: 6830:, bear (which was hard to catch, but there were recipes for steamed, boiled, and 6823: 6384: 6282: 5950: 5765: 5408: 5154: 4739: 4673: 4579: 4487: 3892: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3531: 3456:. Tang forces had defeated Huang Chao's rebellion with the crucial aid of allied 3287: 2842: 2728: 2548: 2289: 2202: 2007: 1997: 1931: 711: 17065: 13314:, vol. 51, no. 3, École française d'Extrême-Orient, pp. 643–644, 12584:"The Dunhuang Chinese Sky: A comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas" 9956:(rpr. Motilal Banarsidass, 1992 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 28. 7363:(592–672) was also known for his map of China drawn in 658. In the year 785 the 6738:(790–835) devoted most of his poetry to his love of tea. The 8th-century author 4490:

for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia, which was at times settled with

4440: 4369: 4291: 3296:, compiled in 945, recorded a government decree issued in 828 that standardized 2997:

There were many prominent women at court during and after Wu's reign, including

1950:

and recommendations to office. The rise of regional military governors known as

1882: 610: 17586: 17581: 17544: 17519: 17502: 17413: 17398: 17369: 17327: 17175: 17135: 17130: 17085: 17011: 16971: 16961: 16951: 16766: 16645: 16539: 16406: 16288: 16113: 16007: 15941: 15880: 15537: 15507: 15501: 15141: 13362: 13004: 11015: 10158: 10146: 8977: 7822: 7818: 7617: 7608: 7411: 7312:

during the Tang dynasty was an auxiliary invention of the new age of printing.

7308:

from Europe became widely accepted and used in East Asia. The first use of the

7305: 7154: 7122: 6949: 6910: 6879: 6867: 6847: 6835: 6564: 6548: 6403: 6299: 6263: 5932: 5785: 5626: 5544: 5332: 5220: 5213: 5033: 4817: 4727: 4621: 4422: 4407: 4381: 4175:, Taizong established a military campaign in 644 against the Korean kingdom of 4057: 4022: 3956: 3810: 3523: 3495:. In 905 Zhu executed the brothers of Emperor Ai as well as many officials and 3445: 3356: 3337: 3317: 3132: 3112: 3072: 2837:

of Wu Zhou on October 16, 690, and three days later demoted Emperor Ruizong to

2269: 2241: 2173: 2133: 2011: 1261: 1178: 874: 867: 695: 186: 148: 13619: 13599: 11657: 7616:. This historical text covered the history of China from the beginning of the 7419:(581–682); the former was the first to identify in writing that patients with 4983: 4317:) was again reproduced in several models for Tenji in 666, as recorded in the 3063:(December 16, 755 – February 17, 763) destroyed the prosperity of the empire. 2797: 17684: 17667: 17554: 17349: 17322: 17295: 17273: 17251: 17018: 17001: 16986: 16830: 16783: 16771: 16697: 16589: 16463: 16458: 16433: 16315: 16093: 16062: 16048: 16041: 15916: 15874: 15832: 15561: 15519: 14644: 14578:

Xi, Zezong (1981), "Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy, 1949–1979",

14176: 13820: 13526: 13478: 13327: 13224: 13110: 13068: 10211: 10154: 8125: 7804: 7445: 7443:, manufactured from tin and silver, was first introduced in the medical text 7287: 7266: 7252: 7239:

serving the state, managed by the Agency of Palace Buildings (Jingzuo Jian).

7223: 7142: 7074: 6945: 6788: 6749: 6659: 6655: 6609: 6552: 6244: 6090: 6083: 5990: 5958: 5885: 5869: 5671: 5647: 5594: 5412: 5372: 5048: 4876: 4868: 4697: 4609: 4455:), the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central 4394: 4302: 4287: 4255: 4212: 4188: 4146: 3926:

rites to avert a drought. In 742 he personally held the incense burner while

3851: 3827: 3690: 3686: 3543: 3477: 3461: 3402: 3368: 3108: 3076: 3026: 2906: 2877: 2458: 2355: 2161: 1051: 1018: 17095: 17075: 15947: 7840: 5831:(768–824). This new prose style broke away from the poetry tradition of the 3813:. Candidates were also judged on proper deportment, appearance, speech, and 3701:(4th–6th centuries) was also kept, although there were a few modifications. 3155: 17559: 17300: 17290: 17256: 17185: 17180: 17107: 16897: 16879: 16840: 16835: 16815: 16810: 16682: 16675: 16665: 16660: 16549: 16487: 16468: 16453: 16389: 15958: 15645: 15633: 15621: 15531: 15461: 15455: 15425: 15146: 14699:

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China

13724: 13692:

Kitagawa, Hiroshi; Tsuchida, Bruce T. (1975), Seidensticker, Edward (ed.),

12930: 11023: 8073:... Two of the men who, it has been suggested, were among the ancestors of 7506: 7402: 7325: 7309: 7297: 7199: 7118: 6934: 6890: 6784: 6754: 6485: 6388: 6371:

The Tang dynasty also officially recognized various foreign religions. The

6308: 6276: 6054:

were nonetheless valuable written historical works of the Tang period. The

6008: 5996: 5962: 5946: 5918: 5904: 5865: 5824: 5717: 5622: 5574: 5510: 5348: 5256: 5244: 5173: 4773: 4720: 4525:, which the Tibetans then occupied along with the territory of what is now 4460: 4414: 4200: 3770: 3698: 3671: 3640: 3632: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3380: 3352: 3209: 2990: 2331: 2316: 2312: 2297: 2228: 2181: 2109: 1626: 1602: 1589: 1576: 1520: 1479: 1131: 1121: 1098: 829: 653: 623: 542: 14541: 14287:

Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)

11089: 7823:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 5682:

in the south, Yangzhou had thousands of foreign traders from across Asia.

5578: 5379:, which had 63,000 pieces of Tang ceramics, silver, and gold (including a 4624:, and installed a new king Alutar on the throne. The deposed king fled to 4451:

While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region (former territory of the

2958: 17278: 17263: 17112: 16825: 16734: 16724: 16650: 16298: 16293: 16175: 16074: 16056: 15985: 15856: 15838: 15687: 15675: 15669: 15663: 15525: 15513: 15489: 15288: 15106: 15062: 15040: 14811: 10461: 10193: 7707: 7510: 7386: 7360: 7352: 7344: 7186: 7178: 7106: 6918: 6885:

From the trade overseas and over land, the Chinese acquired peaches from

6815: 6696: 6684: 6267: 6132: 6050: 6020: 6014: 5966: 5909: 5873: 5761: 5706: 5557: 5553: 5539: 5448: 5420: 5248: 5185: 5169: 5056: 4981:, first minted in 621 in Chang'an], a model for the Japanese 8th-century 4951: 4931: 4785: 4685: 4681: 4510: 4476: 4418: 4374: 4319: 4279: 4268: 4259: 4243: 4235: 4103: 3999: 3927: 3814: 3721: 3709: 3678: 3360: 3313: 3254: 3088: 2945: 2588: 2534: 2497: 2490: 2305: 2254: 2236: 2220: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2121: 1961: 1939: 1918: 1911: 1899: 1533: 1404: 1238: 1206: 1193: 1027: 431: 124: 14512:

Wong, Timothy C. (1979), "Self and Society in Tang Dynasty Love Tales",

13076: 10305: 9296: 9294: 7861: 5391:

at the wreck). Beginning in 785, the Chinese began to call regularly at

5287:... spices, pearls, and jade piled up mountain high", as written in the 4509:

There was a long string of conflicts with Tibet over territories in the

4309:

that they had crafted. This 3rd century mechanically driven directional-

4207:

in August 663, a decisive Tang–Silla victory. The Tang dynasty navy had

3934:) recited "mystical incantations to secure the victory of Tang forces." 3347: 81: 17305: 17122: 16996: 16956: 16889: 16134: 16101: 15862: 15844: 15742: 15591: 15495: 15345: 14693: 14255: 14227: 14041: 14013: 13950: 13649: 13504: 13335: 13176:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

12905: 12188:

Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law

11328: 10224: 9130: 7985: 7983: 7848: 7723: 7613: 7579: 7538: 7462: 7416: 7378: 7110: 7102: 7090: 6941: 6831: 6758: 6643:

responsible for more domestic tasks of weaving textiles and rearing of

6489: 6461: 6412: 6236: 6228: 6224: 5954: 5922: 5914: 5801: 5757: 5726: 5634: 5570: 5509:

culture of the preceding Northern Dynasties, in favor of staunch civil

5388: 5344: 5336: 4837: 4689: 4549: 4327:(794–864), who wrote of his travel experiences including travels along 4220: 4090: 3919: 3863: 3725: 3717: 3589: 3519: 3425: 3301: 3297: 3149: 2708: 2628: 2524: 2347: 2311:

Although killing two brothers and deposing his father contradicted the

2281: 2037: 1973: 1285: 1074: 756: 528: 14836: 14686: 14607: 14533: 13969:, in Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.), 10570: 10568: 10555: 10553: 10551: 9354: 9352: 5168:

Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to states of

5149: 4187:

because they failed to overcome the successful defense led by General

3708:

The center of the political power of the Tang was the capital city of

3677:

Although the founders of the Tang related to the glory of the earlier

3340:; instead the allies of Emperor Wenzong were publicly executed in the 3250: 17195: 16966: 16850: 16820: 16601: 16475: 16266: 15748: 15712: 15681: 15627: 14313:

The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention

14305:

Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai

13769:

Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai

11974: 11965: 11518: 11516: 11514: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9291: 9044: 9042: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 7922: 7920: 7517: 7501: 7493: 7478: 7470: 7373: 7217:(National Building Law). Fragments of this book have survived in the 7194: 7137:

by the Sui-dynasty engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai. They provided a

7078: 6922: 6886: 6839: 6827: 6780: 6692: 6669: 6644: 6635: 6255:(334–416) was also just as popular as Chan Buddhism during the Tang. 6177: 6061: 5861: 5736: 5690: 5679: 5630: 5600: 5424: 5400: 5308: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5189: 5060: 5044: 4935: 4922: 4797: 4705: 4583: 4561: 4529:. Hostilities between the Tang and Tibet continued until they signed 4430: 4099: 4085: 4081: 4030: 3923: 3896: 3593: 3535: 3449: 3438: 3080: 3064: 3030: 2813: 2801: 2738: 2698: 2608: 2520: 2412: 2408: 2293: 2223:. He had prestige and military experience, and was a first cousin of 1993: 1977: 1923: 777: 14247: 14209: 14033: 13777:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

13641: 13496: 13319: 13197:, in Mair, Victor H.; Steinhardt, Nancy S.; Goldin, Paul R. (eds.), 11914: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 7980: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7787:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

7320: 7221:(The Tang Code), while the Song dynasty architectural manual of the 6913:. In China, there was a great demand for sugar; during the reign of 4592:, Peroz was made the head of a Governorate of Persia in what is now 4406:

troops was low. Some "Turkic" troops were tribalized Han Chinese, a

3805:

and tested the student's knowledge of a broad variety of texts. The

3757: 3631:

The Tang Code was largely retained by later codes such as the early

2211:, the founder of the Tang dynasty, was Duke of Tang and governor of 16596: 16379: 16337: 16276: 15904: 15850: 15820: 15766: 15718: 15651: 15615: 15609: 15579: 15096: 14678: 14599: 14525: 12419: 11304: 11280: 11065: 10565: 10548: 10083:

China and Central Asia in the Post-Soviet Era: A Bilateral Approach

9739: 9676: 9511: 9349: 7594: 7485: 7420: 7329: 7293: 7101:(683–727) inspiration when he invented the world's first clockwork 6957: 6894: 6871: 6851: 6843: 6811: 6792: 6673: 6560: 6407: 6304: 6240: 6173: 6143: 6100: 6079: 6044: 5663: 5618: 5526: 5518: 5486: 5380: 5376: 5353: 5263:, among many others. In 748, the Buddhist monk Jian Zhen described 5236: 5205: 5136: 5037: 4995: 4991: 4743: 4701: 4669: 4665: 4637: 4633: 4597: 4526: 4503: 4426: 4239: 4224: 4176: 4126:

Chinese officer of the Guard of Honour. Tomb of Princess Chang-le (

4053:

bordering Persia in the west, to northern Korea in the north-east.

3838:

by recruiting a body of career officials having no family or local

3818: 3762: 3730: 3713: 3515: 3372: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3092: 3068: 3042: 3038: 2969: 2949: 2910: 2668: 2474: 2470: 2250: 2149: 2057: 1989: 1965: 1952: 798: 667: 14020:

Reischauer, Edwin O. (1940), "Notes on T'ang Dynasty Sea Routes",

13868:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV:3, Taipei: Caves 13859:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV:2, Taipei: Caves 11511: 11126: 9306: 9039: 8847: 8631: 8233: 7722:

had conquered these countries they sent their commander-in-chief,

7285:

unearthed at Xi'an in 1974 and dated roughly from 650 to 670. The

6127: 5864:(779–831), which was widely circulated in his own time and by the 4323:

of 720. Japanese monks also visited China; such was the case with

4278:

from Japan, diplomatic missions that were not halted until 894 by

3522:, before toppling the Later Liang dynasty the same year. However, 3308:

In the second year of the Taihe reign period , in the second month

3143:

after 763. So significant was this loss that half a century later

2523:(601–673 CE). From right to left are representatives hailing from 1992:, the Tang exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring 16509: 16438: 16394: 16249: 16155: 16128: 16107: 15814: 15808: 15760: 15736: 15555: 15419: 15383: 15067: 14415:

Draft Discussion of Early Tang Dynasty's Military Affairs History

14335:

Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective

14181:

T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century

13886:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. V:4, Taipei: Caves 13877:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. V:1, Taipei: Caves 13850:, Science and Civilization in China, vol. III, Taipei: Caves 12916:] (in Chinese), vol. 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 12761: 12602: 12586:. International Dunhuang Project, British Library. Archived from 11630: 11628: 11626: 11533: 11531: 9325: 8544: 8370: 8339: 8260: 8082: 7897: 7521: 7466: 7458: 7432: 7368: 7356: 7278: 7236: 7158: 7150: 7098: 7082: 6984: 6968: 6898: 6801: 6773: 6765: 6735: 6556: 6493: 6473: 6442: 6295: 6208: 6196: 6056: 5970: 5942: 5686: 5614: 5444: 5432: 5404: 5396: 5313: 5209: 5177: 4899: 4709: 4693: 4677: 4617: 4557: 4538: 4522: 4452: 4310: 4069: 4056:

Some of the kingdoms paying tribute to the Tang dynasty included

4050: 3835: 3734: 3597: 3507:. A year later Zhu had the deposed Emperor Ai poisoned to death. 3484: 3453: 3278:

prospered the most economically during the late Tang period. The

3235: 3214: 3100: 2804:, the sole recognized empress regnant in Chinese imperial history 2792: 2718: 2638: 2285: 2277: 2212: 2208: 2169: 2033: 1927: 1895: 1428: 1279: 1273: 879: 836: 486: 306: 132: 67: 16310: 15922: 14669:

Yu, Pauline (1998), "Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry",

13368:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

13272:———; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), 12631: 9751: 9664: 8763: 7744: 6590: 6188:(1130–1200), Buddhism had begun to flourish in China during the 2424: 16342: 16217: 15971: 15886: 15802: 15603: 15597: 15549: 15404: 15283: 13658:

The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism

13021:

Visualizing Love and Longing in Song Dynasty Paintings of Women

9077:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 276–278. 8056:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 151. 7756: 7599: 7452: 7436: 7428: 7348: 7031: 7000: 6930: 6926: 6914: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6807: 6776: 6769: 6505: 6399: 6216: 6185: 6158: 6075: 5828: 5793: 5777: 5741: 5653: 5610: 5514: 5506: 5436: 5392: 5357: 5328: 5296: 5268: 5197: 5181: 5158: 5132: 5108: 5075: 5029: 5024: 4955: 4805: 4700:

Turks who twice defeated the Tibetans, in 789 near the town of

4593: 4553: 4456: 4336: 4332: 4196: 4077: 4061: 3859: 3858:

acquired status in their local communities while developing an

3547: 3465: 3457: 3271: 3096: 2818: 2678: 2568: 2558: 2538: 2494: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2404: 2343: 2246: 2216: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2015: 166: 14756:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

13915:, translated by Davis, Richard L., Columbia University Press, 13866:

Physics and Physical Technology: Civil Engineering and Nautics

13116:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

12509: 11623: 11594: 11528: 11191: 10890: 10382: 10380: 10049: 9562: 9364: 9337: 9255: 7956: 7664:) was often used, such as in the names of books of the period. 7261: 5505:

Both the Sui and Tang dynasties had turned away from the more

3733:

construction to build every visiting official his own private

3163:, 71 m (233 ft) high; begun in 713, completed in 803 2985: 16976: 15892: 15826: 15657: 15639: 15585: 15567: 15440: 12773: 12254: 12003: 12001: 10676: 10061: 9550: 9448: 9243: 8864: 8478: 7497: 7424: 7282: 6906: 6902: 6863: 6739: 6718: 6291: 5974: 5897: 5813: 5642: 5638: 5582: 5440: 5324: 5300: 5228: 5224: 5201: 5088: 4947: 4943: 4903: 4768: 4732:

tributary embassy came to the court of Emperor Taizong in 643

4653: 4625: 4518: 4386: 4324: 4111: 4088:

valley. Turkic nomads addressed the Emperor of Tang China as

4073: 4065: 3904: 3605: 3601: 3376: 3197: 3128: 3084: 2688: 2658: 2648: 2618: 2598: 2578: 2478: 2370: 2273: 2264:, ruled until 626, when he was forcefully deposed by his son 2137: 2019: 1860: 858: 844: 500: 191: 14740:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 12545: 12341: 12329: 11988: 11986: 11429: 11427: 11181: 11179: 11177: 9822: 9820: 9613: 9120: 9118: 7431:

foods. As written by Zhen Chuan and others in the Tang, the

7389:; maps from the 4th century BC that were excavated in 1986. 3383:(799–872) managed to wrestle control of the region from the 3200:

provinces, the government had to officially acknowledge the

2101: 13797:, et al., Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 13201:, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 368–376, 12953:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

12751: 12749: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12409: 12407: 12069: 12067: 12054: 12052: 10377: 9693: 9691: 9540: 9538: 9103: 9000: 8296: 8294: 6707: 6680: 6509: 6481: 6477: 6161:

that incorporated many deities. Practitioners believed the

5586: 5368: 5276: 5193: 4939: 2481:

in 648. The wars against the Western Turks continued under

2469:, campaigns were dispatched in the Western Regions against 2280:

charges. Fighting a numerically superior army, he defeated

2045: 1942:, the Tang maintained a civil-service system by recruiting 1863: 16186: 14655:] (in Chinese), Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 13371:, translated by Wright, H. M., Stanford University Press, 13135:

Maritime Silk Route and Chinese-Foreign Cultural Exchanges

12679: 12667: 12575: 12094: 11998: 10878: 10866: 10827: 10724: 10106: 9780: 9778: 9727: 9715: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8667: 8665: 7620:

in 403 BC until the beginning of the Song dynasty in 960.

7536:

had a "Cool Hall" built in the imperial palace, which the

7030:

A rounded "offering plate" with design in "three colors" (

6728:(420–589), and perhaps even earlier, the drinking of tea ( 5823:

was spurred in large part by the writings of Tang authors

4910:

dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth, as the horses of

4250:

of this period was influenced by Tang Chinese architecture

3410:

destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia in 840–847

3075:

Tang commander since 744, who had experience fighting the

14068:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

13848:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

13660:, translated by Lee, Suzanne, Paramus: Homa & Sekey, 12497: 12271: 12269: 12167: 12136: 12106: 12025: 11983: 11424: 11215: 11203: 11174: 10983: 10981: 10856: 10854: 10640: 10580: 10524: 10439: 10437: 10107:

Litvinsky, B.A.; Jalilov, A.H.; Kolesnikov, A.I. (1996).

10018: 9928: 9916: 9817: 9388: 9154: 9115: 8007: 7932: 7435:

glands of sheep and pigs were successfully used to treat

6543: 6294:

and places of worship. Many Taoists were associated with

6162: 5792:

poetry, or regulated verse, is in the form of eight-line

4692:. Although they had fought at Talas, on June 11, 758, an 4227:(594–669), the Kingdom of Goguryeo was destroyed by 668. 2342:. With this victory, the Turks accepted Taizong as their 817: 803: 789: 14476:

Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation

14333:, in Duindam, Jeroen; Artan, Tülay; Kunt, Metin (eds.), 13857:

Physics and Physical Engineering: Mechanical Engineering

13479:"Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual" 12785: 12746: 12734: 12710: 12614: 12533: 12485: 12404: 12392: 12365: 12353: 12317: 12293: 12064: 12049: 11897:"Tang Dynasty Clothing – Facts about Tang Chinese Dress" 11865: 11838: 11826: 11802: 11790: 11754: 11572: 11570: 11475: 11400: 11388: 11376: 11234: 11232: 11230: 10839: 10652: 10616: 10514: 10512: 10365: 10281: 9994: 9795: 9793: 9703: 9688: 9642: 9640: 9535: 9219: 9190: 8958: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8619: 8568: 8566: 8411: 8409: 8313:

Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (April 2009).

8291: 8279: 8250: 8248: 8221: 8187: 8185: 7995: 7484:

Since the time of the Han, the Chinese had drilled deep

7165:

Midway up the southern side of the mountain was a dragon

7003:-glazed lobed dish with incised decorations, 8th century 6064:

in 710 was a meta-history, as it covered the history of

3966:

In the Tang census of 754, there were 1,859 cities, 321

3429:

southern China (which An Lushan failed to do due to the

2022:, belonged to this age, contributing with poets such as 768: 13085:

Courtesans, Concubines, and the Cult of Female Fidelity

12889:

Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection

12803: 12461: 12382: 12380: 12230: 12084: 12082: 11855: 11853: 11778: 11766: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11352: 11047:

McMullen, David L. (1999). McDermott, Joseph P. (ed.).

10954: 10700: 10449: 10269: 10248: 9892: 9868: 9856: 9775: 9523: 9209: 9207: 9205: 8888: 8717: 8715: 8689: 8662: 8495: 8493: 8466: 8170: 6691:

There were some prominent court women after the era of

6581:

Women in ancient and imperial China § Tang dynasty

6508:-glazed carved relief showing horseback riders playing 6383:, was given recognition by the Tang court. In 781, the 5977:) during the 7th century. Afterwards he wrote the book 5629:, among others. With the open access to China that the 4475:. Under Emperor Gaozong, a campaign led by the general 3351:

A late Tang mural commemorating the victory of General

3324:

The last great ambitious ruler of the Tang dynasty was

86:

The empire in 661, when it reached its greatest extent

16068:

The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities

14183:, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 13391:(2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 12473: 12266: 12013: 11923: 11711: 11671: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11487: 11439: 11364: 11162: 11150: 11138: 11051:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. 10998: 10996: 10978: 10851: 10791: 10779: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10712: 10688: 10628: 10604: 10497: 10485: 10473: 10434: 10342:

Encyclopaedia of Tibet: History and geography of Tibet

10320: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 9844: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9460: 9376: 8790: 6364:'s greatest geographical extent during the Middle Ages 5780:(701–762) famous for the former style, and poets like 5674:

was the greatest economic center during the Tang era.

4998:

texts to be translated into Chinese. There was also a

4636:. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at 4134:, Shaanxi province. Tang Zhenguan year 17, i.e. 644 CE 3401:) of Sha Prefecture, and military governor of the new 3048: 14781: – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 14395:] (in Chinese), Dongying: Qilu Publishing House, 13875:

Chemistry and Chemical Technology: Paper and Printing

12979:

China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang dynasty

12697: 12521: 12242: 11582: 11567: 11555: 11543: 11499: 11463: 11451: 11316: 11244: 11227: 11077: 10944: 10942: 10815: 10664: 10536: 10509: 9990:. King's Crown Press, Columbia University. p. 6. 9904: 9832: 9790: 9637: 9601: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9436: 9231: 9178: 9166: 9012: 8988: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8924: 8900: 8876: 8835: 8814: 8780: 8778: 8739: 8677: 8607: 8563: 8517: 8430: 8406: 8245: 8182: 8031: 8019: 7873: 7768: 7637: 7209:

In the realm of structural engineering and technical

6948:. This was due to the role of the bull as a valuable 5913:

encyclopedia was compiled in 624 by the chief editor

5744:(701–762 AD), the only surviving example of Li Bai's 4867:

including its previous political division around the

3433:). Huang Chao's army in southern China committed the 2952:), built in 652, repaired by Empress Wu Zetian in 704 744: 730: 716: 700: 686: 672: 658: 13275:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

12655: 12451: 12449: 12436: 12434: 12377: 12305: 12281: 12218: 12206: 12194: 12079: 12037: 11877: 11850: 11814: 11735: 11412: 11292: 11268: 11256: 10966: 10927: 10803: 10592: 10006: 9763: 9400: 9267: 9202: 9091: 8712: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8534: 8532: 8490: 8454: 8442: 8387: 8145: 8133: 7572:. This was edited into another history (labeled the 6654:. They were generally knowledgeable in the rules of 6262:

A timber hall built in 857, located at the Buddhist

6211:

life; this episode would later be dubbed one of the

5352:

set sail from the various ports along the coasts of

4816:

also provide a description of the Byzantine capital

4586:

and his court moved to Tang China. According to the

2164:

Li lineage, and it included the prominent Tang poet

1857: 1645: 1567: 1447: 1380: 1310: 1184: 13271: 12722: 11935: 11723: 11683: 11606: 11522: 11340: 11334: 11310: 11286: 11132: 11071: 10993: 10767: 10736: 10574: 10559: 10030: 9805: 9745: 9682: 9652: 9517: 9484: 9472: 9424: 9412: 9358: 9319: 9300: 9279: 9054: 9048: 8858: 8656: 8557: 8505: 8381: 8364: 8352: 8273: 8209: 8197: 7989: 7968: 7926: 4596:, Afghanistan. During this conquest of Persia, the 4548:A bas relief of a soldier and the emperor's horse, 4305:(r. 661–672), whereupon they presented a gift of a 3546:also stemmed from this period. In 905 their leader 14722:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 14480:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 14473: 13341: 13103:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 12853:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History 12643: 12557: 11652:Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China 10939: 10338: 10140: 9880: 9625: 9574: 9331: 8941: 8912: 8775: 8769: 8595: 8103:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 4–6. 6153:Since ancient times, some Chinese had believed in 5525:blossomed and was more widely accessible with new 5347:, the Yangtze River, and even as far south as the 3391:(r. 846–859) acknowledged Zhang as the protector ( 2825:In 683, Emperor Gaozong died. He was succeeded by 2253:. On the news of Emperor Yang's murder by General 2060:became a major influence in Chinese culture, with 14350: 14104:Cultural flow between China and the outside world 13967:"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck" 12891:, Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, 12446: 12431: 11956: 11112:. Beijing: Morning Glory Publishers. p. 56. 10079: 9142: 8751: 8727: 8578: 8529: 8315:"Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" 7885: 7762: 6626:Palace ladies in a garden from a mural of Prince 6166:homes, and officials. This ideal is reflected in 5403:towards Korea and another from Guangzhou through 4766:, which those histories directly associated with 4391:a major militarized force employed by the Chinese 3225:inundated vast tracts of land and terrain of the 3091:. Despite early victories scored by Tang General 1930:dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese 17682: 15391:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction 14270:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Haiyang chubanshe, 13895:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–607, 13691: 13445:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 43–58, 13342:Gascoigne, Bamber; Gascoigne, Christina (2003), 13195:"Late-Tang Foreign Relations: The Uyghur Crisis" 10403: 10399: 10397: 10395: 9670: 8163:As represented by the epitaph on the lid of the 7944: 7786: 6929:also came from India as a finished product from 5415:(d. 863) provided a detailed description of the 4954:, and percussion instruments from India such as 4037: 2989:Mural of Tang dynasty Chinese architecture from 2376:Tang dynasty territory and inspection circuits ( 2132:. According to official Tang records, they were 14373:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 106–179, 14008:, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 121–145, 13291: 13159:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 12806:The Writing of Official History Under the T'ang 12515: 11634: 11537: 9370: 9343: 9261: 8870: 8484: 7962: 6650:In Chang'an, ordinary courtesans inhabited the 6559:and a female attendant in silk robes, from the 4848:by the Sui dynasty (dating this to the time of 4346: 4173:Like the emperors of the Sui dynasty before him 3854:. The competition system proved successful, as 2358:". Taizong was succeeded by his son Li Zhi (as 2144:(whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er), the 17761:States and territories established in the 610s 14188:Stein, R. A. (1972) , "Tibetan Civilization", 14142:, Harvard University Press, pp. 165–191, 13179:, Brill's Inner Asian Library, Leiden: Brill, 12837:(2nd ed.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 10255:. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89. 10202:. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 10115:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 449–472. 7588:of China. One of the surviving sources of the 5788:(704–754) famous for their use of the latter. 5715:A Tang dynasty era copy of the preface to the 5689:, which was the favored capital of the two by 5153:A contract from the Tang dynasty found in the 5144: 5074:The Tang captured the vital route through the 3985: 3846:by preventing powerful families from becoming 3561: 2330:was destroyed after the capture of its ruler, 2112:(1368–1644), depicting the first Tang emperor 16202: 14852: 14738:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South 14671:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 14088:, Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, 13972:Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds 13751:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty 13292:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) , 13199:Hawai'i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture 12935:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire 10392: 10242: 7789:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7643: 7562:The first classic work about the Tang is the 7543: 6937:it became the prime textile fabric in China. 5836: 5685:There was also the secondary capital city of 5533: 5323:Vessels from other East Asian states such as 5051:was initially formulated during the reign of 4972: 4902:-silver jar, shaped in the style of northern 4804:", possibly a reference to one of the acting 4183:; however, this led to its withdrawal in the 3792: 3782: 3646:The Tang had three departments (Chinese: 2775:Foreign ambassadors visiting the Tang court: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2652: 2642: 2632: 2622: 2612: 2602: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2562: 2552: 2542: 2528: 2172:heritage. The Tang emperors had part-Xianbei 1828: 608: 356:5,400,000 km (2,100,000 sq mi) 47: 17756:States and territories disestablished in 907 17659:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14070:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 13119:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 13036: 8100:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages 7867:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 7750: 7500:to extract salt. During the Tang dynasty, a 7453:Alchemy, gas cylinders, and air conditioning 7105:mechanism in 725. This was used alongside a 6089:Other important literary offerings included 4578:(633–656), the son of the last ruler of the 4138: 3568:Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty 2239:, relegated Emperor Yang to the position of 2072:, which subsequently declined in influence. 1898:between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the 15316:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy 14790: – Chinese Text Initiative, 14458:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 14433:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith 14386: 12691: 12173: 12142: 12123: 12121: 12112: 12100: 11107: 10073: 7649: 6882:, which the Chinese called "river piglet". 3103:province, they called upon the help of the 2924: 2048:. Tang scholars compiled a rich variety of 16209: 16195: 14859: 14845: 14626:[The Biography of Tang Xuanzong], 14233: 14047: 14019: 13709: 13255:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 13219:(in Chinese), vol. 1998, no. 4, 13019:Blanchard, Lara Caroline Williams (2001), 12868: 11600: 11197: 10896: 10884: 10872: 10164:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 10055: 9733: 9721: 9225: 8013: 7052:History of science and technology in China 7046:Science and technology of the Tang dynasty 6176:, originating in India around the time of 6106: 5868:(1279–1368) became the basis for plays in 5059:, it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when 4463:, but also separate campaigns against the 4215:, these ships described by Li Quan in his 3245: 2064:gaining prominence. However, in the 840s, 1982:Far-flung kingdoms and states paid tribute 1835: 1821: 591: 80: 15412:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 14448: 14430: 14368: 13890: 13018: 12994: 11433: 11014: 10902: 10682: 10646: 10586: 10172:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 541–542. 10024: 9984:Li, Tieh-tseng (Lǐ Tiězhēng 李鐵錚) (1956). 9922: 9826: 9568: 9556: 9544: 9454: 9249: 8472: 8300: 7879: 7817: 7383:the earliest extant terrain maps of China 7039: 6071:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 4339:, Fujian and setting sail for Japan from 4094:. After the widespread Göktürk revolt of 3753:Imperial examination in Chinese mythology 2786: 1976:and the lucrative trade-routes along the 27:Imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907 16121:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 15240:Protectorate General to Pacify the South 15235:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 14797:Guide to Tang art, with video commentary 14543:The earliest Muslim communities in China 14514:Journal of the American Oriental Society 14006:Journal of the American Oriental Society 13912:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 13881: 13872: 13863: 13854: 13845: 13730: 13296:(2nd ed.), Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 13230: 12958: 12873:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 12869:Andrew, Anita N.; Rapp, John A. (2000), 12791: 12779: 12767: 12716: 12637: 12625: 12608: 12551: 12539: 12491: 12425: 12413: 12398: 12371: 12359: 12347: 12335: 12323: 12118: 12073: 12058: 11481: 11406: 11382: 11046: 10960: 10845: 10658: 10622: 10371: 10287: 10135: 10000: 9709: 9697: 9619: 9136: 9072: 9006: 8894: 8706: 8671: 8398:sfn error: no target: CITEREFForte1988 ( 8049: 7319: 7260: 7141:that allowed seasonal adjustment in the 7068: 6889:, date palms, pistachios, and figs from 6706: 6621: 6542: 6499: 6445:(706–783), a court artist under Xuanzong 6257: 6137: 6126: 6036:. Although not included in the official 5928:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 5884: 5735: 5710: 5652: 5599: 5543: 5148: 5017: 4960: 4921:Through use of the land trade along the 4714: 4543: 4439: 4368: 4357:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 4229: 4121: 4009: 3883: 3879: 3756: 3740: 3614: 3576: 3379:. In 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general 3346: 3249: 3166: 3154: 2984: 2886:commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 2796: 2455:Tang campaigns against the Western Turks 2186: 2100: 17716:10th-century disestablishments in China 17483: 15245:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 15218:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 14866: 14283: 14065: 13810: 13082: 13054: 13037:Blunden, Caroline; Elvin, Mark (1983), 12886: 12850: 12832: 12275: 12260: 12236: 12031: 11493: 11445: 11221: 11209: 11185: 11168: 11156: 11144: 10987: 10860: 10833: 10797: 10785: 10761: 10694: 10634: 10610: 10455: 10386: 10326: 10293: 10067: 9505: 9466: 9382: 8970: 8964: 8935: 8882: 8808: 8721: 8625: 8613: 8572: 8523: 8499: 8436: 8415: 8285: 8254: 8227: 8191: 8001: 7710:always wished to open intercourse with 7592:, primarily covering up to 756, is the 7235:(712–756) there were 34,850 registered 6987:-gold bowl with lotus and animal motifs 5604:Map of Chang'an during the Tang dynasty 5367:, a silt-preserved shipwrecked Arabian 4746:such as S.A.M. Adshead have identified 4353:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 4167:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 3949: 2324:Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks 14: 17683: 14702:, vol. 1 (New ed.), London: 14559: 14310: 14268:History of Navigation in Ancient China 14050:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions 13908: 13716:The Chinese: Their History and Culture 13625: 13567: 13518: 13384: 13361: 13217:Researches in Chinese Economic History 13192: 13172: 13100: 12950: 12755: 12740: 12685: 12673: 12479: 12019: 12007: 11701: 11677: 11576: 11561: 11322: 11250: 10730: 10299: 9850: 9018: 8994: 8829: 8335:from the original on October 10, 2022. 8037: 8025: 7696:'s (1885) translated passage from the 7524:180 AD) of the Han dynasty invented a 7409:(r. 649–683) commissioned an official 7189:world, a design of the Greek inventor 6944:, as the Tang court encouraged people 6822:were consumed included pork, chicken, 6658:, and received particular training in 6068:in past centuries until his time. The 5454: 5316:, rice, wine, and tea. Their presence 5307:observed the manufacturing of Chinese 3584:wearing the robes and hat of a scholar 3505:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 3420:In addition to natural calamities and 3280:government monopoly on salt production 2160:kingdom. This family was known as the 1904:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1872: 819: 746: 16190: 14840: 14493: 14417:] (in Chinese), Beijing: Kunlun, 14328: 14196:(4), Stanford University Press: 501, 14187: 14155: 14137: 13815:(MA thesis). University of Colorado. 13748: 13673: 13542: 13458: 13440: 13422: 13404: 13309: 13248: 13109: 13105:, New York: Columbia University Press 12700:International Journal of Anthropology 12527: 12503: 12043: 11992: 11980:Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard,119. 11971:beverly bossler,pp. 71-99 (29 pages). 11646: 11588: 11549: 11505: 11469: 11457: 11238: 11098:, pp. xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii. 11022:(First American ed.). New York: 11020:A History of the World in 100 Objects 10821: 10542: 10530: 10518: 10012: 9910: 9799: 9646: 9607: 9595: 9442: 9406: 9394: 9273: 9237: 9213: 9196: 8796: 8511: 8448: 8393: 8239: 8215: 8203: 8176: 8151: 8139: 7938: 7891: 7242: 7081:motif of gold and silver inlaid with 6826:(especially preferred in the north), 6799:both civilians and aristocrats. Like 6538: 6142:An 8th-century silk wall scroll from 4808:for the young Byzantine monarch. The 4719:Illustration of Byzantine embassy to 4652:and drove them out. By the 740s, the 4365:Tibet and the Tang and Song dynasties 4234:A 10th-century mural painting in the 4193:Allying with the Korean Silla Kingdom 3914:Religion was central in the reign of 3415: 1988:system. In addition to its political 14692: 14511: 14471: 14408: 14353:Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I 14302: 14175: 14119: 14106:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 14101: 14003: 13827: 13719:, vol. 1, New York: Macmillan, 13655: 13552:, Fordham University, archived from 13546:(2000) , Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.), 13132: 12976: 12929: 12728: 12661: 12386: 12311: 12299: 12287: 12224: 12212: 12200: 12088: 11941: 11929: 11920:Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard,79. 11883: 11871: 11859: 11844: 11832: 11820: 11808: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11617: 11418: 11370: 11358: 11346: 11274: 11262: 11095: 11083: 10972: 10933: 10809: 10773: 10749: 10718: 10598: 10503: 10491: 10479: 10470:, pp. 152–153, see endnote 114. 10467: 10443: 10407:(2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 10218: 10192: 10043: 9946: 9886: 9769: 9658: 9631: 9583: 9529: 9493: 9478: 9430: 9418: 9285: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9124: 9109: 9097: 9060: 8952: 8918: 8906: 8841: 8784: 8601: 8589: 8538: 8312: 8096: 8053:Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Part 1 7774: 7367:had the geographer and cartographer 6757:made in 589 by the scholar-official 6574: 5965:. The Tang dynasty Chinese diplomat 4792:, or "Constantine the Bearded") and 4784:) was identified as Byzantine ruler 4664:had reestablished a presence in the 3992:Military history of the Tang dynasty 3668:Three Departments and Six Ministries 2227:(their mothers were both one of the 2014:. Two of China's most famous poets, 1894:that ruled from 618 to 907, with an 17741:Former countries in Chinese history 17696:7th-century establishments in China 14643: 14539: 14337:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 171–198, 14261: 14083: 13928: 13882:———, ed. (1986), 13873:———, ed. (1986), 13864:———, ed. (1986), 13855:———, ed. (1986), 13792: 13774: 13766: 13605: 13585: 13476: 13150: 12937:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 12904: 12649: 12467: 12455: 12440: 12248: 12154: 11729: 11717: 11689: 11394: 11008: 11002: 10948: 10706: 10670: 10339:S. K. Sharma; Sharma, Usha (1996), 10275: 10229:A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2) 9934: 9898: 9874: 9862: 9838: 9811: 9784: 9757: 8757: 8733: 8460: 6213:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 4564:, from the tomb of Emperor Taizong 4242:showing monastic architecture from 3787:; 'illuminating the classics') and 3385:Tibetan Empire during its civil war 3174:, built during the late 8th century 3049:An Lushan Rebellion and catastrophe 2334:by the famed Tang military officer 1926:seized the throne, proclaiming the 24: 14711: 14668: 14621: 14577: 14140:Military Culture in Imperial China 14022:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13964: 13735:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 13629:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13409:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 77–105, 13214: 13057:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12961:The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia 12563: 12127: 11298: 10231:. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 10199:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia 9983: 8745: 8683: 7974: 7950: 6096:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang 5335:of Japan were all involved in the 4486:The Tang Empire competed with the 4481:launched against the Western Turks 4361:Inner Asia during the Tang dynasty 4160: 3637:improved property rights for women 3572: 3530:(960–1279). Control over parts of 3468:, led by Li Keyong. He was made a 3152:was killed by his own son in 763. 3139:) the Tang were in no position to 2489:was finally annexed after General 2446:, Henan. Tang dynasty, 7th century 25: 17772: 14772: 14289:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 19–56, 13425:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 13388:A History of Chinese Civilization 13345:The Dynasties of China: A History 12959:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987), 12185: 11523:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11335:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11311:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11287:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11133:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 11072:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10575:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10560:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 10300:Fuller, Neathery Batsell (2002). 10086:. Lexington Books. pp. 10–. 9746:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9683:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9518:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9359:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9320:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9301:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 9049:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8859:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8657:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8558:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8382:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8365:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8353:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 8274:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7990:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7927:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7793:Journal of World-Systems Research 7551: 7181:(221–207 BC). In the 3rd century 4946:, and small lacquered drums from 4844:wrote about the reunification of 4343:during his second trip to China. 4282:(r. 887–897), upon persuasion by 4029:of an original painted in 641 by 3424:amassing autonomous control, the 2747:), the "Barbarians of Jianping" ( 2453:The Tang dynasty further led the 2245:or retired emperor, and acted as 15014: 14673:, vol. 20, pp. 71–87, 14315:, New York: Simon and Schuster, 14048:Richardson, Hugh Edward (1985), 13795:History of Military Legal System 13348:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 12855:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 12804:Denis Crispin Twitchett (1992). 12797: 12569: 12179: 12148: 11947: 11889: 11640: 11110:A Journey into China's Antiquity 11101: 11040: 10332: 10249:Christopher I. Beckwith (1993). 10186: 10129: 10100: 9977: 9940: 7680: 7423:had an excess of sugar in their 7206:of some kind was employed here. 7023: 7008: 6992: 6976: 6608: 6589: 6450: 6431: 6353: 6336: 6325: 5593:moved the imperial court to the 5485:, draft painting of a fresco by 5471: 5120: 5100: 4906:'s leather bag decorated with a 4891: 3773:studies were candidates for the 3558:to overthrow Later Tang in 936. 2993:Cave 217, constructed in 707-710 2957: 2933: 2861: 2852: 2764: 2423: 2396: 2369: 2276:and was known for his effective 2086: 1853: 916: 597:"Tang dynasty" in Han characters 561: 547: 533: 519: 505: 491: 477: 452: 438: 424: 14829:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 14799: – Art of Asia, 14696:(1915) , Cordier, Henri (ed.), 13463:, New York; London: Routledge, 13427:, New York; London: Routledge, 11049:State and court ritual in China 9139:, pp. 320–321, footnote h. 9066: 9035:子評：‘僖宗以貌取人，失之巢賊，致令殺人八百萬，血流三千里’” 9024: 8421: 8306: 8157: 8090: 8043: 7828:International Studies Quarterly 7763:Twitchett & Wechsler (1979) 7667: 7359:(224–271). The Tang chancellor 6726:Northern and Southern dynasties 6615:Woman playing polo, 8th century 6458:Spring Outing of the Tang Court 6190:Northern and Southern dynasties 6123:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 6082:, the Tang era's most renowned 5431:, which historians suggest was 5115:an equestrian figure on a horse 3720:stunts, poetry, paintings, and 3683:Northern and Southern dynasties 3483:In 901, from his power base of 2812:'s court as the lowly consort, 2465:in order to weaken both. Under 2156:, the founder of the Han-ruled 2032:. Many famous painters such as 880: 859: 845: 818: 804: 790: 769: 14758:, University of Hawaii Press, 14156:——— (2012), 14124:, Cambridge University Press, 14120:Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014), 13678:, Singapore University Press, 13459:——— (2016), 13423:——— (2002), 13385:——— (1996), 13258:, Cambridge University Press, 13193:——— (2005), 13083:——— (2020), 12963:, Princeton University Press, 12851:——— (2004), 12825: 12808:. Cambridge University Press. 9987:The historical status of Tibet 9332:Gascoigne & Gascoigne 2003 8770:Gascoigne & Gascoigne 2003 7855: 7811: 7780: 7644: 7630: 7544: 7488:to transport natural gas from 7315: 7227:(State Building Standards) by 7064: 6343:Details of the rubbing of the 6251:initiated by the Chinese monk 6131:A Tang dynasty sculpture of a 5837: 5613:, Central Asia, Japan, Korea, 4776:). The embassy sent in 643 by 4006:Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty) 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3397: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2703: 2693: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2543: 2529: 2515: 2382: 2340:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty 2338:(571–649), who later became a 2197: 1881: 1775:Science and technology history 745: 731: 717: 701: 687: 673: 659: 609: 332:• Abdication in favor of 177:Chinese Nestorian Christianity 107: Briefly-controlled areas 101: Military administration 48: 13: 1: 16015:Islam during the Tang dynasty 15255:Gyerim Territory Area Command 14720:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 14564:, Stanford University Press, 14455:Chinese History: A New Manual 14409:Wang Yongxing (王永兴) (2003), 13846:Needham, Joseph, ed. (1986), 13696:, University of Tokyo Press, 8242:, pp. 78, 82, 85–86, 95. 7733: 7333: 7131: 6307:have asserted, is refuted by 6298:in their pursuits to find an 6033:History of Southern Dynasties 6027:History of Northern Dynasties 5931:was fully compiled in 729 by 5806: 5696: 5490: 5135:glazed horse, excavated from 4565: 4296:Chinese model of architecture 4211:at its disposal to engage in 4195:, the Chinese fought against 4038:Protectorates and tributaries 3722:dramatic theater performances 3266:region to the south, such as 3135:had fallen apart in 842 (and 2354:under the traditional title " 2249:to the puppet child-emperor, 2219:, during the collapse of the 2140:, the traditional founder of 1145: 1104: 1080: 1057: 1033: 974: 32:Tang dynasty (disambiguation) 15341:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum 14819:Dynasties in Chinese history 14801:Minneapolis Institute of Art 14066:Schafer, Edward H. (1985) , 13832:, Harvard University Press, 13753:, Harvard University Press, 13572:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 13312:The Journal of Asian Studies 13278:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 13157:The History of Chinese Heqin 12914:A History of Chinese Muslims 10111:. In Litvinsky, B.A. (ed.). 9760:, pp. 149–152, 257–264. 9671:Kitagawa & Tsuchida 1975 8124:, a general in chief of the 8050:Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). 7738: 7465:and dust-repelling cream or 6806:of dishes similar to modern 6516:Traditional Chinese holidays 5064: 5055:(141–87 BC) during the 5049:Europe and the Western World 5013: 4973: 4871:; the name of China's ruler 4863:, i.e. Chang'an); the basic 4347:Western and Northern regions 4209:several different ship types 3797:; 'presented scholar'). The 3612:killed a servant or nephew. 3338:plot to have them overthrown 2082:Timeline of the Tang dynasty 7: 16216: 15137:Department of State Affairs 14887:Transition from Sui to Tang 14736:Schafer, Edward H. (1967), 14562:Buddhism in Chinese History 14496:Did Marco Polo go to China? 14387:Wang Saishi (王赛时) (2003), 14262:Sun Guangqi (孙光圻) (1989), 14162:, Oxford University Press, 13828:Mote, Frederick W. (2003), 13749:Lewis, Mark Edward (2012), 13568:Howard, Michael C. (2012), 13173:Drompp, Michael R. (2004), 13137:, Peking University Press, 12981:, Oxford University Press, 12833:Adshead, S. A. M. (1995) , 12516:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 11635:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 11538:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 10345:, Anmol Publ., p. 46, 9371:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 9344:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 9262:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8871:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8485:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 7963:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 7638: 7449:written by Su Gong in 659. 7392: 7060:List of Chinese discoveries 6381:Church of the East in China 6373:Assyrian Church of the East 6345:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang 6078:, recounted the journey of 5925:(d. 635). The encyclopedia 5907:published in the Tang. The 5725:, originally attributed to 5145:Seaports and maritime trade 4846:northern and southern China 4435:transition from Sui to Tang 4276:Imperial embassies to China 3986:Military and foreign policy 3930:(705–774, patriarch of the 3824:artisan or merchant classes 3562:Administration and politics 3344:, by the eunuchs' command. 3320:, for irrigation purposes.| 3029:(673–740) worked to reduce 2817:Emperor Gaozong suffered a 2386:) in 742, according to the 2350:in addition to his rule as 2093:Transition from Sui to Tang 95: Civil administration 10: 17777: 15213:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia 14783:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14718:Abramson, Marc S. (2008), 14560:Wright, Arthur F. (1959), 14371:Warfare in Chinese History 13407:Warfare in Chinese History 13231:Eberhard, Wolfram (2005), 13151:Cui Mingde (崔明德) (2005), 13023:, University of Michigan, 13005:10.1177/009770049502100302 12951:Baumer, Christoph (2012), 12132:. Harbin People Publisher. 11656:, Variorum, archived from 10302:"A Brief history of paper" 10080:Muhamad S. Olimat (2015). 7751:Blunden & Elvin (1983) 7555: 7513:was used for this device. 7246: 7056:List of Chinese inventions 7049: 7043: 6702: 6578: 6422: 6120: 6110: 5760:of Chinese literature and 5700: 5589:(Chinese soccer). In 662, 5537: 5534:Chang'an, the Tang capital 5458: 5427:trade in a country called 4882: 4576:Islamic conquest of Persia 4350: 4164: 4080:, and kingdoms located in 4044:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia 4041: 4003: 3989: 3976:northern to southern China 3750: 3744: 3623:of an official dressed in 3565: 3052: 2978: 2790: 2389:Cambridge History of China 2296:(b. 603) and crown prince 2090: 2079: 2075: 29: 17652: 17604: 17121: 16525: 16224: 16148: 16032: 15995: 15957: 15932: 15793: 15786: 15703: 15480: 15376: 15271: 15205: 15162: 15127: 15023: 15012: 14875: 14825: 14816: 14808: 14431:Whitfield, Susan (2004), 13733:When China Ruled the Seas 13731:Levathes, Louise (1994), 13711:Latourette, Kenneth Scott 13674:Kiang, Heng Chye (1999), 13620:10.1080/03085699308592766 13600:10.1080/03085698808592642 12887:Andrews, Gail C. (2010), 12428:, p. 163 footnote c. 11108:Yu, Weichao, ed. (1997). 9073:Scheidel, Walter (2018). 9030: 7578:) by the Song historians 7469:for clothes and weapons, 6866:with ginger and vinegar, 6375:, otherwise known as the 5776:, with the renowned poet 5723:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 5343:towards the mouth of the 5010:routes by horse or boat. 4829: 4781: 4650:crushed the Arab Umayyads 4139:Soldiers and conscription 4127: 4098:(d. 658) was put down at 3875:government school system. 3793: 3783: 3392: 2905:, which predicted that a 2510: 2377: 2192: 1948:standardized examinations 1892:imperial dynasty of China 1649: 1571: 1451: 1384: 1314: 1188: 891: 873: 866: 852: 835: 828: 811: 797: 783: 776: 762: 755: 738: 724: 710: 694: 680: 666: 652: 645: 640: 636: 632: 622: 618: 602: 590: 586: 581: 403: 393: 389: 379: 369: 365: 360: 352: 347: 343: 330: 317: 303: 290: 286: 276: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 220: 210: 200: 154: 144: 117: 79: 57: 41: 16082:Ten Computational Canons 15295:Three Hundred Tang Poems 15058:Administrative divisions 14648: 14623: 14410: 14388: 14329:Togan, Isenbike (2011), 14263: 14190:The Geographical Journal 13931:Chinese Science Bulletin 13830:Imperial China: 900–1800 13152: 13101:Bowman, John S. (2000), 12909: 12770:, pp. 99, 151, 233. 12611:, pp. 538–540, 543. 11650:"Taoism and Science" in 7623: 7568:by Liu Xu et al. of the 7509:; Robert Temple assumes 7496:evaporation pans boiled 7304:until the more advanced 7233:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 7130:Its design was improved 6597:Beauties Wearing Flowers 6223:stated was a "brilliant 5949:, and that the medieval 5821:Classical Prose Movement 4494:such as the marrying of 4286:(845–903). The Japanese 3889:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3582:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3503:, which inaugurated the 3489:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 3389:Emperor Xuānzong of Tang 3304:throughout the country. 2981:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 2925:Emperor Xuanzong's reign 2487:Western Turkic Khaganate 2328:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2215:, the capital of modern 2180:'s part-Xianbei mother, 2029:Three Hundred Tang Poems 674:ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ 460:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 446:Western Turkic Khaganate 15153:Secretariat-Chancellery 14974:Niu–Li factional strife 14754:Wang, Zhenping (2013), 14630:(in Chinese), Beijing, 14494:Woods, Frances (1996), 14311:Temple, Robert (1986), 13811:Marlowe, Britt (2008). 13793:Liu, Zhaoxiang (2000), 13519:Harper, Damian (2005), 13250:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 13039:Cultural Atlas of China 12579:; Praderie, Françoise; 9112:, pp. 6–7, 10, 12. 8069:deliberate fabrication. 7841:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 7407:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 6954:Emperor Wenzong of Tang 6107:Religion and philosophy 5986:Emperor Taizong of Tang 5483:Eighty Seven Celestials 4425:province, and southern 3961:the earlier Han dynasty 3761:A Ming-era painting by 3342:West Market of Chang'an 3336:'s (r. 826–840) failed 3286:, was placed under the 3246:Rebuilding and recovery 3125:Yangzhou massacre (760) 2966:Small Wild Goose Pagoda 2942:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda 2519:), probably painted by 2116:(born Li Yuan, 566–635) 2097:Emperor Taizong of Tang 557:Second Turkic Khaganate 226:• 618–626 (first) 16034:Science and technology 15323:Huaisu's Autobiography 15223:Four Garrisons of Anxi 14989:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts 14927:Tang–Western Turks War 14897:Tang–Eastern Turks War 14792:University of Virginia 14779:Tang Dynasty (618–907) 14122:Korean History in Maps 14052:, London: Psychology, 13656:Kang, Jae-eun (2006), 12977:Benn, Charles (2002), 12835:China in World History 12640:, p. Plate LXXXI. 11647:Sivin, Nathan (1995), 9953:Tibet Past and Present 9226:Andrew & Rapp 2000 8097:Chen, Sanping (2012). 7558:Chinese historiography 7385:come from the ancient 7340: 7302:printing type in China 7270: 7175: 7086: 7040:Science and technology 6721: 6639: 6638:was also buried in 706 6567: 6555:on a banner depicting 6512: 6415:in Tang China and the 6406:due to their links to 6318:Nestorian Christianity 6271: 6205:Emperor Wuzong of Tang 6150: 6135: 6066:Chinese historiography 5900: 5756:The Tang period was a 5753: 5733: 5721:poems composed at the 5658: 5623:Nestorian Christianity 5605: 5565: 5165: 5069:Four Garrisons of Anxi 5040: 5032:musicians riding on a 4987: 4790:Kōnstantinos Pogonatos 4724: 4571: 4483:ruled by Ashina Helu. 4448: 4377: 4307:south-pointing chariot 4251: 4135: 4034: 4017:(r. 626–649) receives 3996:Naval history of China 3939:Inexhaustible Treasury 3900: 3877: 3766: 3628: 3585: 3364: 3322: 3258: 3175: 3172:Nanchan Temple (Wutai) 3164: 3141:reconquer Central Asia 3137:the Uyghurs soon after 2994: 2805: 2787:Wu Zetian's usurpation 2778:The Gathering of Kings 2506:The Gathering of Kings 2346:, a title rendered as 2205: 2117: 262:• 904–907 (last) 17731:907 disestablishments 17721:10th century in China 17629:Medieval great powers 15469:Green Satchel Classic 15368:Thousand-Buddha Cliff 15363:Rongxian Giant Buddha 15336:Kashyapa & Ananda 15172:Ministry of Personnel 15082:Imperial examinations 14435:, Chicago: Serindia, 13965:Qi, Dongfang (2010), 13694:The Tale of the Heike 13556:on September 10, 2014 13484:Architectural History 13477:Guo, Qinghua (1998), 12263:, pp. 76, 83–84. 11026:. pp. 351, 357. 10422:on September 10, 2014 10070:, pp. 10, 25–26. 9937:, pp. 24, 30–31. 9163:, pp. 10, 12–13. 9127:, pp. 7, 10, 12. 7753:, pp. 26, 92–93. 7585:Twenty-Four Histories 7323: 7264: 7257:Chinese playing cards 7163: 7117:in representation of 7072: 7050:Further information: 6940:Some foods were also 6710: 6625: 6547:A late Tang or early 6546: 6503: 6395:of the 13th century. 6300:elixir of immortality 6261: 6141: 6130: 6039:Twenty-Four Histories 5988:. These included the 5973:(modern northeastern 5917:(557–641) as well as 5888: 5739: 5714: 5656: 5603: 5552:, most likely one of 5547: 5465:Tang dynasty painting 5459:Further information: 5152: 5021: 4964: 4842:Theophylact Simocatta 4718: 4712:on the Yellow River. 4690:Arab-controlled Spain 4547: 4531:a formal peace treaty 4443: 4372: 4313:vehicle (employing a 4284:Sugawara no Michizane 4248:Japanese architecture 4233: 4125: 4042:Further information: 4013: 4004:Further information: 3922:(671–741) to perform 3887: 3880:Religion and politics 3872: 3775:imperial examinations 3760: 3751:Further information: 3741:Imperial examinations 3618: 3580: 3387:. Shortly afterwards 3350: 3306: 3282:, weakened after the 3253: 3170: 3158: 3099:and Xuanzong fled to 2988: 2979:Further information: 2808:Although she entered 2800: 2533:)—a reference to the 2440:Xiuding temple pagoda 2262:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 2190: 2178:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 2104: 2091:Further information: 2080:Further information: 2050:historical literature 1640:(mainland, 1912–1949) 172:Chinese folk religion 145:Common languages 17711:9th century in China 17706:8th century in China 17701:7th century in China 17639:European colonialism 17624:Ancient great powers 15230:Beiting Protectorate 15006:Huang Chao Rebellion 14922:Tang–Tibet relations 14892:Xuanwu Gate Incident 14622:Xu, Daoxun (1993), 14472:Wood, Nigel (1999), 14102:Shen, Fuwei (1996), 14084:Sen, Tansen (2003), 13909:Ouyang, Xiu (2004), 13294:China: A New History 13235:, New York: Cosimo, 12999:, pp. 269–309, 12782:, pp. 134, 151. 12577:Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M. 11397:, pp. 9, 22–24. 9571:, pp. 118, 122. 8322:Sino-Platonic Papers 7941:, pp. 111, 141. 7355:in the tradition of 7211:Chinese architecture 7113:to power a rotating 7034:) glaze, 8th century 6439:A Man Herding Horses 6184:and figures such as 6148:paradise of Amitabha 5858:Yingying's Biography 5729:(303–361 AD) of the 5548:A mural depicting a 5257:Nestorian Christians 5192:River in modern-day 4852:); the capital city 4736:Patriarch of Antioch 4646:Battle of Aksu (717) 4331:. The Japanese monk 4021:, ambassador of the 4019:Gar Tongtsen Yülsung 3950:Taxes and the census 3866:and the government. 3747:Imperial examination 2477:in 644 and 648, and 2302:Xuanwu Gate Incident 2134:paternally descended 2068:enacted policies to 2062:native Chinese sects 1960:The Tang capital at 1902:and followed by the 30:For other uses, see 17634:Modern great powers 16020:Chinese Manichaeism 15358:Leshan Giant Buddha 15330:Night-Shining White 15192:Ministry of Justice 15177:Ministry of Revenue 14964:An Lushan rebellion 14592:1981Isis...72..456X 14450:Wilkinson, Endymion 14202:1972GeogJ.138..501W 13943:1997ChSBu..42..976P 13041:, Oxford: Phaidon, 12688:, pp. 134–135. 12676:, pp. 132–133. 12554:, pp. 131–132. 12506:, pp. 124–125. 12470:, pp. 979–980. 12350:, pp. 473–474. 12338:, pp. 473–475. 12302:, pp. 126–127. 12010:, pp. 165–166. 11995:, pp. 114–115. 11874:, pp. 142–147. 11847:, pp. 154–155. 11835:, pp. 150–154. 11811:, pp. 173–174. 11799:, pp. 151–152. 11763:, pp. 39, 170. 11603:, pp. 228–229. 11337:, pp. 104–105. 11200:, pp. 143–144. 10899:, pp. 155–156. 10733:, pp. 104–105. 10709:, pp. 161–167. 10685:, pp. 57, 228. 10533:, pp. 118–119. 10389:, pp. 104–106. 10278:, pp. 242–243. 10142:"Ḳutayba b. Muslim" 10109:"The Arab Conquest" 10058:, pp. 106–143. 9901:, pp. 222–225. 9877:, pp. 380–386. 9865:, pp. 226–227. 9787:, pp. 655–659. 9622:, pp. 685–687. 9559:, pp. 116–118. 9457:, pp. 595–596. 9397:, pp. 145–146. 9252:, pp. 274–275. 9199:, pp. 111–112. 9009:, pp. 189–190. 8748:, pp. 221–227. 8686:, pp. 455–467. 7675:medieval demography 7461:. These included a 7191:Heron of Alexandria 6724:During the earlier 6717:by Tang era author 6003:Book of Northern Qi 5979:Zhang Tianzhu Guotu 5939:Chinese geographers 5556:, from the tomb of 5455:Culture and society 5295:, Arab and Persian 5293:An Lushan Rebellion 5271:, Persia, Qunglun ( 4914:were trained to do. 4822:how it was besieged 4447:, early 8th century 4329:China's Grand Canal 4108:sphere of influence 3891:giving audience to 3830:with commentaries. 3801:was based upon the 3284:An Lushan Rebellion 3161:Leshan Giant Buddha 3061:An Lushan Rebellion 3055:An Lushan Rebellion 2403:Tang emissaries to 2225:Emperor Yang of Sui 1936:An Lushan Rebellion 381:• 9th century 371:• 7th century 321:An Lushan Rebellion 17751:Medieval East Asia 17736:Dynasties of China 17726:618 establishments 16140:Woodblock printing 16003:Church of the East 15448:The Classic of Tea 15353:Dazu Rock Carvings 14984:Sweet Dew incident 14902:Tang–Xueyantuo War 13951:10.1007/BF02882611 13233:A History of China 13133:Chen, Yan (2002), 11901:thetangdynasty.org 11787:, pp. 16, 90. 11775:, pp. 22, 32. 11720:, pp. 168–69. 11361:, pp. 95–100. 10916:, October 18, 2008 10836:, pp. 10, 16. 10416:Fordham University 10308:on August 22, 2018 9532:, pp. xii, 4. 8179:, pp. 78, 93. 8077:were the generals 7777:, pp. 39, 47. 7687:Fordham University 7341: 7274:Woodblock printing 7271: 7249:Woodblock printing 7243:Woodblock printing 7127:astronomical clock 7087: 6952:. From 831 to 833 6872:red swimming crabs 6745:The Classic of Tea 6722: 6714:The Classic of Tea 6640: 6632:Qianling Mausoleum 6568: 6563:caves, now in the 6539:Status in clothing 6528:Cold Food Festival 6513: 6362:Church of the East 6272: 6249:Pure Land Buddhism 6151: 6136: 6117:Chinese philosophy 5901: 5754: 5734: 5703:Chinese literature 5659: 5606: 5566: 5562:Qianling Mausoleum 5523:Chinese literature 5385:radiocarbon dating 5365:Belitung shipwreck 5166: 5139:, Shaanxi Province 5041: 4988: 4865:geography of China 4725: 4708:, and in 791 near 4606:Qutayba ibn Muslim 4572: 4492:marriage alliances 4449: 4387:marriage alliances 4378: 4252: 4205:Battle of Baekgang 4136: 4035: 3901: 3803:Confucian classics 3767: 3695:equal-field system 3629: 3586: 3497:Empress Dowager He 3493:Emperor Ai of Tang 3435:Guangzhou massacre 3416:End of the dynasty 3365: 3259: 3176: 3165: 2995: 2972:texts into Chinese 2915:written characters 2806: 2260:Li Yuan, known as 2206: 2118: 2054:woodblock printing 2026:to the monumental 1934:. The devastating 1655: 1465:Five Dynasties and 1457: 1392:Southern dynasties 1320: 1219:Chu–Han Contention 281:Medieval East Asia 182:Chinese Manicheism 17678: 17677: 17600: 17599: 17565:Polish–Lithuanian 16740:Gurjara-Pratihara 16184: 16183: 16028: 16027: 15911:Dongshan Liangjie 15899:Zhaozhou Congshen 15782: 15781: 15433:The Tale of Li Wa 15267: 15266: 15250:Ungjin Commandery 15197:Ministry of Works 15182:Ministry of Rites 15129:Three Departments 15087:Official headwear 14907:Goguryeo–Tang War 14835: 14834: 14826:Succeeded by 14823:618–690, 705–907 14765:978-0-8248-3644-3 14747:978-0-520-01145-8 14729:978-0-8122-4052-8 14662:978-7-5004-0432-3 14637:978-7-01-001210-0 14571:978-1-5036-2067-4 14553:978-603-8206-39-3 14540:Wan, Lei (2017), 14505:978-0-8133-8999-8 14487:978-0-8122-3476-3 14465:978-0-674-06715-8 14442:978-1-932476-13-2 14424:978-7-80040-669-0 14402:978-7-5333-1174-2 14380:978-90-04-11774-7 14362:978-0-521-21446-9 14344:978-90-04-20622-9 14322:978-0-671-62028-8 14296:978-90-04-30741-4 14277:978-7-5027-0532-9 14219:978-0-8047-0806-7 14169:978-0-19-999627-8 14149:978-0-674-03109-8 14131:978-1-107-09846-6 14113:978-7-119-00431-0 14095:978-0-8248-2593-5 14077:978-0-520-05462-2 14059:978-0-947593-00-1 13982:978-1-58834-305-5 13922:978-0-231-50228-3 13902:978-0-521-24327-8 13839:978-0-674-01212-7 13804:978-7-5000-6303-2 13786:978-1-56639-832-9 13760:978-0-674-03306-1 13742:978-0-671-70158-1 13703:978-0-86008-128-9 13685:978-9971-69-223-0 13667:978-1-931907-37-8 13579:978-0-7864-9033-2 13536:978-1-74059-687-9 13525:, Footscray, VC: 13470:978-1-315-62712-0 13452:978-1-4039-6084-9 13434:978-0-415-23954-7 13416:978-90-04-11774-7 13398:978-0-521-49781-7 13378:978-0-8047-0720-6 13355:978-0-7867-1219-9 13303:978-0-674-01828-0 13285:978-0-618-13384-0 13265:978-0-521-66991-7 13242:978-1-59605-566-7 13208:978-0-8248-2785-4 13186:978-90-04-14129-2 13166:978-7-01-004828-4 13144:978-7-301-03029-5 13126:978-0-520-22154-3 13094:978-1-68417-067-8 12988:978-0-19-517665-0 12970:978-0-691-02469-1 12944:978-0-415-72078-6 12923:978-7-101-02890-4 12898:978-1-904832-77-5 12880:978-0-8476-9580-5 12862:978-1-4039-3456-7 12844:978-0-333-62132-5 12815:978-0-521-41348-0 12758:, pp. 79–80. 12743:, pp. 78–79. 12251:, pp. 38–40. 12128:Li, Fang (1999). 12034:, pp. 28–29. 11932:, pp. 64–66. 11373:, pp. 98–99. 11301:, pp. 75–76. 11224:, pp. 19–20. 11212:, pp. 18–19. 11188:, pp. 17–18. 11119:978-7-5054-0507-3 11058:978-0-521-62157-1 11033:978-0-670-02270-0 10721:, pp. 67–71. 10673:, pp. 30–32. 10506:, pp. 29–31. 10494:, pp. 48–49. 10482:, pp. 46–48. 10446:, pp. 54–55. 10352:978-81-7488-414-5 10262:978-0-691-02469-1 10237:978-7-101-02890-4 10179:978-90-04-07819-2 10122:978-92-3-103211-0 10093:978-1-4985-1805-5 9963:978-81-208-1048-8 9841:, pp. 85–95. 9303:, pp. 91–92. 9187:, pp. 12–13. 9175:, pp. 10–11. 9084:978-0-691-18325-1 8967:, pp. 35–37. 8909:, pp. 14–15. 8844:, pp. 15–17. 8811:, pp. 90–91. 8799:, pp. 43–44. 8628:, pp. 47–48. 8463:, pp. 97–98. 8367:, pp. 97–98. 8288:, pp. 42–43. 8230:, pp. 40–42. 8110:978-0-8122-0628-9 8085:, personal names. 8063:978-1-139-05594-9 8004:, pp. 40–41. 7992:, pp. 90–91. 7977:, pp. 73–87. 7604:universal history 7475:underwater divers 7139:steelyard balance 6965:food preservation 6862:with wine, fried 6731:Camellia sinensis 6575:Position of women 6476:, hunting, horse 6113:Religion in China 5903:There were large 5670:and close to the 5305:Sulaiman al-Tajir 4968:Kai Yuan Tong Bao 4834:Umayyad Caliphate 4794:further embassies 4658:Abbasid Caliphate 4630:Anxi Protectorate 4614:Umayyad Caliphate 4552:, with elaborate 4498:(d. 680) to 4496:Princess Wencheng 4469:oasis city-states 4341:Taizhou, Zhejiang 4315:differential gear 4181:Goguryeo–Tang War 3944:banking practices 3856:scholar-officials 3431:Battle of Suiyang 3231:Mandate of Heaven 3227:North China Plain 2903:Great Cloud Sutra 2827:Emperor Zhongzong 2637:), Wuxing of the 2300:(b. 589), in the 2233:Princess Pingyang 2174:maternal ancestry 2106:Portrait painting 2070:suppress Buddhism 1944:scholar-officials 1845: 1844: 1802:Transport history 1728:Education history 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1681:Republic of China 1663:People's Republic 1636:Republic of China 1615: 1614: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1444: 1443: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1308: 1307: 1211:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1141:Spring and Autumn 1004:Liao civilization 895: 894: 887: 886: 785:Yale Romanization 726:Yale Romanization 647:Standard Mandarin 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 465: 464: 205:Absolute monarchy 112: 111: 16:(Redirected from 17768: 17481: 17480: 17146:Austro-Hungarian 16846:Chagatai Khanate 16211: 16204: 16197: 16188: 16187: 15967:Neo-Confucianism 15869:Baizhang Huaihai 15791: 15790: 15399:Empress Zhangsun 15374: 15373: 15309:A Palace Concert 15125: 15124: 15018: 14979:Changqing Treaty 14861: 14854: 14847: 14838: 14837: 14809:Preceded by 14806: 14805: 14768: 14750: 14732: 14706: 14689: 14665: 14640: 14618: 14574: 14556: 14536: 14508: 14490: 14479: 14468: 14445: 14427: 14405: 14383: 14365: 14347: 14325: 14307: 14299: 14280: 14258: 14236:The Art Bulletin 14230: 14184: 14172: 14152: 14134: 14116: 14098: 14080: 14062: 14044: 14016: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13991: 13985:, archived from 13961: 13925: 13905: 13887: 13878: 13869: 13860: 13851: 13842: 13824: 13807: 13789: 13771: 13763: 13745: 13727: 13706: 13688: 13670: 13652: 13622: 13602: 13582: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13544:Hirth, Friedrich 13539: 13515: 13473: 13455: 13437: 13419: 13401: 13381: 13358: 13338: 13306: 13288: 13268: 13245: 13227: 13211: 13189: 13169: 13147: 13129: 13106: 13097: 13079: 13051: 13033: 13015: 12991: 12973: 12955: 12947: 12926: 12901: 12883: 12865: 12847: 12820: 12819: 12801: 12795: 12789: 12783: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12720: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12695: 12689: 12683: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12623: 12612: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12590:on April 2, 2014 12573: 12567: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12543: 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11770: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11660:on June 23, 2008 11644: 11638: 11632: 11621: 11615: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11565: 11559: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11535: 11526: 11520: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11012: 11006: 11000: 10991: 10985: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10958: 10952: 10946: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10864: 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Archived from 10405:Hirth, Friedrich 10401: 10390: 10384: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10304:. Archived from 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10246: 10240: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10144: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9788: 9782: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9304: 9298: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9100:, pp. 7–12. 9095: 9089: 9088: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9037: 9036: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8939: 8933: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8710: 8704: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8660: 8654: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8576: 8570: 8561: 8555: 8542: 8536: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8404: 8403: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8319: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8258: 8252: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8165:Shangguan Wan'er 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8119: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8072: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7727: 7699:Old Book of Tang 7684: 7678: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636:The polite form 7634: 7590:Old Book of Tang 7575:New Book of Tang 7565:Old Book of Tang 7547: 7546: 7534:Emperor Xuanzong 7530:air conditioning 7511:some sort of tap 7492:to stoves where 7490:bamboo pipelines 7381:. Despite this, 7343:In the realm of 7338: 7335: 7172: 7168: 7136: 7133: 7115:armillary sphere 7027: 7012: 6996: 6980: 6834:bear), and even 6612: 6593: 6532:Lantern Festival 6524:Lantern Festival 6520:Chinese New Year 6454: 6435: 6417:Uighur Khaganate 6393:Mongol invasions 6377:Nestorian Church 6357: 6340: 6329: 6221:Arthur F. Wright 6182:Neo-Confucianism 6168:Tang dynasty art 5879:Romeo and Juliet 5851:Neo-Confucianism 5840: 5839: 5811: 5808: 5748:, housed in the 5637:serving wine in 5635:Tocharian ladies 5560:(d. 701) at the 5499: 5495: 5492: 5475: 5461:Tang dynasty art 5286: 5282: 5188:(sailing up the 5124: 5104: 5066: 4976: 4975: 4912:Emperor Xuanzong 4895: 4831: 4814:New Book of Tang 4783: 4764:Byzantine Empire 4759:New Book of Tang 4644:invaders at the 4602:Uthman Ibn Affan 4589:Old Book of Tang 4570: 4567: 4541:temple in Lhasa. 4515:An Shi Rebellion 4417:Chinese warlord 4246:, Tang dynasty; 4129: 4025:, at his court; 3916:Emperor Xuanzong 3910: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3737:in the capital. 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3594:a new legal code 3512:title of emperor 3399: 3394: 3359:in 848 AD, from 3326:Emperor Xianzong 3311: 3293:Old Book of Tang 3240:land reclamation 3206: 3105:Uyghur Khaganate 3019:Emperor Xuanzong 3015:Princess Taiping 2999:Shangguan Wan'er 2961: 2937: 2881: 2865: 2856: 2768: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2517: 2512: 2427: 2400: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2352:emperor of China 2199: 2194: 2108:, dating to the 1996:nations such as 1957:dynasty in 907. 1885: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1765:Military history 1723:Economic history 1711:Related articles 1688: 1670: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1608: 1595: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1507: 1497: 1485: 1472: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1433: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1382: 1381: 1365: 1360:Sixteen Kingdoms 1343: 1333: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1301: 1267: 1254: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1212: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035: 985: 983: 979: 976: 920: 910:History of China 897: 896: 883: 882: 862: 861: 848: 847: 824: 823: 822: 807: 806: 793: 792: 772: 771: 751: 750: 749: 734: 733: 720: 719: 706: 705: 704: 690: 689: 676: 675: 662: 661: 638: 637: 614: 613: 595: 579: 578: 565: 564: 551: 550: 537: 536: 523: 522: 509: 508: 495: 494: 481: 480: 469: 468: 456: 455: 442: 441: 428: 427: 421: 420: 405: 404: 255:Emperor Xuanzong 162:Chinese Buddhism 137: 129: 106: 100: 94: 88: 87: 84: 72: 71: 61:618–690, 705–907 52: 51: 50: 39: 38: 21: 17776: 17775: 17771: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17674: 17663:American Empire 17648: 17644:African empires 17596: 17479: 17171:Central African 17117: 16935:Romano-Germanic 16521: 16255:Middle Assyrian 16228: 16220: 16215: 16185: 16180: 16171:Salt Commission 16166:Kaiyuan Tongbao 16144: 16024: 15991: 15953: 15928: 15778: 15699: 15694:Liêu Hữu Phương 15476: 15372: 15263: 15201: 15187:Ministry of War 15158: 15123: 15117:Turkic generals 15102:Imperial guards 15019: 15010: 14969:Qingshui Treaty 14959:Battle of Talas 14912:Baekje–Tang War 14871: 14865: 14831: 14822: 14814: 14775: 14766: 14753: 14748: 14735: 14730: 14717: 14714: 14712:Further reading 14709: 14704:Hakluyt Society 14663: 14650: 14638: 14625: 14572: 14554: 14506: 14488: 14466: 14443: 14425: 14412: 14403: 14390: 14381: 14363: 14345: 14323: 14297: 14278: 14265: 14248:10.2307/3177416 14220: 14210:10.2307/1795516 14170: 14150: 14132: 14114: 14096: 14078: 14060: 14034:10.2307/2718022 13995: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13937:(12): 976–981, 13923: 13903: 13840: 13805: 13787: 13761: 13743: 13704: 13686: 13668: 13642:10.2307/2719158 13580: 13559: 13557: 13537: 13497:10.2307/1568644 13471: 13453: 13435: 13417: 13399: 13379: 13363:Gernet, Jacques 13356: 13320:10.2307/2057970 13304: 13286: 13266: 13243: 13209: 13187: 13167: 13154: 13145: 13127: 13095: 13049: 13031: 12989: 12971: 12945: 12924: 12911: 12899: 12881: 12863: 12845: 12828: 12823: 12816: 12802: 12798: 12790: 12786: 12778: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12754: 12747: 12739: 12735: 12727: 12723: 12715: 12711: 12696: 12692: 12684: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12636: 12632: 12624: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12574: 12570: 12562: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12538: 12534: 12526: 12522: 12514: 12510: 12502: 12498: 12490: 12486: 12478: 12474: 12466: 12462: 12454: 12447: 12439: 12432: 12424: 12420: 12412: 12405: 12397: 12393: 12385: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12346: 12342: 12334: 12330: 12322: 12318: 12310: 12306: 12298: 12294: 12286: 12282: 12274: 12267: 12259: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12239:, pp. 1–2. 12235: 12231: 12223: 12219: 12211: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12184: 12180: 12172: 12168: 12153: 12149: 12141: 12137: 12130:Taiping Guangji 12126: 12119: 12111: 12107: 12099: 12095: 12091:, pp. 3–4. 12087: 12080: 12072: 12065: 12057: 12050: 12042: 12038: 12030: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12006: 11999: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11975: 11970: 11966: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11919: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11895: 11894: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11858: 11851: 11843: 11839: 11831: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11807: 11803: 11795: 11791: 11783: 11779: 11771: 11767: 11759: 11755: 11747: 11736: 11728: 11724: 11716: 11712: 11700: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11676: 11672: 11663: 11661: 11645: 11641: 11633: 11624: 11616: 11607: 11601:Steinhardt 2004 11599: 11595: 11587: 11583: 11575: 11568: 11560: 11556: 11548: 11544: 11536: 11529: 11521: 11512: 11504: 11500: 11492: 11488: 11480: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11456: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11432: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11393: 11389: 11381: 11377: 11369: 11365: 11357: 11353: 11345: 11341: 11333: 11329: 11321: 11317: 11309: 11305: 11297: 11293: 11285: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11237: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11208: 11204: 11198:Reischauer 1940 11196: 11192: 11184: 11175: 11167: 11163: 11155: 11151: 11143: 11139: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11106: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11086:, p. xiii. 11082: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11059: 11045: 11041: 11034: 11016:MacGregor, Neil 11013: 11009: 11001: 10994: 10986: 10979: 10971: 10967: 10959: 10955: 10947: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10919: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10897:Reischauer 1940 10895: 10891: 10885:Reischauer 1940 10883: 10879: 10873:Reischauer 1940 10871: 10867: 10859: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10816: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10748: 10737: 10729: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10681: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10657: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10517: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10478: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10435: 10425: 10423: 10402: 10393: 10385: 10378: 10370: 10366: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10298: 10294: 10286: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10227:et al. (2003). 10223: 10219: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10147:Bosworth, C. E. 10134: 10130: 10123: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10056:Richardson 1985 10054: 10050: 10042: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9945: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9921: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9897: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9798: 9791: 9783: 9776: 9772:, pp. 2–3. 9768: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9734:Reischauer 1940 9732: 9728: 9722:Reischauer 1940 9720: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9543: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9441: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9307: 9299: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9071: 9067: 9063:, pp. 6–7. 9059: 9055: 9047: 9040: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8951: 8942: 8934: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8828: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8579: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8545: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8407: 8397: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8340: 8332: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8117: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8070: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8014:Latourette 1934 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7860: 7856: 7819:Taagepera, Rein 7816: 7812: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7724:Mo-i (Mo'awiya) 7702:: "The emperor 7694:Friedrich Hirth 7685: 7681: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7560: 7554: 7455: 7395: 7353:graduated scale 7336: 7318: 7259: 7247:Main articles: 7245: 7170: 7166: 7134: 7067: 7062: 7048: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7019: 7013: 7004: 6997: 6988: 6981: 6946:not to eat beef 6868:horseshoe crabs 6836:Bactrian camels 6705: 6630:'s tomb in the 6620: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6583: 6577: 6541: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6425: 6385:Nestorian Stele 6369: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6125: 6119: 6111:Main articles: 6109: 5894:Emperor Taizong 5809: 5709: 5701:Main articles: 5699: 5591:Emperor Gaozong 5542: 5536: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5457: 5435:in Somalia. In 5409:Nicobar Islands 5284: 5280: 5155:Astana Cemetery 5147: 5140: 5125: 5116: 5107:A Tang dynasty 5105: 5022:A Tang dynasty 5016: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4896: 4885: 4850:Emperor Maurice 4740:Friedrich Hirth 4674:Battle of Talas 4620:, the king the 4616:in 715 deposed 4580:Sassanid Empire 4568: 4367: 4351:Main articles: 4349: 4269:a unified Silla 4201:Yamato Japanese 4169: 4163: 4161:Eastern regions 4141: 4046: 4040: 4015:Emperor Taizong 4008: 4002: 3990:Main articles: 3988: 3952: 3882: 3860:esprit de corps 3848:landed nobility 3844:social mobility 3755: 3749: 3743: 3575: 3573:Initial reforms 3570: 3564: 3532:northeast China 3464:of what is now 3418: 3334:Emperor Wenzong 3318:Zheng Bai Canal 3309: 3288:Salt Commission 3248: 3204: 3057: 3051: 3011:Emperor Ruizong 2983: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2938: 2927: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2843:empress regnant 2831:Emperor Ruizong 2810:Emperor Gaozong 2795: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2769: 2483:Emperor Gaozong 2467:Emperor Taizong 2451: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2417:Afrasiab murals 2401: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2360:Emperor Gaozong 2313:Confucian value 2290:Battle of Hulao 2203:seal characters 2099: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2008:Chinese culture 1932:empress regnant 1856: 1852: 1841: 1812: 1811: 1807:Women's history 1713: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1524: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1233:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1232: 1222: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1125: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1021: 1010: 1009: 981: 977: 972: 964: 953: 952: 712:Tongyong Pinyin 702: 682:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 598: 562: 548: 534: 520: 506: 492: 478: 453: 439: 425: 382: 372: 336: 323: 310: 296: 263: 251: 250:• 712–756 243:Emperor Taizong 239: 238:• 626–649 227: 196: 140: 135: 127: 113: 108: 104: 102: 98: 96: 92: 75: 65: 64: 53: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17774: 17764: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17746:Former empires 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17676: 17675: 17673: 17672: 17671: 17670: 17665: 17656: 17654: 17650: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17620: 17619: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17601: 17598: 17597: 17595: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17516: 17515: 17510: 17500: 17495: 17489: 17487: 17478: 17477: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17445: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17428: 17423: 17422: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17401: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17389: 17379: 17378: 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16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16706: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16685: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16636: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16599: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16575: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16531: 16529: 16527:Post-classical 16523: 16522: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16507: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16392: 16382: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16328: 16326:Middle Kingdom 16323: 16313: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16286: 16285: 16284: 16282:Neo-Babylonian 16279: 16274: 16272:Old Babylonian 16264: 16263: 16262: 16257: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16222: 16221: 16214: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16191: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16152: 16150: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16126: 16125: 16124: 16114:Gautama Siddha 16111: 16105: 16099: 16098: 16097: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16060: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16038: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16011: 16010: 15999: 15997: 15993: 15992: 15990: 15989: 15983: 15982: 15981: 15975: 15963: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15945: 15942:Cheng Xuanying 15938: 15936: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15920: 15914: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15890: 15884: 15881:Yaoshan Weiyan 15878: 15872: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15842: 15836: 15830: 15824: 15818: 15812: 15806: 15799: 15797: 15788: 15784: 15783: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15770: 15764: 15758: 15752: 15746: 15740: 15734: 15728: 15722: 15716: 15709: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15691: 15685: 15679: 15673: 15667: 15661: 15655: 15649: 15643: 15637: 15631: 15625: 15619: 15613: 15607: 15601: 15595: 15589: 15583: 15577: 15571: 15565: 15559: 15553: 15547: 15541: 15538:Wang Changling 15535: 15529: 15523: 15517: 15511: 15505: 15499: 15493: 15486: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15472: 15459: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15423: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15380: 15378: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15349: 15348: 15338: 15333: 15326: 15319: 15312: 15305: 15300: 15299: 15298: 15286: 15281: 15275: 15273: 15269: 15268: 15265: 15264: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15209: 15207: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15168: 15166: 15164:Six Ministries 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15133: 15131: 15122: 15121: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15065: 15055: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15027: 15025: 15021: 15020: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14996: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14924: 14919: 14917:Silla–Tang War 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14883: 14881: 14873: 14872: 14864: 14863: 14856: 14849: 14841: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14824: 14815: 14810: 14804: 14803: 14794: 14788:300 Tang Poems 14785: 14774: 14773:External links 14771: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14751: 14746: 14733: 14728: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14707: 14690: 14679:10.2307/495264 14666: 14661: 14653:Turkic peoples 14645:Xue, Zongzheng 14641: 14636: 14628:People's Press 14619: 14600:10.1086/352793 14586:(3): 456–470, 14575: 14570: 14557: 14552: 14537: 14526:10.2307/598956 14509: 14504: 14491: 14486: 14469: 14464: 14446: 14441: 14428: 14423: 14406: 14401: 14384: 14379: 14366: 14361: 14348: 14343: 14326: 14321: 14308: 14300: 14295: 14281: 14276: 14259: 14242:(2): 228–254, 14231: 14218: 14185: 14177:Song, Yingxing 14173: 14168: 14153: 14148: 14135: 14130: 14117: 14112: 14099: 14094: 14081: 14076: 14063: 14058: 14045: 14028:(2): 142–164, 14017: 14001: 13992:on May 4, 2021 13981: 13962: 13926: 13921: 13906: 13901: 13888: 13879: 13870: 13861: 13852: 13843: 13838: 13825: 13808: 13803: 13790: 13785: 13772: 13764: 13759: 13746: 13741: 13728: 13707: 13702: 13689: 13684: 13671: 13666: 13653: 13623: 13603: 13583: 13578: 13565: 13540: 13535: 13516: 13474: 13469: 13456: 13451: 13438: 13433: 13420: 13415: 13402: 13397: 13382: 13377: 13359: 13354: 13339: 13307: 13302: 13289: 13284: 13269: 13264: 13246: 13241: 13228: 13212: 13207: 13190: 13185: 13170: 13165: 13148: 13143: 13130: 13125: 13111:Brook, Timothy 13107: 13098: 13093: 13080: 13052: 13047: 13034: 13029: 13016: 12992: 12987: 12974: 12969: 12956: 12948: 12943: 12927: 12922: 12902: 12897: 12884: 12879: 12866: 12861: 12848: 12843: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12821: 12814: 12796: 12794:, p. 151. 12784: 12772: 12760: 12745: 12733: 12721: 12719:, p. 452. 12709: 12690: 12678: 12666: 12664:, p. 235. 12654: 12642: 12630: 12628:, p. 543. 12613: 12601: 12568: 12566:, p. 464. 12556: 12544: 12542:, p. 227. 12532: 12530:, p. 147. 12520: 12508: 12496: 12494:, p. 151. 12484: 12482:, p. 112. 12472: 12460: 12445: 12430: 12418: 12416:, p. 163. 12403: 12401:, p. 158. 12391: 12389:, p. 144. 12376: 12374:, p. 480. 12364: 12362:, p. 475. 12352: 12340: 12328: 12326:, p. 319. 12316: 12314:, p. 126. 12304: 12292: 12290:, p. 125. 12280: 12265: 12253: 12241: 12229: 12227:, p. 123. 12217: 12215:, p. 121. 12205: 12203:, p. 120. 12193: 12190:. Vol. 3. 12178: 12166: 12157:Tangdu Journal 12147: 12135: 12117: 12105: 12093: 12078: 12076:, p. 123. 12063: 12061:, p. 122. 12048: 12036: 12024: 12022:, p. 165. 12012: 11997: 11982: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11934: 11922: 11913: 11888: 11886:, p. 143. 11876: 11864: 11862:, p. 132. 11849: 11837: 11825: 11823:, p. 152. 11813: 11801: 11789: 11777: 11765: 11753: 11751:, p. 149. 11734: 11732:, p. 169. 11722: 11710: 11694: 11692:, p. 168. 11682: 11680:, p. 215. 11670: 11639: 11622: 11605: 11593: 11591:, p. 123. 11581: 11566: 11554: 11552:, p. 124. 11542: 11527: 11510: 11508:, p. 126. 11498: 11486: 11484:, p. 181. 11474: 11472:, p. 122. 11462: 11460:, p. 121. 11450: 11438: 11436:, p. 333. 11434:Whitfield 2004 11423: 11421:, p. 121. 11411: 11409:, p. 511. 11399: 11387: 11385:, p. 661. 11375: 11363: 11351: 11339: 11327: 11315: 11313:, p. 106. 11303: 11291: 11289:, p. 102. 11279: 11277:, p. 137. 11267: 11265:, p. 259. 11255: 11243: 11241:, p. 120. 11226: 11214: 11202: 11190: 11173: 11161: 11149: 11137: 11125: 11118: 11100: 11088: 11076: 11074:, p. 103. 11064: 11057: 11039: 11032: 11007: 11005:, p. 178. 10992: 10977: 10975:, p. 158. 10965: 10953: 10938: 10936:, p. 155. 10926: 10901: 10889: 10887:, p. 162. 10877: 10875:, p. 157. 10865: 10850: 10848:, p. 190. 10838: 10826: 10824:, p. 143. 10814: 10812:, p. 163. 10802: 10790: 10778: 10766: 10754: 10735: 10723: 10711: 10699: 10687: 10683:Whitfield 2004 10675: 10663: 10661:, p. 179. 10651: 10649:, p. 118. 10647:Twitchett 2000 10639: 10627: 10625:, p. 182. 10615: 10603: 10601:, p. 134. 10591: 10589:, p. 255. 10587:Whitfield 2004 10579: 10577:, p. 114. 10564: 10562:, p. 112. 10547: 10545:, p. 119. 10535: 10523: 10521:, p. 127. 10508: 10496: 10484: 10472: 10460: 10458:, p. 105. 10448: 10433: 10391: 10376: 10374:, p. 476. 10364: 10351: 10331: 10319: 10292: 10290:, p. 183. 10280: 10268: 10261: 10241: 10217: 10185: 10178: 10151:van Donzel, E. 10137:Bosworth, C.E. 10128: 10121: 10099: 10092: 10072: 10060: 10048: 10029: 10027:, p. 109. 10025:Twitchett 2000 10017: 10005: 10003:, p. 146. 9993: 9976: 9962: 9939: 9927: 9925:, p. 193. 9923:Whitfield 2004 9915: 9913:, p. 183. 9903: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9855: 9853:, p. 248. 9843: 9831: 9829:, p. 125. 9827:Twitchett 2000 9816: 9814:, p. 788. 9804: 9802:, p. 111. 9789: 9774: 9762: 9750: 9748:, p. 113. 9738: 9736:, p. 155. 9726: 9724:, p. 152. 9714: 9712:, p. 308. 9702: 9700:, p. 289. 9687: 9685:, p. 144. 9675: 9673:, p. 222. 9663: 9651: 9649:, p. 201. 9636: 9624: 9612: 9610:, p. 209. 9600: 9598:, p. 208. 9588: 9573: 9569:Twitchett 2000 9561: 9557:Twitchett 2000 9549: 9545:Whitfield 2004 9534: 9522: 9520:, p. 156. 9510: 9498: 9483: 9471: 9459: 9455:Nishijima 1986 9447: 9445:, p. 141. 9435: 9423: 9411: 9399: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9361:, p. 159. 9348: 9336: 9324: 9305: 9290: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9250:Bernhardt 1995 9242: 9240:, p. 158. 9230: 9218: 9216:, p. 112. 9201: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9141: 9129: 9114: 9102: 9090: 9083: 9065: 9053: 9051:, p. 108. 9038: 9023: 9021:, p. 292. 9011: 8999: 8997:, p. 310. 8987: 8978:Zizhi Tongjian 8969: 8957: 8940: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8897:, p. 347. 8887: 8875: 8863: 8861:, p. 101. 8846: 8834: 8832:, p. 105. 8813: 8801: 8789: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8711: 8709:, p. 185. 8688: 8676: 8674:, p. 184. 8661: 8659:, p. 100. 8630: 8618: 8606: 8594: 8577: 8562: 8543: 8528: 8516: 8504: 8489: 8477: 8473:Whitfield 2004 8465: 8453: 8451:, p. 116. 8441: 8429: 8420: 8405: 8396:, p. 234. 8386: 8369: 8357: 8338: 8305: 8303:, p. 124. 8301:Twitchett 2000 8290: 8278: 8259: 8244: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8181: 8169: 8156: 8154:, p. 177. 8144: 8142:, p. 125. 8132: 8109: 8089: 8062: 8042: 8040:, p. 376. 8030: 8028:, p. 126. 8018: 8016:, p. 191. 8006: 7994: 7979: 7967: 7965:, p. 106. 7955: 7943: 7931: 7896: 7884: 7880:Wilkinson 2013 7872: 7854: 7810: 7779: 7767: 7765:, p. 281. 7755: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7679: 7666: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7618:Warring States 7609:Zizhi Tongjian 7553: 7552:Historiography 7550: 7454: 7451: 7441:dental amalgam 7412:materia medica 7394: 7391: 7365:Emperor Dezong 7317: 7314: 7306:printing press 7244: 7241: 7198:Heron's penny 7123:striking clock 7066: 7063: 7044:Main article: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6950:working animal 6911:Southeast Asia 6848:Sichuan pepper 6787:encyclopedist 6750:wrapping paper 6704: 6701: 6656:drinking games 6614: 6607: 6606: 6595: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579:Main article: 6576: 6573: 6565:British Museum 6549:Five Dynasties 6540: 6537: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6437: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6404:Zoroastrianism 6359: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6342: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6264:Foguang Temple 6247:. The sect of 6219:(786–824)—who 6146:, showing the 6108: 6105: 6074:, compiled by 5933:Gautama Siddha 5921:(582–666) and 5827:(773–819) and 5784:(701–761) and 5698: 5695: 5627:Zoroastrianism 5577:, the city of 5538:Main article: 5535: 5532: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5456: 5453: 5333:Hizen Province 5318:came to an end 5214:Horn of Africa 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5106: 5099: 5047:from China to 5034:Bactrian camel 5015: 5012: 5008:postal service 4927:maritime trade 4898:A Tang period 4897: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4818:Constantinople 4730:writes that a 4728:Joseph Needham 4622:Fergana Valley 4560:, designed by 4535:a stone pillar 4500:Songtsän Gampo 4488:Tibetan Empire 4423:Inner Mongolia 4348: 4345: 4264:Silla–Tang War 4258:(634–679) and 4217:Taipai Yinjing 4203:allies in the 4185:first campaign 4162: 4159: 4140: 4137: 4132:Zhao Mausoleum 4039: 4036: 4023:Tibetan Empire 3987: 3984: 3957:Patricia Ebrey 3951: 3948: 3932:Shingon school 3881: 3878: 3745:Main article: 3742: 3739: 3689:(6th century) 3660:; pinyin: 3650:; pinyin: 3574: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3524:southern China 3446:northern China 3417: 3414: 3300:square-pallet 3257:, built in 636 3247: 3244: 3133:Tibetan Empire 3053:Main article: 3050: 3047: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2870: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2753:), and Nudan ( 2429: 2422: 2421: 2415:, 648–651 CE, 2402: 2395: 2394: 2375: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2242:Taishang Huang 2191:"Great Tang" ( 2088: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2066:Emperor Wuzong 2012:Chinese poetry 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1738:Jewish history 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1669:(1949–present) 1658: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1597: 1596: 1584: 1583: 1572: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1530: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1473: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1398: 1385: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1290: 1289: 1269: 1268: 1262:Three Kingdoms 1256: 1255: 1245: 1235: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1200: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160:Warring States 1157: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1093: 1092: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1046 BC 1046: 1045: 1041: 1600 BC 1023: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 987: 986: 982: 2000 BC 963: 962: 954: 948: 947: 946: 943: 942: 941: 940: 938:Historiography 935: 930: 922: 921: 913: 912: 906: 905: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 877: 875:Middle Chinese 871: 870: 868:Middle Chinese 864: 863: 856: 850: 849: 842: 833: 832: 826: 825: 815: 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 787: 781: 780: 778:Yue: Cantonese 774: 773: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 742: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 714: 708: 707: 698: 692: 691: 684: 678: 677: 670: 664: 663: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 641:Transcriptions 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 620: 619: 616: 615: 606: 600: 599: 596: 588: 587: 584: 583: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 559: 553: 552: 545: 539: 538: 531: 525: 524: 517: 511: 510: 503: 497: 496: 489: 483: 482: 475: 466: 463: 462: 457: 449: 448: 443: 435: 434: 429: 417: 416: 411: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 373: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 331: 328: 327: 324: 318: 315: 314: 311: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277:Historical era 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 187:Zoroastrianism 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151: 149:Middle Chinese 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 121: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 103: 97: 91: 85: 77: 76: 74: 73: 62: 58: 55: 54: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17773: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17669: 17668:Soviet empire 17666: 17664: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17653:Miscellaneous 17651: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17618: 17615: 17614: 17613: 17610: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17488: 17486: 17482: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17406: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17383: 17380: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17252:German Empire 17250: 17249: 17248: 17245: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17232: 17231: 17228: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17215: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17124: 17120: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17063: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17021: 17020: 17017: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16992:Turco-Persian 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16899: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16860: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16833: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16524: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16486: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16441: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16287: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16268: 16265: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16212: 16207: 16205: 16200: 16198: 16193: 16192: 16189: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16130: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16117: 16116:(fl 714–724) 16115: 16112: 16109: 16106: 16103: 16100: 16096: 16095: 16094:Xinxiu bencao 16091: 16090: 16088: 16084: 16083: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16063:Liang Lingzan 16061: 16058: 16055: 16051: 16050: 16049:Jigu Suanjing 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042:Wang Xiaotong 16040: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15998: 15994: 15987: 15984: 15979: 15976: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15964: 15962: 15960: 15956: 15949: 15946: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15931: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15917:Yunmen Wenyan 15915: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15894: 15891: 15888: 15885: 15882: 15879: 15876: 15873: 15870: 15867: 15864: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15846: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15807: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15756: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15744: 15741: 15738: 15735: 15732: 15731:Viśa Īrasangä 15729: 15726: 15723: 15720: 15717: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15706: 15702: 15695: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15653: 15650: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15638: 15635: 15632: 15629: 15626: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15611: 15608: 15605: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15593: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15581: 15578: 15575: 15572: 15569: 15566: 15563: 15562:Liu Changqing 15560: 15557: 15554: 15551: 15548: 15545: 15542: 15539: 15536: 15533: 15530: 15527: 15524: 15521: 15520:Zhang Jiuling 15518: 15515: 15512: 15509: 15506: 15503: 15500: 15497: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15471: 15470: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15457: 15454: 15450: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15435: 15434: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15421: 15418: 15414: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15400: 15397: 15393: 15392: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15270: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15206:Protectorates 15204: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15165: 15161: 15154: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15022: 15017: 15007: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14862: 14857: 14855: 14850: 14848: 14843: 14842: 14839: 14830: 14821: 14820: 14813: 14807: 14802: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14767: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14734: 14731: 14725: 14721: 14716: 14715: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14695: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14667: 14664: 14658: 14654: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14633: 14629: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14573: 14567: 14563: 14558: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14544: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14520:(1): 95–100, 14519: 14515: 14510: 14507: 14501: 14497: 14492: 14489: 14483: 14478: 14477: 14470: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14447: 14444: 14438: 14434: 14429: 14426: 14420: 14416: 14407: 14404: 14398: 14394: 14385: 14382: 14376: 14372: 14367: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14349: 14346: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14327: 14324: 14318: 14314: 14309: 14306: 14301: 14298: 14292: 14288: 14282: 14279: 14273: 14269: 14260: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14232: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14171: 14165: 14161: 14160: 14154: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14136: 14133: 14127: 14123: 14118: 14115: 14109: 14105: 14100: 14097: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14079: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14061: 14055: 14051: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14002: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13927: 13924: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13907: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13880: 13876: 13871: 13867: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13849: 13844: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13809: 13806: 13800: 13796: 13791: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13773: 13770: 13765: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13747: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13699: 13695: 13690: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13672: 13669: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13614:(1): 90–100, 13613: 13609: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13594:(1): 96–112, 13593: 13589: 13584: 13581: 13575: 13571: 13566: 13560:September 10, 13555: 13551: 13550: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13532: 13528: 13527:Lonely Planet 13524: 13523: 13517: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13472: 13466: 13462: 13457: 13454: 13448: 13444: 13439: 13436: 13430: 13426: 13421: 13418: 13412: 13408: 13403: 13400: 13394: 13390: 13389: 13383: 13380: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13346: 13340: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13308: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13290: 13287: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13270: 13267: 13261: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13238: 13234: 13229: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13213: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13191: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13171: 13168: 13162: 13158: 13149: 13146: 13140: 13136: 13131: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13099: 13096: 13090: 13086: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13053: 13050: 13048:0-7148-2309-0 13044: 13040: 13035: 13032: 13030:0-493-41557-2 13026: 13022: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12993: 12990: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12972: 12966: 12962: 12957: 12954: 12949: 12946: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12931:Ball, Warwick 12928: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12894: 12890: 12885: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12867: 12864: 12858: 12854: 12849: 12846: 12840: 12836: 12831: 12830: 12817: 12811: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12792:Needham 1986b 12788: 12781: 12780:Needham 1986b 12776: 12769: 12768:Needham 1986b 12764: 12757: 12752: 12750: 12742: 12737: 12731:, p. 49. 12730: 12725: 12718: 12717:Needham 1986e 12713: 12706:(4): 325–332. 12705: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12682: 12675: 12670: 12663: 12658: 12652:, p. 90. 12651: 12646: 12639: 12638:Needham 1986a 12634: 12627: 12626:Needham 1986a 12622: 12620: 12618: 12610: 12609:Needham 1986a 12605: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12581:Whitfield, S. 12578: 12572: 12565: 12560: 12553: 12552:Needham 1986d 12548: 12541: 12540:Needham 1986d 12536: 12529: 12524: 12518:, p. 94. 12517: 12512: 12505: 12500: 12493: 12492:Needham 1986d 12488: 12481: 12476: 12469: 12464: 12457: 12452: 12450: 12442: 12437: 12435: 12427: 12426:Needham 1986b 12422: 12415: 12414:Needham 1986b 12410: 12408: 12400: 12399:Needham 1986b 12395: 12388: 12383: 12381: 12373: 12372:Needham 1986b 12368: 12361: 12360:Needham 1986b 12356: 12349: 12348:Needham 1986b 12344: 12337: 12336:Needham 1986b 12332: 12325: 12324:Needham 1986a 12320: 12313: 12308: 12301: 12296: 12289: 12284: 12278:, p. 83. 12277: 12272: 12270: 12262: 12257: 12250: 12245: 12238: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12214: 12209: 12202: 12197: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12170: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12144: 12139: 12131: 12124: 12122: 12114: 12109: 12103:, p. 18. 12102: 12097: 12090: 12085: 12083: 12075: 12074:Needham 1986d 12070: 12068: 12060: 12059:Needham 1986d 12055: 12053: 12046:, p. 95. 12045: 12040: 12033: 12028: 12021: 12016: 12009: 12004: 12002: 11994: 11989: 11987: 11977: 11968: 11959: 11950: 11944:, p. 66. 11943: 11938: 11931: 11926: 11917: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11885: 11880: 11873: 11868: 11861: 11856: 11854: 11846: 11841: 11834: 11829: 11822: 11817: 11810: 11805: 11798: 11793: 11786: 11781: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11757: 11750: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11731: 11726: 11719: 11714: 11707: 11703: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11679: 11674: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11643: 11637:, p. 81. 11636: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11620:, p. 60. 11619: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11602: 11597: 11590: 11585: 11579:, p. 88. 11578: 11573: 11571: 11564:, p. 34. 11563: 11558: 11551: 11546: 11540:, p. 86. 11539: 11534: 11532: 11525:, p. 96. 11524: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11507: 11502: 11496:, p. 86. 11495: 11490: 11483: 11482:Eberhard 2005 11478: 11471: 11466: 11459: 11454: 11448:, p. 26. 11447: 11442: 11435: 11430: 11428: 11420: 11415: 11408: 11407:Needham 1986a 11403: 11396: 11391: 11384: 11383:Needham 1986c 11379: 11372: 11367: 11360: 11355: 11349:, p. 97. 11348: 11343: 11336: 11331: 11325:, p. 52. 11324: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11300: 11295: 11288: 11283: 11276: 11271: 11264: 11259: 11253:, p. 33. 11252: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11223: 11218: 11211: 11206: 11199: 11194: 11187: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11171:, p. 22. 11170: 11165: 11159:, p. 25. 11158: 11153: 11147:, p. 21. 11146: 11141: 11135:, p. 79. 11134: 11129: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11092: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11068: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11043: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10990:, p. 80. 10989: 10984: 10982: 10974: 10969: 10963:, p. 38. 10962: 10961:Levathes 1994 10957: 10951:, p. 96. 10950: 10945: 10943: 10935: 10930: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10874: 10869: 10863:, p. 11. 10862: 10857: 10855: 10847: 10846:Eberhard 2005 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10811: 10806: 10800:, p. 16. 10799: 10794: 10788:, p. 15. 10787: 10782: 10776:, p. 61. 10775: 10770: 10764:, p. 20. 10763: 10758: 10752:, p. 46. 10751: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10732: 10727: 10720: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10697:, p. 25. 10696: 10691: 10684: 10679: 10672: 10667: 10660: 10659:Eberhard 2005 10655: 10648: 10643: 10637:, p. 90. 10636: 10631: 10624: 10623:Eberhard 2005 10619: 10613:, p. 28. 10612: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10569: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10544: 10539: 10532: 10527: 10520: 10515: 10513: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10469: 10464: 10457: 10452: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10426:September 14, 10421: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10388: 10383: 10381: 10373: 10372:Needham 1986b 10368: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10335: 10329:, p. 26. 10328: 10323: 10312:September 14, 10307: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10288:Eberhard 2005 10284: 10277: 10272: 10264: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10245: 10239:. pp. 235–236 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10189: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10165: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10084: 10076: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10046:, p. 11. 10045: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10026: 10021: 10015:, p. 65. 10014: 10009: 10002: 10001:Beckwith 1987 9997: 9989: 9988: 9980: 9965: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9948:Bell, Charles 9943: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9742: 9735: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9711: 9710:Needham 1986c 9706: 9699: 9698:Needham 1986b 9694: 9692: 9684: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9661:, p. 54. 9660: 9655: 9648: 9643: 9641: 9633: 9628: 9621: 9620:Needham 1986c 9616: 9609: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9585: 9580: 9578: 9570: 9565: 9558: 9553: 9547:, p. 47. 9546: 9541: 9539: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9514: 9508:, p. 75. 9507: 9502: 9496:, p. 32. 9495: 9490: 9488: 9481:, p. 45. 9480: 9475: 9469:, p. 72. 9468: 9463: 9456: 9451: 9444: 9439: 9433:, p. 57. 9432: 9427: 9421:, p. 61. 9420: 9415: 9409:, p. 79. 9408: 9403: 9396: 9391: 9385:, p. 54. 9384: 9379: 9373:, p. 95. 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9353: 9346:, p. 83. 9345: 9340: 9334:, p. 95. 9333: 9328: 9322:, p. 92. 9321: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9288:, p. 59. 9287: 9282: 9276:, p. 59. 9275: 9270: 9264:, p. 78. 9263: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9234: 9228:, p. 25. 9227: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9198: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9138: 9137:Needham 1986c 9133: 9126: 9121: 9119: 9111: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9086: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9043: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9007:Eberhard 2005 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8955:, p. 16. 8954: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8938:, p. 51. 8937: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8921:, p. 15. 8920: 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8895:Needham 1986b 8891: 8885:, p. 50. 8884: 8879: 8873:, p. 85. 8872: 8867: 8860: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8843: 8838: 8831: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8787:, p. 91. 8786: 8781: 8779: 8772:, p. 97. 8771: 8766: 8760:, p. 34. 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8736:, p. 11. 8735: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8708: 8707:Eberhard 2005 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8672:Eberhard 2005 8668: 8666: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8622: 8616:, p. 89. 8615: 8610: 8604:, p. 47. 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8575:, p. 47. 8574: 8569: 8567: 8560:, p. 99. 8559: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8526:, p. 46. 8525: 8520: 8514:, p. 12. 8513: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8494: 8487:, p. 82. 8486: 8481: 8475:, p. 74. 8474: 8469: 8462: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8439:, p. 45. 8438: 8433: 8424: 8418:, p. 64. 8417: 8412: 8410: 8401: 8395: 8390: 8384:, p. 98. 8383: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8366: 8361: 8355:, p. 97. 8354: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8282: 8276:, p. 93. 8275: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8257:, p. 42. 8256: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8218:, p. 80. 8217: 8212: 8206:, p. 78. 8205: 8200: 8194:, p. 40. 8193: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8127: 8126:Northern Zhou 8123: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8079:Li Ch'u-ku-pa 8076: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7953:, p. 37. 7952: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7929:, p. 91. 7928: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7559: 7549: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7516:The inventor 7514: 7512: 7508: 7507:gas cylinders 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7446:Xinxiu bencao 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7288:Diamond Sutra 7284: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7267:Diamond Sutra 7263: 7258: 7254: 7253:Playing cards 7250: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7224:Yingzao Fashi 7220: 7216: 7215:Yingshan Ling 7212: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7143:pressure head 7140: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7093:(78–139) and 7092: 7085:, 8th-century 7084: 7080: 7076: 7075:bronze mirror 7071: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858:, as well as 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789:Song Yingxing 6786: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660:table manners 6657: 6653: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6611: 6603:, 8th century 6602: 6598: 6592: 6582: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553:silk painting 6550: 6545: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6398:Although the 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6363: 6356: 6346: 6339: 6328: 6319: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245:Huangbo Xiyun 6242: 6238: 6234: 6233:Chán Buddhism 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155:folk religion 6149: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6091:Duan Chengshi 6087: 6085: 6084:Buddhist monk 6081: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991:Book of Liang 5987: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5905:encyclopedias 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5870:Chinese opera 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5750:Palace Museum 5747: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5672:Yangtze River 5669: 5665: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5595:Daming Palace 5592: 5588: 5584: 5581:(present-day 5580: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413:Duan Chengshi 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373:Gaspar Strait 5370: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5163:Chinese coins 5160: 5156: 5151: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043:Although the 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028:statuette of 5027: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4965:Tang dynasty 4963: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869:Yangtze River 4866: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4668:basin and in 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4608:briefly took 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4445:Tomb guardian 4442: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Emperor Tenji 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288:Emperor Tenmu 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256:Yeon Namsaeng 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213:naval warfare 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Yeon Gaesomun 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096:Shabolüe Khan 4093: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4045: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852:primogeniture 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3828:Five Classics 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691:fubing system 3688: 3687:Northern Zhou 3684: 3680: 3675: 3674:(1644–1912). 3673: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544:Khitan people 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3478:Zhu Quanzhong 3475: 3474:Prince of Jin 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Turkic people 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3403:Guiyi Circuit 3400: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:Hexi Corridor 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:Abbasid Arabs 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Zhang Jiuling 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:reincarnation 2904: 2899: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2650: 2640: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2580: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2493:'s defeat of 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Eastern Turks 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2372: 2363: 2362:) in 649 CE. 2361: 2357: 2356:Son of Heaven 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284:(573–621) at 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Western Liang 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2087:Establishment 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964:(present-day 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1850: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Naval history 1768: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753:Music history 1751: 1749: 1748:Media history 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1733:Legal history 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1687:1949–present) 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1502:Southern Song 1499: 1494: 1493: 1492:Northern Song 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1158: 1153: 476 BC 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126:(1046–771 BC) 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1112: 256 BC 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 989: 988: 971: 970: 966: 965: 961: 960: 956: 955: 951: 945: 944: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 919: 915: 914: 911: 908: 907: 903: 899: 898: 890: 878: 876: 872: 869: 865: 857: 855: 851: 843: 841: 838: 834: 831: 827: 821: 816: 814: 810: 802: 800: 796: 788: 786: 782: 779: 775: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 748: 743: 741: 737: 729: 727: 723: 715: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 685: 683: 679: 671: 669: 665: 657: 655: 651: 648: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 607: 605: 601: 594: 589: 585: 580: 560: 558: 555: 554: 546: 544: 541: 540: 532: 530: 527: 526: 518: 516: 513: 512: 504: 502: 499: 498: 490: 488: 485: 484: 476: 474: 471: 470: 467: 461: 458: 451: 450: 447: 444: 437: 436: 433: 430: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 402: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 378: 374: 368: 364: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342: 338: 335: 329: 325: 322: 316: 312: 308: 302: 298: 295: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 232: 231:Emperor Gaozu 229: 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 134: 131: 126: 123: 122: 120: 116: 90: 89: 83: 78: 69: 63: 60: 59: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 17691:Tang dynasty 17419:Contemporary 17269:Indo-Persian 17257:Nazi Germany 17201:Contemporary 17103:Vijayanagara 17002:Great Seljuk 16913:Thessalonica 16841:Golden Horde 16655: 16481:Carthaginian 16260:Neo-Assyrian 16245:Neo-Sumerian 16119: 16092: 16080: 16067: 16047: 15959:Confucianism 15944:(fl 631–655) 15823:(fl 602–664) 15646:Niu Yingzhen 15622:Liu Zongyuan 15467: 15462:Yang Yunsong 15456:Du Guangting 15446: 15431: 15426:Bai Xingjian 15410: 15389: 15328: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15303:Playing card 15293: 14932:Oasis states 14868:Tang dynasty 14867: 14817: 14755: 14737: 14719: 14698: 14670: 14652: 14627: 14583: 14579: 14561: 14542: 14517: 14513: 14498:, Westview, 14495: 14475: 14454: 14432: 14414: 14393:Tang Cuisine 14392: 14370: 14352: 14334: 14312: 14304: 14286: 14267: 14239: 14235: 14193: 14189: 14180: 14158: 14139: 14121: 14103: 14085: 14067: 14049: 14025: 14021: 14005: 13994:, retrieved 13987:the original 13971: 13934: 13930: 13911: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13829: 13812: 13794: 13776: 13768: 13750: 13732: 13715: 13693: 13675: 13657: 13636:(1): 51–96, 13633: 13627: 13611: 13607: 13591: 13587: 13569: 13558:, retrieved 13554:the original 13548: 13521: 13488: 13482: 13460: 13442: 13424: 13406: 13387: 13367: 13344: 13311: 13293: 13274: 13254: 13232: 13216: 13198: 13175: 13156: 13134: 13115: 13102: 13084: 13063:(1): 71–99, 13060: 13056: 13038: 13020: 12997:Modern China 12996: 12978: 12960: 12952: 12934: 12913: 12888: 12870: 12852: 12834: 12805: 12799: 12787: 12775: 12763: 12736: 12724: 12712: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12681: 12669: 12657: 12645: 12633: 12604: 12592:. Retrieved 12588:the original 12571: 12559: 12547: 12535: 12523: 12511: 12499: 12487: 12475: 12463: 12458:, p. 3. 12443:, p. 1. 12421: 12394: 12367: 12355: 12343: 12331: 12319: 12307: 12295: 12283: 12276:Adshead 2004 12261:Adshead 2004 12256: 12244: 12237:Schafer 1985 12232: 12220: 12208: 12196: 12187: 12181: 12176:, p. 4. 12169: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12145:, p. 6. 12138: 12129: 12115:, p. 1. 12108: 12096: 12039: 12032:Schafer 1985 12027: 12015: 11976: 11967: 11958: 11949: 11937: 11925: 11916: 11904:. Retrieved 11900: 11891: 11879: 11867: 11840: 11828: 11816: 11804: 11792: 11780: 11768: 11756: 11725: 11713: 11697: 11685: 11673: 11662:, retrieved 11658:the original 11653: 11649: 11642: 11596: 11584: 11557: 11545: 11501: 11494:Adshead 2004 11489: 11477: 11465: 11453: 11446:Andrews 2010 11441: 11414: 11402: 11390: 11378: 11366: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11318: 11306: 11294: 11282: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11222:Schafer 1985 11217: 11210:Schafer 1985 11205: 11193: 11186:Schafer 1985 11169:Schafer 1985 11164: 11157:Schafer 1985 11152: 11145:Schafer 1985 11140: 11128: 11109: 11103: 11091: 11079: 11067: 11048: 11042: 11024:Viking Press 11019: 11010: 10988:Adshead 2004 10968: 10956: 10929: 10918:, retrieved 10913: 10904: 10892: 10880: 10868: 10861:Schafer 1985 10841: 10834:Schafer 1985 10829: 10817: 10805: 10798:Schafer 1985 10793: 10786:Schafer 1985 10781: 10769: 10762:Schafer 1985 10757: 10726: 10714: 10702: 10695:Andrews 2010 10690: 10678: 10666: 10654: 10642: 10635:Adshead 2004 10630: 10618: 10611:Schafer 1985 10606: 10594: 10582: 10538: 10526: 10499: 10487: 10475: 10463: 10456:Adshead 1995 10451: 10424:. Retrieved 10420:the original 10411: 10387:Adshead 1995 10367: 10356:, retrieved 10341: 10334: 10327:Schafer 1985 10322: 10310:. Retrieved 10306:the original 10295: 10283: 10271: 10251: 10244: 10228: 10220: 10198: 10194:Gibb, H.A.R. 10188: 10169: 10162: 10131: 10112: 10102: 10082: 10075: 10068:Schafer 1985 10063: 10051: 10020: 10008: 9996: 9986: 9979: 9967:. Retrieved 9952: 9942: 9930: 9918: 9906: 9894: 9889:, p. 2. 9882: 9870: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9807: 9765: 9753: 9741: 9729: 9717: 9705: 9678: 9666: 9654: 9634:, p. 4. 9627: 9615: 9603: 9591: 9586:, p. 9. 9564: 9552: 9525: 9513: 9506:Adshead 2004 9501: 9474: 9467:Adshead 2004 9462: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9414: 9402: 9390: 9383:Adshead 2004 9378: 9366: 9339: 9327: 9281: 9269: 9257: 9245: 9233: 9221: 9192: 9180: 9168: 9156: 9151:, p. 7. 9144: 9132: 9105: 9093: 9074: 9068: 9056: 9031:《殘唐五代史演義傳》：“ 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8976: 8972: 8965:Taenzer 2016 8960: 8936:Adshead 2004 8914: 8902: 8890: 8883:Adshead 2004 8878: 8866: 8837: 8809:Adshead 2004 8804: 8792: 8765: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8724:, p. 9. 8722:Schafer 1985 8679: 8626:Adshead 2004 8621: 8614:Adshead 2004 8609: 8597: 8592:, p. 7. 8573:Adshead 2004 8541:, p. 6. 8524:Adshead 2004 8519: 8507: 8502:, p. 8. 8500:Schafer 1985 8480: 8468: 8456: 8444: 8437:Adshead 2004 8432: 8423: 8416:Marlowe 2008 8389: 8360: 8325: 8321: 8308: 8286:Adshead 2004 8281: 8255:Adshead 2004 8235: 8228:Adshead 2004 8223: 8211: 8199: 8192:Adshead 2004 8172: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8114: 8099: 8092: 8067: 8052: 8045: 8033: 8021: 8009: 8002:Adshead 2004 7997: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7894:, p. 1. 7887: 7882:, p. 6. 7875: 7865: 7857: 7832: 7826: 7813: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7697: 7682: 7669: 7632: 7607: 7606:text of the 7593: 7589: 7583: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7537: 7515: 7483: 7456: 7444: 7410: 7403:pharmacology 7396: 7387:State of Qin 7372: 7342: 7326:Dunhuang map 7310:playing card 7298:movable type 7286: 7277: 7272: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7200:slot machine 7176: 7164: 7147: 7125:. Yi Xing's 7119:astronomical 7088: 6962: 6939: 6935:Yuan dynasty 6891:Greater Iran 6884: 6820: 6816:sesame seeds 6800: 6797: 6785:Ming dynasty 6783:millet. The 6763: 6755:toilet paper 6743: 6729: 6723: 6712: 6690: 6678: 6668: 6652:North Hamlet 6649: 6641: 6596: 6569: 6514: 6486:cockfighting 6470: 6457: 6438: 6397: 6389:Daqin Pagoda 6370: 6309:Nathan Sivin 6288:Tao Te Ching 6287: 6281: 6277:Tao Te Ching 6275: 6273: 6194: 6172: 6152: 6094: 6093:'s (d. 863) 6088: 6069: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6009:Book of Zhou 6007: 6001: 5997:Book of Chen 5995: 5989: 5983: 5978: 5969:traveled to 5963:al-Muqaddasi 5947:Persian Gulf 5937: 5926: 5919:Linghu Defen 5908: 5902: 5877: 5866:Yuan dynasty 5857: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5825:Liu Zongyuan 5818: 5789: 5772: 5766: 5755: 5718:Lantingji Xu 5716: 5684: 5676: 5660: 5607: 5575:Heian period 5567: 5550:corner tower 5511:Confucianism 5504: 5482: 5407:towards the 5362: 5349:Hangzhou Bay 5322: 5288: 5218: 5174:Persian Gulf 5167: 5093: 5081: 5073: 5042: 5023: 4989: 4982: 4966: 4932:lacquerwares 4920: 4872: 4860: 4853: 4836:) forces of 4825: 4820:, including 4813: 4809: 4789: 4777: 4774:Roman Empire 4767: 4757: 4751: 4750:(拂菻) in the 4747: 4726: 4721:Tang Taizong 4587: 4584:Prince Peroz 4573: 4537:outside the 4508: 4485: 4450: 4412: 4403: 4399: 4379: 4318: 4300: 4273: 4253: 4216: 4170: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4115: 4089: 4055: 4047: 3980: 3970:, and 1,538 3965: 3953: 3936: 3913: 3902: 3873: 3868: 3832: 3806: 3798: 3788: 3778: 3769:Students of 3768: 3707: 3703: 3699:Northern Wei 3676: 3672:Qing dynasty 3661: 3651: 3645: 3643:(960–1279). 3641:Song dynasty 3633:Ming dynasty 3630: 3610: 3592:, he issued 3587: 3552:Shi Jingtang 3540:Liao dynasty 3528:Song dynasty 3509: 3482: 3472:, and later 3469: 3443: 3421: 3419: 3407: 3396: 3381:Zhang Yichao 3366: 3353:Zhang Yichao 3329: 3323: 3307: 3298:irrigational 3291: 3260: 3219: 3210:Song dynasty 3201: 3196:, Hubei and 3187: 3179: 3177: 3144: 3107:in 756. The 3058: 3035:technocratic 3023: 2996: 2991:Mogao Grotto 2948:(modern-day 2919:the language 2902: 2895: 2890:= 93m tall). 2887: 2883: 2839:crown prince 2824: 2807: 2781:by Yan Liben 2776: 2617:), Northern 2514: 2504: 2502: 2452: 2433: 2387: 2381: 2332:Illig Qaghan 2321: 2317:filial piety 2310: 2298:Li Jiancheng 2259: 2240: 2229:Dugu sisters 2207: 2196: 2182:Duchess Dugu 2119: 2110:Ming dynasty 2027: 2006: 1986:protectorate 1959: 1951: 1916: 1887: 1849:Tang dynasty 1848: 1846: 1743:LGBT history 1679: 1661: 1634: 1601: 1588: 1575: 1545: 1532: 1519: 1500: 1490: 1478: 1467:Ten Kingdoms 1463: 1417: 1416: 1403: 1390:Northern and 1388: 1358: 1336: 1326: 1294: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266:(220–280 AD) 1260: 1247: 1237: 1227: 1223:(206–202 BC) 1217: 1205: 1198:(221–207 BC) 1192: 1163:(475–221 BC) 1136:(771–256 BC) 1132:Eastern Zhou 1130: 1122:Western Zhou 1120: 1097: 1073: 1050: 1026: 1002: 996: 990: 967: 957: 830:Southern Min 764:Romanization 654:Hanyu Pinyin 624:Hanyu Pinyin 582:Tang dynasty 543:Liao dynasty 414:Succeeded by 413: 408: 309:interregnum 299:June 18, 618 36: 17007:Khwarezmian 16940:Carolingian 16745:Rashtrakuta 16449:Shaishunaga 16348:Hellenistic 16331:New Kingdom 16321:Old Kingdom 16176:Flying cash 16075:Li Chunfeng 16057:Xu Jingzong 16008:Xi'an Stele 15986:Kong Yingda 15857:Amoghavajra 15688:Du Qiuniang 15676:Mo Xuanqing 15670:Li Shangyin 15664:Wen Tingyun 15526:Meng Haoran 15514:He Zhizhang 15508:Chen Zi'ang 15490:Luo Binwang 15147:Chancellery 15142:Secretariat 15107:Shence Army 15063:Jimi system 15046:Family tree 14812:Sui dynasty 14694:Yule, Henry 13996:February 9, 13608:Imago Mundi 13588:Imago Mundi 12906:Bai, Shouyi 12826:Works cited 12756:Temple 1986 12741:Temple 1986 12686:Temple 1986 12674:Temple 1986 12480:Temple 1986 12020:Gernet 1962 12008:Gernet 1962 11702:Howard 2012 11678:Gernet 1962 11577:Wright 1959 11562:Harper 2005 11323:Huters 1987 11251:Harper 2005 10920:October 21, 10731:Bowman 2000 10412:Fordham.edu 10225:Bai, Shouyi 10159:Pellat, Ch. 9851:Gernet 1996 9019:Gernet 1996 8995:Baumer 2012 8830:Bowman 2000 8038:Drompp 2005 8026:Drompp 2004 7775:Shin (2014) 7708:Sui dynasty 7379:star charts 7361:Xu Jingzong 7345:cartography 7316:Cartography 7204:spring trap 7187:Greco-Roman 7179:Qin dynasty 7065:Engineering 7016:Tomb figure 6963:Methods of 6919:North India 6901:roots from 6748:. Although 6697:Yang Guifei 6685:earthenware 6488:, and even 6305:sinologists 6268:Mount Wutai 6227:and ardent 6133:Bodhisattva 6060:written by 6051:Tang Huiyao 6021:Book of Jin 6015:Book of Sui 5967:Wang Xuance 5910:Yiwen Leiju 5890:Calligraphy 5746:calligraphy 5731:Jin dynasty 5707:Tang poetry 5668:Grand Canal 5571:city blocks 5564:, dated 706 5558:Prince Yide 5421:ivory trade 5417:slave trade 5360:provinces. 5289:Yue Jue Shu 5186:Mesopotamia 5129:tomb figure 5085:checkpoints 5004:Grand Canal 4984:Wadōkaichin 4952:Tarim Basin 4788:Pogonatos ( 4786:Constans II 4744:sinologists 4738:. However, 4686:papermaking 4682:Gao Xianzhi 4574:During the 4511:Tarim Basin 4477:Su Dingfang 4419:Liang Shidu 4408:desinicized 4393:. When the 4375:Li Chongrun 4320:Nihon Shoki 4280:Emperor Uda 4260:Yeon Namsan 4244:Mount Wutai 4236:Mogao Caves 4104:Su Dingfang 4000:Jimi system 3968:prefectures 3928:Amoghavajra 3899:(1254–1327) 3815:calligraphy 3726:prefectural 3679:Han dynasty 3639:during the 3621:tomb figure 3501:Later Liang 3314:Jingzhao Fu 3302:chain pumps 3255:Xumi Pagoda 3223:Grand Canal 3117:The Uyghurs 3067:was a half- 3003:Empress Wei 2898:palace coup 2882:of Luoyang 2876: [ 2873:Bright Hall 2597:), Central 2589:Mohe people 2535:Eastern Wei 2500:in 657 CE. 2498:Ashina Helu 2491:Su Dingfang 2322:During the 2306:temple name 2255:Yuwen Huaji 2221:Sui dynasty 2146:Han dynasty 2130:Sui dynasty 2124:had ethnic 1940:Sui dynasty 1912:Han dynasty 1900:Sui dynasty 1896:interregnum 1888:Tang Empire 1790:Discoveries 1785:Cartography 1780:Archaeology 1718:Art history 1607:(1644–1912) 1594:(1368–1644) 1581:(1271–1368) 1551:(1115–1234) 1538:(1038–1227) 1534:Western Xia 1506:(1127–1279) 1338:Eastern Jin 1328:Western Jin 1253:(25–220 AD) 1249:Eastern Han 1229:Western Han 1108: 1046 1088: 1046 1084: 1250 1061: 1600 1037: 2070 978: 8500 959:Paleolithic 950:Prehistoric 703:Tʻang-chʻao 473:Later Liang 432:Sui dynasty 409:Preceded by 339:June 1, 907 334:Later Liang 294:Established 17685:Categories 17577:Portuguese 17458:Revival Le 17448:Vietnamese 17091:Later Tran 17061:Vietnamese 16957:Singhasari 16945:Holy Roman 16569:Bulgarian 16505:Satavahana 16476:Phoenician 16412:Achaemenid 16373:Indo-Greek 16353:Macedonian 16267:Babylonian 16135:Toothbrush 16102:Sun Simiao 16077:(602–670) 16044:(580–640) 15948:Lü Dongbin 15863:Mazu Daoyi 15845:Vajrabodhi 15743:Zhang Xuan 15592:Wei Yingwu 15496:Du Shenyan 15443:(733–804) 15428:(776–826) 15386:(596–667) 15346:Autumn Dew 15053:Chancellor 15024:Government 14411:唐代前期军事史略论稿 12528:Ebrey 1999 12504:Ebrey 1999 12044:Ebrey 1999 11993:Ebrey 1999 11704:, p. 11664:August 13, 11589:Ebrey 1999 11550:Ebrey 1999 11506:Ebrey 1999 11470:Ebrey 1999 11458:Ebrey 1999 11239:Ebrey 1999 10822:Woods 1996 10543:Ebrey 1999 10531:Ebrey 1999 10519:Ebrey 1999 10013:Stein 1972 9911:Skaff 2009 9800:Ebrey 1999 9647:Graff 2002 9608:Graff 2002 9596:Graff 2002 9443:Ebrey 1999 9407:Graff 2000 9395:Ebrey 1999 9274:Brook 1998 9238:Ebrey 1999 9214:Ebrey 1999 9197:Ebrey 1999 8797:Graff 2008 8512:Kiang 1999 8449:Ebrey 1999 8394:Forte 1988 8240:Graff 2000 8216:Graff 2000 8204:Graff 2000 8177:Graff 2000 8152:Togan 2011 8140:Skaff 2012 7939:Ebrey 1999 7892:Lewis 2012 7835:(3): 492. 7799:(2): 222. 7734:References 7716:T'ai-tsung 7659:Great Tang 7614:Sima Guang 7580:Ouyang Xiu 7556:See also: 7539:Tang Yulin 7532:. In 747, 7526:rotary fan 7463:waterproof 7417:Sun Simiao 7405:. In 657, 7337: 700 7195:automatons 7135: 610 7111:waterwheel 7109:clock and 7103:escapement 7091:Zhang Heng 6942:off-limits 6880:pufferfish 6759:Yan Zhitui 6711:A page of 6695:, such as 6693:Empress Wu 6645:silk worms 6490:tug of war 6484:(soccer), 6462:Zhang Xuan 6413:Manicheism 6237:Mazu Daoyi 6225:polemicist 6121:See also: 5959:al-Mas'udi 5955:lighthouse 5923:Chen Shuda 5915:Ouyang Xun 5896:on a Tang 5874:melancholy 5810: 713 5802:antithesis 5798:characters 5758:golden age 5752:in Beijing 5740:A poem by 5727:Wang Xizhi 5697:Literature 5691:Empress Wu 5666:along the 5498: 758 5496: – c. 5494: 685 5389:star anise 5345:Huai River 5337:Yellow Sea 5053:Emperor Wu 5036:, 723 AD, 4877:Son of God 4858:Old Turkic 4838:Muawiyah I 4772:(i.e. the 4742:and other 4656:under the 4569: 650 4550:Autumn Dew 4471:, and the 4221:Kim Yushin 4199:and their 4165:See also: 4110:as far as 4102:in 657 by 4091:Tian Kehan 4027:later copy 3920:Vajrabodhi 3840:power base 3590:legal code 3566:See also: 3520:Later Tang 3514:. His son 3426:Huang Chao 3361:Mogao cave 3150:Shi Siming 3037:successor 2709:Langkasuka 2629:Tashkurgan 2485:, and the 2348:Tian Kehan 2282:Dou Jiande 2038:Zhang Xuan 1994:East Asian 1974:Inner Asia 1908:golden age 1886:), or the 1795:Inventions 1525:(916–1125) 1496:(960–1127) 1484:(960–1279) 1151: – c. 1149: 770 1110: – c. 1086: – c. 1075:Late Shang 1063: – c. 1039: – c. 980: – c. 805:tong4 ciu4 791:Tòhngchìuh 696:Wade–Giles 688:Tarngchaur 529:Former Shu 398:Cash coins 385:80 million 375:50 million 361:Population 267:Emperor Ai 201:Government 66:(690–705: 18:Tang China 17570:Couronian 17208:Ethiopian 17196:Manchukuo 17151:Brazilian 16997:Ghaznavid 16967:Srivijaya 16918:Trebizond 16903:Byzantine 16885:North Sea 16880:Norwegian 16868:Almoravid 16851:Ilkhanate 16821:Majapahit 16794:Muromachi 16703:Solomonic 16688:Ethiopian 16602:Caliphate 16535:Aragonese 16363:Ptolemaic 16131:(730–805) 16110:(683–727) 16059:(592-672) 15988:(574–648) 15980:(772–841) 15974:(768–824) 15919:(862–949) 15913:(807–869) 15901:(778–897) 15895:(770–860) 15889:(746–805) 15883:(745–827) 15877:(730–790) 15871:(720–814) 15865:(709–788) 15859:(705–774) 15853:(688–763) 15847:(671–741) 15841:(638–689) 15835:(635–713) 15829:(632–682) 15817:(613–681) 15811:(562–645) 15805:(549–623) 15769:(855–915) 15763:(832–912) 15757:(730–780) 15755:Zhou Fang 15751:(723–787) 15749:Han Huang 15745:(713–755) 15739:(706–783) 15727:(699–759) 15721:(680–760) 15715:(600–673) 15713:Yan Liben 15684:(840–868) 15682:Yu Xuanji 15672:(813–858) 15666:(812–866) 15660:(803–852) 15642:(790–817) 15630:(779–831) 15628:Yuan Zhen 15624:(773–819) 15618:(772–846) 15612:(772–842) 15606:(768–824) 15600:(739–799) 15594:(737–792) 15588:(722–789) 15582:(715–770) 15576:(712–779) 15570:(712–770) 15564:(709–785) 15558:(704–765) 15552:(701–762) 15546:(699–759) 15540:(698–756) 15534:(690–751) 15528:(689–740) 15522:(673–740) 15516:(659–744) 15510:(656–702) 15504:(650–676) 15498:(645–708) 15492:(619–684) 15464:(9th c.) 15458:(850–933) 15422:(751–762) 15407:(7th c.) 15401:(601–636) 15112:Shumiyuan 14937:Karakhoja 14876:History ( 14647:(1992), 14616:144323050 13821:430842673 13513:192365949 13328:0021-9118 13225:1002-8005 13087:, Brill, 13069:0073-0548 13013:143637417 12908:(2003), 12729:Wood 1999 12662:Benn 2002 12594:March 13, 12387:Benn 2002 12312:Benn 2002 12300:Benn 2002 12288:Benn 2002 12225:Benn 2002 12213:Benn 2002 12201:Benn 2002 12089:Song 1966 11942:Benn 2002 11930:Benn 2002 11884:Benn 2002 11872:Benn 2002 11860:Benn 2002 11845:Benn 2002 11833:Benn 2002 11821:Benn 2002 11809:Benn 2002 11797:Benn 2002 11785:Benn 2002 11773:Benn 2002 11761:Benn 2002 11749:Benn 2002 11618:Benn 2002 11419:Reed 2003 11371:Wong 1979 11359:Wong 1979 11347:Wong 1979 11275:Benn 2002 11263:Benn 2002 11096:Benn 2002 11084:Benn 2002 10973:Shen 1996 10934:Shen 1996 10810:Shen 1996 10774:Tang 1991 10750:Benn 2002 10719:Chen 2002 10599:Benn 2002 10504:Yule 1915 10492:Yule 1915 10480:Yule 1915 10468:Ball 2016 10444:Yule 1915 10212:685253133 10168:Volume V: 10155:Lewis, B. 10044:Benn 2002 9887:Benn 2002 9770:Benn 2002 9659:Kang 2006 9632:Benn 2002 9584:Benn 2002 9530:Benn 2002 9494:Benn 2002 9479:Benn 2002 9431:Benn 2002 9419:Benn 2002 9286:Benn 2002 9185:Mote 2003 9173:Mote 2003 9161:Mote 2003 9149:Mote 2003 9125:Mote 2003 9110:Mote 2003 9098:Mote 2003 9061:Mote 2003 8953:Benn 2002 8919:Benn 2002 8907:Benn 2002 8842:Benn 2002 8785:Wang 2003 8602:Benn 2002 8590:Benn 2002 8539:Benn 2002 8083:Hsien-pei 7805:1076-156X 7739:Citations 7570:Later Jin 7518:Ding Huan 7502:gazetteer 7494:cast iron 7486:boreholes 7479:porcelain 7471:fireproof 7399:medicines 7237:craftsmen 7151:lacquered 7107:clepsydra 7079:a phoenix 7073:A square 6983:Tang era 6923:sugarcane 6895:pine nuts 6887:Samarkand 6840:jellyfish 6832:marinated 6828:sea otter 6812:dumplings 6781:glutinous 6772:, wheat, 6636:Wu Zetian 6601:Zhou Fang 6464:(713–755) 6229:xenophobe 6178:Confucius 6101:anecdotes 6062:Liu Zhiji 5862:Yuan Zhen 5843:piantiwen 5833:piantiwen 5796:or seven 5680:Guangzhou 5631:Silk Road 5579:Heian kyō 5425:ambergris 5401:Bohai Sea 5309:porcelain 5273:Indonesia 5265:Guangzhou 5261:Near East 5241:Sinhalese 5231:Indians, 5200:, Egypt, 5190:Euphrates 5061:Hou Junji 5045:Silk Road 5014:Silk Road 4936:porcelain 4923:Silk Road 4875:meaning " 4802:patrician 4798:patriarch 4734:from the 4706:Dzungaria 4672:. At the 4628:(seat of 4562:Yan Liben 4473:Xueyantuo 4431:Xueyantuo 4100:Issyk Kul 4086:Syr Darya 4082:Amu Darya 4060:, Nepal, 4033:(600–673) 4031:Yan Liben 3897:Ren Renfa 3893:Zhang Guo 3771:Confucian 3731:municipal 3718:acrobatic 3556:Later Jin 3536:Manchuria 3450:Li Keyong 3439:Guangzhou 3398:fángyùshǐ 3355:over the 3113:Moyanchur 3089:Yan state 3081:Manchuria 3065:An Lushan 3031:deflation 3007:Li Longji 2814:Wu Zetian 2802:Wu Zetian 2739:Kabadiyan 2699:Dangchang 2609:Sri Lanka 2521:Yan Liben 2516:Wánghuìtú 2413:Samarkand 2409:Varkhuman 2308:Taizong. 2294:Li Yuanji 2266:Li Shimin 2122:Li family 2042:Zhou Fang 1978:Silk Road 1924:Wu Zetian 1919:Li family 1890:, was an 1471:(907–979) 1432:(690–705) 1422:(618–907) 1409:(581–618) 1396:(420–589) 1364:(304–439) 1342:(317–420) 1332:(266–316) 1300:(266–420) 1243:(9–23 AD) 969:Neolithic 933:Dynasties 881:dang djew 860:Tông-tiâu 846:Tông-tiâu 718:Táng-cháo 155:Religion 136:(904–907) 128:(618–904) 17550:Japanese 17513:Scottish 17493:American 17485:Colonial 17414:Imperial 17382:Moroccan 17318:Japanese 17296:Afsharid 17155:Burmese 17141:Austrian 17096:Later Le 17071:Early Le 17056:Venetian 16982:Tiwanaku 16895:Hellenic 16858:Moroccan 16789:Kamakura 16779:Japanese 16762:Saffarid 16715:Georgian 16629:Chalukya 16607:Rashidun 16597:Calakmul 16565:Bruneian 16444:Haryanka 16422:Sasanian 16417:Parthian 16368:Bactrian 16358:Seleucid 16338:Goguryeo 16316:Egyptian 16250:Assyrian 16240:Akkadian 16231:Colonies 16104:(d. 682) 16089:Su Jing 15925:(9th c.) 15907:(8th c.) 15905:Zhisheng 15851:Jianzhen 15821:Xuanzang 15795:Buddhism 15787:Religion 15775:(9th c.) 15767:Jing Hao 15733:(7th c.) 15725:Wang Wei 15719:Wu Daozi 15705:Painters 15696:(9th c.) 15690:(9th c.) 15654:(8th c.) 15652:Zhang Xu 15648:(8th c.) 15636:(d. 784) 15616:Bai Juyi 15610:Liu Yuxi 15580:Cen Shen 15574:Zhang Ji 15544:Wang Wei 15097:Jiedushi 15092:Military 14999:Songping 14952:Conquest 14942:Karasahr 14878:Timeline 14452:(2013), 14179:(1966), 13959:98230482 13713:(1934), 13491:: 1–13, 13365:(1962), 13252:(1999), 13113:(1998), 13077:23214360 12933:(2016), 12650:Hsu 1993 12468:Pan 1997 12456:Guo 1998 12441:Guo 1998 12249:Sen 2003 11730:Liu 2001 11718:Liu 2001 11690:Liu 2001 11395:Sen 2003 11018:(2011). 11003:Liu 1991 10949:Hsu 1988 10914:BBC News 10707:Sun 1989 10671:Sen 2003 10358:July 17, 10276:Bai 2003 10196:(1923). 10170:Khe–Mahi 10161:(eds.). 10139:(1986). 9969:July 17, 9950:(1924). 9935:Sen 2003 9899:Xue 1992 9875:Xue 1992 9863:Xue 1992 9839:Liu 2000 9812:Xue 1992 9785:Cui 2005 9758:Xue 1992 8983:vol. 249 8758:Sen 2003 8734:Wan 2017 8461:Sen 2003 8330:Archived 7821:(1997). 7598:, which 7595:Tongdian 7421:diabetes 7401:used in 7393:Medicine 7330:star map 7294:Bi Sheng 6958:Buddhism 6852:cardamom 6844:cinnamon 6793:Shennong 6774:panicled 6674:Jiaofang 6634:, where 6561:Dunhuang 6518:such as 6494:nuptials 6408:Sassanid 6400:Sogdians 6283:Zhuangzi 6280:and the 6270:, Shanxi 6241:Baizhang 6197:convents 6174:Buddhism 6144:Dunhuang 6080:Xuanzang 6045:Tongdian 6030:and the 5951:Iranians 5941:such as 5790:Jintishi 5782:Wang Wei 5773:jintishi 5664:Yangzhou 5619:Buddhism 5554:Chang'an 5540:Chang'an 5527:printing 5519:Buddhism 5487:Wu Daozi 5381:Changsha 5377:Belitung 5354:Zhejiang 5341:Nagasaki 5331:and the 5314:ceramics 5283:... with 5237:Bengalis 5221:Persians 5206:Ethiopia 5113:figurine 4996:Sanskrit 4992:Xuanzang 4702:Gaochang 4676:in 751, 4670:Sogdiana 4666:Ferghana 4662:Khorasan 4638:Namangan 4634:Ferghana 4598:Rashidun 4558:stirrups 4527:Xinjiang 4504:Dunhuang 4461:Göktürks 4427:Mongolia 4410:people. 4292:Fujiwara 4240:Dunhuang 4225:Li Shiji 4177:Goguryeo 4116:jiedushi 3972:counties 3850:through 3836:warlords 3819:rhetoric 3799:mingjing 3779:mingjing 3763:Qiu Ying 3712:(modern 3710:Chang'an 3516:Li Cunxu 3470:jiedushi 3422:jiedushi 3373:Dunhuang 3357:Tibetans 3330:jiedushi 3276:Hangzhou 3268:Yangzhou 3264:Jiangnan 3202:jiedushi 3194:Shandong 3190:in Hebei 3188:jiedushi 3181:jiedushi 3129:Tibetans 3093:Guo Ziyi 3043:Li Linfu 3039:Li Linfu 2970:Sanskrit 2946:Chang'an 2911:Maitreya 2669:Goguryeo 2475:Karasahr 2473:in 640, 2471:Gaochang 2438:dancer, 2251:Yang You 2237:Chang'an 2150:Li Guang 2148:general 2058:Buddhism 2024:Wang Wei 1990:hegemony 1962:Chang'an 1953:jiedushi 1946:through 1758:Timeline 1685:(Taiwan, 1665:of China 1179:Imperial 928:Timeline 902:a series 900:Part of 799:Jyutping 770:Daon zau 732:Tángcháu 668:Bopomofo 660:Tángcháo 628:Tángcháo 394:Currency 125:Chang'an 17617:largest 17612:Empires 17592:Swedish 17587:Spanish 17582:Russian 17545:Italian 17520:Chinese 17508:English 17503:British 17498:Belgian 17473:Vietnam 17463:Tay son 17409:Tsarist 17404:Russian 17399:Ottoman 17365:Dzungar 17360:Khoshut 17333:Mexican 17328:Maratha 17311:Pahlavi 17291:Safavid 17286:Iranian 17213:Haitian 17176:Chinese 17136:Ashanti 17108:Wagadou 17034:Eastern 17029:Western 17012:Timurid 16972:Tibetan 16962:Songhai 16952:Serbian 16873:Almohad 16863:Idrisid 16767:Samanid 16757:Tahirid 16752:Iranian 16730:Kannauj 16710:Genoese 16646:Chinese 16639:Eastern 16634:Western 16622:Fatimid 16617:Abbasid 16612:Umayyad 16585:Burmese 16545:Ayyubid 16540:Angevin 16510:Xianbei 16498:Eastern 16493:Western 16439:Magadha 16402:Iranian 16395:Xiongnu 16380:Hittite 16289:Chinese 16277:Kassite 16226:Ancient 16218:Empires 16161:Liu Yan 16156:Diwu Qi 16149:Economy 16129:Jia Dan 16108:Yi Xing 15950:(796-?) 15815:Shandao 15809:Daochuo 15773:Sun Wei 15761:Guanxiu 15737:Han Gan 15678:(834-?) 15556:Gao Shi 15502:Wang Bo 15420:Du Huan 15384:Daoxuan 15377:Writers 15272:Culture 15068:Fanzhen 15031:Emperor 14588:Bibcode 14264:中国古代航海史 14256:3177416 14228:1795516 14198:Bibcode 14042:2718022 14014:3217847 13939:Bibcode 13725:1625342 13650:2719158 13505:1568644 13336:2057970 13153:中国古代和亲史 12910:中国回回民族史 12564:Xi 1981 12186:Ennin. 11906:May 20, 11299:Yu 1998 8746:Qi 2010 8684:Xu 1993 8328:: 155. 8122:Li Xian 7975:Yu 1998 7951:Du 1998 7849:2600793 7720:Ta-shih 7706:of the 7704:Yang-ti 7689:(2000) 7653: 7639:Dà Táng 7467:varnish 7459:alchemy 7437:goiters 7433:thyroid 7429:starchy 7369:Jia Dan 7357:Pei Xiu 7279:dharani 7219:Tang Lü 7159:gravity 7099:Yi Xing 7083:lacquer 6999:A Tang 6969:brining 6907:mangoes 6899:ginseng 6860:oysters 6802:rougamo 6770:legumes 6766:sesamum 6736:Lu Tong 6703:Cuisine 6664:madames 6628:Li Xian 6557:Guanyin 6504:A Tang 6474:archery 6443:Han Gan 6423:Leisure 6379:or the 6296:alchemy 6253:Huiyuan 6209:secular 6201:temples 6057:Shitong 5971:Magadha 5943:Jia Dan 5794:stanzas 5786:Cui Hao 5687:Luoyang 5648:Uighurs 5615:Vietnam 5445:Fatimid 5433:Berbera 5405:Malacca 5397:Jia Dan 5371:in the 5297:pirates 5259:of the 5212:in the 5210:Somalia 5208:), and 5180:, into 5178:Red Sea 5111:glazed 5030:Sogdian 4956:cymbals 4950:in the 4883:Economy 4873:Taisson 4861:Khumdan 4854:Khubdan 4832:, i.e. 4824:by the 4806:regents 4778:Boduoli 4762:as the 4710:Ningxia 4694:Abbasid 4642:Umayyad 4618:Ikhshid 4610:Kashgar 4600:Caliph 4539:Jokhang 4523:Qinghai 4465:Tuyuhun 4453:Xiongnu 4395:Khitans 4311:compass 4294:on the 4179:in the 4070:Kashgar 4058:Kashmir 4051:Kashmir 3924:tantric 3735:mansion 3697:of the 3598:Vietnam 3542:of the 3538:by the 3485:Kaifeng 3454:Zhu Wen 3236:granary 3215:Mongols 3101:Sichuan 3077:Khitans 3071:, half- 3069:Sogdian 2909:of the 2884:(right) 2793:Wu Zhou 2729:Yarkand 2719:Dengzhi 2639:Chouchi 2459:Western 2431:Sogdian 2405:Sogdian 2336:Li Jing 2288:in the 2286:Luoyang 2278:cavalry 2213:Taiyuan 2209:Li Yuan 2198:Dà Táng 2176:, from 2170:Xianbei 2076:History 2034:Han Gan 1970:control 1928:Wu Zhou 1878:Chinese 1429:Wu Zhou 1019:Ancient 998:Yangtze 837:Hokkien 604:Chinese 487:Yang Wu 326:755–763 319:• 313:690–705 307:Wu Zhou 305:• 292:• 212:Emperor 133:Luoyang 118:Capital 68:Wu Zhou 17555:Mongol 17540:German 17535:French 17525:Danish 17468:Dainam 17443:Tongan 17431:Somali 17426:Sokoto 17392:'Alawi 17370:Kalmyk 17350:Mongol 17343:Second 17323:Korean 17274:Mughal 17264:Indian 17247:German 17240:Second 17230:French 17223:Second 17159:Second 17131:Afghan 17123:Modern 17049:Kyrgyz 17044:Uighur 17039:Second 17019:Turkic 16987:Toltec 16923:Epirus 16908:Nicaea 16831:Mongol 16784:Yamato 16720:Huetar 16578:Second 16515:Rouran 16464:Shunga 16459:Maurya 16434:Kushan 16407:Median 16385:Hunnic 16343:Harsha 15972:Han Yu 15934:Taoism 15887:Huiguo 15875:Wukong 15833:Yijing 15803:Jizang 15604:Han Yu 15598:Lu Lun 15550:Li Bai 15405:Bianji 15289:Poetry 15284:Sancai 14870:topics 14762: 14744: 14726: 14687:495264 14685: 14659: 14634: 14614: 14608:352793 14606: 14568: 14550: 14534:598956 14532: 14502: 14484: 14462: 14439: 14421: 14399: 14377: 14359: 14341: 14319: 14293: 14274: 14254: 14226: 14216: 14166: 14146: 14128: 14110: 14092: 14074: 14056: 14040: 14012: 13979: 13957: 13919: 13899: 13836: 13819: 13801: 13783: 13757: 13739: 13723: 13700: 13682: 13664: 13648: 13576: 13533: 13511: 13503: 13467: 13449: 13431: 13413: 13395: 13375: 13352: 13334: 13326: 13300: 13282: 13262: 13239: 13223: 13205: 13183: 13163: 13141: 13123: 13091: 13075: 13067: 13045: 13027: 13011: 12985: 12967: 12941: 12920: 12895: 12877: 12859: 12841: 12812: 11116: 11055: 11030: 10349: 10259: 10235: 10210: 10176: 10157:& 10119: 10090: 9960: 9081: 8118: 8107: 8071: 8060: 7862:"Tang" 7847: 7803: 7712:Fu-lin 7691:offers 7600:Du You 7349:Pei Ju 7332:dated 7255:, and 7229:Li Jie 7183:Ma Jun 7171: 7167: 7155:dragon 7095:Ma Jun 7058:, and 7032:sancai 7001:sancai 6931:Bengal 6927:Cotton 6915:Harsha 6876:shrimp 6856:ginger 6854:, and 6808:wonton 6779:, and 6777:millet 6506:sancai 6292:abbeys 6243:, and 6217:Han Yu 6186:Zhu Xi 6159:Taoism 6076:Bianji 6042:, the 5829:Han Yu 5778:Li Bai 5742:Li Bai 5625:, and 5611:Persia 5515:Taoism 5507:feudal 5437:Fustat 5429:Bobali 5423:, and 5393:Sufala 5358:Fujian 5285: 5281: 5269:Borneo 5245:Khmers 5233:Malays 5198:Arabia 5182:Persia 5159:Turfan 5133:sancai 5109:sancai 5076:Gilgit 5025:sancai 5000:Turkic 4944:flutes 4934:, and 4856:(from 4826:Da shi 4800:" or " 4748:Fu lin 4723:643 CE 4698:Uighur 4678:Karluk 4594:Zaranj 4554:saddle 4467:, the 4457:steppe 4404:fubing 4400:fubing 4382:Turkic 4363:, and 4337:Fuzhou 4333:Enchin 4197:Baekje 4147:fubing 4078:Champa 4062:Khotan 3998:, and 3864:people 3811:poetry 3807:jinshi 3789:jinshi 3685:. The 3604:, and 3548:Abaoji 3466:Shanxi 3458:Shatuo 3310: 3274:, and 3272:Suzhou 3145:jinshi 3127:. The 3109:Uyghur 3097:Shanxi 2819:stroke 2679:Khotan 2569:Kumedh 2559:Baekje 2549:Persia 2539:Rouran 2495:Qaghan 2444:Anyang 2435:Huteng 2344:khagan 2326:, the 2247:regent 2217:Shanxi 2166:Li Bai 2162:Longxi 2154:Li Gao 2152:, and 2142:Taoism 2040:, and 2016:Li Bai 1880:: 1627:Modern 1283:, and 1001:, and 992:Yellow 904:on the 854:Tâi-lô 216: 167:Taoism 105: 99: 93: 17605:Lists 17560:Omani 17530:Dutch 17436:Isaaq 17387:Saadi 17355:Oirat 17338:First 17306:Qajar 17235:First 17218:First 17191:China 17164:Third 17024:First 16977:Tikal 16928:Morea 16898:Roman 16816:Latin 16811:Khmer 16806:Kanem 16772:Buyid 16698:Zagwe 16693:Aksum 16683:Chola 16590:First 16573:First 16560:Bornu 16555:Benin 16550:Aztec 16488:Roman 16469:Gupta 16454:Nanda 16390:White 15996:Other 15978:Li Ao 15893:Puhua 15827:Kuiji 15658:Du Mu 15640:Li He 15634:Li Ye 15586:Li Bi 15568:Du Fu 15532:Li Qi 15482:Poets 15441:Lu Yu 15073:Hebei 15041:House 14994:Annan 14947:Kucha 14683:JSTOR 14651:[ 14612:S2CID 14604:JSTOR 14530:JSTOR 14413:[ 14391:[ 14266:[ 14252:JSTOR 14224:JSTOR 14038:JSTOR 14010:JSTOR 13990:(PDF) 13955:S2CID 13646:JSTOR 13522:China 13509:S2CID 13501:JSTOR 13332:JSTOR 13155:[ 13073:JSTOR 13009:S2CID 12912:[ 10206:–51. 10145:. 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