American frontier - Knowledge

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quantities in the fertile river bottoms.... Yet, on the whole, it was an agricultural society without skill or resources. It committed all those sins which characterize wasteful and ignorant husbandry. Grass seed was not sown for hay and as a result, the farm animals had to forage for themselves in the forests; the fields were not permitted to lie in pasturage; a single crop was planted in the soil until the land was exhausted; the manure was not returned to the fields; only a small part of the farm was brought under cultivation, the rest being permitted to stand in timber. Instruments of cultivation were rude and clumsy and only too few, many of them being made on the farm. It is plain why the American frontier settler was on the move continually. It was, not his fear of too close contact with the comforts and restraints of a civilized society that stirred him into a ceaseless activity, nor merely the chance of selling out at a profit to the coming wave of settlers; it was his wasting land that drove him on. Hunger was the goad. The pioneer farmer's ignorance, his inadequate facilities for cultivation, his limited means, of transport necessitated his frequent changes of scene. He could succeed only with virgin soil.

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cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation. If this is a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain. They will not suppose that that Government will avow, as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their territories, for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages.

2868:(1813–1890), an Army officer in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. He displayed a talent for exploration and a genius at self-promotion that gave him the sobriquet of "Pathmarker of the West" and led him to the presidential nomination of the new Republican Party in 1856. He led a series of expeditions in the 1840s which answered many of the outstanding geographic questions about the little-known region. He crossed through the Rocky Mountains by five different routes and mapped parts of Oregon and California. In 1846–1847, he played a role in conquering California. In 1848–1849, Frémont was assigned to locate a central route through the mountains for the proposed transcontinental railroad, but his expedition ended in near-disaster when it became lost and was trapped by heavy snow. His reports mixed narrative of exciting adventure with scientific data and detailed practical information for travelers. It caught the public imagination and inspired many to head west. Goetzman says it was "monumental in its breadth, a classic of exploring literature". 5391:, was one of the few who achieved "respectable" status. She nursed victims of an influenza epidemic; this gave her acceptance in the community and the support of the sheriff. The townspeople were shocked when she was murdered in 1867; they gave her a lavish funeral and speedily tried and hanged her assailant. Until the 1890s, madams predominantly ran the businesses, after which male pimps took over, and the treatment of the women generally declined. It was not uncommon for bordellos in Western towns to operate openly, without the stigma of East Coast cities. Gambling and prostitution were central to life in these western towns, and only later—as the female population increased, reformers moved in, and other civilizing influences arrived—did prostitution become less blatant and less common. After a decade or so the mining towns attracted respectable women who ran boarding houses, organized church societies, worked as laundresses and seamstresses and strove for independent status. 5090:

40 million, and the population grew by a factor of 20 times to 107,000. Denver had always attracted miners, workers, whores, and travelers. Saloons and gambling dens sprung up overnight. The city fathers boasted of its fine theaters, and especially the Tabor Grand Opera House built in 1881. By 1890, Denver had grown to be the 26th largest city in America, and the fifth-largest city west of the Mississippi River. The boom times attracted millionaires and their mansions, as well as hustlers, poverty, and crime. Denver gained regional notoriety with its range of bawdy houses, from the sumptuous quarters of renowned madams to the squalid "cribs" located a few blocks away. Business was good; visitors spent lavishly, then left town. As long as madams conducted their business discreetly, and "crib girls" did not advertise their availability too crudely, authorities took their bribes and looked the other way. Occasional cleanups and crack downs satisfied the demands for reform.

6341:. In actuality, the life of a cowboy was a hard one and revolved around two annual roundups, spring and fall, the subsequent drives to market, and the time off in the cattle towns spending their hard-earned money on food, clothing, firearms, gambling, and prostitution. During winter, many cowboys hired themselves out to ranches near the cattle towns, where they repaired and maintained equipment and buildings. Working the cattle was not just a routine job but also a lifestyle that exulted in the freedom of the wide unsettled outdoors on horseback. Long drives hired one cowboy for about 250 head of cattle. Saloons were ubiquitous (outside Mormondom), but on the trail, the cowboys were forbidden to drink alcohol. Often, hired cowboys were trained and knowledgeable in their trade such as herding, ranching and protecting cattle. To protect their herd from wild animals, hostile Natives, and rustlers, cowboys carried with them their iconic weaponry such as the 3591:

Utah, the LDS Church was legally disincorporated in the territory and members of the church's hierarchy, including Young, were summarily removed and barred from virtually every public office. Meanwhile, successful missionary work in the U.S. and Europe brought a flood of Mormon converts to Utah. During this time, Congress refused to admit Utah into the Union as a state and statehood would mean an end to direct federal control over the territory and the possible ascension of politicians chosen and controlled by the LDS Church into most if not all federal, state and local elected offices from the new state. Finally, in 1890, the church leadership announced polygamy was no longer a central tenet, thereafter a compromise. In 1896, Utah was admitted as the 45th state with the Mormons dividing between Republicans and Democrats.

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the cowboys had to keep the cattle moving and in line. The cattle had to be watched day and night as they were prone to stampedes and straying. While camping every night, cowboys would often sing to their herd to keep them calm. The workdays often lasted fourteen hours, with just six hours of sleep. It was grueling, dusty work, with just a few minutes of relaxation before and at the end of a long day. On the trail, drinking, gambling, and brawling were often prohibited and fined, and sometimes cursing as well. It was monotonous and boring work, with food to match: bacon, beans, bread, coffee, dried fruit, and potatoes. On average, cowboys earned $ 30 to $ 40 per month, because of the heavy physical and emotional toll, it was unusual for a cowboy to spend more than seven years on the range. As

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higher value given its proximity to the rail line. Railroads had up to five years to sell or mortgage their land, after tracks were laid, after which unsold land could be purchased by anyone. Often railroads sold some of their government acquired land to homesteaders immediately to encourage settlement and the growth of markets the railroads would then be able to serve. Nebraska railroads in the 1870s were strong boosters of lands along their routes. They sent agents to Germany and Scandinavia with package deals that included cheap transportation for the family as well as its furniture and farm tools, and they offered long-term credit at low rates. Boosterism succeeded in attracting adventurous American and European families to

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diets consisting mostly of pork, beans, and whiskey. These highly male, transient communities with no established institutions were prone to high levels of violence, drunkenness, profanity, and greed-driven behavior. Without courts or law officers in the mining communities to enforce claims and justice, miners developed their ad hoc legal system, based on the "mining codes" used in other mining communities abroad. Each camp had its own rules and often handed out justice by popular vote, sometimes acting fairly and at times exercising vigilantes; with Native Americans (Indians), Mexicans, and Chinese generally receiving the harshest sentences.

1966: 5364:, argue the rural environment was beneficial to the child's upbringing. Historians Katherine Harris and Elliott West write that rural upbringing allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender, promoted family interdependence, and at the end produced children who were more self-reliant, mobile, adaptable, responsible, independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts. On the other hand, historians Elizabeth Hampsten and Lillian Schlissel offer a grim portrait of loneliness, privation, abuse, and demanding physical labor from an early age. Riney-Kehrberg takes a middle position. 3014:

monopoly by government or by social customs. The road must be open. The game must be played according to the rules. There must be no artificial stifling of equality of opportunity, no closed doors to the able, no stopping the free game before it was played to the end. More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps, but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were able to achieve preëminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less successful.

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years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in the schools all contributed to this trend.

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an image of the cowboys as men who worked hard, played hard, lived by a code of honor, protected themselves, and asked nothing of the government. In the hands of Democratic newspaper editors, the realities of cowboy life—the poverty, the danger, the debilitating hours—became romantic. Cowboys embodied virtues Democrats believed Republicans were destroying by creating a behemoth government catering to lazy ex-slaves. By the 1860s, cattle drives were a feature of the plains landscape, and Democrats had made cowboys a symbol of rugged individual independence, something they insisted Republicans were destroying.

4178:, many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising "the Best Prairie Lands", "Low Prices", "Large Discounts For Cash", and "Better Terms Than Ever!". The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look, with special family tickets, the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads. Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east. Water management was more critical, lightning fires were more prevalent, the weather was more extreme, rainfall was less predictable. 5927: 2523: 6864:. By simplifying reality and grossly exaggerating the truth, the novels captured the public's attention with sensational tales of violence and heroism and fixed in the public's mind stereotypical images of heroes and villains—courageous cowboys and savage Natives, virtuous lawmen and ruthless outlaws, brave settlers and predatory cattlemen. Millions of copies and thousands of titles were sold. The novels relied on a series of predictable literary formulas appealing to mass tastes and were often written in as little as a few days. The most successful of all dime novels was Edward S. Ellis' 294: 5071: 3178: 5279: 5463:). Criminals found many opportunities to rob pioneer families of their possessions, while the few underfunded lawmen had great difficulty detecting, arresting, holding, and convicting wrongdoers. Bandits, typically in groups of two or three, rarely attacked stagecoaches with a guard carrying a sawed-off, double-barreled shotgun; it proved less risky to rob teamsters, people on foot, and solitary horsemen, while bank robberies themselves were harder to pull off due to the security of the establishment. According to historian Brian Robb, the earliest form of 2064: 2088: 2889: 5051:

enemies. Israel by contrast, operated in a very small geographical zone, surrounded by more powerful neighbors. The Jewish pioneer was not building an individual or family enterprise, but was a conscious participant in nation-building, with a high priority on collective and cooperative planned settlements. The Israeli pioneers brought in American experts on irrigation and agriculture to provide technical advice. However, they rejected the American frontier model in favor of a European model that supported their political and security concerns.

2100: 5756:). In the Post-Civil War frontier, over 523 whites, 34 blacks, and 75 others were victims of lynching. However, cases of lynching in the Old West wasn't primarily caused by the absence of a legal system, but also because of social class. Historian Michael J. Pfeifer writes, "Contrary to the popular understanding, early territorial lynching did not flow from an absence or distance of law enforcement but rather from the social instability of early communities and their contest for property, status, and the definition of social order." 2040: 6791: 5630: 2052: 1946:, political compromise, military conquest, the establishment of law and order, the building of farms, ranches, and towns, the marking of trails and digging of mines, and the pulling in of great migrations of foreigners, the United States expanded from coast to coast, fulfilling the ideology of Manifest Destiny. In his "Frontier Thesis" (1893), Turner theorized that the frontier was a process that transformed Europeans into a new people, the Americans, whose values focused on equality, democracy, and optimism, as well as 3788: 4023: 3331:. In a few years, nearly all of the independent miners were displaced as mines were purchased and run by mining companies, who then hired low-paid salaried miners. As gold became harder to find and more difficult to extract, individual prospectors gave way to paid work gangs, specialized skills, and mining machinery. Bigger mines, however, caused greater environmental damage. In the mountains, shaft mining predominated, producing large amounts of waste. Beginning in 1852, at the end of the '49 gold rush, through 1883, 5621: 3522: 2076: 3999: 3280: 5395:

for guests. These establishments were a driving force behind the local economy and many towns measured their prosperity by the number of gambling halls and professional gamblers they had. Towns that were friendly to gambling were typically known to sports as "wide-awake" or "wide-open". Cattle towns in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska became famous centers of gambling. The cowboys had been accumulating their wages and postponing their pleasures until they finally arrived in town with money to wager.

13162:"Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones" 3390: 2634: 4869: 4139:

including passage and land on easy terms for farmers in Germany and Scandinavia. The prairies, they were promised, did not mean backbreaking toil because "settling on the prairie which is ready for the plow is different from plunging into a region covered with timber". The settlers were customers of the railroads, shipping their crops and cattle out, and bringing in manufactured products. All manufacturers benefited from the lower costs of transportation and the much larger radius of business.

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the American frontier. The image of a Wild West filled with countless gunfights was a myth based on repeated exaggerations. Actual gunfights in the Old West were more episodic rather than being a common thing, but when gunfights did occur, the cause for each varied. Some were simply the result of the heat of the moment, while others were longstanding feuds, or between bandits and lawmen. Although mostly romanticized, there were instances of "quick draw" that did occur though rarely, such as

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using the telegraph and railroads to coordinate and concentrate its forces. Plains Indian intertribal warfare bore no resemblance to the "modern" warfare practiced by the Americans along European lines, using its vast advantages in population and resources. Many tribes avoided warfare and others supported the U.S. Army. The tribes hostile to the government continued to pursue their traditional brand of fighting and, therefore, were unable to have any permanent success against the Army.

2982: 3502: 6932: 5424: 3099:, over the 870-mile (1,400 km) journey which took 48 days from Kansas City, Missouri (then known as Westport). Santa Fe was also the trailhead for the "El Camino Real" (the King's Highway), a trade route which carried American manufactured goods southward deep into Mexico and returned silver, furs, and mules northward (not to be confused with another "Camino Real" which connected the missions in California). A branch also ran eastward near the Gulf (also called the 3402:(3,200 km); their wagon trains usually left from Missouri. They moved in large groups under an experienced wagonmaster, bringing their clothing, farm supplies, weapons, and animals. These wagon trains followed major rivers, crossed prairies and mountains, and typically ended in Oregon and California. Pioneers generally attempted to complete the journey during a single warm season, usually for six months. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in 3269: 2586:

Natives, which included future payments of cash, food, horses, cattle, supplies, buildings, schooling, and medical care. In cash terms, the total paid to the tribes in the area of the Louisiana Purchase amounted to about $ 2.6 billion, or nearly $ 9 billion in 2016 dollars. Additional sums were paid to the Natives living east of the Mississippi for their lands, as well as payments to Natives living in parts of the west outside the Louisiana Purchase.

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plantation agriculture. Rich men came in, bought up the good land, and worked it with slaves. The area was no longer "frontier". It had a stratified society comprising a powerful upper-class white landowning gentry, a small middle-class, a fairly large group of landless or tenant white farmers, and a growing slave population at the bottom of the social pyramid. Unlike the North, where small towns and even cities were common, the South was overwhelmingly rural.

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and cultural opportunity. It thus also involved Americanization of immigrant." Curti found that from 1840 to 1860 in Wisconsin the poorest groups gained rapidly in land ownership, and often rose to political leadership at the local level. He found that even landless young farmworkers were soon able to obtain their farms. Free land on the frontier, therefore, created opportunity and democracy, for both European immigrants as well as old stock Yankees.

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whom were also poor because they were starting with little property and had not yet cleared much land nor had they acquired the farm tools and animals which would one day make them prosperous. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming. There might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor; and there were several landless laborers. All the rest were farmers.

3944:. Federal exploration and scientific teams would undertake reconnaissance of the land and determine Native American habitation. Through treaties, the land titles would be ceded by the resident tribes. Then surveyors would create detailed maps marking the land into squares of six miles (10 km) on each side, subdivided first into one square mile blocks, then into 160-acre (0.65 km) lots. Townships would be formed from the lots and sold at 3926: 2454: 24607: 1710: 4666: 3077: 2370: 5482:. These lawmen were not just instrumental in keeping the peace, but also in protecting the locals from Native and Mexican threats at the border. Law enforcement tended to be more stringent in towns than in rural areas. Law enforcement emphasized maintaining stability more than armed combat, focusing on drunkenness, disarming cowboys who violated gun-control edicts and dealing with flagrant breaches of gambling and prostitution ordinances. 6183:, providing food, hides for clothing and shelter, and bones for implements. Loss of habitat, disease, and over-hunting steadily reduced the herds through the 19th century to the point of near extinction. The last 10–15 million died out in a decade 1872–1883; only 100 survived. The tribes that depended on the buffalo had little choice but to accept the government offer of reservations, where the government would feed and supply them. 1841:. A period known as "The Western Civil War of Incorporation" lasted from the 1850s to 1919. This period included historical events synonymous with the archetypical Old West or "Wild West" such as violent conflict arising from encroaching settlement into frontier land, the removal and assimilation of natives, consolidation of property to large corporations and government, vigilantism, and the attempted enforcement of laws upon outlaws. 4946:

settlers could co-exist in separate but equal societies, dividing up the remaining western land). Dealing with nomadic tribes complicated the reservation strategy and decentralized tribal power made treaty making difficult among the Plains Indians. Conflicts erupted in the 1850s, resulting in various Indian wars. In these times of conflict, Natives become more stringent about white men entering their territory. Such as in the case of

6488: 57: 7025:(1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive. It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882 and became a leading source on cowboy life; historians retraced its path in the 1960s, confirming its basic accuracy. His writings are acclaimed and criticized for realistic fidelity to detail on the one hand and thin literary qualities on the other. Many regard 4678: 3674:

Compromise of 1820. Free Soil elements feared that if slavery were allowed rich planters would buy up the best lands and work them with gangs of slaves, leaving little opportunity for free white men to own farms. Few Southern planters were interested in Kansas, but the idea that slavery was illegal there implied they had a second-class status that was intolerable to their sense of honor, and seemed to violate the principle of

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Texas ranchers raised large herds of longhorn cattle. The nearest railheads were 800 or more miles (1300+ km) north in Kansas (Abilene, Kansas City, Dodge City, and Wichita). So once fattened, the ranchers and their cowboys drove the herds north along the Western, Chisholm, and Shawnee trails. The cattle were shipped to Chicago, St. Louis, and points east for slaughter and consumption in the fast-growing cities. The

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whole. On the other hand, too many were built, and they were built too far ahead of actual demand. The result was a bubble that left heavy losses to investors and led to poor management practices. By contrast, as White notes, the lines in the Midwest and East supported by a very large population base, fostered farming, industry, and mining while generating steady profits and receiving few government benefits.

4292: 4529:, Arapaho and Sioux, was fought in the territories of Colorado to Nebraska. The conflict was fought in 1863–1865 while the American Civil War was still ongoing. Caused by dissolution between the Natives and the white settlers in the region, the war was infamous for the atrocities done between the two parties. White militias destroyed Native villages and killed Native women and children such as the bloody 4092:

plows and scrapers, and manual picks, axes, sledgehammers, and handcarts. A few steam-driven machines, such as shovels, were used. The rails were iron (steel came a few years later), weighed 700 lb (320 kg) and required five men to lift. For blasting, they used black powder. The Union Pacific construction crews, mostly Irish Americans, averaged about two miles (3 km) of new track per day.

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reported no armed attacks at all. However many did report harassment by Natives who begged or demanded tolls, and stole horses and cattle. Madsen reports that the Shoshoni and Bannock tribes north and west of Utah were more aggressive toward wagon trains. The federal government attempted to reduce tensions and create new tribal boundaries in the Great Plains with two new treaties in early 1850, The

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editorialized, "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny...to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions." As the nation grew, "Manifest Destiny" became a rallying cry for expansionists in the Democratic Party. In the 1840s, the Tyler and Polk administrations (1841–1849) successfully promoted this nationalistic doctrine. However, the

3886: 6965:. Critic Keith Phipps says, "its five square miles have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West." The heroic stories coming out of the building of the transcontinental railroad in the mid-1860s enlivened many dime novels and illustrated many newspapers and magazines with the juxtaposition of the traditional environment with the iron horse of modernity. 6029: 7179:, along with the University of New Mexico Press. Leading historians there include Gerald D. Nash, Donald C. Cutter, Richard N. Ellis, Richard Etulain, Ferenc Szasz, Margaret Connell-Szasz, Paul Hutton, Virginia Scharff, and Samuel Truett. The department has collaborated with other departments and emphasizes Southwestern regionalism, minorities in the Southwest, and historiography. 2382:

were reasonable to settlers yet high enough to pay off the national debt, clear legal titles, and create a diversified Western economy that would be closely interconnected with the settled areas with minimal risk of a breakaway movement. By the 1830s, however, the West was filling up with squatters who had no legal deed, although they may have paid money to previous settlers. The

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and provide neutral help, assisted entrepreneurs to find business opportunities, and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants and the West and wholesalers and factories back east. The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories. The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail, such as the

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opportunities. Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions. As settlers moved west, they had to face challenges along the way, such as the lack of wood for housing, bad weather like blizzards and droughts, and fearsome tornadoes. In the treeless prairies homesteaders built sod houses. One of the greatest plagues that hit the homesteaders was the

4019:, and Bureau of Explorations and Surveys, and became known as "The Great Reconnaissance". Regionalism animated debates in Congress regarding the choice of a northern, central, or southern route. Engineering requirements for the rail route were an adequate supply of water and wood, and as nearly-level route as possible, given the weak locomotives of the era. 3952:

acquire large tracts of land cheaply. Land policy became politicized by competing factions and interests, and the question of slavery on new lands was contentious. As a counter to land speculators, farmers formed "claims clubs" to enable them to buy larger tracts than the 160-acre (0.65 km) allotments by trading among themselves at controlled prices.

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all 56 men were killed by the time the violence abated in 1859. By 1860 the pro-slavery forces were in control—but Kansas had only two slaves. The antislavery forces took over by 1861, as Kansas became a free state. The episode demonstrated that a democratic compromise between North and South over slavery was impossible and served to hasten the Civil War.

7119:" which narrows the geographical and temporal framework to concentrate on the trans-Mississippi West after 1850. It avoids the word "frontier" and stresses cultural interaction between white culture and groups such as Natives and Hispanics. History professor William Weeks of the University of San Diego argues that in this "New Western History" approach: 7021:(1859–1935). Cowboy, Pinkerton detective, and western author, Siringo was the first authentic cowboy autobiographer. Adams spent the 1880s in the cattle industry in Texas and the 1890s mining in the Rockies. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His 7039:. It began in an organized fashion in the West in the 1880s, when several Western cities followed up on touring Wild West shows and organized celebrations that included rodeo activities. The establishment of major cowboy competitions in the East in the 1920s led to the growth of rodeo sports. Trail cowboys who were also known as gunfighters like 4709:. Numbering only 200 warriors, the Nez Perce "battled some 2,000 American regulars and volunteers of different military units, together with their Native auxiliaries of many tribes, in a total of eighteen engagements, including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes." The Nez Perce were finally surrounded at the 1939:

peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America." Turner himself repeatedly emphasized how the availability of "free land" to start new farms attracted pioneering Americans: "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development."

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He states there is a "second Dodge City" that belongs to the popular imagination and thrives as a cultural metaphor for violence, chaos, and depravity. For the cowboy arriving with money in hand after two months on the trail, the town was exciting. A contemporary eyewitness of Hays City, Kansas, paints a vivid image of this cattle town:

2719:, wanted a moderated pace that charged the newcomers enough to pay the costs of the federal government. The Democrats, however, tolerated a wild scramble for land at very low prices. The final resolution came in the Homestead Law of 1862, with a moderated pace that gave settlers 160 acres free after they worked on it for five years. 5845:, which were made up of cattlemen and cowboys, killed up to 20 criminals and range squatters in 1884 alone. In Nebraska, stock grower Isom Olive led a range war in 1878 that killed a number of homesteaders from lynchings and shootouts before eventually leading to his own murder. Another infamous type of open range conflict were the 5849:, which were fought between sheep ranchers and cattle ranchers over grazing rights and mainly occurred in Texas, Arizona and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado. In most cases, formal military involvement were used to quickly put an end to these conflicts. Other conflicts over land and territory were also fought such as the 5101:. City boosters opened a public library in 1894. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling". It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners that Butte was a cultivated city. 5248:. Japanese were recruited to work on plantations in Hawaii, beginning in 1885. By the late 19th century, more Japanese emigrated to Hawaii and the American mainland. The Issei, or first-generation Japanese immigrants, were not allowed to become U.S. citizens because they were not "a free white person", per the 3442:

so because they were discouraged and defeated. Some returned with bags of gold and silver. Most were returning to pick up their families and move them all back west. These "gobacks" were a major source of information and excitement about the wonders and promises—and dangers and disappointments—of the far West.

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the needs of railroad construction crews, train crews, and passengers who ate meals at scheduled stops. In most of the South, there were very few cities of any size for miles around, and this pattern held for Texas as well, so railroads did not arrive until the 1880s. They then shipped the cattle out and

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The timing of the cattle industry’s growth meant that cowboy imagery grew to have extraordinary power. Entangled in the vicious politics of the postwar years, Democrats, especially those in the old Confederacy, imagined the West as a land untouched by Republican politicians they hated. They developed

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Before a drive, a cowboy's duties included riding out on the range and bringing together the scattered cattle. The best cattle would be selected, roped, and branded, and most male cattle were castrated. The cattle also needed to be dehorned and examined and treated for infections. On the long drives,

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By the 1870s and 1880s, cattle ranches expanded further north into new grazing grounds and replaced the bison herds in Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Nebraska, and the Dakota territory, using the rails to ship to both coasts. Many of the largest ranches were owned by Scottish and English financiers. The

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Hays City by lamplight was remarkably lively, but not very moral. The streets blazed with a reflection from saloons, and a glance within showed floors crowded with dancers, the gaily dressed women striving to hide with ribbons and paint the terrible lines which that grim artist, Dissipation, loves to

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Dykstra argues that the violent image of the cattle towns in film and fiction is largely a myth. The real Dodge City, he says, was the headquarters for the buffalo-hide trade of the Southern Plains and one of the West's principal cattle towns, a sale and shipping point for cattle arriving from Texas.

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remained and became American citizens in 1848. The 10,000 or so Californios also became U.S. citizens. They lived in southern California and after 1880 were overshadowed by the hundreds of thousands of new arrivals from the eastern states. Those in New Mexico dominated towns and villages that changed

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By 1920, Japanese-American farmers produced US$ 67 million worth of crops, more than ten percent of California's total crop value. There were 111,000 Japanese Americans in the U.S., of which 82,000 were immigrants and 29,000 were U.S. born. Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 effectively

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The cities played an essential role in the development of the frontier, as transportation hubs, financial and communications centers, and providers of merchandise, services, and entertainment. As the railroads pushed westward into the unsettled territory after 1860, they build service towns to handle

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and their cattle if ever caught crossing in the borders of their land. They would also prey upon livestock if the food was scarce during hard times. However, the relationship between cowboys and Native Americans were more mutual than they are portrayed, and the former would occasionally pay a fine of

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helped protect immigrants crossing the Great Plains and a series of posts in California protected miners. Forts were constructed to launch attacks against the Sioux. As Indian reservations sprang up, the military set up forts to protect them. Forts also guarded the Union Pacific and other rail lines.

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As part of public policy, the government would award public land to certain groups such as veterans, through the use of "land script". The script traded in a financial market, often at below the $ 1.25 per acre minimum price set by law, which gave speculators, investors, and developers another way to

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The federal government provided subsidies for the development of mail and freight delivery, and by 1856, Congress authorized road improvements and an overland mail service to California. The new commercial wagon trains service primarily hauled freight. In 1858 John Butterfield (1801–1869) established

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Following the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, Utah was ceded to the United States by Mexico. Though the Mormons in Utah had supported U.S. efforts during the war; the federal government, pushed by the Protestant churches, rejected theocracy and polygamy. Founded in 1852, the Republican Party

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The local Baptists set up small independent churches—Baptists abjured centralized authority; each local church was founded on the principle of independence of the local congregation. On the other hand, bishops of the well-organized, centralized Methodists assigned circuit riders to specific areas for

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The land policy of the new nation was conservative, paying special attention to the needs of the settled East. The goals sought by both parties in the 1790–1820 era were to grow the economy, avoid draining away the skilled workers needed in the East, distribute the land wisely, sell it at prices that

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Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for

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The exploration, settlement, exploitation, and conflicts of the "American Old West" form a unique tapestry of events, which has been celebrated by Americans and foreigners alike—in art, music, dance, novels, magazines, short stories, poetry, theater, video games, movies, radio, television, song, and

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The names and exploits of Western gunslingers took a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. Their guns and costumes became children's toys for make-believe shootouts. The stories became immensely popular in Germany and other European countries, which produced their novels and films about

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Many of the cowboys were veterans of the Civil War; a diverse group, they included Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and immigrants from many lands. The earliest cowboys in Texas learned their trade, adapted their clothing, and took their jargon from the Mexican vaqueros or "buckaroos", the heirs

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Settlers on their way overland to Oregon and California became targets of Native threats. Robert L. Munkres read 66 diaries of parties traveling the Oregon Trail between 1834 and 1860 to estimate the actual dangers they faced from Native attacks in Nebraska and Wyoming. The vast majority of diarists

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In 1889, Washington opened 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km) of unoccupied lands in the Oklahoma territory. On April 22, over 100,000 settlers and cattlemen (known as "boomers") lined up at the border, and when the army's guns and bugles giving the signal, began a mad dash to stake their claims in the

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negotiated with the Russians to acquire the tremendous landmass of Alaska, an area roughly one-fifth the size of the rest of the United States. On March 30, 1867, the U.S. purchased the territory from the Russians for $ 7.2 million ($ 157 million in 2023 dollars). The transfer ceremony was

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Proposals to build a transcontinental failed because of Congressional disputes over slavery. With the secession of the Confederate states in 1861, the modernizers in the Republican party took over Congress and wanted a line to link to California. Private companies were to build and operate the line.

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In 1846, about 10,000 Californios (Hispanics) lived in California, primarily on cattle ranches in what is now the Los Angeles area. A few hundred foreigners were scattered in the northern districts, including some Americans. With the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846 the U.S. sent in Frémont and a

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in 1853 added southern Arizona, which was needed for a railroad route to California. In all Mexico ceded half a million square miles (1.3 million km) and included the states-to-be of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, in addition to Texas. Managing

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The Mexican strategy was defensive; the American strategy was a three-pronged offensive, using large numbers of volunteer soldiers. Overland forces seized New Mexico with little resistance and headed to California, which quickly fell to the American land and naval forces. From the main American base

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Mexico refused to recognize the independence of Texas in 1836, but the U.S. and European powers did so. Mexico threatened war if Texas joined the U.S., which it did in 1845. American negotiators were turned away by a Mexican government in turmoil. When the Mexican army killed 16 American soldiers in

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played a crucial role in national expansion. It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive, fast, convenient communication system. Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West, helped scattered families stay in touch

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dominated the movement westward, but the federal government played a supporting role in securing the land through treaties and setting up territorial governments, with governors appointed by the President. The federal government first acquired western territory through treaties with other nations or

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was alarmed at the "lawless rabble" heading West who were undermining the utopian concept of a law-abiding, stable middle-class republican community. Rich southerners, meanwhile, looked for opportunities to buy high-quality land to set up slave plantations. The Free Soil movement of the 1840s called

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by later immigrants in large cities as they moved to wealthier neighborhoods. He compared the effects of the railroad opening up Western lands to urban transportation systems and the automobile, and Western settlers' "land hunger" to poor city residents seeking social status. Just as the Republican

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has emerged, in large part from the frontier historiography, hence its emphasis on wilderness. It plays an increasingly large role in frontier studies. Historians approached the environment for the frontier or regionalism. The first group emphasizes human agency on the environment; the second looks

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experienced a short period of boom and bust lasting about five years. The cattle towns would spring up as land speculators would rush in ahead of a proposed rail line and build a town and the supporting services attractive to the cattlemen and the cowboys. If the railroads complied, the new grazing

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and when they had to fend off Natives and rustlers looking to make off with their cattle. A typical drive would take three to four months and contained two miles (3 km) of cattle six abreast. Despite the risks, a successful drive proved very profitable to everyone involved, as the price of one

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Carrying of guns within the city limits of a frontier town was generally prohibited. Laws barring people from carrying weapons were commonplace, from Dodge City to Tombstone. When Dodge City residents first formed their municipal government, one of the very first laws enacted was a ban on concealed

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Whenever a new settlement or mining camp started one of the first buildings or tents erected would be a gambling hall. As the population grew, gambling halls were typically the largest and most ornately decorated buildings in any town and often housed a bar, stage for entertainment, and hotel rooms

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Scholars have compared the emergence of democracy in America with other countries, regarding the frontier experience. Selwyn Troen has made the comparison with Israel. The American frontiersmen relied on individual effort, in the context of very large quantities of unsettled land with weak external

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As the frontier moved westward, the establishment of U.S. military forts moved with it, representing and maintaining federal sovereignty over new territories. The military garrisons usually lacked defensible walls but were seldom attacked. They served as bases for troops at or near strategic areas,

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White concludes with a mixed verdict. The transcontinentals did open up the West to settlement, brought in many thousands of high-tech, highly paid workers and managers, created thousands of towns and cities, oriented the nation onto an east–west axis, and proved highly valuable for the nation as a

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The road was built with mortgages from New York, Boston, and London, backed by land grants. There were no federal cash subsidies, But there was a loan to the Central Pacific that was eventually repaid at six percent interest. The federal government offered land-grants in a checkerboard pattern. The

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The U.S. Army after 1850 established a series of military posts across the frontier, designed to stop warfare among Native tribes or between Natives and settlers. Throughout the 19th century, Army officers typically built their careers in peacekeeper roles moving from fort to fort until retirement.

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verged on open warfare in the late 1850s as President Buchanan sent in troops. Although there were no military battles fought, and negotiations led to a stand down, violence still escalated and there were several casualties. After the Civil War, the federal government systematically took control of

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was completed around Mount Hood, providing a rough but passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley: about 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Though the main direction of travel on the early wagon trails was westward, people also used the Oregon Trail to travel eastward. Some did

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Thousands of "Forty-Niners" reached California, by sailing around South America (or taking a short-cut through disease-ridden Panama), or walked the California trail. The population soared to over 200,000 in 1852, mostly in the gold districts that stretched into the mountains east of San Francisco.

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What they objected to was arbitrary obstacles, artificial limitations upon the freedom of each member of this frontier folk to work out his career without fear or favor. What they instinctively opposed was the crystallization of differences, the monopolization of opportunity, and the fixing of that

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used an in-depth analysis of local Wisconsin history to test Turner's thesis about democracy. Turner's view was that American democracy, "involved widespread participation in the making of decisions affecting the common life, the development of initiative and self-reliance, and equality of economic

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Transportation was a key issue and the Army (especially the Army Corps of Engineers) was given full responsibility for facilitating navigation on the rivers. The steamboat, first used on the Ohio River in 1811, made possible inexpensive travel using the river systems, especially the Mississippi and

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to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal stream of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean; whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river may offer the most direct and practicable communication across the continent for commerce". Jefferson

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region, remained based on subsistence farming and resembled the egalitarianism of their northern counterparts, although they had a larger upper-class of slaveowners. North Carolina was representative. However, frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were increasingly transformed into

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American life, this expansion westward...furnish the forces dominating American character." Turner's ideas since 1893 have inspired generations of historians (and critics) to explore multiple individual American frontiers, but the popular folk frontier concentrates on the conquest and settlement of

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By 2005, Steven Aron argues that the two sides had "reached an equilibrium in their rhetorical arguments and critiques". Since then, however, the field of American frontier and western regional history has become increasingly inclusive. The field's more recent focus was captured in the language of

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It is easy to tell who the bad guys are—they are almost invariably white, male, and middle-class or better, while the good guys are almost invariably non-white, non-male, or non-middle class.... Anglo-American civilization....is represented as patriarchal, racist, genocidal, and destructive of the

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and his coalition of outdoorsmen, sportsmen, bird watchers, and scientists. They wanted to reduce waste; emphasized the value of natural beauty for tourism and ample wildlife for hunters; and argued that careful management would not only enhance these goals but also increase the long-term economic

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took place in 1871, after which local law enforcement grew stronger. In the late 19th century, Chinatowns were squalid slums known for their vice, prostitution, drugs, and violent battles between "tongs". By the 1930s, however, Chinatowns had become clean, safe and attractive tourist destinations.

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Valley, which resulted in further retaliation of the white settlements and the intervention of the United States army. The war resulted in a total of 1,762 men who have been killed, wounded, and captured from both sides. Unlike other Indian Wars, the Snake War has widely forgotten in United States

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The expansion of migration into the Southeastern United States in the 1820s to the 1830s forced the federal government to deal with the "Indian question". The Natives were under federal control but were independent of state governments. State legislatures and state judges had no authority on their

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The "Indian" wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians

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In the first year of operation, 1869–70, 150,000 passengers made the long trip. Settlers were encouraged with promotions to come West on free scouting trips to buy railroad land on easy terms spread over several years. The railroads had "Immigration Bureaus" which advertised package low-cost deals

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of Illinois. To influence the territorial decision, anti-slavery elements (also called "Jayhawkers" or "Free-soilers") financed the migration of politically determined settlers. But pro-slavery advocates fought back with pro-slavery settlers from Missouri. Violence on both sides was the result; in

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was used. Despite huge profits being made, it fell into the hands of a few capitalists, displaced numerous miners, vast amounts of waste entered river systems, and did heavy ecological damage to the environment. Hydraulic mining ended when the public outcry over the destruction of farmlands led to

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while the field is left half planted, the house half-built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pickaxes." Over 250,000 miners found a total of more than $ 200 million in gold in the five years of the California Gold Rush. As thousands arrived, however, fewer and fewer

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The new state grew rapidly as migrants poured into the fertile cotton lands of east Texas. German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of negative economic, social, and political pressures in Germany. With their investments in cotton lands and slaves, planters established cotton

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to almost 100,000 people, which helped with the modernization of California, but it also reduced the population of other states. Their employment rates took a hit as well, as people were quitting their jobs so they could embark on their journeys. The California Gold Rush finally came to an end in

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very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding, and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands. During the early

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The frontier army was a conventional military force trying to control, by conventional military methods, a people that did not behave like conventional enemies and, indeed, quite often were not enemies at all. This is the most difficult of all military assignments, whether in Africa, Asia, or the

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Indian wars were fought throughout the western regions, with more conflicts in the states bordering Mexico than in the interior states. Arizona ranked highest, with 310 known battles fought within the state's boundaries between Americans and the Natives. Arizona ranked highest in war deaths, with

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The only way for a Native to remain and avoid removal was to accept the federal offer of 640 acres (2.6 km) or more of land (depending on family size) in exchange for leaving the tribe and becoming a state citizen subject to state law and federal law. However, many Natives who took the offer

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wrote while working for his brother, the secretary of Nevada, "The government of my country snubs honest simplicity but fondles artistic villainy, and I think I might have developed into a very capable pickpocket if I had remained in the public service a year or two." "Territorial rings", corrupt

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Territorial governors were political appointees and beholden to Washington so they usually governed with a light hand, allowing the legislatures to deal with the local issues. In addition to his role as civil governor, a territorial governor was also a militia commander, a local superintendent of

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settlement served as the hub of their network, which reached into neighboring territories as well. The communalism and advanced farming practices of the Mormons enabled them to succeed. The Mormons often sold goods to wagon trains passing through and came to terms with local Native tribes because

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In a few years, the pioneer added hogs, sheep, and cattle, and perhaps acquired a horse. Homespun clothing replaced the animal skins. The more restless pioneers grew dissatisfied with over civilized life and uprooted themselves again to move 50 or a hundred miles (80 or 160 km) further west.

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Clad in typical frontier garb, leather breeches, moccasins, fur cap, and hunting shirt, and girded by a belt from which hung a hunting knife and a shot pouch—all homemade—the pioneer presented a unique appearance. In a short time he opened in the woods a patch, or clearing, on which he grew corn,

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The typical frontier society, therefore, was one in which class distinctions were minimized. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, so that ordinarily no one of wealth was a resident. The class of landless poor was small. The great majority were landowners, most of

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As defined by Hine and Faragher, "frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of crops and hotels, and the formation of states." They explain, "It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, and the merging of

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however, the frontier had shrunk into divided areas without a singular westward line of settlement. An influx of agricultural homesteaders in the first two decades of the 20th century, taking up more acreage than homestead grants in the entirety of the 19th century, is cited to have significantly

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The Western History Association was once an organization dominated by white male scholars who typically wrote triumphalist narratives. We are no longer that organization. We now produce pathbreaking scholarship by and about the members of the many communities previously excluded from traditional

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Buffalo Bill Cody was the most effective popularizer of the Old West in the U.S. and Europe. He presented the first "Wild West" show in 1883, featuring a recreation of famous battles (especially Custer's Last Stand), expert marksmanship, and dramatic demonstrations of horsemanship by cowboys and

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The main occupation of women was running the household and raising children. Tasks included cooking, cleaning, making clothes, gardening, and helping out on the farm. Sometimes women were the sole operators of farms. Women were also entrepreneurs, running saloons, boarding houses, laundries, and

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created thirteen protected forests but lumber interests had Congress cancel the move. Muir, taking the persona of an Old Testament prophet, crusaded against the lumberman, portraying it as a contest "between landscape righteousness and the devil". A master publicist, Muir's magazine articles, in

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The end of the bison herds opened up millions of acres for cattle ranching. Spanish cattlemen had introduced cattle ranching and longhorn cattle to the Southwest in the 17th century, and the men who worked the ranches, called "vaqueros", were the first "cowboys" in the West. After the Civil War,

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were infamous armed conflicts that took place in the "open range" of the American frontier. The subject of these conflicts was the control of lands freely used for farming and cattle grazing which gave the conflict its name. Range wars became more common by the end of the American Civil War, and

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after the Battle of Coffeyville in 1892; (center): Crawford "Cherokee Bill" Goldsby posing with his captors during a stop by train to Nowata, Oklahoma 1895. Left to right are #5) Zeke Crittenden; #4) Dick Crittenden;Cherokee Bill; #2) Clint Scales, #1) Ike Rogers; #3) Deputy Marshall Bill Smith.

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was a growth industry attracting sex workers from around the globe, pulled in by the money, despite the harsh and dangerous working conditions and low prestige. Chinese women were frequently sold by their families and taken to the camps as prostitutes; they had to send their earnings back to the

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included thousands of Mexican and Chinese arrivals. Chinese migrants, many of whom were impoverished peasants, provided the major part of the workforce for the building of the Central Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad. Most of them went home by 1870 when the railroad was finished.

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Native warriors in the West, using their traditional style of limited, battle-oriented warfare, confronted the U.S. Army. The Natives emphasized bravery in combat while the Army put its emphasis not so much on individual combat as on building networks of forts, developing a logistics system, and

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Building the railroad required six main activities: surveying the route, blasting a right of way, building tunnels and bridges, clearing and laying the roadbed, laying the ties and rails, and maintaining and supplying the crews with food and tools. The work was highly physical, using horse-drawn

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Constitutionally, Congress could not deal with slavery in the states but it did have jurisdiction in the western territories. California unanimously rejected slavery in 1850 and became a free state. New Mexico allowed slavery, but it was rarely seen there. Kansas was off-limits to slavery by the

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The gold rush radically changed the California economy and brought in an array of professionals, including precious metal specialists, merchants, doctors, and attorneys, who added to the population of miners, saloon keepers, gamblers, and prostitutes. A San Francisco newspaper stated, "The whole

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Housing in San Francisco was at a premium, and abandoned ships whose crews had headed for the mines were often converted to temporary lodging. In the goldfields themselves, living conditions were primitive, though the mild climate proved attractive. Supplies were expensive and food poor, typical

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The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into

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Building the Pacific railway: the construction-story of America's first iron thoroughfare between the Missouri River and California, from the inception of the great idea to the day, May 10, 1869, when the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific joined tracks at Promontory Point, Utah, to form the

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Scores of Frederick Jackson Turner's students became professors in history departments in the western states and taught courses on the frontier influenced by his ideas. Scholars have debunked many of the myths of the frontier, but they nevertheless live on in community traditions, folklore, and

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Native Americans, called the "Snake Indians" against the United States Army in the states of Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho which ran along the Snake River. The war started when tension arose between the local Natives and the flooding pioneer trains encroaching through their lands, which

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Critics at the time decried the purchase as "Seward's Folly", reasoning that there were no natural resources in the new territory and no one can be bothered to live in such a cold, icy climate. Although the development and settlement of Alaska grew slowly, the discovery of goldfields during the

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provided for the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad. The land was given the railroads alternated with government-owned tracts saved for free distribution to homesteaders. To be equitable, the federal government reduced each tract to 80 acres (32 ha) because of its perceived

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supporting forts that were larger but fewer in number than Floyd. Floyd's plan was more expensive but had the support of settlers and the general public who preferred that the military remain as close as possible. The frontier area was vast and even Davis conceded that "concentration would have

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settlements were quite compact and small, under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, namely who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley, and northern New England (which was a move to the

3037:

Manifest Destiny was the controversial belief that the United States was preordained to expand from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, and efforts made to realize that belief. The concept has appeared during colonial times, but the term was coined in the 1840s by a popular magazine which

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through the central Rocky Mountains. Discovered about 1812, it later became a major route for settlers to Oregon and Washington. By 1820, however, a new "brigade-rendezvous" system sent company men in "brigades" cross-country on long expeditions, bypassing many tribes. It also encouraged "free

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France was paid for its sovereignty over the territory in terms of international law. Between 1803 and the 1870s, the federal government purchased the land from the Native tribes then in possession of it. 20th-century accountants and courts have calculated the value of the payments made to the

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As settlers poured in, the frontier districts first became territories, with an elected legislature and a governor appointed by the president. Then when the population reached 100,000 the territory applied for statehood. Frontiersmen typically dropped the legalistic formalities and restrictive

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went deeper, arguing that the frontier was the scene of a defining process of American civilization: "The frontier," he asserted, "promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people." He theorized it was a process of development: "This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of

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It has been acknowledged that the popular portrayal of Dodge City in film and fiction carries a note of truth, however, as gun crime was rampant in the city before the establishment of a local government. Soon after the city's residents officially established their first municipal government,

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American attitudes towards Natives during this period ranged from malevolence ("the only good Indian is a dead Indian") to misdirected humanitarianism (Indians live in "inferior" societies and by assimilation into white society they can be redeemed) to somewhat realistic (Native Americans and

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in 1830. Many historians have sharply attacked Jackson. The 1830 law theoretically provided for voluntary removal and had safeguards for the rights of Natives, but in reality, the removal was involuntary, brutal and ignored safeguards. Jackson justified his actions by stating that Natives had

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The fearful stayed home. The actual migrants looked beyond fears of the unknown. Their chief motivation to move west was to find a better economic life than the one they had. Farmers sought larger, cheaper, and more fertile land; merchants and tradesmen sought new customers and new leadership

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Most of the manual laborers on the Central Pacific were new arrivals from China. Kraus shows how these men lived and worked, and how they managed their money. He concludes that senior officials quickly realized the high degree of cleanliness and reliability of the Chinese. The Central Pacific

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granted 160 acres (0.65 km) free to each settler who improved the land for five years; citizens and non-citizens including squatters and women were all eligible. The only cost was a modest filing fee. The law was especially important in the settling of the Plains states. Many took a free

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Historian Mark Wyman calls Wisconsin a "palimpsest" of layer upon layer of peoples and forces, each imprinting permanent influences. He identified these layers as multiple "frontiers" over three centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining

1848:

stated: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not,

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To get to the rich new lands of the West Coast, there were three options: some sailed around the southern tip of South America during a six-month voyage, some took the treacherous journey across the Panama Isthmus, but 400,000 others walked there on an overland route of more than 2,000 miles

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designated frontier territory as generally unoccupied land with a population density of fewer than 2 people per square mile (0.77 people per square kilometer). The frontier line was the outer boundary of European-American settlement into this land. Beginning with the first permanent European

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The funding for the cattle industry came largely from British sources, as the European investors engaged in a speculative extravaganza—a "bubble". Graham concludes the mania was founded on genuine opportunity, as well as "exaggeration, gullibility, inadequate communications, dishonesty, and

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Farms were for sale with from ten to fifty acres cleared, possessing log houses, peach and sometimes apple orchards, enclosed in fences, and having plenty of standing timber for fuel. The land was sown in wheat and corn, which were the staples, while hemp was being cultivated in increasing

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A line of posts running parallel without frontier, but near to the Indians' usual habitations, placed at convenient distances and suitable positions, and occupied by infantry, would exercise a salutary restraint upon the tribes, who would feel that any foray by their warriors upon the white

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and death sentences to well-known offenders. As such, other earlier settlements created their private agencies to protect communities due to the lack of peace-keeping establishments. These vigilance committees reflected different occupations in the frontier, such as land clubs, cattlemen's

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The decreased presence of Union troops in the West left behind untrained militias; hostile tribes used the opportunity to attack settlers. The militia struck back hard, most notably by attacking the winter quarters of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, filled with women and children, at the

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Denver's economy before 1870 had been rooted in mining; it then grew by expanding its role in railroads, wholesale trade, manufacturing, food processing, and servicing the growing agricultural and ranching hinterland. Between 1870 and 1890, manufacturing output soared from $ 600,000 to $

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Federal involvement in the territories was considerable. In addition to direct subsidies, the federal government maintained military posts, provided safety from Native attacks, bankrolled treaty obligations, conducted surveys and land sales, built roads, staffed land offices, made harbor

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was formed to investigate the causes as well as provide recommendations for preserving the population. The solutions presented by the committee, such as the establishment of the five boards of inspection to prevent Native abuses, had little effect as large Western migration commenced.

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of Spanish cattlemen from the middle-south of Spain. Chaps, the heavy protective leather trousers worn by cowboys, got their name from the Spanish "chaparreras", and the lariat, or rope, was derived from "la reata". All the distinct clothing of the cowboy—boots, saddles, hats, pants,

4265:. A witness wrote, "The horsemen had the best of it from the start. It was a fine race for a few minutes, but soon the riders began to spread out like a fan, and by the time they reached the horizon they were scattered about as far as the eye could see". In a single day, the towns of 2995:

Historian Louis Hacker shows how wasteful the first generation of pioneers was; they were too ignorant to cultivate the land properly and when the natural fertility of virgin land was used up, they sold out and moved west to try again. Hacker describes that in Kentucky about 1812:

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involving families and bloodlines also occurred much in the frontier. Since private agencies and vigilance committees were the substitute for proper courts, many families initially depended on themselves and their communities for their security and justice. These wars include the

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Elite Eastern writers and artists of the late 19th century promoted and celebrated western lore. Theodore Roosevelt, wearing his hats as a historian, explorer, hunter, rancher, and naturalist, was especially productive. Their work appeared in upscale national magazines such as

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railroad sold every-other square, with the government opening its half to homesteaders. The government also loaned money—later repaid—at $ 16,000 per mile on level stretches, and $ 32,000 to $ 48,000 in mountainous terrain. Local and state governments also aided the financing.

2441:. In some areas they had to face Native attacks. In 1784 alone, Natives killed over 100 travelers on the Wilderness Road. Kentucky at this time had been depopulated—it was "empty of Indian villages." However raiding parties sometimes came through. One of those intercepted was 2219:

Areas in the north that were in the frontier stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities, so the opportunity for commercial agriculture was low. These areas remained primarily in subsistence agriculture, and as a result, by the 1760s these societies were highly

4408:). To motivate Natives reluctant to move, the federal government also promised rifles, blankets, tobacco, and cash. By 1835 the Cherokee, the last Native nation in the South, had signed the removal treaty and relocated to Oklahoma. All the tribes were given new land in the " 3130:

shifted alliances and joined the conservative Centralist party, he declared himself dictator and ordered soldiers into Texas to curtail new immigration and unrest. However, immigration continued and 30,000 Anglos with 3,000 slaves were settled in Texas by 1835. In 1836, the

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quickly developed the capability, even in the early years, to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West; it came to symbolize the frontier. The most enduring fashion adapted from the cowboy, popular nearly worldwide today, are "blue jeans", originally made by

5031:. The new states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Ohio were more democratic than the parent states back East in terms of politics and society. The Western states were the first to give women the right to vote. By 1900 the West, especially California and Oregon, led the 3979:

of 1862 provided land grants to states to begin colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts (engineering). Black colleges became eligible for these land grants in 1890. The Act succeeded in its goals to open new universities and make farming more scientific and profitable.

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Conservation means development as much as it does protection. I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after

2178:, Virginia, was settled by the English in 1607. In the earliest days of European settlement on the Atlantic coast, until about 1680, the frontier was essentially any part of the interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the Atlantic coast. 7059:

Historians of the American West have written about the mythic West; the west of western literature, art, and of people's shared memories. The phenomenon is "the Imagined West". The "Code of the West" was an unwritten, socially agreed upon set of informal laws shaping the

6631:

Besides Lewis and Clark, the Wild West era brought many other frontiersmen. They were very self-sufficient compared to normal townspeople. They cleared their own land, built their own shelter, and farmed and foraged for their food. Their nomadic lifestyle was hurtful for

7005:

that highlights the enduring conflict between cowboys and farmers. Roosevelt argued that the manhood typified by the cowboy—and outdoor activity and sports generally—was essential if American men were to avoid the softness and rot produced by an easy life in the city.

2677:

and other skins for shipment to Europe. The hunters were the first Europeans in much of the Old West and they formed the first working relationships with the Native Americans in the West. They added extensive knowledge of the Northwest terrain, including the important

5339:

Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm life, in reality, rural folk created a rich social life for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as

2286:

broke out between Britain and France, with the French making up for their small colonial population base by enlisting Native war parties as allies. The series of large wars spilling over from European wars ended in a complete victory for the British in the worldwide

2922:

Most frontiersmen showed little commitment to religion until traveling evangelists began to appear and to produce "revivals". The local pioneers responded enthusiastically to these events and, in effect, evolved their populist religions, especially during the

6515:

inns. Independent women earned a living through teaching or sex work. In towns with male-dominated industries such as logging and mining, the gender imbalance led to different roles for women. Women were paid for domestic work that was traditionally unpaid.

4424:

were defrauded by "ravenous speculators" who stole their claims and sold their land to whites. In Mississippi alone, fraudulent claims reached 3,800,000 acres (15,000 km). Of the five tribes, the Seminole offered the most resistance, hiding out in the

5971:

incompetence". A severe winter engulfed the plains toward the end of 1886 and well into 1887, locking the prairie grass under ice and crusted snow which starving herds could not penetrate. The British lost most of their money—as did eastern investors like

4917:

hoped to de-tribalize Native Americans and prepare them for integration with the rest of American society, the "ultimate incorporation into the great body of our citizen population". This allowed for the development of dozens of riverfront towns along the

7525:

Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great

4901:

for wagon trains. In return, the tribes would receive, for ten years, annual compensation for damages caused by migrants. The Kansas and Nebraska territories also became contentious areas as the federal government sought those lands for the future

2687:, Upper Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. St. Louis was the largest of the rendezvous towns. By 1830, however, fashions changed and beaver hats were replaced by silk hats, ending the demand for expensive American furs. Thus ended the era of the 5946:, laid out by cattleman Joseph McCoy along an old trail marked by Jesse Chisholm, was the major artery of cattle commerce, carrying over 1.5 million head of cattle between 1867 and 1871 over the 800 miles (1,300 km) from south Texas to 3218:. He then marched his 12,000-man force west to Mexico City, winning the final battle at Chapultepec. Talk of acquiring all of Mexico fell away when the army discovered the Mexican political and cultural values were so alien to America's. As the 3740:

In Texas, citizens voted to join the Confederacy; anti-war Germans were hanged. Local troops took over the federal arsenal in San Antonio, with plans to grab the territories of northern New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, and possibly California.

2204:, building communities that remained stable for long stretches. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and midwest region, they seldom settled down. French settlement was limited to a few very small villages such as 4220:

to the United States. The decision was motivated in part by a need for money and in part a recognition amongst the Russian state that Britain could easily capture Alaska in any future conflict between the two nations. U.S. Secretary of State

5046:

a century ago, reflects American ideals. He wrote: "The Kansas spirit is the American spirit double distilled. It is a new grafted product of American individualism, American idealism, American intolerance. Kansas is America in microcosm."

6127:

turned the tide of public sentiment. He mobilized public opinion to support Roosevelt's program of setting aside national monuments, national forest reserves, and national parks. However, Muir broke with Roosevelt and especially President

2319:

promoted settlements in West Virginia on lands awarded to him and his soldiers by the Royal government in payment for their wartime service in Virginia's militia. Settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were curtailed briefly by the

3757:, marched right up the Rio Grande in an attempt to take the mineral wealth of Colorado as well as California. The First Regiment of Volunteers discovered the rebels, and they immediately warned and joined the Yankees at Fort Union. The 6191:

in 1905; it lobbied Congress to establish public bison herds. Several national parks in the U.S. and Canada were created, in part to provide a sanctuary for bison and other large wildlife. The bison population reached 500,000 by 2003.

4461:. Michno also says that fifty-one percent of the Indian war battles between 1850 and 1890 took place in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, as well as thirty-seven percent of the casualties in the county west of the Mississippi River. The 2609:" (later Fort George), at the mouth of the Columbia River, became the first permanent white settlement in that area, although it was not profitable for Astor. He set up the American Fur Company in an attempt to break the hold that the 1915:) in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, from the 1850s to the 1910s. Such media typically exaggerated the romance, anarchy, and chaotic violence of the period for greater dramatic effect. This inspired the 6056:

benefits to society by planned harvesting and environmental protections. Roosevelt worked his entire career to put the issue high on the national agenda. He was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He worked closely with

4075:

were exploited by the railroad, with whites in better positions. He finds the railroad set different wage rates for whites and Chinese and used the latter in the more menial and dangerous jobs, such as the handling and the pouring of

2017:, though no longer considered "western", have a frontier heritage along with the modern western states. Richard W. Slatta, in his view of the frontier, writes that "historians sometimes define the American West as lands west of the 4595:

was fought in 1874–1875 in response to the Comanche's dwindling food supply of buffalo, as well as the refusal of a few bands to be inducted in reservations. Comanches started raiding small settlements in Texas, which led to the

3445:

Not all emigrants made it to their destination. The dangers of the overland route were numerous: snakebites, wagon accidents, violence from other travelers, suicide, malnutrition, stampedes, Native attacks, a variety of diseases

2942:

The established Eastern churches were slow to meet the needs of the frontier. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists, since they depended on well-educated ministers, were shorthanded in evangelizing the frontier. They set up a

7009:

Will Rogers, the son of a Cherokee judge in Oklahoma, started with rope tricks and fancy riding, but by 1919 discovered his audiences were even more enchanted with his wit in his representation of the wisdom of the common man.

1809:

Historians have debated at length as to when the frontier era began, when it ended, and which were its key sub-periods. For example, the Old West subperiod is sometimes used by historians regarding the time from the end of the

12175: 16180: 6239:

and proliferation of railroads are often credited as being important factors in shrinking the frontier, by efficiently bringing in settlers and required infrastructure. The increased size of land grants from 160 to 320 acres

5496:

however, a law banning concealed firearms was enacted and crime was reduced soon afterward. Similar laws were passed in other frontier towns to reduce the rate of gun crime as well. As UCLA law professor Adam Wrinkler noted:

2755:, facilitated coordination among politicians in different states. The postal service helped to integrate already established areas with the frontier, creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure. 2295:, France ceded practically everything, as the lands west of the Mississippi River, in addition to Florida and New Orleans, went to Spain. Otherwise, lands east of the Mississippi River and what is now Canada went to Britain. 5295:

little until well into the 20th century. New arrivals from Mexico arrived, especially after the Revolution of 1911 terrorized thousands of villages all across Mexico. Most refugees went to Texas or California, and soon poor

2508:, signed towards the end of 1814, with Britain. They rejected the British plan to set up a Native state in U.S. territory south of the Great Lakes. They explained the American policy toward the acquisition of Native lands: 6248:

accelerated this process. Barbed wire is also reasoned to reduce the traditional open range. In addition, the growing adoption of automobiles and their required network of adequate roads, first federally subsidized by the

5706:

and other bandits terrorized the state. When outlaw gangs were near, towns would occasionally raise a posse to drive them out or capture them. Seeing that the need to combat the bandits was a growing business opportunity,

3834:

punctuated a six-week war, which ended in an American victory. The federal government tried 425 Natives for murder, and 303 were convicted and sentenced to death. Lincoln pardoned the majority, but 38 leaders were hanged.

11314: 5711:

ordered his National Detective Agency, founded in 1850, to open branches in the West, and they got into the business of pursuing and capturing outlaws. To take refuge from the law, outlaws would use the advantages of the

3896:

With the war over and slavery abolished, the federal government focused on improving the governance of the territories. It subdivided several territories, preparing them for statehood, following the precedents set by the

7147:

has argued that Turner's famous 1893 essay was environmental history in an embryonic form. It emphasized the vast power of free land to attract and reshape settlers, making a transition from wilderness to civilization.

4063:) took charge, with Crocker in charge of construction. The line was completed in May 1869. Coast-to-coast passenger travel in 8 days now replaced wagon trains or sea voyages that took 6 to 10 months and cost much more. 4420:", "The Trail Where they Cried"). The impact of the removals was severe. The transplanted tribes had considerable difficulty adapting to their new surroundings and sometimes clashed with the tribes native to the area. 6627:

and hostile Native American tribes. The Lewis and Clark expedition did take place before the Wild West era, but it was a major event in United States history, and was one of the main reasons the Wild West era began.

4313:

Indian wars have occurred throughout the United States though the conflicts are generally separated into two categories; the Indian wars east of the Mississippi River and the Indian wars west of the Mississippi. The

4010:

In the 1850s, the U.S. government sponsored surveys that charted the remaining unexplored regions of the West in order to plan possible routes for a transcontinental railroad. Much of this work was undertaken by the

7236:: museum and art gallery, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, housing one of the largest collections in the world of the Western, American cowboy, American rodeo, and American Native art, artifacts, and archival materials. 6234:

from 1897 to 1914. However, about two-thirds of them grew disillusioned and returned to the U.S. Despite this, homesteaders claimed more land in the first two decades of the 20th century than the 19th century. The

5224:

Those who stayed on worked in mining, agriculture, and opened small shops such as groceries, laundries, and restaurants. Hostility against the Chinese remained high in the western states/territories as seen by the

3909:

Native affairs, and the state liaison with federal agencies. The legislatures, on the other hand, spoke for the local citizens and they were given considerable leeway by the federal government to make local law.

3618:

a stage service that went from Saint Louis to San Francisco in 24 days along a southern route. This route was abandoned in 1861 after Texas joined the Confederacy, in favor of stagecoach services established via

3057:

Helping settlers move westward were the emigrant "guide books" of the 1840s featuring route information supplied by the fur traders and the Frémont expeditions, and promising fertile farmland beyond the Rockies.

2927:(1790–1840), which featured outdoor camp meetings lasting a week or more and which introduced many people to organized religion for the first time. One of the largest and most famous camp meetings took place at 5501:

carry. The ban was soon after expanded to open carry, too. The Hollywood image of the gunslinger marching through town with two Colts on his hips is just that—a Hollywood image, created for its dramatic effect.

6510:

immigrated to work in the laundries, inns, and saloons of mining camps. Some were sold to work in mining camps by their impoverished families in China. Some women were also forced to work in the sex industry.

6310:

frontier", with Frederick Jackson Turner arguing this to be a necessary element of the U.S.'s growth, as its identity as a civilized and ideals-based nation depended on constantly overcoming a savage 'other'.

5982:

cattle ranching came to an end and was replaced by barbed wire spreads where water, breeding, feeding, and grazing could be controlled. This led to "fence wars" which erupted over disputes about water rights.

3905:

improvements, and subsidized overland mail delivery. Territorial citizens came to both decry federal power and local corruption, and at the same time, lament that more federal dollars were not sent their way.

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of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi or 930,000 km) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land,

5959:

single largest cattle ranch in the entire West was owned by American John W. Iliff, "cattle king of the Plains", operating in Colorado and Wyoming. Gradually, longhorns were replaced by the British breeds of

5744:

groups, but usually were made up of responsible citizens who wanted only to maintain order. Criminals caught by these vigilance committees were treated cruelly; often hung or shot without any form of trial.

3466:

mountains during the winter of 1846–1847. Half of the 90 people traveling with the group died from starvation and exposure, and some resorted to cannibalism to survive. Another story of cannibalism featured

1776:

in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few contiguous western territories as states in 1912. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by President

4457:

4,340 killed, including soldiers, civilians, and Native Americans. That was more than twice as many as occurred in Texas, the second-highest-ranking state. Most of the deaths in Arizona were caused by the

3343:

contained hundreds of hard rock mining sites, where prospectors discovered gold, silver, copper and other minerals (as well as some soft-rock coal). Temporary mining camps sprang up overnight; most became

2278:

Settlers on the frontier often connected isolated incidents to indicate Indian conspiracies to attack them, but these lacked a French diplomatic dimension after 1763, or a Spanish connection after 1820.

6085:

The third element, smallest at first but growing rapidly after 1870, were the environmentalists who honored nature for its own sake, and rejected the goal of maximizing human benefits. Their leader was

5097:, was the largest, richest, and rowdiest mining camp on the frontier. It was an ethnic stronghold, with the Irish Catholics in control of politics and of the best jobs at the leading mining corporation 6412:

when he noticed metal flakes under the waterwheel. He recognized the flakes to be gold. However, the sawmill he was building was not his, meaning that when he finished building the sawmill, his client

2715:

There was wide agreement on the need to settle the new territories quickly, but the debate polarized over the price the government should charge. The conservatives and Whigs, typified by the president

2545:, was the largest town on the frontier, the gateway for travel westward, and a principal trading center for Mississippi River traffic and inland commerce but remained under Spanish control until 1803. 6230:

Virgin farmland was increasingly hard to find after 1890—although the railroads advertised some in eastern Montana. Bicha shows that nearly 600,000 American farmers sought cheap land by moving to the

1801:, have embedded themselves into United States culture so much so that the Old West, and the Western genre of media specifically, has become one of the defining features of American national identity. 6040:

The concern with the protection of the environment became a new issue in the late 19th century, pitting different interests. On the one side were the lumber and coal companies who called for maximum

6844:, proclaimed in 1893, established the main lines of historiography which fashioned scholarship for three or four generations and appeared in the textbooks used by practically all American students. 3163:

remained an independent power for nearly a decade before it was annexed as the 28th state in 1845. The government of Mexico, however, viewed Texas as a runaway province and asserted its ownership.

2578:; the ownership would strengthen the ideal republican society, based on agriculture (not commerce), governed lightly, and promoting self-reliance and virtue, as well as form the political base for 7115:

fiction. In the 1970s a historiographical range war broke out between the traditional frontier studies, which stress the influence of the frontier on all of American history and culture, and the "

6687:. Fatal duels were fought to uphold personal honor in the West. The most notable and well-known took place in Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. To prevent gunfights, towns such as 6216:, the superintendent announced that there was no longer a clear line of advancing settlement, and hence no longer a contiguous frontier in the continental United States. When examining the later 5197:

About 4,000 black people came to California in Gold Rush days. In 1879, after the end of Reconstruction in the South, several thousand Freedmen moved from Southern states to Kansas. Known as the

13225: 5508:, was a turbulent mining town that flourished longer than most, from 1877 to 1929. Silver was discovered in 1877, and by 1881 the town had a population of over 10,000. In 1879 the newly arrived 19803: 8949:

The American fur trade of the far West: a history of the pioneer trading posts and early fur companies of the Missouri valley and the Rocky Mountains and the overland commerce with Santa Fe ...

6382:

ranching and the long drives gave way to fenced-in ranches in the 1880s, by the 1890s the glory days of the cowboy came to an end, and the myths about the "free-living" cowboy began to emerge.

5491:

draw upon such faces... To the music of violins and the stamping of feet the dance went on, and we saw in the giddy maze old men who must have been pirouetting on the very edge of their graves.

4772:

attempted to disarm a Sioux man and precipitated a massacre in which about 150 Sioux men, women, and children were killed. Only thirteen days before, Sitting Bull had been killed with his son

3901:

of 1787. It standardized procedures and the supervision of territorial governments, taking away some local powers, and imposing much "red tape", growing the federal bureaucracy significantly.

3126:, leading the "war party", advocated for independence from Mexico, while the "peace party" led by Austin attempted to get more autonomy within the current relationship. When Mexican president 1990:, it has moved steadily westward from the 1600s to the 1900s (decades) with occasional movements north into Maine and New Hampshire, south into Florida, and east from California into Nevada. 4913:

A new policy of establishing reservations came gradually into shape after the boundaries of the "Indian Territory" began to be ignored. In providing for Indian reservations, Congress and the

3917:

associations of local politicians and business owners buttressed with federal patronage, embezzled from Native tribes and local citizens, especially in the Dakota and New Mexico territories.

20523: 3715:

Despite its large territory, the trans-Mississippi West had a small population and its wartime story has to a large extent been underplayed in the historiography of the American Civil War.

3050:

called for deepening the society through modernization and urbanization instead of simple horizontal expansion. Starting with the annexation of Texas, the expansionists got the upper hand.

2250:

owned most of the land, ownership in America was cheap, easy and widespread. Land ownership brought a degree of independence as well as a vote for local and provincial offices. The typical

15321: 5727:

Banditry was a major issue in California after 1849, as thousands of young men detached from family or community moved into a land with few law enforcement mechanisms. To combat this, the

3545:

between the Mormon settlers and locals grew, which would mirror those in other states such as Utah years later. Violence finally erupted on October 24, 1838, when militias from both sides

5175: 6957:

Both tourists to the West, and avid fiction readers enjoyed the visual imagery of the frontier. After 1900 Western movies provided the most famous examples, as in the numerous films of

3254:

Texas in its Wild West days attracted men who could shoot straight and possessed the zest for adventure, "for masculine renown, patriotic service, martial glory, and meaningful deaths".

2594:

also instructed the expedition to study the region's native tribes (including their morals, language, and culture), weather, soil, rivers, commercial trading, and animal and plant life.

21015: 4906:. In the Far West settlers began to occupy land in Oregon and California before the federal government secured title from the native tribes, causing considerable friction. In Utah, the 6416:

would also notice. Word quickly spread of gold in the American River, leading to a surge of westward migration to California in the hope of striking it rich. This was the start of the

3091:

Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821 and took over Spain's northern possessions stretching from Texas to California. American caravans began delivering goods to the Mexican city

4412:" (which later became Oklahoma). Of the approximate 70,000 Natives removed, about 18,000 died from disease, starvation, and exposure on the route. This exodus has become known as the 7619: 2962:

grew up in Wisconsin during its last frontier stage, and in his travels around the state, he could see the layers of social and political development. One of Turner's last students,

2351:

ended in 1781. Pioneers housed themselves in a rough lean-to or at most a one-room log cabin. The main food supply at first came from hunting deer, turkeys, and other abundant game.

2246:

The seaboard colonial settlements gave priority to land ownership for individual farmers, and as the population grew they pushed westward for fresh farmland. Unlike Britain, where a

4246:

in 1902 brought thousands of miners into the territory, thus propelling Alaska's prosperity for decades to come. Major oil discoveries in the late 20th century made the state rich.

3771:; he was aided by Confederate forces from Arkansas and Louisiana. The Governor of Missouri and part of the state legislature signed an Ordinance of Secession at Neosho, forming the 3644:, Western Union's head, negotiated exclusive agreements with railroads to run telegraph lines along their right-of-way. Eight years before the transcontinental railroad opened, the 5194:

were soldiers in the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments, and 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments of the U.S. Army. They had white officers and served in numerous western forts.

4339:, Bidui and others, were extinguished due to conflicts with Texan settlers. The rapid depopulation of the Native Americans after the Civil War alarmed the U.S. government, and the 7051:

and skill with their pistols and other firearms. Their violent escapades and reputations morphed over time into the stereotypical image of violence endured by the "cowboy hero".

6175:

The rise of the cattle industry and the cowboy is directly tied to the demise of the huge herds of bison—usually called the "buffalo". Once numbering over 25 million on the

3578:

Young decided it was cheaper to feed the Natives than fight them. Education became a high priority to protect the beleaguered group, reduce heresy and maintain group solidarity.

3229:

of 1848 ceded the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States for $ 18.5 million (which included the assumption of claims against Mexico by settlers). The

3159:

famously shouted "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad". The U.S. Congress declined to annex Texas, stalemated by contentious arguments over slavery and regional power. Thus, the

5447:

Historian Waddy W. Moore uses court records to show that on the sparsely settled Arkansas frontier lawlessness was common. He distinguished two types of crimes: unprofessional (

5997:

Anchoring the booming cattle industry of the 1860s and 1870s were the cattle towns in Kansas and Missouri. Like the mining towns in California and Nevada, cattle towns such as

5736:

associations and mining camps. Similar vigilance committees also existed in Texas, and their main objective was to stamp out lawlessness and rid communities of desperadoes and

20888: 1739: 2818:(1779–1813) led a party of 20 soldiers to find the headwaters of the Mississippi. He later explored the Red and Arkansas Rivers in Spanish territory, eventually reaching the 18872: 6220: 5273: 1850: 6272:

occurred in Nevada's remaining frontier in December 1916. A period known as "The Western Civil War of Incorporation" that often was violent, lasted from the 1850s to 1919.

2683:

trappers" to explore new regions on their own. At the end of the gathering season, the trappers would "rendezvous" and turn in their goods for pay at river ports along the

10910: 4564:, burning Navajo fields and homes, and capturing or killing their livestock. He was aided by other Native tribes with long-standing enmity toward the Navajos, chiefly the 3729:

The Confederacy engaged in several important campaigns in the West. However, Kansas, a major area of conflict building up to the war, was the scene of only one battle, at

3371:. The wealth from silver, more than from gold, fueled the maturation of San Francisco in the 1860s and helped the rise of some of its wealthiest families, such as that of 2739:

Missouri rivers and their tributaries. Army expeditions up the Missouri River in 1818–1825 allowed engineers to improve the technology. For example, the Army's steamboat "

13978: 4327:

Historian Russell Thornton estimates that from 1800 to 1890, the Native population declined from 600,000 to as few as 250,000. The depopulation was principally caused by

20605: 4380:

proved irresistible, as it won the presidential elections of 1828, 1832, and 1836. By 1837 the "Indian Removal policy" began, to implement the act of Congress signed by

3586:(LDS Church) in Utah over the practice of polygamy, viewed by most of the American public as an affront to religious, cultural, and moral values of modern civilization. 2743:" of 1819 combined a very shallow draft with one of the earliest stern wheels. In 1819–1825, Colonel Henry Atkinson developed keelboats with hand-powered paddle wheels. 6829:

Religious themes have inspired many environmentalists as they contemplate the pristine West before the frontiersmen violated its spirituality. Actually, as a historian

6607:

of the Old West. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson closed the deal of the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million dollars. With the 828,000 square miles of gained territory. He sent

5978:

On a much smaller scale, sheep grazing was locally popular; sheep were easier to feed and needed less water. However, Americans did not eat mutton. As farmers moved in

20610: 5415:

all had an atmosphere that was convivial to gaming. Such an atmosphere also invited trouble and such towns also developed reputations as lawless and dangerous places.

4031:

Construction would be done by unskilled laborers who would live in temporary camps along the way. Immigrants from China and Ireland did most of the construction work.

2613:

monopoly had over the region. By 1820, Astor had taken over independent traders to create a profitable monopoly; he left the business as a multi-millionaire in 1834.

23824: 23003: 20705: 20045: 19915: 13741: 3745:

was created by Arizona citizens who wanted protection against Apache raids after the United States Army units were moved out. The Confederacy then sets its sight to

2566:

of 1803 doubled the size of the nation at the cost of $ 15 million, or about $ 0.04 per acre ($ 305 million in 2023 dollars, less than 42 cents per acre).

1000: 552: 6559:, many people pursued these careers, but was ultimately very dangerous. Loggers were paid more than both miners and railroaders combined, making $ 3.20 every day. 5345: 3458:

were among the most common), exposure, avalanches, etc. One particularly well-known example of the treacherous nature of the journey is the story of the ill-fated

1854: 7068:. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions also bred a tradition of self-dependence and individualism, with great value put on personal honesty, exemplified in 6922:

I knew the wild riders and the vacant land were about to vanish forever...I saw the living, breathing end of three American centuries of smoke and dust and sweat.

6619:

turned into the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition There were many dangers on the trail; they had to travel up, portage and ford rivers, suffer injuries, disease,

4776:

in a gun battle with a group of Native police that had been sent by the American government to arrest him. Additional conflicts and incidents though, such as the

2216:

who brought in tenant farmers who created compact, permanent villages. They created a dense rural settlement in upstate New York, but they did not push westward.

21295: 20175: 6440:

was still a common occupation. Most mountainside towns likely had a mineshaft. Most miners were poor, as mining was a very labor-intensive job. Miners would use

13039: 6999:

Roosevelt had conceptualized the herder (cowboy) as a stage of civilization distinct from the sedentary farmer—a theme well expressed in the 1944 Hollywood hit

3238:, which would have outlawed slavery in the new territories. Congress never passed it, but rather temporarily resolved the issue of slavery in the West with the 2437:. The Wilderness Road was steep and rough, and it could only be traversed on foot or horseback, but it was the best route for thousands of settlers moving into 23686: 23505: 22054: 20782: 20550: 20384: 20040: 5261: 4780:(1914–1915) and Posey War, would occur into the early 1920s. The last combat engagement between U.S. Army soldiers and Native Americans though occurred in the 2992:

From the 1770s to the 1830s, pioneers moved into the new lands that stretched from Kentucky to Alabama to Texas. Most were farmers who moved in family groups.

2473:

marked the final confrontation involving major British and Native forces fighting to stop American expansion. The British war goal included the creation of an

862: 719: 7620:"The American West, 1865–1900 | Rise of Industrial America, 1876–1900 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress" 3767:, a Border South state where slavery was legal, became a battleground when the pro-secession governor, against the vote of the legislature, led troops to the 2834:

as arid and useless led to the region getting a bad reputation as the "Great American Desert", which discouraged settlement in that area for several decades.

2336:

The nation was at peace after 1783. The states gave Congress control of the western lands and an effective system for population expansion was developed. The

24127: 21071: 20638: 20528: 10975: 5244:

The first Japanese arrived in the U.S. in 1869, with the arrival of 22 people from samurai families, settling in Placer County, California, to establish the

3972:, helping them purchase land grant parcels on good terms. The selling price depended on such factors as soil quality, water, and distance from the railroad. 1290: 11496:

Hyde, George E. (1968). Life of George Bent Written from His Letters. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 168–195

4757:

which killed 11 Native agents, and the Pinhook massacre which killed 13 armed ranchers and cowboys. The Ute conflicts finally ended after the events of the

24641: 22127: 20406: 7160:

party benefited from support from "old" immigrant groups that settled on frontier farms, "new" urban immigrants formed an important part of the Democratic

6570:

to chop the base of the tree. After the tree collapsed, if the tree was too big to chop with the double-sided axes, they would use a gigantic saw called a

11776: 5694:) and others became outlaws during hard times in the cattle industry. Many were misfits and drifters who roamed the West avoiding the law. In rural areas 4634:

against the military who were erecting forts along the Bozeman Trail. It was the most successful campaign against the U.S. during the Indian Wars. By the

4608:, and the Battle of Lost Valley against the Texas Rangers. The war finally ended with a final confrontation between the Comanches and the U.S. Cavalry in 23850: 23840: 22215: 22049: 20443: 6502:

long before the eastern states did and had more liberal divorce laws. Minority women did not experience the same freedoms. Native women were forced onto

3724: 1026: 1016: 3648:

linked Omaha, Nebraska, to San Francisco on October 24, 1861. The Pony Express ended in just 18 months because it could not compete with the telegraph.

2727:

native tribes. Then it sent surveyors to map and document the land. By the 20th century, Washington bureaucracies managed the federal lands such as the

23646: 23493: 20983: 20841: 5077: 3348:

when the ores were depleted. Prospectors spread out and hunted for gold and silver along the Rockies and in the southwest. Soon gold was discovered in

1732: 1259: 822: 6833:

has demonstrated, the concept of "wilderness" was highly negative and the antithesis of religiosity before the romantic movement of the 19th century.

6014:

and ceased to exist after the ore played out, cattle towns often evolved from cattle to farming and continued after the grazing lands were exhausted.

3299:

unit, as well as naval forces, and quickly took control. As the war was ending, gold was discovered in the north, and the word soon spread worldwide.

24564: 20545: 20332: 18865: 5967:, introduced by settlers from the Northwest. Though less hardy and more disease-prone, these breeds produced better-tasting beef and matured faster. 5382:

Entrepreneurs set up shops and businesses to cater to the miners. World-famous were the houses of prostitution found in every mining camp worldwide.

1664: 7134:

tales of expansion. This new work and the people writing it have transformed the WHA, the history of the U.S. West, and the profession more broadly.

4962:

After the Civil War, as the volunteer armies disbanded, the regular army cavalry regiments increased in number from six to ten, among them Custer's

4115:

relied on land grants. The financial stories were often complex. For example, the Northern Pacific received its major land grant in 1864. Financier

24671: 24046: 23671: 23620: 21037: 21010: 20327: 6264:, and the Arizona and New Mexico territories as states in 1912, marks the end of the frontier story for many scholars. Due to their low and uneven 3682:

in 1854, Congress left the decision up to the voters on the ground in Kansas. Across the North, a new major party was formed to fight slavery: the

2212:. In what is now New York state the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of land to rich landowning 1217: 847: 796: 3940:

In acquiring, preparing, and distributing public land to private ownership, the federal government generally followed the system set forth by the

23681: 23499: 23394: 22932: 21385: 21345: 19681: 6227:, only pockets of the frontier remain without a clear westward line, allowing travel across the continent without ever crossing a frontier line. 5348:, church activities, and school functions. The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. 4365: 4039:

surveyed the route from San Francisco east. Judah's tireless lobbying efforts in Washington were largely responsible for the passage of the 1862

3683: 3583: 857: 673: 13294: 13161: 12300:

Ring, Daniel F. (1993). "The Origins of the Butte Public Library: Some Further Thoughts on Public Library Development in the State of Montana".

2391:

for low-cost land for free white farmers, a position enacted into law by the new Republican Party in 1862, offering free 160 acres (65 ha)

24666: 23816: 22395: 21193: 20111: 19598: 19413: 15099: 992: 4572:'s fight against settlements in Texas in the 1880s. The Apaches under his command conducted ambushes on US cavalries and forts, such as their 4513:

resulted in competition for food and resources. Natives included in this group attacked and harassed emigrant parties and miners crossing the

24661: 23803: 22002: 21407: 20643: 19850: 11277:"Doolittle and the Indians; What the Senator Knows About Suppressing Reports A Good Secretary of the Interior for Greeley's Reform Cabinet", 7342: 1725: 11866: 11757: 3005:

Hacker adds that the second wave of settlers reclaimed the land, repaired the damage, and practiced more sustainable agriculture. Historian

23711: 23651: 23550: 23297: 23225: 23126: 23037: 23013: 22919: 22800: 22716: 22639: 22587: 22507: 21025: 20622: 20438: 20379: 19962: 19920: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19328: 18858: 10214: 8801: 7233: 3640:

In 1861, Congress passed the Land-Grant Telegraph Act which financed the construction of Western Union's transcontinental telegraph lines.

2403: 887: 827: 712: 651: 629: 596: 563: 508: 464: 442: 409: 376: 343: 104: 19479: 10348:

David Prior, "Civilization, Republic, Nation: Contested Keywords, Northern Republicans, and the Forgotten Reconstruction of Mormon Utah",

7582: 6992:(1858–1919), a Republican who made "cowboy" internationally synonymous with the brash aggressive American. He was followed by trick roper 6950:

From the late 19th century the railroads promoted tourism in the west, with guided tours of western sites, especially national parks like

24482: 23830: 23592: 23407: 22149: 21992: 21887: 21632: 21370: 20490: 20401: 20143: 20128: 20010: 16207: 14112: 11616:

Empire of the summer moon : Quanah Parker and the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history

7946: 7928: 6090:(1838–1914), a widely read author and naturalist and pioneer advocate of preservation of wilderness for its own sake, and founder of the 2340:

of 1787 abolished slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and promised statehood when a territory reached a threshold population, as

2303:

Regardless of wars, Americans were moving across the Appalachians into western Pennsylvania, what is now West Virginia, and areas of the

1681: 1638: 1006: 768: 19170: 24651: 24646: 24636: 24173: 24119: 24083: 23656: 23045: 21975: 21490: 21485: 21475: 20848: 20577: 19825: 19120: 18237: 17384: 6680: 4701:, unwilling to give up their traditional lands and move to a reservation, undertook a 1,200-mile (2,000 km) fighting retreat from 3251:

plantations in the eastern districts. The central area of the state was developed more by subsistence farmers who seldom owned slaves.

3222:

asked, what would the U.S. do with eight million Mexicans "with their idol worship, heathen superstition, and degraded mongrel races?"

3118:

political and military commander of the area. Tensions rose, however, after an abortive attempt to establish the independent nation of

1336: 1281: 1254: 832: 14562: 4897:, and others, and allowed for the building of roads and posts across the tribal lands. A second treaty secured safe passage along the 4277:

came into existence. In the same manner, millions of acres of additional land were opened up and settled in the following four years.

23729: 23666: 23661: 23614: 23023: 22575: 22535: 22144: 22087: 21980: 21809: 21251: 19754: 15704: 11181: 7352: 6452:, and other metals. These metals were sold to shopkeepers and rich people for currency. Miners were paid a salary of $ 1.70 per day. 6279:

also led to significant conflict reaching across the US-Mexico border which was still mostly within frontier territory, known as the

4072: 2909: 905: 842: 837: 804: 790: 725: 7064:

of the Old West. Over time, the cowboys developed a personal culture of their own, a blend of values that even retained vestiges of

2501:

in 1814 in Alabama. In general, the frontiersmen battled the Natives with little help from the U.S. Army or the federal government.

2156: 24088: 24000: 23986: 23845: 23796: 23749: 23744: 23691: 23641: 23586: 23089: 22954: 22766: 22191: 21987: 21480: 20968: 20908: 20468: 20123: 20015: 19865: 17801: 14963: 12913: 8856:(March 2017) 103#4 pp. 921–942, Citing pp. 938–939. Lee used the consumer price index to translate historic sums into 2012 dollars. 7496: 7347: 7169: 6306:

The westward expansion of American influence and jurisdiction across the Pacific in the late 19th century was in some sense a new "

5687: 5682:, and hundreds of others who preyed on banks, trains, stagecoaches, and in some cases even armed government transports such as the 5524:

obtained positions at different times as federal and local lawmen. After more than a year of threats and feuding, they, along with

4132: 4119:(1821–1905) was in charge until 1873 when he went bankrupt. Federal courts, however, kept bankrupt railroads in operation. In 1881 4080:. However the railroad also provided camps and food the Chinese wanted and protected the Chinese workers from threats from whites. 3872:. The result by 1890 was millions of new farms in the Plains states, many operated by new immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia. 3806:

in 1862 when Dakota tribes systematically attacked German farms to drive out the settlers. For several days, Dakota attacks at the

3779:

regained St. Louis and all of Missouri for the Union. The state was the scene of numerous raids and guerrilla warfare in the west.

2347:

The first major movement west of the Appalachian mountains originated in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina as soon as the

1171: 1157: 1021: 972: 925: 920: 867: 817: 762: 19025: 12208: 5070: 1837:, often cite differing points reaching into the early 1900s; typically within the first two decades, prior to American entry into 24472: 24132: 24078: 23676: 23635: 23606: 23178: 22097: 22070: 22029: 22024: 21997: 21927: 21814: 21610: 21417: 21005: 20829: 20727: 20359: 19233: 15154: 6806:

oral tradition—which continues in the modern era. Beth E. Levy argues that the physical and mythological west inspired composers

5253: 2935:

several years at a time, then moved them to fresh territory. Several new denominations were formed, of which the largest was the

1628: 1249: 852: 811: 782: 3054:, an anti-slavery Whig, felt the Texas annexation in 1845 to be "the heaviest calamity that ever befell myself and my country". 23739: 23578: 23563: 23488: 23471: 22198: 21907: 21590: 21495: 21325: 21273: 21234: 20801: 20796: 20650: 20587: 20540: 20518: 20483: 20138: 19994: 14742: 6856:

presented Native chiefs, dances, and other Wild West exhibits in his museums. However, large scale awareness took off when the

3114:

became an "empresario", receiving contracts from the Mexican officials to bring in immigrants. In doing so, he also became the

2913: 2477:

under British auspices in the Midwest which would halt American expansion westward. American frontier militiamen under General

2063: 1765: 915: 754: 739: 13724:

Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and the Rocky Mountains from the Fur Traders to the Busters

11587: 9228:

Phillip Drennen Thomas, "The United States Army as the Early Patron of Naturalists in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1803–1820",

5724:

to hide. While some settlements and towns in the frontier also house outlaws and criminals, which were called "outlaw towns".

5303:, led a gang in the 1850s which burned houses, killed exploiting miners, robbed stagecoaches of landowners and fought against 5232:. The Chinese were generally forced into self-sufficient "Chinatowns" in cities such as San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and 24600: 24168: 24065: 23973: 23718: 23600: 23557: 23422: 22390: 22385: 22372: 22014: 21902: 21772: 21676: 21585: 21509: 21054: 21020: 20035: 20025: 20020: 19878: 19873: 19737: 19702: 17786: 16511: 16231: 16138: 16053: 14216: 14187: 10716: 4108: 4044: 4012: 3993: 3569:, owned at the time by Mexico but not controlled by them. A hundred rural Mormon settlements sprang up in what Young called " 2171: 1943: 1873: 1773: 1703: 1331: 1295: 1236: 1144: 894: 776: 733: 541: 330: 23510: 15790: 6268:

though, frontier territory remained for the meantime. Of course, a few typical frontier episodes still happened such as the

5652:(right): depiction of the hanging of Cherokee Bill on March 17, 1896 , as it was published by newspapers after his execution 2087: 1818:, stated the U.S. Census Bureau would stop recording western frontier settlement as part of its census categories after the 23384: 22297: 22210: 22107: 22044: 22034: 21917: 21708: 21671: 21600: 21432: 21397: 20948: 20678: 20411: 20182: 20133: 20106: 20030: 19989: 17842: 13464: 13445: 9356: 7445: 7210: 6684: 5728: 5237: 4099:(plus two in Canada); they opened up the West to farmers and ranchers. From north to south they were the Northern Pacific, 3818:

killed 300 to 400 white settlers. The state militia fought back and Lincoln sent in federal troops. The ensuing battles at

2189: 2181: 19150: 19050: 14177: 13403:

Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, "High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War",

12456:

Important Moments in Japanese American History:Before, During, and After World War II Mass Incarceration. Timeline; Densho

5443:(1848–1929), Michael Francis "Frank" McLean (1854–1902), Cornelius "Neil" Brown (1844–1926). Photo by Charles A. Conkling. 24590: 24007: 23757: 23310: 23250: 22840: 22354: 22166: 22154: 22092: 21849: 21340: 21239: 20836: 20495: 20391: 20275: 19070: 18813: 15240:

The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Owen Wister

12035: 6918:, conveying vivid images of the Old West. Remington lamented the passing of an era he helped to chronicle when he wrote: 6420:. The California Gold Rush had positive and negative benefits for America. It simultaneously increased the population of 6295:(1915–1919) involved attacks targeted against Texan settlers. Also, skirmishes involving Natives happened as late as the 5205:, which was founded in 1877, was an organized settlement that predates the Exodusters but is often associated with them. 2804: 2185: 1691: 1178: 933: 312: 3393:

400,000 men, women, and children traveled 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in wagon trains during a six-month journey on the

2099: 24585: 24072: 23835: 23696: 23628: 23568: 23362: 22865: 22855: 22771: 22139: 22080: 21965: 21960: 21897: 21659: 21620: 21580: 21427: 21380: 21360: 20973: 20600: 20595: 20500: 20448: 19977: 19732: 19591: 18940: 17857: 17578: 17287: 15998: 15884: 15833: 15635: 15615: 15550: 15523: 15476: 15397: 15276: 15182: 14462: 14249: 14096: 13992: 13889: 13785: 13758: 13664: 13637: 13610: 13583: 13428: 13392: 13262: 13208: 13094: 12969: 12946: 12901: 12877: 12761: 11931: 11903: 11895:

Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898

11740: 11700: 11673: 11646: 11623: 11571: 11545: 11522: 11501: 11398: 11302: 11266: 11239: 10779: 10743: 10589: 10257: 10197: 10170: 10082: 9998: 9971: 9918: 9866: 9785: 9758: 9731: 9658: 9622: 9479: 9402: 9322: 9213: 9051: 8917: 8837: 8687: 8617: 8505: 8449: 8422: 8395: 8203: 8053: 7999: 7893: 7866: 7655: 6280: 5921: 5579: 5245: 5061: 3772: 3764: 3156: 2562:

thought of himself as a man of the frontier and was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West. Jefferson's

2193: 1686: 1243: 1011: 872: 744: 10842:

Sarah T. Phillips et al. "Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture",

7267:: a poster, popular in mythic scenes of the west, let the public know of criminals whom authorities wish to apprehend. 6010:

ground and supporting town would secure the cattle trade. However, unlike the mining towns which in many cases became

23734: 23724: 23260: 22897: 22734: 22317: 22181: 22161: 22112: 22102: 21970: 21892: 21869: 21829: 21693: 21683: 21560: 21535: 21442: 21422: 20900: 20690: 20416: 19798: 19484: 19200: 18885: 18232: 17826: 17727: 16171: 11784: 9243:

Five Artists of the Old West: George Catlin, Karl Bodmer, Alfred Jacob Miller, Charles M. Russell Frederic Remington

7557: 7299: 7259: 6184: 6041: 5868: 5383: 4850:, and was responsible for outfitting most Western posts for more than 20 years after its founding in the late 1870s. 4823: 4638:, the U.S. granted a large reservation to the Lakota, without military presence; it included the entire Black Hills. 2728: 2075: 910: 900: 303: 14179:

In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire

12421:

Light, Ivan (1974). "From Vice District to Tourist Attraction: The Moral Career of American Chinatowns, 1880–1940".

8869:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History: Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867

5567:

Western story tellers and film makers featured the gunfight in many Western productions. Walter Noble Burns's novel

5260:

ending all Japanese immigration to the U.S. The U.S.-born children of the Issei were citizens, in accordance to the

24033: 23287: 23116: 22949: 22909: 22788: 22322: 22186: 22132: 22117: 22019: 21854: 21330: 21283: 21278: 21180: 21107: 20807: 20572: 20101: 19283: 18189: 15985:

Andrew C. Isenberg, "Environment and the Nineteenth-Century West; or, Process Encounters Place". pp. 77–92 in

14537: 10985: 7249: 4016: 3645: 2529:

saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West.

1204: 979: 618: 19489: 19140: 10147: 8158:

Juricek, John T. (1966). "American Usage of the Word "Frontier" from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner".

7032:, directed by Howard Hawks, and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift, as an authentic cattle drive depiction. 5690:. Some of the outlaws, such as Jesse James, were products of the violence of the Civil War (James had ridden with 5356:

Childhood on the American frontier is contested territory. One group of scholars, following the lead of novelists

24234: 23968: 23924: 23320: 22818: 22674: 22220: 22009: 21950: 21859: 21750: 21725: 21222: 21212: 20777: 20695: 20633: 20617: 20463: 20458: 20222: 20202: 20192: 20187: 19494: 19185: 19040: 18242: 17482: 16200: 14947: 5479: 4903: 3989: 3104: 2917: 2498: 2051: 1994: 1987: 1901: 1397: 1139: 1090: 19268: 13866: 12191: 6852:

The mythologizing of the West began with minstrel shows and popular music in the 1840s. During the same period,

5201:, they were lured by the prospect of good, cheap Homestead Law land and better treatment. The all-black town of 5013:

were successful in the West; their torch awakens the women struggling in the North and South in this cartoon by

2871:

While colleges were springing up across the Northeast, there was little competition on the western frontier for

2196:

patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; these

23704: 23573: 23340: 22203: 21877: 21824: 21740: 21730: 21698: 21627: 21615: 21570: 21457: 21355: 21217: 21137: 21127: 20913: 20770: 20473: 20431: 20374: 20148: 20059: 17735: 15778: 15591: 15050: 14879: 14802: 14704: 14427: 14371: 14351: 14316: 14204: 13235: 12721: 12116: 12070: 11997: 11847: 10880: 10538: 9891: 9429: 9282: 8877: 8233: 7100:

and gunfighting, in turn popularized by the Western genre, would later be known in modern times as examples of

6153: 5475: 5163: 3761:

soon erupted, and the Union ended the Confederate campaign and the area west of Texas remained in Union hands.

2763: 880: 749: 15291:

Leroy G. Dorsey, "The frontier myth in presidential rhetoric: Theodore Roosevelt's campaign for conservation"

9446: 6566:, they would send multiple loggers depending on the size of the tree. From there, they would use double-sided 3127: 3084: 3042:, which represented business and financial interests, stood opposed to Manifest Destiny. Whig leaders such as 24419: 24028: 24013: 23948: 23938: 23909: 23899: 23437: 21955: 21819: 21735: 21666: 21637: 21575: 21465: 21437: 21081: 20453: 20346: 19584: 18227: 18222: 18179: 17909: 17492: 16057: 15251:

Christine Bold, "The Rough Riders at Home and Abroad: Cody, Roosevelt, Remington, and the Imperialist Hero",

13904:

M. Scott Taylor, "Buffalo Hunt: International Trade and the Virtual Extinction of the North American Bison",

12526:

Chad Montrie, "'Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country:' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas-Nebraska Grasslands",

11165:

Howard Kushner, "The significance of the Alaska purchase to American expansion." in S. Frederick Starr, ed.,

10831:

American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 GI Bill

7452: 5770: 5679: 4878: 4726: 4635: 4104: 3242:. California entered the Union in 1850 as a free state; the other areas remained territories for many years. 2039: 1582: 1199: 1184: 1114: 1104: 1075: 1065: 15165:

William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature" in William Cronon, ed.,

14668: 14511: 9354:

Johnson, Charles A. (1950). "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840".

3210:

led forces into northern Mexico, winning a series of battles that ensued. The U.S. Navy transported General

2174:, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when 2028:," and that other definitions of the region "include all lands west of the Mississippi or Missouri rivers." 24018: 23992: 23978: 23953: 23943: 23894: 23810: 23417: 22927: 22701: 22595: 22380: 22306: 22250: 22243: 22176: 22039: 21922: 21844: 21834: 21688: 21649: 21605: 21565: 21522: 21470: 21402: 21375: 21335: 21313: 21122: 20936: 20883: 20816: 20673: 20629: 20557: 20478: 20396: 20207: 20071: 19900: 19808: 19616: 19562: 19165: 18920: 17821: 17791: 17657: 17525: 17215: 16036:

Richard W. Etulain, "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico",

12275:

Hell's Belles: Prostitution, Vice, and Crime in Early Denver, with a Biography of Sam Howe, Frontier Lawman

12170:

S. Ilan Troen, "Frontier myths and their applications in America and Israel: A transnational perspective".

7313: 6633: 6250: 6158: 5975:, but their investments did create a large industry that continues to cycle through boom and bust periods. 5529: 5256:, known as the McCarran-Walter Act, which allowed Japanese immigrants to become naturalized U.S. citizens. 5214: 5130:

European immigrants often built communities of similar religious and ethnic backgrounds. For example, many

4967: 4831: 4801:

in southern Arizona along the mail route between Tucson and El Paso and was used to launch attacks against

4730: 4601: 3964: 3869: 3637:

in 1860, cutting delivery time to ten days. He set up over 150 stations about 15 miles (24 km) apart.

3561:, seeking to leave American jurisdiction to escape religious persecution in Illinois and Missouri, led the 2830:(1784–1864) led the Yellowstone and Missouri expeditions of 1819–1820, but his categorizing in 1823 of the 2747: 2732: 2684: 1189: 1163: 1149: 1119: 1109: 1060: 986: 519: 281: 16700: 14035: 12458: 6140:

says, "Saving the American soul from a total surrender to materialism was the cause for which he fought."

5451:, crimes of drunkenness, selling whiskey to the Natives, cutting trees on federal land) and professional ( 3699: 24448: 24344: 23914: 23183: 22560: 22525: 22171: 22122: 21937: 21839: 21762: 21644: 21540: 21365: 21350: 21288: 20923: 20878: 20685: 20567: 20421: 19469: 19459: 19223: 19160: 18955: 17682: 17677: 17626: 17621: 16876: 16629: 15170: 12260: 7385: 7069: 6245: 5850: 5533: 4315: 3554: 3234:

the new territories and dealing with the slavery issue caused intense controversy, particularly over the

3226: 2956:

frontier, and the logging frontier. Finally, the coming of the railroad brought the end of the frontier.

2571: 1982: 1932: 1613: 1507: 1080: 1070: 115: 19313: 8068:

Quoted in William Cronon, "Revisiting the vanishing frontier: The legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner."

6365:, gloves, and collar-less shirts—were practical and adaptable, designed for protection and comfort. The 5027:

Westerners were proud of their leadership in the movement for democracy and equality, a major theme for

4597: 2857:(1785–1851) is famous for classifying and painting in minute details 500 species of birds, published in 2799: 24656: 24631: 24038: 24023: 23888: 23402: 22744: 22520: 22490: 22455: 22075: 21945: 21777: 21757: 21745: 21555: 21545: 21227: 21132: 20745: 20735: 20262: 20257: 20247: 20242: 19764: 19558: 19278: 19000: 18897: 18881: 18839: 17806: 17598: 17437: 16193: 14903: 14826: 14728: 14137: 13984: 11435:

Anthony R. McGinnis, "When Courage Was Not Enough: Plains Indians at War with the United States Army",

11339:(2001) pp. 226–253, and by Francis Paul Prucha, "Andrew Jackson's Indian Policy: A Reassessment", 9933:

Jimmy L Bryan, Jr., "The Patriot-Warrior Mystique", in Alexander Mendoza and Charles David Grear, eds.

8284: 7971: 7227: 5283: 5249: 4975: 4609: 4373: 4372:

demanded the removal of the Natives out of the southeastern states to new lands in the west, while the

3666: 3633:

William Russell, hoping to get a government contract for more rapid mail delivery service, started the

3195: 3039: 2842: 2399: 2348: 2321: 1912: 1897: 1209: 1194: 1054: 31: 13385:

Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents

13298: 10353: 2589:

Even before the purchase, Jefferson was planning expeditions to explore and map the lands. He charged

24528: 24513: 24503: 24462: 24384: 24349: 23919: 22986: 22813: 22783: 22552: 21654: 20960: 20765: 20760: 20322: 19776: 19449: 19288: 19085: 18965: 18945: 18780: 17872: 17417: 17347: 17069: 15972:

Mart A. Stewart, "If John Muir Had Been an Agrarian: American Environmental History West and South",

14767: 14487:"What is Placer Gold Mining? – Yukon – Charley Rivers National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" 10286:

Buchanan, Frederick S. (1982). "Education among the Mormons: Brigham Young and the Schools of Utah".

9723:

A country of vast designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the conquest of the American continent

9447:"The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005" 8554: 7418:: best selling German writer of all time, noted chiefly for wild west books set in the American West. 7165: 6951: 6284: 6265: 6224: 6217: 6213: 6205: 5901: 5427:

The "Dodge City Peace Commission" June 10, 1883. (Standing from left) William H. Harris (1845–1895),

5155: 4971: 4963: 4955:

10 cents per cow for the latter to allow them to travel through their land. Natives also preyed upon

3506: 2901: 2759: 1993:

Pockets of settlements would also appear far past the established frontier line, particularly on the

1823: 1819: 1618: 1547: 1512: 1085: 574: 17: 19303: 15938:

White, Richard (1985). "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field".

13936: 13920:

Plumb, Glenn E.; Sucec, Rosemary (2006). "A Bison Conservation History in the U.S. National Parks".

11732:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

11665:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

10330: 8707: 8464:

Tom Arne Midtrød, "Strange and Disturbing News: Rumor and Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley."

7155:

saw similarities between the frontier's Americanization of immigrants that Turner described and the

6732:. This was one of the main causes of the Wild West era. When people relocated to the underdeveloped 5064:

became short-distance affairs. However, the passenger trains were often the targets of armed gangs.

4186:

which devastated the Great Plains. These challenges hardened these settlers in taming the frontier.

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along the Canada–U.S. border; the Union Pacific/Central Pacific in the middle, and to the south the

3853:

tribe in New Mexico, where they had been raiding settlers and put them on a reservation. Within the

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in the Department of Agriculture. After 1900, dam building and flood control became major concerns.

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Immigrants in the Valley: Irish, Germans, and Americans in the Upper Mississippi Country, 1830–1860

11129: 7910: 7221: 7176: 7089: 6841: 6819: 6709: 6604: 6472: 6099: 6061: 5028: 4978:. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became known as the 4914: 4847: 4478: 4340: 4123:(1835–1900) took over and finally completed the line to Seattle. But the line went bankrupt in the 4071:

employed over 12,000 Chinese workers, 90% of its manual workforce. Ong explores whether or not the

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The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee

6200: 5749: 5478:, there were other various law enforcement agencies throughout the American frontier, such as the 3275:

ships took 5 months to sail the 17,000 miles (27,000 km) from New York City to San Francisco.

1965: 24523: 24518: 24498: 24389: 24379: 24374: 24354: 23904: 23432: 22749: 22694: 22495: 21261: 20997: 20755: 19722: 19566: 19444: 19293: 18950: 18530: 18520: 18449: 18078: 17811: 17781: 17667: 17652: 17535: 17530: 17472: 17432: 17099: 14393: 13087:

Bad Company and Burnt Powder: Justice and Injustice in the Old Southwest (Frances B. Vick Series)

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The Nation Builders: A Sesquicentennial History of the Corps of Topographical Engineers 1838–1863

10497:

Stacey L. Smith, "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction".

10468:

Dale Watts, "How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas? Political Killings in Kansas territory, 1854–1861",

10272:

Lawrence G. Coates, "Brigham Young and Mormon Indian Policies: The Formative Period, 1836–1851",

8962:

Don D. Walker, "Philosophical and Literary Implications in the Historiography of the Fur Trade",

7500: 7321:: list of notable law enforcement officials of the American frontier. They occupied positions as 7085: 6636:, as unemployment made it difficult for more money to go into circulation, and stores were going 6288: 5905: 5373: 5014: 4935: 4927: 4742: 4714: 4605: 4573: 4534: 3758: 3679: 3550: 3546: 2872: 2845:(1768–1823) traveled up the Missouri River documenting and drawing plant and animal life. Artist 2814:

Government and private enterprise sent many explorers to the West. In 1805–1806, Army lieutenant

2658: 2610: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1517: 38: 22440: 19135: 16181:

161 photographs of frontier geography and personalities; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright

14151: 13491:"Sheep Wars | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)" 13279: 12831:

Moore, Waddy W. (Spring 1964). "Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier".

12643:

Julia Ann Laite, "Historical Perspectives on Industrial Development, Mining, and Prostitution",

7124:

environment, in addition to hypocritically betraying the ideals on which it supposedly is built.

6988:

The most famous popularizers of the image included part-time cowboy and "Rough Rider" President

6973:

The cowboy has for over a century been an iconic American image both in the country and abroad.

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occupation. The job was a fairly common occupation to have in this era, similarly to miners and

6136:

dam, which was built in the Yosemite National Park to supply water to San Francisco. Biographer

4026:

Route of the first transcontinental railroad across the western United States (built, 1863–1869)

2865: 2534:

franchise favored by eastern upper classes and adopting more democracy and more egalitarianism.

1853:

continued to show the westward frontier line, and his successors continued the practice. By the

1764:, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of 24554: 24538: 24477: 24304: 24219: 24163: 23447: 23379: 23315: 23243: 23008: 22761: 22706: 22617: 22540: 22445: 22430: 22259: 21713: 21063: 20873: 20853: 20655: 20510: 20305: 20252: 20237: 20081: 19769: 19499: 19474: 19464: 19408: 19238: 19175: 19055: 18990: 18985: 18593: 18515: 18416: 18344: 18164: 18159: 18098: 18025: 17877: 17796: 17765: 17520: 16866: 16750: 16449: 16399: 15013: 13931: 9043:

The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789–1837

7318: 6976: 6947:

wrote many books on the west and the frontier, and made frequent reference to it as president.

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Scholars have examined the social history of the west in search of the American character. The

4323:

must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate...

4209: 3941: 3889: 3823: 3819: 3734: 3403: 2924: 2579: 2482: 2462: 2325: 2292: 2271: 1920: 1654: 1633: 1467: 1382: 1326: 398: 181: 15581: 15513: 15466: 15266: 14288:

Raymond B. Wrabley, Jr., "Drunk Driving or Dry Run? Cowboys and Alcohol on the Cattle Trail".

14266: 14119:, Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910, United States. Bureau of the Census, July 1914 13775: 13654: 13600: 13021: 12959: 12867: 12751: 12106: 11987: 11837: 11730: 11663: 11535: 11229: 10870: 10706: 10528: 9988: 9961: 9203: 8907: 8852:

Robert Lee, "Accounting for Conquest: The Price of the Louisiana Purchase of Indian Country",

8607: 8439: 8412: 8385: 7953:, Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910, United States. Bureau of the Census, July 1914 7523: 4854:

in Arizona was also originally a frontier post and is still in use by the United States Army.

4302: 4230:

on October 18, 1867, as Russian soldiers handed over the territory to the United States Army.

3414:

in Oregon. This network of wagon trails leading to the Pacific Northwest was later called the

3110:

The Spanish and Mexican governments attracted American settlers to Texas with generous terms.

24339: 24334: 24209: 23932: 23483: 23466: 23442: 23335: 23330: 23277: 23099: 23067: 22875: 22860: 22450: 22425: 22410: 21912: 21595: 20710: 20267: 20232: 20227: 20170: 20153: 19883: 19540: 19403: 19378: 19248: 19190: 19035: 19030: 18935: 18930: 18915: 18905: 18790: 18570: 18540: 18492: 18349: 18194: 18088: 18070: 17852: 17712: 17662: 17631: 17568: 17510: 17245: 17109: 16886: 16780: 16314: 16259: 15988: 15872: 15387: 14999: 14239: 14008:

Bicha, Karel Denis (1965). "The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914".

13750: 13627: 11921: 11690: 11024: 10769: 10579: 10072: 9469: 9041: 8867: 8677: 8634: 8495: 8045: 8041: 8035: 7483:: a western role-playing game modeled after Clint Eastwood films and similar darker Westerns. 7463: 7421: 7330: 7270: 7243: 7213:

preserves, protects and shares the histories of emigrants who followed these trails westward.

7139: 7081: 7026: 6877: 6616: 6577:

And for transportation, they would either float the logs down a river (a profession known as

6460: 6048: 5885: 5834: 5748:

Civilians also took arms to defend themselves in the Old West, sometimes siding with lawmen (

5573: 5412: 5320: 5229: 5225: 4781: 4765: 4617: 4538: 4482: 4183: 3956: 3948:. Unsold land could be purchased from the land office at a minimum price of $ 1.25 per acre. 3929: 3865: 3858: 3815: 3360: 3148: 2944: 2827: 2392: 2283: 2267: 2234: 2006: 1908: 1502: 1497: 1372: 1098: 662: 607: 585: 19065: 15730: 15540: 13355: 12711: 11636: 11144: 10473: 9259: 8827: 8016: 7697: 5926: 5658:

The major type of banditry was conducted by the infamous outlaws of the West, including the

5470:

When criminals were convicted, the punishment was severe. Aside from the occasional Western

4576:, while also raiding upon prominent farms and ranches, such as their infamous attack on the 4385:"neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvements". 2522: 293: 24610: 24429: 24394: 24299: 24274: 23963: 23460: 23412: 23352: 23188: 23109: 22969: 22892: 22850: 22729: 22679: 22664: 22647: 22547: 22435: 22405: 22264: 21392: 21266: 21157: 20535: 19967: 19947: 19895: 19845: 19786: 19717: 19308: 19218: 19015: 18767: 18628: 18565: 18555: 18525: 18507: 18391: 18055: 17979: 17816: 17687: 17573: 17550: 17190: 17084: 16725: 15754: 14566: 13680:

Graham, Richard (1960). "The Investment Boom in British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885".

13554: 12083: 10671:

The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 1784–1912

10513:

Barry A. Crouch, "A 'Fiend in Human Shape?' William Clarke Quantrill and his Biographers",

7337: 7196: 6935: 6417: 6315: 5881: 5877: 5509: 5361: 5220: 4939: 4769: 4377: 4286: 4040: 3750: 3730: 3328: 3263: 3177: 3100: 3092: 2928: 2704: 2679: 2628: 2574:

hailed the opportunity to create millions of new farms to expand the domain of land-owning

2486: 2474: 2434: 2422: 2383: 2020: 1845: 1834: 1815: 1713: 1592: 1557: 1462: 1437: 1134: 1124: 431: 420: 365: 251: 19180: 19155: 12487:

Casandra D. Salgado, "Mexican American Identity: Regional Differentiation in New Mexico."

9314:

Exploration and empire: the explorer and the scientist in the winning of the American West

9068:

The American People and the National Forests: The First Century of the U.S. Forest Service

8192:

Aron, Steven, "The Making of the First American West and the Unmaking of Other Realms" in

6585:

to lift the massive logs that were strapped together using rope. Another rope was tied to

8: 24414: 24364: 24319: 24309: 24294: 24284: 24269: 24249: 24224: 24214: 24204: 23958: 23778: 23768: 23210: 22959: 22652: 22570: 22565: 22515: 22415: 22283: 21804: 21720: 21530: 21246: 20931: 20562: 19759: 19535: 19358: 19323: 18910: 18775: 18676: 18671: 18633: 18623: 18560: 18550: 18545: 18487: 18469: 18464: 18426: 18406: 18386: 18336: 18321: 18275: 18169: 18136: 18118: 18030: 17929: 17862: 17755: 17697: 17647: 17129: 16922: 16740: 14840: 14293: 13922: 13044: 12667:(1979). "Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America". 11178: 11020: 7372: 7254: 7116: 7018: 6782:

spread throughout the trail. In total, over 1,000 died on the trail from various causes.

6169: 6129: 6023: 5950:. The long drives were treacherous, especially crossing water such as the Brazos and the 5790: 5671: 5278: 5139: 5010: 4530: 4328: 4243: 3898: 3840: 3831: 3746: 3742: 3368: 3364: 3119: 2936: 2808: 2542: 2411: 2337: 2288: 2205: 2175: 1830: 1577: 1527: 1482: 1472: 1457: 1447: 1432: 1412: 1387: 1377: 1367: 1129: 954: 944: 354: 216: 89: 19145: 19075: 17317: 14329: 13490: 13332: 12050:

Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History

8249:

Klein, Kerwin Lee (1996). "Reclaiming the "F" Word, or Being and Becoming Postwestern".

5781:, which depicts the aftermath of a range war between cowboys and supposed rustlers. 1895 3433:

In the "Wagon Train of 1843", some 700 to 1,000 emigrants headed for Oregon; missionary

24434: 24409: 24314: 24254: 24229: 24199: 24189: 23788: 23783: 23773: 23763: 23476: 23454: 22974: 22833: 22808: 22778: 22739: 22622: 22465: 21044: 21032: 20750: 20740: 20717: 20700: 20096: 19840: 19835: 19707: 19418: 19393: 19348: 19258: 19228: 19060: 19045: 19005: 18980: 18970: 18661: 18618: 18613: 18580: 18535: 18454: 18396: 18306: 18141: 18083: 18045: 17745: 17740: 17583: 17500: 17442: 17205: 17034: 16979: 16745: 16519: 16414: 15955: 15656: 15447: 15309: 14897: 14874:. Paul O'Neil, Time-Life Books (Rev ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1987. 14820: 14722: 14650: 14642: 14017: 13705: 13697: 13115: 13002: 12848: 12692: 12684: 12438: 12365: 12309: 12229: 11344: 10944: 10812: 10606:

Peacekeepers and Conquerors: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1821–1846

10395: 10335: 10311: 10303: 9828: 9580: 9373: 9123: 9022: 8749: 8588: 8266: 8175: 7837: 7798: 7767: 7728: 7479: 7425: 7379: 7161: 7040: 6989: 6944: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6779: 6767: 6749: 6692: 6582: 6562:

To cut down trees, lumberjacks had many tools to help them in the process. To cut down

6503: 6476: 6276: 6257: 6117: 6095: 6052: 6033: 5972: 5909: 5873: 5794: 5778: 5553: 5505: 4923: 4863: 4710: 4682: 4623: 4580:

that killed three cowboys. The U.S. finally induced the last hostile Apache band under

4235: 4175: 3969: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3776: 3754: 3708: 3530: 3239: 3215: 2888: 2854: 2653: 2563: 2554: 2201: 1811: 1782: 1597: 1572: 1477: 1417: 1392: 1362: 1352: 964: 959: 949: 939: 475: 453: 241: 221: 196: 171: 66: 19368: 18850: 16720: 14985:

Roger D. McGrath, "A Violent Birth: Disorder, Crime, and Law Enforcement, 1849–1890",

13512: 9563:

Hacker, Louis Morton (1924). "Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture".

8977:

Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850

8609:

Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850

8082: 7412:: writer of many western books; author of more than 100 novels of the "frontier" genre 7013:

Others who contributed to enhancing the romantic image of the American cowboy include

6494:, woman and outlaw during the American Frontier. She's known for her death by gunshot. 6459:

happened in other territories as other expeditions were happening. Events such as the

5806: 3290:. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco exploded from 500 to 150,000. 2641: 1797:". The legends, historical events and folklore of the American frontier, known as the 24606: 24369: 24324: 24264: 24239: 24194: 23374: 23205: 23018: 22605: 22400: 22361: 21787: 20943: 20295: 19712: 19697: 19545: 19525: 19439: 19423: 19373: 19363: 18995: 18960: 18800: 18724: 18666: 18479: 18434: 18411: 18376: 18368: 18311: 18293: 18204: 18035: 18017: 17987: 17904: 17264: 17185: 17170: 17165: 16955: 16790: 16770: 16279: 16068: 15994: 15880: 15829: 15774: 15631: 15611: 15587: 15546: 15519: 15472: 15393: 15272: 15056: 15046: 14885: 14875: 14808: 14798: 14710: 14700: 14654: 14634: 14468: 14458: 14423: 14367: 14347: 14312: 14245: 14212: 14183: 14131: 14092: 13988: 13952: 13885: 13781: 13754: 13746: 13709: 13660: 13633: 13606: 13579: 13424: 13388: 13258: 13231: 13204: 13090: 13068: 12965: 12942: 12897: 12873: 12757: 12717: 12696: 12112: 12066: 11993: 11927: 11899: 11843: 11736: 11696: 11669: 11642: 11619: 11567: 11541: 11518: 11497: 11394: 11369: 11360:

Alfred A. Cave, "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and The Indian Removal Act of 1830",

11298: 11262: 11235: 10876: 10775: 10739: 10712: 10585: 10534: 10315: 10253: 10193: 10166: 10078: 9994: 9967: 9914: 9887: 9861: 9781: 9754: 9727: 9654: 9618: 9475: 9425: 9398: 9318: 9278: 9209: 9047: 8913: 8873: 8833: 8785:

Valley of Democracy: The Frontier versus the Plantation in the Ohio Valley, 1775–1818

8683: 8664:

How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay

8613: 8501: 8479:

Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730

8445: 8418: 8391: 8229: 8199: 8167: 8133: 8049: 7995: 7965: 7889: 7862: 7651: 7400:: author of historical nonfiction that documents the forgotten women of the Old West. 7276: 7216: 6873: 6615:

along with 45 other men to go explore the new territory. Their expedition across the

6507: 6498:

Laws were less restrictive in the West for white women. Western states allowed women

6397: 6231: 6006: 5960: 5889: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5753: 5675: 5607:(1994). They solidified Earp's modern reputation as the Old West's deadliest gunman. 5603: 5571:(1927) made Earp famous. Hollywood celebrated Earp's Tombstone days with John Ford's 5202: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5039: 4588: 4490: 4445: 4274: 4255: 4060: 4052: 3955:

In 1862, Congress passed three important bills that transformed the land system. The

3768: 3733:. But its proximity to Confederate lines enabled pro-Confederate guerrillas, such as 3675: 3411: 3323:' killing of eleven bandits single-handedly. Camps spread out north and south of the 3320: 3182: 3160: 3111: 3067: 3051: 2716: 2602: 2538: 2430: 2316: 2151: 1877: 1709: 1532: 1487: 1427: 1402: 1357: 318: 256: 231: 226: 206: 146: 93: 16454: 16133: 14086: 13468: 10443: 10124:

Unruh, John D. Jr. (1973). "Against the Grain: West to East on the Overland Trail".

8441:

British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces Of Power In Early Modern British America

8107: 7989: 7883: 7856: 7818:"'Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier" 7748:""Progress of the Nation": The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier" 7645: 6790: 5182:. The nickname was given to the black soldiers by the native tribes they controlled. 24399: 24279: 24244: 24142: 24057: 24052: 23543: 22981: 22944: 22870: 22828: 22724: 22684: 22485: 22480: 21703: 21550: 21256: 21076: 20086: 19927: 19910: 19905: 19744: 19353: 19243: 19080: 18701: 18681: 18648: 18638: 18585: 18381: 18151: 18126: 18040: 17992: 17919: 17914: 17867: 17750: 17707: 17672: 17422: 17332: 17160: 17134: 17014: 16901: 16896: 16856: 16785: 16730: 16677: 16649: 16564: 16157:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Frank McLynn, Jenni Calder and Christopher Frayling ( 15947: 15688: 15496: 15439: 15330: 14626: 13689: 13142: 12994: 12840: 12815: 12713:

Gold Diggers & Silver Miners: Prostitution and Social Life on the Comstock Lode

12676: 12648: 12430: 11365: 11198: 10936: 10924: 10804: 10387: 10295: 10112:

The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860

10099:

The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860

10031:

Fournier, Richard. "Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History",

9859:

Gerhardt Britton, Karen; Elliott, Fred C.; Miller, E. A. (2010). "Cotton Culture".

9818: 9810: 9572: 9525:

The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County

9365: 9115: 9106:

Nichols, Roger L. (1969). "Army Contributions to River Transportation, 1818–1825".

9014: 8741: 8258: 7829: 7759: 7409: 7102: 6608: 6464: 6405: 6307: 6261: 6123: 6111: 5897: 5854: 5802: 5717: 5703: 5629: 5597: 5564:

syndicates in the United States, and their demise came at the hands of Wyatt Earp.

5544:

was assassinated while playing billiards. Wyatt and others, including his brothers

5377: 5300: 4839: 4681:

Scalped corpse of buffalo hunter found after an 1868 encounter with Cheyennes near

4670: 4533:, and the Natives also raided ranches, farms and killed white families such as the 4409: 4332: 4270: 4262: 4167: 3864:

In 1862, Congress enacted two major laws to facilitate settlement of the West: the

3854: 3827: 3570: 3419: 3340: 3332: 3230: 3132: 3071: 3024: 2897: 2740: 2598: 2567: 2559: 2526: 1849:

therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports." Despite this, the later

1790: 1778: 1562: 1442: 1407: 1305: 1228: 1223: 705: 530: 246: 191: 186: 176: 19130: 15566:

Harvey L. Carter, "Retracing a Cattle Drive: Andy Adams's 'The Log of a Cowboy,'"

11758:"Meeker Massacre forced Utes from most of Colorado, but the attack was a backlash" 11393:, Random House (2001) ch. 7: Atrocities from the Trail of Tears to the Civil War. 11231:

Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)

9159:

Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912

4022: 3787: 24467: 24404: 24359: 24259: 23265: 23198: 23094: 23055: 22939: 22882: 22754: 22657: 22555: 22475: 22470: 22420: 21412: 21188: 21086: 20858: 20158: 20091: 19860: 19781: 19727: 19530: 19388: 19273: 19213: 18975: 18729: 18656: 18459: 18401: 18326: 18301: 18252: 18212: 18050: 18007: 17899: 17616: 17389: 17342: 17240: 17225: 17139: 17089: 16927: 16816: 16634: 16549: 16369: 16334: 16019: 15427: 14309:$ 10 Horse, $ 40 Saddle: Cowboy Clothing, Arms, Tools and Horse Gear of the 1880s 13879: 13736: 13573: 13418: 13252: 13198: 12462: 11893: 11185: 10733: 10564:

David Westphall, "The Battle of Glorieta Pass: Its Importance in the Civil War",

10247: 10187: 10160: 9908: 9881: 9775: 9748: 9721: 9717: 9687: 9648: 9612: 9419: 9394:

Frontier Mission: A History of Religion West of the Southern Appalachians to 1861

9392: 9312: 9272: 8947: 8482: 8223: 8219: 7365: 7281: 7156: 7014: 6962: 6837: 6758:

as a separate Canadian territory. One of the most important cities on the trail,

6552: 6103: 6070: 6057: 5998: 5947: 5826: 5737: 5708: 5695: 5585: 5561: 5464: 5456: 5436: 5404: 5396: 5290:

The great majority of Hispanics who had been living in the former territories of

5191: 5179: 5159: 5143: 5098: 5032: 5019: 4983: 4979: 4931: 4754: 4501: 4213: 4195: 4163: 4056: 4048: 3687: 3657: 3566: 3542: 3521: 3514: 3492: 3199: 3140: 3047: 2779: 2674: 2590: 2505: 2442: 2374: 2341: 1924: 1916: 1893: 1794: 1623: 1567: 1522: 1422: 497: 261: 201: 156: 14588: 13534: 12738:

Daughters of joy, sisters of misery: prostitutes in the American West, 1865–1890

11959:

Brigham D. Madsen, "Shoshoni-Bannock Marauders on the Oregon Trail, 1859–1863",

9690:, "Texas: The South Meets the West, The View Through African American History", 6644:. This also caused territorial disputes with the Native Americans. For example, 5620: 3998: 3912:

These improvements to governance still left plenty of room for profiteering. As

3279: 2849:(1796–1872) painted accurate paintings of Native American culture. Swiss artist 2791:

exposed portions of the frontier to Native hostilities without any protection."

24147: 23215: 23193: 23171: 23149: 23144: 22669: 22600: 22530: 22275: 21882: 21782: 21165: 20300: 20290: 20285: 20280: 19952: 19815: 19749: 19263: 18757: 18749: 18734: 18719: 18714: 18002: 17889: 17467: 17427: 17372: 17322: 17297: 17272: 17230: 17200: 16760: 16404: 13313: 12914:"The cowboy legend: Owen Wister's Virginian and the Canadian-American frontier" 11946:

Robert L. Munkres, "The Plains Indian Threat on the Oregon Trail before 1860",

11006:

Paul M. Ong, "The Central Pacific Railroad and Exploitation of Chinese Labor",

9337: 9187: 9172: 8768: 7144: 7061: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6771: 6556: 6523: 6409: 6236: 6180: 6164: 6149: 6137: 5964: 5943: 5858: 5732: 5557: 5460: 5312: 5308: 5094: 5043: 4919: 4898: 4557: 4505: 4413: 4381: 4369: 4358: 4239: 4222: 4201: 4100: 4032: 3945: 3623: 3574: 3480: 3434: 3389: 3324: 3235: 3211: 3207: 3123: 3096: 2986: 2838: 2823: 2783: 2692: 2633: 2494: 2478: 2426: 2407: 2308: 2221: 2164: 2014: 2002: 1928: 1310: 387: 236: 211: 15500: 15074: 14630: 12652: 12220:

Holden, W. C. (1940). "Law and Lawlessness on the Texas Frontier, 1875–1890".

11461:

Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5

10961:

George Kraus, "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific",

10502: 8549:

Robert V. Remini, "The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Bulwark of the Republic."

5512:

bought shares in the Vizina mine, water rights, and gambling concessions, but

4868: 4388:

The forced march of about twenty tribes included the "Five Civilized Tribes" (

24625: 23357: 23134: 20863: 20163: 19972: 19607: 19208: 19115: 18709: 18686: 18608: 18444: 18283: 18108: 18060: 17956: 17702: 17412: 17362: 17292: 17175: 17119: 17004: 16963: 16937: 16932: 16917: 16891: 16861: 16841: 16795: 16775: 16765: 16710: 16705: 16639: 16619: 16604: 16474: 16464: 16409: 16379: 16354: 16309: 16269: 15468:

Rough rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the politics of desire

14638: 13072: 8171: 7677: 7264: 7152: 7073: 6885: 6881: 6807: 6612: 6531: 6506:, but still tried to maintain their ways of life and support their families. 6066: 5663: 5432: 5388: 5187: 5147: 5119: 4947: 4851: 4827: 4690: 4627: 4613: 4592: 4466: 4429: 4266: 4227: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4077: 3558: 3534: 3468: 3463: 3451: 3427: 3372: 3356: 3029: 2976: 2846: 2766: 2723: 2700: 2247: 1978: 1947: 1798: 1769: 16154: 15647:

Milner, II, Clyde A. (Winter 1987). "The Shard Memory of Montana Pioneers".

15060: 14889: 13146: 10581:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War

10142:

Mary E. Stuckey, "The Donner Party and the Rhetoric of Westward Expansion",

3775:, and the Confederacy controlling Southern Missouri. However, Union General 3501: 2981: 2758:

The army early on assumed the mission of protecting settlers along with the

2601:

quickly seized the opportunity and expanded fur trading operations into the

2386:

favored the squatters by promising rapid access to cheap land. By contrast,

23346: 23282: 22823: 21170: 21142: 20197: 19318: 18808: 18691: 18497: 18316: 17997: 17936: 17924: 17477: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17302: 17250: 17235: 17195: 17124: 17104: 17094: 17079: 17050: 17038: 17029: 16984: 16974: 16755: 16715: 16690: 16685: 16654: 16624: 16599: 16584: 16559: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16374: 16023: 15491:

Amy Ware, "Unexpected Cowboy, Unexpected Indian: The Case of Will Rogers",

14812: 14714: 14472: 12288:

The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American mMining Town, 1875–1925

10219: 8894:

Across the Continent: Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and the Making of America

6931: 6893: 6869: 6853: 6796: 6645: 6624: 6598: 6571: 6426: 6371: 6176: 6133: 5525: 5423: 5357: 5341: 5332: 5316: 4956: 4810: 4718: 4698: 4659: 4643: 4577: 4522: 4307: 4296: 4159: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3459: 3423: 3415: 3394: 3384: 3009:

explored the individualistic worldview and values of the first generation:

2831: 2815: 2787: 2688: 2606: 2481:

defeated the Creeks and opened the Southwest, while militia under Governor

2418: 2395:

to all adults, male and female, black and white, native-born or immigrant.

2312: 2304: 2160: 1889: 1786: 8796:

Merrill D. Peterson, "Jefferson, the West, and the Enlightenment Vision",

4926:, which was carved from the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase after the 4047:(which built west from Omaha). In 1862 four rich San Francisco merchants ( 3573:", which he ruled as a theocracy. It later became Utah Territory. Young's 3557:

was filed during these conflicts, and the Mormons were forced to scatter.

2402:(1783), American settlers in large numbers poured into the west. In 1788, 1969:

U.S. census map showing the extent of settlement and frontier line in 1900

143:

Currently the United States, historically in order of their assimilation:

23238: 23166: 23082: 22902: 22627: 21447: 20978: 20315: 20217: 19957: 19820: 19576: 18739: 18598: 18093: 17941: 17540: 17447: 17407: 17367: 17277: 17210: 17046: 17042: 17024: 17019: 17009: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16969: 16951: 16947: 16942: 16881: 16871: 16846: 16831: 16826: 16811: 16695: 16574: 16554: 16544: 16424: 16304: 16254: 15899:

Stephen Aron, "Convergence, California, and the Newest Western History",

15857:

Richard W. Slatta, "Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier",

15123:

Richard W. Slatta, "Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier",

15040: 14869: 13133:

Cohen, Hubert I. (2003). "Wyatt Earp at the O. K. Corral: Six Versions".

12664: 12554:

Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920

12381:

Franklin Ng, "The Sojourner, Return Migration, and Immigration History",

11315:"The Doolittle Report on the State of Indians in U.S. Reservations, 1867" 10517:(1999) 22#2 pp. 142–156 analyzes the highly polarized historiography 9421:

And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845

8829:

Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion

8131: 6993: 6915: 6763: 6759: 6653: 6578: 6491: 6430: 6413: 6342: 6256:

The admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907 upon the combination of the

6091: 5992: 5699: 5667: 5648: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5521: 5513: 4894: 4814: 4798: 4729:

once gold was discovered in the hills. One of its famous battles was the

4722: 4561: 4545: 4514: 4474: 4205: 4128: 3976: 3627: 3438: 3359:, containing vast amounts of silver, resulted in the Nevada boomtowns of 3352:, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota (by 1864). 3345: 3268: 3152: 3080: 2963: 2850: 2637: 2470: 2251: 2209: 1998: 1838: 14792: 14694: 14646: 14614: 14452: 13119: 12852: 12313: 12233: 11777:"Deadly confrontation in Utah took place shortly before GJ incorporated" 11068:

Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 1829–1929

10378:

Jackson, W. Turrentine (1972). "Wells Fargo: Symbol of the Wild West?".

9883:

German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas

9823: 9777:

Race and manifest destiny: the origins of American racial anglo-saxonism

9254:

Gregory Nobles, "John James Audubon, the American "Hunter-Naturalist.".

8525: 7802: 7786: 7732: 7716: 6098:

based in California, in 1889 started organizing support to preserve the

5174: 4151: 4127:

and Hill took it over. He then merged several lines with financing from

3410:. Trails were cleared further and further west, eventually reaching the 2263: 23325: 23233: 23139: 23072: 22845: 20310: 20116: 19942: 19937: 19855: 19515: 19398: 18260: 18217: 17946: 17894: 17847: 17760: 17545: 17515: 17505: 17377: 17357: 17312: 17074: 16959: 16836: 16469: 15959: 15660: 15451: 15138:

Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West

14934:

Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone

13701: 12688: 12442: 11989:

The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians

11348: 11293:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492

11257:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492

10948: 10816: 10366:

Forgotten Kingdom: The Mormon Theocracy in the American West, 1847–1896

9990:

A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California

9832: 9584: 9377: 9127: 9026: 8753: 8732:

Gates, Charles M. (1940). "The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815".

8592: 8270: 7397: 7307: 7294: 7077: 7044: 6857: 6811: 6717: 6688: 6673: 6637: 6546: 6527: 6421: 6379: 6366: 6292: 6011: 6002: 5979: 5862: 5846: 5713: 5591: 5545: 5517: 5440: 5428: 5400: 5005: 4843: 4835: 4794: 4750: 4549: 4096: 4083: 3960:

homestead and others purchased their land from railroads at low rates.

3913: 3846: 3630:

as the foremost provider (initially using the old "Butterfield" name).

3476: 3339:

The mountainous areas of the triangle from New Mexico to California to

3186: 3043: 2819: 2696: 2387: 2328:(1768) re-opened most of the western lands for frontiersmen to settle. 2009:" was the recently settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the 640: 486: 161: 151: 23161: 15920: 15374: 14021: 13815:

The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America

13006: 12194:, covers Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis. 11515:

Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890

11450:

Encyclopedia of Indian wars: western battles and skirmishes, 1850–1890

10795:

Bogue, Allan G. (1958). "The Iowa Claim Clubs: Symbol and Substance".

10399: 10307: 9005:

Agnew, Dwight L. (1941). "The Government Land Surveyor as a Pioneer".

8934:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

8909:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

8179: 7841: 7771: 7650:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 326, 412–413, 424, 472. 5638: 4440: 3925: 2778:

There was a debate at the time about the best size for the forts with

2453: 22991: 22610: 22460: 21799: 21792: 19383: 19338: 19125: 19100: 18603: 18354: 18265: 18103: 17722: 17560: 17337: 17307: 17282: 17180: 17144: 16851: 16735: 16644: 16614: 16609: 16589: 16429: 16394: 13854:

A word for nature: four pioneering environmental advocates, 1845–1913

12844: 12032:

Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History

11474:, The History Company, San Francisco, 1888, p. 462, note 4. 8333:

Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664–1775

7471: 7458: 7403: 7097: 7048: 7001: 6958: 6661: 6456: 6300: 6296: 6223:

results though, the contiguous frontier line does remain. But by the

6087: 5798: 5785: 5765: 5741: 5291: 5198: 4886: 4819: 4777: 4773: 4758: 4694: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4631: 4565: 4553: 4497: 4470: 4393: 4116: 3447: 3407: 3296: 3076: 2493:

dissolved the coalition of hostile Native tribes. Meanwhile, General

2369: 2233:

In the South, frontier areas that lacked transportation, such as the

2197: 2025: 166: 16185: 16114:

Autry National Center of the American West – Los Angeles, California

15951: 15443: 13693: 13602:

Shovel of Stars: The Making of the American West 1800 to the Present

12816:

Dodge City Peace Commission Old West Gunfighters Dodge City, KS 1883

12502:

North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States

12434: 10940: 10808: 10530:

Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856–1874

9814: 9750:

The War with Mexico: The Classic History of the Mexican–American War

9576: 9369: 9119: 9018: 8745: 8262: 7691: 7689: 4043:, which authorized construction of both the Central Pacific and the 4002:

Profile of the Pacific Railroad from San Francisco (left) to Omaha.

3861:, most of which sided with the South being slaveholders themselves. 2774:

settlements would meet with prompt retaliation upon their own homes.

23367: 23305: 23077: 22996: 19982: 19932: 17327: 17220: 17114: 16821: 16664: 16659: 16569: 16439: 16434: 16384: 16344: 16329: 16299: 16274: 16264: 16123: 15428:"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier" 15002:. Active Interest Media, Inc. May 1, 1994 – via Google Books. 14085:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

13280:"The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality" 12998: 12680: 12632:

Childhood on the Farm: Work, Play, and Coming of Age in the Midwest

12108:

Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891

11485:

The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868

10391: 10299: 9935:

Texans and War: New Interpretations of the State's Military History

9910:

An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865

9297:

Joe Wise, "Fremont's fourth expedition, 1848–1849: A reappraisal",

7988:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7882:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7855:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7833: 7763: 7644:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7602:

Brian W. Dippie, "American Wests: historiographical perspectives."

7487: 7431: 7415: 7093: 7065: 6914:, and others. Readers bought action-filled stories by writers like 6775: 6733: 6649: 6641: 6589:, then the oxen would pull the logs to wherever they needed to be. 6519: 6518:

Some women also worked in predominantly male positions; there were

6499: 6487: 6362: 6350: 5721: 5452: 5304: 5114: 4890: 4806: 4738: 4677: 4581: 4569: 4526: 4509: 4462: 4405: 4401: 4389: 3587: 3496: 3472: 3430:(from 1863) before they turned off to their separate destinations. 2666: 2490: 2458: 2438: 1974: 1867:

is a zone of contact at the edge of a line of settlement. Theorist

1863: 56: 16118: 16113: 16101: 12593:

Growing Up with the Country: Childhood on the Far Western Frontier

12354:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West

11081:

Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America

8814:

The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

8555:

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/issue/view/1011

7175:

Since the 1960s an active center is the history department at the

5186:

African Americans moved West as soldiers, as well as cowboys (see

3662: 3418:. The eastern half of the route was also used by travelers on the 3319:

Violent bandits often preyed upon the miners, such as the case of

2648: 18785: 17882: 16579: 16539: 16494: 16489: 16459: 16419: 16349: 16319: 16294: 16249: 16244: 16149: 16127: 15196:

American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review

12778:

The Knights of the Green Cloth: The Saga of the Frontier Gamblers

12539:

Karl Ronning, "Quilting in Webster County, Nebraska, 1880–1920",

11335:

However Jackson's policy is defended as benign by Robert Remini,

10855:

Kurt E. Kinbacher, and William G. Thoms III, "Shaping Nebraska",

10007: 8993:

The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924

8132:

The Website Services & Coordination Staff, US Census Bureau.

7817: 7747: 7686: 7449:: an award-winning alternate history western role-playing gaming. 7326: 7322: 6713: 6657: 6441: 6401: 6318:. The ethos and storyline of the "American frontier" had passed. 5838: 5471: 5448: 5435:(1853–1921), William F. Petillon (1846–1917), (seated from left) 4907: 4802: 4793:

particularly for counteracting the Native presence. For example,

4746: 4706: 4654:. With 53 Modoc warriors, Captain Jack held off 1,000 men of the 4486: 4425: 4397: 4336: 3686:, with numerous westerners in leadership positions, most notably 3562: 3510: 3455: 3316:

miners struck their fortune, and most ended exhausted and broke.

3272: 3202:

denounced the war, but it was quite popular outside New England.

3144: 2213: 2010: 16177:– 1908 book on the real West. Free to read and full-text search. 15227:

Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History

14061:"Barbed Wire | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture" 14036:"How Railroads Forever Changed the Frontier | American Heritage" 13040:"Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West" 12146:

Essays in American History Dedicated to Frederick Jackson Turner

10440:

Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier

7861:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 393–423, 471–475. 7589:. Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920: 9. June 7, 1924. 6337:

Central to the myth and the reality of the West is the American

2904:

to create and serve a series of churches in a geographical area.

2710: 2707:, and others. The trade in beaver fur virtually ceased by 1845. 19520: 18131: 16594: 16479: 16389: 16364: 16359: 16284: 16239: 14699:. Joan Swallow Reiter. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1978. 13953:"A Brief Review of the Status of Plains Bison in North America" 12455: 12409:

The Chinatown War: Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

11188:

SoonerAthletics. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved May 9, 2014.

11040:

Ross R. Cotroneo, "The Northern Pacific: Years of Difficulty",

9705:

Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic

9614:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

9497:

Religion on the American Frontier: The Presbyterians, 1783–1840

7555: 7303: 6737: 6725: 6620: 6449: 6437: 6338: 6332: 6036:

features his cowboy persona and his crusading for conservation.

5931: 5296: 5123: 5081: 4951: 4761:

in 1923 which was fought against settlers and law enforcement.

4753:

against settlers in Utah and Colorado, led to two battles; the

4702: 4647: 4556:

Apache onto a reservation in 1862. In 1863–1864, Carson used a

4458: 4291: 4217: 3850: 3483:

who patrolled the frontier routes and targeted migrant groups.

2575: 2307:, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In the southern settlements via the 1977:

is the margin of undeveloped territory that would comprise the

65:, the quintessential symbol of the American frontier. Photo by 62: 16144: 15268:

A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West

13059:

Clements, Eric L. (1996). "Bust and bust in the mining West".

12818:(1883) Ford County Historical Society. retrieved October 2014 12515:

Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880–1940

11517:. Mountain Press Publishing Company (2003). pp. 163–164. 10976:"PBS: Role of Nitro Glycerin in the Transcontinental Railroad" 8612:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 229, 235, 239–240. 8579:

Gates, Paul W. (1976). "An Overview of American Land Policy".

7816:

Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995).

7746:

Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995).

7284:: a following of the Wild West shows of the American frontier. 6179:, the grass-eating herds were a vital resource animal for the 5536:, the most famous gunfight of the Old West. In the aftermath, 17951: 17352: 16484: 16444: 16339: 16289: 15903:(2009) 86#4 pp. 4–13; Aron, "What's West, What's Next", 15628:

Deadly Dozen: Forgotten Gunfighters of the Old West, Volume 3

15358:

Rainbow Bridge to Monument Valley: Making the Modern Old West

14273: 14241:

The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won

13089:. University of North Texas Press; (2014). pp. 259–261. 12328:

European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories

11618:. 1st Scribner hardcover ed.. New York: Scribner, 2010. p. 6 9858: 9140:

William H. Bergmann, "Delivering a Nation through the Mail",

8702:

Marshall Smelser, "Tecumseh, Harrison, and the War of 1812",

7935:. Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910. July 1, 1914. 7434:: American-Indian hero of several novels written by Karl May. 7239: 7129:

the 2024 Call for Papers of the Western History Association:

7036: 6755: 6721: 6391: 6358: 6346: 5740:. These committees would sometimes form mob rule for private 5408: 5274:

History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States

5158:

went to Utah including English immigrants who settled in the

4882: 4734: 3885: 3880: 3704: 3136: 1885: 88:

1607–1912 territorial expansion (first colony established at

15389:

The cowboy hero: his image in American history & culture

12896:. Running Press (2015). ch. 1: Lawlessness in the Old West. 10911:

Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad

10643:

Richard C. Hopkins, "Kit Carson and the Navajo Expedition",

9801:

Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo".

9471:

The Presbyterian Mission Enterprise: From Heathen to Partner

9256:

Common-Place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life

7310:

of the American frontier popularly known as the "Wild West".

6028: 5552:, pursued those they believed responsible in an extra-legal 5299:

appeared in many border towns. The California "Robin Hood",

4432:

which cost the U.S. Army 1,500 lives and $ 20 million.

4364:

lands, and the states demanded control. Politically the new

2489:

in Canada in 1813. The death in battle of the Native leader

2429:

into central Kentucky. It was later lengthened to reach the

2241: 16324: 14084: 13423:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 129–137. 11972:

Burton S. Hill, "The Great Indian Treaty Council of 1851",

10331:"Setting the record straight on the 'Hawn's' Mill Massacre" 10215:"Setting the record straight on the 'Hawn's' Mill Massacre" 7987: 7881: 7854: 7643: 7084:

adopted from the Old South, in order to solve disputes and

6729: 6563: 6445: 5556:

and warrants were issued for their arrest in the murder of

3799:

Actual combat experience was uncommon for any one soldier.

3475:

in 1874. There were also frequent attacks from bandits and

15773:. (Oxford University Press, 1982). pp. 167, 350–351. 12791:

Play the Devil: A History of Gambling in the United States

12370:

Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction

12034:, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p. 105 8825: 7676:"Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the 4111:, and the Southern Pacific. All but the Great Northern of 3737:, to attack Union strongholds and massacre the residents. 3605: 2282:

Most of the frontiers experienced numerous conflicts. The

1822:. His successors however continued the practice until the 13802:

Gifford Pinchot and the making of modern environmentalism

12939:

Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers

12188:

The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830

10980: 9205:

Men with sand: great explorers of the North American West

8014: 7908: 7695: 7577: 7575: 6567: 6044:

to maximize jobs, economic growth, and their own profit.

5387:

family in China. In Virginia City, Nevada, a prostitute,

4959:

travelling in the frontier for its horses and valuables.

4376:

and the Protestant churches were opposed to removal. The

4087:

Poster for the Union Pacific Railroad's opening-day, 1869

3553:

of Mormons in Livingston County occurred 6 days later. A

2497:

ended the Native military threat in the Southeast at the

2445:'s grandfather, who was scalped in 1784 near Louisville. 125:

1860s–1910s (Old West period cited by various historians)

15640: 15608:

The Creation of the Cowboy Hero: Fiction, Film, and Fact

14797:. Richard L. Williams. New York: Time-Life Books. 1976. 14446: 14444: 12617:

Lillian Schlissel, Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten,

7475:: an alternate history western horror role-playing game. 7224:, list of massacres of Natives by whites and vice versa. 7035:

The unique skills of the cowboys are highlighted in the

6425:

1855. The extraction of gold from the river was done by

4616:, surrendered in June 1875, which would finally end the 4518:

history due to having only limited coverage of the war.

27:

Undeveloped territory of the United States, c. 1607–1912

18880: 15760:, (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp. 241–262. 13372:

Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947

13364: 13200:

The Pinkertons: the detective dynasty that made history

12985:

Dykstra, Robert R. (1996). "Overdosing on Dodge City".

11839:

From Fort Laramie to Wounded Knee: In the West That Was

10486:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

8945: 7888:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 393–423. 6785: 6736:, a pure culture was developed within Western America. 6586: 2673:

moved ahead of settlers, searching out new supplies of

15811:

Wyatt Kingseed, "Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice".

15542:

The log of a cowboy: a narrative of the old trail days

15371:

Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad

13575:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

13164:. Phoenix publishing Company – via Google Books. 12826: 12824: 12580:

Long Vistas: Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads

11588:"Empire Ranch Foundation: History of the Empire Ranch" 8987: 8985: 8766: 8538:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

8307:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

8033: 8017:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7911:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7698:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7674:

Porter, Robert; Gannett, Henry; Hunt, William (1895).

7598: 7596: 7572: 6444:

in order to mine into the mountains. They mined gold,

5190:), farmhands, saloon workers, cooks, and outlaws. The 5146:

to railroad centers along the transcontinental lines,

4725:. The conflict began after repeated violations of the 4500:

in 1864–1868, which was conducted by a confederacy of

4435: 4347: 4331:

as well as warfare. Many tribes in Texas, such as the

105:

stereotyped Old West period as depicted in pop culture

16018:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 65–68, 82–83. 15167:

Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature

14687: 14441: 13742:

Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986

13578:. U. of New Mexico Press. pp. 611–628, 837–842. 9847:

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict

9501:

Has a detailed introduction and many primary sources.

8865: 8520:

Ray A. Billington, "The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768"

8387:

New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675

7336:

Schoolmarm: A female teacher that usually works in a

6979:

argues for a political dimension to the cowboy image:

6940:, a 1956 film portraying racial conflict in the 1860s 6208:

showing the remaining extent of the American frontier

4910:

also moved in before federal ownership was obtained.

3311:

country... resounds to the sordid cry of gold! Gold!

2794: 2356:

wheat, flax, tobacco, and other products, even fruit.

2298: 37:"Western Frontier" redirects here. For the film, see 15771:

Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South

15151:

Faith in Nature: Environmentalism as Religious Quest

14864: 14862: 13416: 12065:. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1971, p. 42. 11227: 9993:. University of California Press. pp. 186–187. 9959: 9646: 8675: 7787:"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier" 7717:"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier" 7186: 6017: 5467:

in America was born from the gangs of the Old West.

2410:, as the first permanent American settlement in the 2258: 2031: 15630:. (University of Oklahoma Press; 2010) p. 82. 15414:

To make men free: A history of the Republican party

15075:"Rushing to the Grave (U.S. National Park Service)" 13353: 12821: 12500:Arnoldo de León and Richard Griswold del Castillo, 11019: 9746: 8982: 7593: 6740:'s culture was also acculturated to the Wild West. 5560:. The Cochise County Cowboys were one of the first 3753:was tasked for the campaign, and together with his 3725:

Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War

3517:

natives against 120 civilians bound for California.

3155:, commander-in-chief of the Texian Army and future 15045:(Rev ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 14091:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 745. 13828:President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Legacy 13106:Sonnichsen, C. L. (1968). "Tombstone in Fiction". 12964:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 116–135. 12606:Settlers' Children: Growing Up on the Great Plains 12261:"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890" 12203:John C. Hudson, "Towns of the western railroads". 10768:Johnson, Vernon Webster; Barlowe, Raleigh (1979). 10192:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 25. 9966:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 209–214. 9610: 8372:From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers 7994:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 472. 6754:On June 13, 1898, the Yukon Territory Act created 6537:Women had less lawful protection compared to men. 6321: 3678:. With the passage of the extremely controversial 2807:as it looked before 1840. Painting from memory by 2504:To end the war, American diplomats negotiated the 1814:in 1865 to when the Superintendent of the Census, 15515:Charlie Siringo's West: an interpretive biography 15334:, November 17, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 15100:"Starvation and Disease | National Postal Museum" 14859: 14244:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 17–18. 14010:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 13513:"Feuds & Range Wars – Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen" 13446:"Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided" 10927:(1966). "The Army of Canton in the High Sierra". 10526: 8160:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7673: 4481:hundreds of miles into Mexico proper, while also 4095:Six transcontinental railroads were built in the 3594: 2224:, as explained by historian Jackson Turner Main: 24623: 22305: 21011:Native American recognition in the United States 16076:Wild and Woolly: An Encyclopedia of the Old West 15921:"Western History Association – 2024 Kansas City" 15791:"Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown" 13271: 12872:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 280–282. 12753:Frontier Women: "Civilizing" the West? 1840–1880 11692:Encyclopedia of Native American Wars And Warfare 11487:. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 2007. pp. 345–346 10159:Schram, Pamela J.; Tibbetts, Stephen G. (2014). 8605: 7815: 7745: 6996:(1879–1935), the leading humorist of the 1920s. 5262:14th Amendment to the United States Constitution 4741:forces defeated the 7th Cavalry, led by General 4496:One of the deadliest Indian wars fought was the 4146: 2731:in the Interior Department, and after 1891, the 1997:and the deep interior, with settlements such as 30:"Wild West" redirects here. For other uses, see 16078:(New York: Doubleday, 1975); also published as 15828:(Duke University Press, 2006). pp. 42–43, 15805: 15748: 15038: 14450: 14211:, Manchester University Press, pp. 13–28, 13571: 12619:Far from Home: Families of the Westward Journey 10731: 10162:Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It? 9986: 9753:(abridged ed.). Red and Black Publishers. 9467: 9171:Paul David Nelson. "Pike, Zebulon Montgomery", 7559:Statistical Atlases of the United States Series 7406:: author of many popular novels on the Old West 6712:, it gained seven new territories: California, 5252:. This did not change until the passage of the 3584:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 16173:The Frontier: A Frontier Town Three Months Old 16065:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West 14992: 14964:"Did Western gunfighters face off one-on-one?" 14311:(The Old Army Press, 1976), pp. 62–90, 14205:"US imperial hegemony in the American Pacific" 12941:, Berkley (2008) ch. I: The Border 1910–1915. 12530:, Fall 2005, Vol. 25 Issue 4, pp. 245–258 12157:Walker D. Wyman, and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds. 12084:"Stagecoach Attacks – Roll 'em" 12024: 11717:The Nez Perce and the Opening of the Northwest 10767: 10158: 8905: 8225:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West 6574:. These saws could be over 12 feet in length. 5319:led a 20-year campaign against Anglos and the 2537:In 1810, the western frontier had reached the 2448: 1907:Enormous popular attention was focused on the 22576:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 22291: 21408:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 19592: 18866: 16201: 15586:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 304. 15304:Carlos Arnaldo Schwantes and James P. Ronda, 14945: 14457:. Robert Wallace. New York: Time-Life Books. 13572:Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (2001). 11842:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 262. 11688: 11424:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842 10875:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 204. 9617:. Oxford University Press. pp. 702–706. 8037:The American West: A New Interpretive History 7682:. Bureau of the Census. pp. xviii–xxxiv. 7343:Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West 7234:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 7230:Medieval European term with some similarities 6862:Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter 5955:steer was $ 4 in Texas and $ 40 in the East. 4764:The end of the major Indian wars came at the 4568:. Another prominent conflict of this war was 3983: 3849:and the U.S. Army in 1864 trapped the entire 3437:led the wagons on the last leg. In 1846, the 2711:The federal government and westward expansion 2517: 1733: 23500:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 16058:Western United States § Further reading 15915: 15913: 15580:Roberts, Randy; Olson, James Stuart (1997). 15579: 15295:, 59:1, 1-19, DOI: 10.1080/10570319509374504 13951:Boyd, Delaney P.; Gates, C. Cormack (2006). 13561:(1961), is an influential interpretive study 13483: 13254:Gunfight at Ingalls: Death of an Outlaw Town 12565:Nathan B. Sanderson, "More Than a Potluck", 11689:Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). 10621:(Minnesota Historical Society, 2nd ed. 2001) 10457:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861 10185: 9186:Roger L. Nichols, "Long, Stephen Harriman", 8770:Missouri's struggle for statehood, 1804–1821 8034:Hine, Robert V.; John Mack Faragher (2000). 7529:. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. p. 160. 6847: 5367: 3718: 3103:). Santa Fe connected to California via the 2485:defeated the Native-British alliance at the 2404:American pioneers to the Northwest Territory 24642:1959 disestablishments in the United States 16007: 15518:. U of New Mexico Press. pp. 137–140. 14948:"The Truth About Gunfights in the Old West" 14538:"Newberry Library: Lewis and Clark Exhibit" 13972: 13970: 13881:A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir 13505: 11926:. U of Oklahoma Press. p. 36 for map. 10059:Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848–1880 9161:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 13. 8134:"Following the Frontier Line, 1790 to 1890" 5789:numerous conflicts were fought such as the 3083:accepting the surrender of Mexican general 2950: 2894:The Circuit Rider: A Tale of the Heroic Age 1844:In 1890, the Superintendent of the Census, 22298: 22284: 19606: 19599: 19585: 18873: 18859: 16208: 16194: 15646: 14327: 13980:The American West: The Invention of a Myth 13919: 13535:"Legends of America: Feuds and Range Wars" 13467:. Wyoming Tails and Trails. Archived from 13105: 12869:Guns of the Old West: An Illustrated Guide 12716:. U of Michigan Press. pp. 1–4, 118. 11411:The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears 10914:New York: Penguin Books (1999) p. 155 10693:The First and Second United States Empires 10128:. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp. 72–84. 8410: 7047:and others, were known for their prowess, 6429:; with most dust panning normally done by 6076:Roosevelt explained his position in 1910: 3881:Territorial governance after the Civil War 3857:, now Oklahoma, conflicts arose among the 2853:made compelling landscapes and portraits. 2324:, forbidding settlement in this area. The 1981:beyond the established frontier line. The 1953: 1942:Through treaties with foreign nations and 1740: 1726: 132:1865–1890 (opinion of Frederick J. Turner) 55: 23024:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 21021:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 15910: 15877:A Companion to American Foreign Relations 14915: 14913: 14589:"Women and the Myth of the American West" 14412: 13950: 13935: 13841:God's wilds: John Muir's vision of nature 13735: 12383:Chinese America: History and Perspectives 12352:William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie. 12044: 12042: 11919: 10732:Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (1996). 10186:Newton, Michael; French, John L. (2008). 9822: 9310: 9039: 8632: 8565:Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers, 8359:Social structure of revolutionary America 8346:Social structure of revolutionary America 8212: 7614: 7612: 7493:takes place in the days of the Wild West. 7457:: One of the early alternative RPGs from 7353:Category:Outlaws of the American Old West 3707:warriors convicted of murder and rape in 2910:History of Methodism in the United States 2900:; The well-organized Methodists sent the 2242:From British peasants to American farmers 94:admission of Arizona Territory as a state 15986: 15702: 15649:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 15216:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 303–304 14615:"Women's Place on the American Frontier" 14409:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 268–270 13967: 13629:The Americans: The Democratic Experience 13625: 13570:For a brief survey and bibliography see 13443: 13374:(U of Illinois Press, 2004), p. 30. 13058: 12780:(U of Oklahoma Press, 1982), p. 43. 12246:Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, 12052:, Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p. 95. 11920:Beck, Warren A.; Haase, Ynez D. (1992). 11364:, (Winter 2003) 65#6 pp. 1330–1353 11290: 11254: 10797:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 10645:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 10329:Kennedy, Robert C. (November 28, 2001), 10285: 10070: 10013:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 446–447 9906: 9565:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 9553:(5th ed. 1982) pp. 203–328, 747–766 9152: 9150: 9007:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8734:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8193: 7669: 7667: 7497:List of Western computer and video games 7348:Category:Lawmen of the American Old West 6930: 6789: 6486: 6199: 6157: 6027: 5925: 5769: 5422: 5277: 5250:United States Naturalization Law of 1790 5173: 5162:states (Colorado,Wyoming and Idaho) and 5113: 5004: 4867: 4676: 4664: 4477:peaked in the 1840s when they conducted 4439: 4301: 4290: 4150: 4082: 4021: 3997: 3924: 3884: 3786: 3698: 3694: 3661: 3604: 3520: 3500: 3388: 3278: 3267: 3176: 3151:to secure independence. At San Jacinto, 3075: 3028: 2980: 2887: 2798: 2647: 2632: 2521: 2452: 2368: 2262: 2155: 1964: 24672:Western (genre) staples and terminology 23179:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 21072:List of counties and county equivalents 15675:It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own 15425: 15264: 14303: 14301: 14088:The Oxford history of the American West 13976: 13877: 13773: 13410: 13250: 13037: 12984: 12957: 12749: 12709: 11555: 11472:History of Oregon, Volume II, 1848–1888 10868: 10577: 10377: 10328: 10245: 9773: 9549:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 9353: 9105: 9081:It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own 8536:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 8437: 8383: 8305:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 8157: 7991:The Oxford history of the American West 7885:The Oxford history of the American West 7858:The Oxford history of the American West 7647:The Oxford history of the American West 7273:, for developments after frontier ended 6926: 6884:" and "Hurricane Nell" while featuring 6073:than all of his predecessors combined. 5254:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 4473:and later Mexican and American armies. 4318:(1894) provided an estimate of deaths: 3257: 3166: 275:This article is part of a series on the 14: 24624: 16013: 15783: 15610:(McFarland, 2014) pp. 38–40, 88. 15385: 15140:(University of California Press; 2012) 14910: 14202: 14117:Statistical Atlas of the United States 13679: 13652: 13598: 13324: 13311: 13295:"Malachi Fallon First Chief of Police" 13223: 13159: 12865: 12663: 12219: 12081: 12039: 11985: 11891: 11861: 11859: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11774: 11728: 11661: 11127: 10923: 10711:. Harper & Brothers. p. 181. 10212: 10025: 9879: 9800: 9562: 9342:A History of American Higher Education 9270: 9201: 8979:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014) 8493: 8411:Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (1999). 7951:Statistical Atlas of the United States 7609: 7521: 7092:seen during the frontier days such as 6698: 6681:Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout 6283:(1910–1919). Flashpoints included the 6195: 5109: 4857: 4658:for seven months. Captain Jack killed 3920: 2947:to combine resources on the frontier. 2914:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 2208:as well as a larger settlement around 2069:1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War 24667:History of United States expansionism 24107: 23869: 23531: 22335: 22279: 19580: 18854: 17971: 17787:Bibliography of the American frontier 16215: 16189: 16054:Bibliography of the American frontier 15937: 15870: 15538: 15511: 15464: 14961: 14955: 14612: 14237: 14209:The United States in the Indo-Pacific 14175: 14007: 13910:, (Dec 2011) 101#7 pp. 3162–3195 13333:"Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees" 13277: 13196: 13132: 12830: 12420: 12222:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 12104: 11992:. U. of Nebraska Press. p. 324. 11923:Historical Atlas of the American West 11835: 11755: 11634: 11561: 11533: 11142: 10794: 10738:. Vol. 2. Simon & Schuster. 10704: 10533:. U. Press of Kentucky. p. 115. 10352:, (Sept 2010) 56#3 pp. 283–310, 10123: 9716: 9494: 9444: 9417: 9390: 9147: 9004: 8872:. Yale University Press. p. 65. 8731: 8578: 8500:. Algonquin Books. pp. xiv, 96. 8248: 8218: 7983: 7981: 7680:at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1" 7664: 7556:United States. Bureau of the Census, 7446:Aces & Eights: Shattered Frontier 7143:at the influence of the environment. 6436:Even after the California Gold Rush, 6232:Prairie frontier of the Canadian West 5104: 5000: 4930:. Influential pioneer towns included 4787: 4673:, Dakota Territory, December 21, 1866 4249: 3994:History of the Union Pacific Railroad 3749:of the New Mexico Territory. General 3669:of anti-slavery Kansans, May 19, 1858 2864:The most famous of the explorers was 2548: 24662:Culture of the Western United States 17843:Cuisine of the Western United States 16040:(Summer 2012) 87#3 pp. 277–298. 15859:European Journal of American Culture 15125:European Journal of American Culture 14939: 14298: 14203:Turner, Oliver (February 28, 2020), 13330: 13019: 12299: 12111:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 411. 12082:Michno, Gregory (January 29, 2015). 11566:. Time-Life Education. p. 240. 11380:Richard White (1991), pp. 86–89 10077:. U. of Delaware Press. p. 68. 9913:. Louisiana State University Press. 9678:(U.P. Kansas, 1991), primary sources 9357:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8800:(Summer 1987) 70#4 pp. 270–280 7784: 7714: 7624:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 7551: 7549: 7547: 7507: 7211:Oregon-California Trails Association 6786:American frontier in popular culture 6032:1908 editorial cartoon of President 5729:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance 5169: 4158:, 1872, shows settlers crossing the 3406:, a wagon trail had been cleared to 3194:disputed territory war was at hand. 2824:the peak in Colorado named after him 2145: 1950:, self-reliance, and even violence. 16134:Dodge City, Kansas 'Cowboy Capital' 15875:. In Schulzinger, Robert D. (ed.). 15471:. U. of Chicago Press. p. 11. 15253:Canadian Review of American Studies 15207:Robert M. Utley (2003), p. 253 14563:"Denver History – The Arapaho Camp" 14438:Robert M. Utley (2003), p. 245 14391: 14382:Howard R. Lamar (1977), p. 272 14279:Howard R. Lamar (1977), p. 269 14269:. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. 14264: 14176:Azuma, Eiichiro (October 8, 2019). 13605:. Simon and Schuster. p. 257. 13227:Manhunt: The Pursuit of Harry Tracy 13185:Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters 11856: 11799: 11719:. (Yale U Press, 1965), p. 632 11695:. Infobase Publishing. p. 71. 11641:. U. of Oklahoma Press. p. 3. 11540:. A. C. McClurg. pp. 409–417. 9156: 8826:Christopher Michael Curtis (2012). 8639:. Current Literature. pp. 46–. 7080:, who sometimes followed a form of 7054: 6353:, revolvers, rifles, and shotguns. 5093:With its giant mountain of copper, 4642:was a chief of the Native American 4436:Indian Wars west of the Mississippi 4348:Indian Wars east of the Mississippi 4131:, but President Theodore Roosevelt 3802:The most dramatic conflict was the 3486: 3061: 3018: 2093:1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion 24: 22866:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 22856:Assassination of James A. Garfield 18941:Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight 17579:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City 16047: 15873:"American Expansionism, 1815–1860" 15705:"Unwritten Laws, Indelible Truths" 15703:Nofziger, Lyn (March–April 2005). 15686: 14565:. October 13, 2007. Archived from 13292: 13160:Harman, S. W. (January 10, 1898). 12543:, (1992) Vol. 13, pp. 169–191 11950:(April 1968) 40#2 pp. 193–221 11775:Jordan, Kathy (January 20, 2012). 11337:Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars 9867:Texas State Historical Association 9474:. Wipf and Stock. pp. 40–41. 9189:American National Biography Online 9174:American National Biography Online 8682:. Simon and Schuster. p. 21. 8285:"Western frontier life in America" 8198:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 5–24. 8015:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7978: 7933:United States Bureau of the Census 7921: 7909:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7696:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7587:United States Bureau of the Census 6906:featured illustrations by artists 6892:natives, as well as sure-shooting 6860:appeared in 1859, the first being 5922:Cattle drives in the United States 5837:and others. During a range war in 5246:Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Farm Colony 4717:was conducted by the Lakota under 4705:to near the Canada–U.S. border in 4650:, and was their leader during the 4189: 3843:in eastern Colorado in late 1864. 3773:Confederate government of Missouri 3651: 3245: 3157:President of the Republic of Texas 2878: 2795:Scientists, artists, and explorers 2299:Steady migration to frontier lands 2081:1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion 683: Modern Era 25: 24683: 24652:20th century in the United States 24647:19th century in the United States 24637:18th century in the United States 22898:Assassination of William McKinley 20417:Director of National Intelligence 17827:Timeline of the American Old West 16141:by Ida Ellen Rath, 1964 w/ photos 16090: 15545:. Houghton, Mifflin and company. 15265:Witschi, Nicolas S., ed. (2011). 15185:the original 1893 essay by Turner 15014:"The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" 14921:Encyclopedia of American Folklore 14418:Reynolds, William and Rich Rand, 14362:William Reynolds, and Rich Rand, 14328:Livingston, Phil (July 9, 2012). 13420:Montana, high, wide, and handsome 13312:Barton, Julia (August 10, 2010). 13174:Richard White (1991), p. 336 13038:Kassler, Glenn (April 29, 2014). 12396:The Chinese Experience in America 12248:Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis 12012:Richard White (1991), p. 321 11143:Lyons, Chuck (February 5, 2012). 10735:Encyclopedia of the American West 10682:Richard White (1991), p. 177 10656:W. David Baird and Danney Goble, 10213:Jensen, Emily W. (May 30, 2010), 10165:. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 51. 9987:Smith-Baranzini, Marlene (1999). 9780:. Harvard U. Press. p. 238. 9468:Englund-Krieger, Mark J. (2015). 9424:. University of Tennessee Press. 9208:. Globe Pequot. pp. 91–110. 8706:(March 1969) 65#1 pp. 25–44 8567:West Virginia, the mountain state 8287:. Slatta, Richard W. January 2006 7544: 7300:List of American Old West outlaws 7260:Timeline of the American Old West 7109: 6253:, solidified the frontier's end. 6042:exploitation of natural resources 6018:Conservation and environmentalism 5236:. In Los Angeles, the last major 5054: 4995: 4881:established tribal zones for the 4352: 3135:erupted. Following losses at the 2762:, a policy that was described by 2729:United States General Land Office 2465:, who later became vice president 2259:Wars with French and with natives 2032:Maps of United States territories 1935:, children's toys, and costumes. 24605: 24596: 24595: 24560: 24559: 23117:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22910:Nadir of American race relations 22789:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 20573:Government Accountability Office 18835: 18834: 16080:The Encyclopedia of the Old West 16030: 15990:A Companion to the American West 15979: 15966: 15931: 15893: 15864: 15851: 15838: 15826:Lynching in the West: 1850–1935 15818: 15763: 15723: 15696: 15680: 15667: 15620: 15600: 15573: 15560: 15532: 15505: 15485: 15458: 15419: 15406: 15379: 15363: 15350: 15337: 15314: 15298: 15293:Western Journal of Communication 15285: 15258: 15245: 15232: 15219: 15210: 15201: 15188: 15183:The Frontier In American History 15175: 15159: 15143: 15130: 15117: 15092: 15067: 15032: 15006: 14979: 14926: 14833: 14785: 14760: 14735: 14661: 14606: 14581: 14555: 14530: 14504: 14479: 14432: 14403: 14385: 14376: 14356: 14336: 14321: 14282: 14258: 14231: 14196: 14169: 14144: 14105: 14078: 14053: 14028: 14001: 13944: 13913: 13898: 13884:. Oxford U. Press. p. 403. 13871: 13859: 13846: 13833: 13820: 13807: 13794: 13780:. University of Nebraska Press. 13767: 13729: 13716: 13673: 13646: 13619: 13592: 13564: 13548: 13527: 13457: 13437: 13397: 13377: 13347: 13305: 13286: 13244: 13217: 13190: 13177: 13168: 13153: 13126: 13099: 13079: 13052: 13031: 13013: 12987:The Western Historical Quarterly 12978: 12951: 12931: 12906: 12886: 12859: 12809: 12796: 12783: 12770: 12743: 12730: 12703: 12657: 12637: 12624: 12611: 12598: 12585: 12572: 12559: 12546: 12533: 12520: 12507: 12494: 12481: 12468: 12449: 12414: 12401: 12398:(Indiana University Press, 1986) 12388: 12375: 12359: 12346: 12333: 12320: 12293: 12280: 12267: 12253: 12240: 12213: 12197: 12180: 12164: 12151: 12138: 12125: 12098: 12075: 12055: 12021:Richard White (1991), p. 95 12015: 12006: 11979: 11966: 11953: 11940: 11913: 11885: 11869:. April 19, 2005. Archived from 11829: 11768: 11756:Bunch, Joey (October 15, 2012). 11749: 11722: 11709: 11682: 11655: 11628: 11608: 11580: 11527: 11507: 11490: 11477: 11464: 11455: 11442: 11429: 11416: 11403: 11383: 11374: 11370:10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x 11354: 11329: 11307: 11284: 11271: 11248: 11234:. Norman Ross Pub. p. 637. 11221: 11208: 11191: 11172: 11159: 11136: 11121: 11099: 11086: 11073: 11060: 11047: 11034: 11013: 11000: 10968: 10955: 10917: 10902: 10889: 10872:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 10862: 10849: 10836: 10823: 10788: 10761: 10752: 10725: 10698: 10685: 10676: 10663: 10650: 10637: 10624: 10611: 10598: 10571: 10558: 10547: 10520: 10507: 10491: 10478: 10462: 10449: 10432: 10419: 10406: 10380:The Western Historical Quarterly 10371: 10358: 10342: 10322: 10279: 10266: 10239: 10226: 10206: 10179: 10152: 10136: 10117: 10104: 10091: 10074:The Hearsts: An American Dynasty 10064: 10051: 10038: 10016: 9980: 9963:Law in the western United States 9953: 9940: 9927: 9900: 9873: 9852: 9839: 9794: 9767: 9740: 9710: 9697: 9681: 9668: 9665:, the standard scholarly history 9640: 9637:Richard White (1991), p. 76 9599:The Frontier in American History 9397:. University of Kentucky Press. 9277:. University of Nebraska Press. 8946:Hiram Martin Chittenden (1902). 8832:. Cambridge U.P. pp. 9–16. 8196:A Companion to the American West 8021:The Frontier in American History 7915:The Frontier in American History 7702:The Frontier in American History 7514: 7424:: author of Old West titles and 7250:Territories of the United States 7189: 6968: 6961:. He was especially enamored of 6244:and then rangeland to 640 acres 5930:A classic image of the American 5637: 5628: 5619: 5418: 5344:, corn huskings, quilting bees, 5134:went to Minnesota and Michigan, 5069: 4768:on December 29, 1890, where the 4485:against the Anglo-Americans and 4017:Corps of Topographical Engineers 3646:first transcontinental telegraph 3336:the outlawing of this practice. 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 1804: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1660: 1659: 292: 22819:First transcontinental railroad 19041:Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon 17483:First transcontinental railroad 16016:The Future of American Politics 15987:Deverell, William, ed. (2008). 15345:John Ford and the American West 13493:. Tshaonline.org. June 15, 2010 13444:DeArment, R.K. (June 7, 2007). 12919:. Jennings, John. November 2015 12866:Chapel, Charles Edward (2002). 12647:, (2009) 53#3 pp. 739–761 12489:Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 12063:An Album of the American Cowboy 11963:, (Jan 1967) 35#1 pp. 3–30 11317:. Long Street. January 31, 2012 10869:Wishart, David J., ed. (2004). 10774:. Ayer Publishing. p. 40. 10146:, (2011) 14#2 pp. 229–260 9845:Richard Griswold del Castillo, 9631: 9604: 9591: 9556: 9543: 9530: 9517: 9504: 9495:Sweet, William W., ed. (1933). 9488: 9461: 9438: 9411: 9391:Posey, Walter Brownlow (1966). 9384: 9347: 9331: 9304: 9291: 9274:Fremont, pathmarker of the West 9264: 9248: 9235: 9222: 9195: 9180: 9165: 9134: 9099: 9086: 9073: 9060: 9033: 8998: 8969: 8956: 8939: 8926: 8899: 8886: 8859: 8846: 8819: 8806: 8790: 8777: 8767:Floyd Calvin Shoemaker (1916). 8760: 8725: 8712: 8696: 8669: 8656: 8643: 8626: 8599: 8572: 8559: 8543: 8530: 8514: 8487: 8471: 8458: 8431: 8404: 8377: 8364: 8351: 8338: 8325: 8312: 8299: 8277: 8242: 8194:Deverell, William, ed. (2007). 8186: 8151: 8125: 8100: 8075: 8062: 8027: 8008: 7939: 7902: 7875: 7848: 7809: 7791:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 7778: 7721:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 6708:In 1848, when the U.S. won the 6703: 6592: 6322:People of the American frontier 6251:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1916 6110:bill (1890). In 1897 President 4970:fame, and the African-American 4612:. The last Comanche war chief, 4489:who had settled in independent 3990:First transcontinental railroad 3875: 3782: 3378: 2918:History of Baptists in Kentucky 2691:, trappers, and scouts such as 2311:, their most famous leader was 2163:escorting settlers through the 2105:1912: Contiguous US, all states 22216:Separation of church and state 20432:National Reconnaissance Office 20375:President of the United States 16124:New Perspectives on 'The West' 14962:Adams, Cecil (June 25, 2004). 14946:Miss Cellania (June 7, 2012). 14841:"Lewis & Clark Expedition" 12569:, (2008) 89#3 pp. 120–131 11892:Frazer, Robert Walter (1965). 11635:Hagan, William Thomas (1995). 11297:University of Oklahoma Press. 11261:University of Oklahoma Press. 11216:The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 11145:"1874: The Year of the Locust" 11010:(1985) 13#2w pp. 119–124. 10554:Civil War in the American West 10472:(1995) 18#2 pp. 116–129. 10288:History of Education Quarterly 9907:Campbell, Randolph B. (1989). 9803:The American Historical Review 9647:Robert Luther Duffus (1972) . 9418:Bruce, Dickson D. Jr. (1974). 9317:. Vintage Books. p. 248. 9311:Goetzmann, William H. (1972). 9232:, (1978) 56#2 pp. 171–193 9040:Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1968). 8892:Douglas Seefeldt, et al. eds. 8866:Donald William Meinig (1995). 8553:(1988) 84#1: 15–24 (online at 8320:The Illinois Country 1673–1818 7739: 7708: 7637: 7604:American Studies International 7461:and using a similar system to 6778:attacked the prospectors, and 6685:Luke Short-Jim Courtright duel 6667: 6316:admitted as a state until 1959 6266:populations during this period 6154:Conservation of American bison 5775:What An Unbranded Cow Has Cost 5601:(1993), and Lawrence Kasdan's 5326: 5286:, near Tucson, founded in 1700 5142:to Minnesota and the Dakotas, 4950:, they would sometimes attack 4620:fought by Texans and Natives. 4280: 3595:Pony Express and the telegraph 3462:, which became trapped in the 2822:. On his return, Pike sighted 2364: 2200:settled in villages along the 13: 1: 15976:(2005) 11#2 pp. 139–162. 15308:(2008), heavily illustrated. 15198:(1986), essays by 14 scholars 13659:. W. W. Norton. p. 227. 13417:Joseph Kinsey Howard (2003). 13331:Gard, Wayne (June 15, 2010). 13230:. Caxton Press. p. 171. 13020:Webb, William Edward (1873). 12833:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 12144:Carl L. Becker, "Kansas", in 11986:Prucha, Francis Paul (1995). 11976:, (1966) 47#1 pp. 85–110 11638:Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief 11534:Sabin, Edwin Legrand (1914). 11439:(2012) 76#2 pp. 455–473. 11228:Bureau of the Census (1894). 10859:(2008) 28#3 pp. 191–207. 10846:(2013) 87#3 pp. 314–367. 10673:(U. of Pittsburgh Press 1968) 9960:Gordon Morris Bakken (2000). 9886:. University of Texas Press. 9747:Justin Harvey Smith (2011) . 8798:Wisconsin Magazine of History 8676:David Herbert Donald (1996). 8417:. Globe Pequot. p. 339. 7537: 7391: 7076:. The code also included the 6762:, gave prospectors access to 6695:prohibited firearms in town. 5540:was maimed in an ambush, and 4727:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4636:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4156:Emigrants Crossing the Plains 4147:Migration after the Civil War 3933: 3284: 3033:U.S. territories in 1834–1836 2331: 1774:European colonial settlements 1760:, and popularly known as the 70: 23987:Hispanic and Latino American 22841:Second Industrial Revolution 22675:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 22381:Exploration of North America 22307:History of the United States 20578:Government Publishing Office 20046:Technological and industrial 19563:List of Old West gunfighters 19495:Baxter's Curve Train Robbery 19490:Overland Flyer Train Robbery 19284:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War 17658:Battle of the Little Bighorn 16107: 16086:, focus on violent episodes. 16038:New Mexico Historical Review 15570:(1981) 23#4 pp. 355–378 15495:, (2009) 56#1 pp. 1–34 15255:(1987) 18#3 pp. 321–350 14989:, (2003) 81#3 pp. 27–73 14923:(2007) pp. 36, 224, 252 14330:"The History of the Vaquero" 14182:. Univ of California Press. 13632:. Random House. p. 23. 13354:James Truslow Adams (1930). 13282:. The Independent Institute. 12894:A Brief History of Gangsters 12356:(U. of Oklahoma Press, 2012) 11132:. Kansas Historical Society. 11130:"Grasshopper Plague of 1874" 10568:(1989) 44#2 pp. 137–154 10566:New Mexico Historical Review 10499:Journal of the Civil War Era 10442:(U of Illinois Press, 2018) 10414:The Saga of the Pony Express 10276:(1978) 18#3 pp. 428–452 10130:Also chapter four of Unruh, 9514:(2009) pp. 182, 293–294 9301:, (1993) 32#2 pp. 77–85 8966:, (1974) 9#2 pp. 79–104 8912:. W.W. Norton. p. 220. 8633:Roosevelt, Theodore (1905). 8070:Western Historical Quarterly 7822:Western Historical Quarterly 7752:Western Historical Quarterly 7314:List of cowboys and cowgirls 6774:was a dangerous place; many 6743: 6656:. Bent shortly died from an 5351: 5267: 5215:History of Chinese Americans 4872:Native American chiefs, 1865 4846:, Nebraska, was home to the 4731:Battle of the Little Bighorn 4602:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 4035:, the chief engineer of the 3965:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 3769:federal arsenal at St. Louis 2970: 2665:As the frontier moved west, 2616: 2597:Entrepreneurs, most notably 2461:killed in battle in 1813 by 1158:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 23511:Indictments of Donald Trump 22702:First Industrial Revolution 22536:Declaration of Independence 22526:Second Continental Congress 22050:Women's reproductive health 21016:Federally recognized tribes 20879:Public utilities commission 20783:Public Health Service Corps 20686:Code of Federal Regulations 20568:Congressional Budget Office 20422:Central Intelligence Agency 20328:Water supply and sanitation 19755:Declaration of Independence 19460:Canyon Diablo Train Robbery 19161:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 18956:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 17683:First Battle of Adobe Walls 17627:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 17622:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 16082:(London: Routledge, 1977). 15861:(2010) 29#2 pp. 81–92. 15465:Watts, Sarah Lyons (2003). 15386:Savage, William W. (1979). 15306:The West the Railroads Made 14619:Journal of American Studies 14292:(2007) 30#1 pp. 36–51 14113:"Illustrations: Population" 13774:Dykstra, Robert R. (1983). 13682:The Business History Review 13653:Slatta, Richard W. (1996). 13405:Journal of Economic History 13197:Horan, James David (1968). 13135:Journal of American Culture 12958:Dykstra, Robert R. (1983). 12710:Goldman, Marion S. (1981). 12172:Journal of American History 12159:The frontier in perspective 12133:America's Frontier Heritage 11812:"Utah History Encyclopedia" 11729:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). 11662:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). 11537:Kit Carson days (1809–1868) 11437:Journal of Military History 11341:Journal of American History 11128:Corbin, Joyce (June 2003). 10758:Richard White (1991), ch. 6 10144:Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10035:(January 2012), p. 30. 10022:Josephy (1965), p. 251 9611:Daniel Walker Howe (2007). 9094:The Western River Steamboat 8964:Western American Literature 8854:Journal of American History 8740:(4). quote on p. 507. 8704:Indiana Magazine of History 8551:Indiana Magazine of History 8540:(5th ed. 1982) pp. 203–222. 8309:(5th ed. 2001) ch. 1–7 7947:"Illustrations: Population" 7929:"Illustrations: Population" 7386:Western History Association 7182: 5986: 5841:, a vigilante group called 5752:), or siding with outlaws ( 5610: 5580:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 5534:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 4818:Other important forts were 3582:was openly hostile towards 3227:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2883: 2570:opposed the expansion, but 2449:Acquisition of native lands 2057:1819–1820: Post-War of 1812 116:United States Census Bureau 10: 24688: 24108: 23870: 23532: 23403:Killing of Osama bin Laden 22491:First Continental Congress 22336: 21228:Red states and blue states 21133:City commission government 21128:Council–manager government 19559:List of Old West gunfights 19556: 19440:Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight 19314:Placer County Railroad War 17438:Great Western Cattle Trail 16139:Fort Dodge, Kansas History 16095: 16051: 15907:(2005) 19#5 pp. 22–25 15871:Weeks, William E. (2006). 15815:36 (2002): pp. 22–28. 15127:(2010) 29#2 pp. 81–92 14743:"Wages of Loggers in 1887" 14512:"The California Gold Rush" 14152:"TSHA | Plan of San Diego" 13985:University of Nevada Press 13407:(2007) 67#1 pp. 69–92 13108:Journal of Arizona History 12756:. Macmillan. p. 164. 11836:Allen, Charles W. (2001). 11291:Thornton, Russell (1990). 11255:Thornton, Russell (1990). 10965:(1969) 27#1 pp. 41–57 10833:(U of Georgia Press, 2008) 10771:Land Problems and Policies 10647:(1968) 18#2 pp. 52–61 10584:. Oxford U.P. p. 95. 10527:James Alan Marten (1990). 9774:Horsman, Reginald (1981). 9694:(2005) 44#2 pp. 44–52 9597:Frederick Jackson Turner, 8384:Vaughan, Alden T. (1995). 8318:Clarence Walworth Alvord, 7242:: demonstration of cattle 7228:March (territorial entity) 7203: 7170:1932 presidential election 6747: 6671: 6603:The frontiersmen were the 6596: 6544: 6540: 6389: 6330: 6326: 6147: 6143: 6021: 5990: 5919: 5763: 5680:Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch 5595:(1971), George Cosmatos's 5371: 5271: 5212: 4976:U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment 4861: 4356: 4284: 4253: 4193: 3987: 3984:Transcontinental railroads 3722: 3667:Marais des Cygnes massacre 3655: 3598: 3555:Mormon Extermination Order 3541:In Missouri and Illinois, 3490: 3382: 3261: 3170: 3065: 3022: 2974: 2907: 2626: 2620: 2552: 2518:New territories and states 2425:from Virginia through the 2322:Royal Proclamation of 1763 2149: 2140: 1919:genre of film, along with 114:1865–1920 (tracked by the 36: 32:Wild West (disambiguation) 29: 24581: 24547: 24491: 24455: 24443: 24182: 24156: 24118: 24114: 24103: 23876: 23865: 23538: 23527: 23393: 23296: 23224: 23125: 23036: 22987:Wall Street Crash of 1929 22918: 22799: 22784:Emancipation Proclamation 22715: 22638: 22586: 22553:Articles of Confederation 22506: 22391:Native American epidemics 22371: 22346: 22342: 22331: 22313: 22237: 22063: 21936: 21868: 21521: 21517: 21508: 21456: 21321: 21312: 21208: 21179: 21156: 21095: 21062: 21053: 20996: 20984:Comparison of governments 20959: 20922: 20899: 20815: 20795: 20726: 20664: 20586: 20509: 20367: 20358: 20354: 20345: 20067: 20058: 20003: 19963:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 19804:drafting and ratification 19777:Articles of Confederation 19690: 19624: 19615: 19554: 19508: 19450:Skeleton Canyon massacres 19432: 19337: 19199: 19136:Short–Courtright Shootout 19099: 18966:Vaudeville Theater ambush 18946:Guadalupe Canyon Massacre 18921:Gunfight at Blazer's Mill 18896: 18830: 18799: 18766: 18748: 18700: 18647: 18579: 18506: 18478: 18425: 18367: 18335: 18292: 18274: 18251: 18203: 18150: 18117: 18069: 18016: 17978: 17967: 17835: 17774: 17721: 17640: 17597: 17559: 17526:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine 17491: 17398: 17348:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous 17263: 17153: 17070:Frederick Russell Burnham 17060: 16910: 16804: 16673: 16510: 16503: 16230: 16223: 16150:Tombstone Arizona History 16126:. The West Film Project, 16071:. comprehensive coverage. 15974:Environment & History 15940:Pacific Historical Review 15879:. Blackwell. p. 65. 15501:10.1215/00141801-2008-034 15426:Slotkin, Richard (1981). 15369:Glenn Gardner Willumson, 14631:10.1017/S0021875800020855 14542:publications.newberry.org 13626:Boorstin, Daniel (1974). 12653:10.1017/S0018246X09990100 12423:Pacific Historical Review 12105:Utley, Robert M. (1984). 11961:Utah Historical Quarterly 11735:. ABC-CLIO. p. 222. 11668:. ABC-CLIO. p. 287. 11044:(1970) 2#3 pp. 69–77 11027:nation's transcontinental 11008:Journal of Ethnic Studies 10963:Utah Historical Quarterly 10929:Pacific Historical Review 10578:Fellman, Michael (1990). 10246:Fireman, Bert M. (1982). 10071:Robinson, Judith (1991). 9880:Jordan, Terry G. (1966). 9451:Madison Historical Review 9144:(2008) 8#3 pp. 1–18. 8812:Junius P. Rodriguez, ed. 8606:John R. Van Atta (2014). 8438:Hornsby, Stephen (2005). 8251:Pacific Historical Review 7583:"Population, Plate No. 3" 7503:patterned after Westerns. 7288: 7166:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6952:Yellowstone National Park 6848:Popularizing Western lore 6551:Being a lumberjack was a 6385: 5915: 5368:Prostitution and gambling 5208: 4972:U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment 4964:U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment 4904:transcontinental railroad 4316:U.S. Bureau of the Census 3719:Trans-Mississippi theater 3626:, a 24-day journey, with 3527:Handcart Pioneer Monument 3507:Mountain Meadows massacre 2760:Westward Expansion Trails 2248:small number of landlords 139: 81: 54: 24473:Northern Mariana Islands 23046:Strike wave of 1945–1946 22003:Prescription drug prices 21123:Mayor–council government 21113:Coterminous municipality 21103:Consolidated city-county 20869:Agriculture commissioner 20519:House of Representatives 20427:National Security Agency 20077:Contiguous United States 19299:McIntosh County Seat War 19091:Skeleton Canyon shootout 19021:Shootout at Wilson Ranch 19011:Shootout on Juneau Wharf 18926:Battle of Lincoln (1878) 16867:"Mysterious Dave" Mather 16165: 15412:Heather Cox Richardson, 15392:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 15347:(Harry N. Abrams, 2004). 15039:Time-Life Books (1979). 14669:"Women Of The Wild West" 14613:Walsh, Margaret (1995). 14451:Time-Life Books (1976). 14344:Cowboys of the Wild West 14040:www.americanheritage.com 13907:American Economic Review 13878:Worster, Donald (2008). 13357:A Searchlight on America 12174:86#3 (1999): 1209–1230. 11898:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 11562:Capps, Benjamin (1975). 11167:Russia's American Colony 10660:(2011) pp. 105–112. 10234:Utah: A People's History 9445:Varel, David A. (2014). 8390:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 8083:"Definition of FRONTIER" 7785:Nash, Gerald D. (1980). 7715:Nash, Gerald D. (1980). 7501:computer and video games 7438: 7358: 7177:University of New Mexico 6842:Frederick Jackson Turner 6820:Charles Wakefield Cadman 6482: 6408:on the riverside of the 6106:; Congress did pass the 6062:Newlands Reclamation Act 5759: 5750:Coffeyville Bank Robbery 5731:was established to give 5323:, starting around 1859. 5029:Frederick Jackson Turner 4915:Office of Indian Affairs 4848:Department of the Platte 4646:tribe of California and 4598:Battle of Buffalo Wallow 4550:Christopher "Kit" Carson 4073:Chinese railroad workers 3206:at New Orleans, General 3007:Frederick Jackson Turner 2960:Frederick Jackson Turner 2951:Democracy in the Midwest 2623:North American fur trade 2499:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1869:Frederick Jackson Turner 661: 639: 617: 606: 584: 573: 551: 540: 529: 518: 496: 485: 474: 452: 430: 419: 397: 386: 364: 353: 24008:Middle Eastern American 23825:Technology and industry 22695:Seneca Falls Convention 22496:Continental Association 22396:Settlement of Jamestown 22088:Criticism of government 21433:Social welfare programs 21026:State-recognized tribes 20011:Outline of U.S. history 19723:Continental Association 19567:List of Old West lawmen 19445:Northfield Bank Robbery 19224:Regulator–Moderator War 19151:Anderson-McCluskie duel 17668:Battle of Washita River 17653:Battle of Glorieta Pass 17531:Lost Ship of the Desert 17473:Southern Emigrant Trail 17433:Great Platte River Road 17100:George Armstrong Custer 16892:William "Bill" Tilghman 16405:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) 16102:Western Folklife Center 16014:Lubell, Samuel (1956). 15905:OAH Magazine of History 15846:Writing Western History 14238:Cloud, Barbara (2008). 13977:Murdoch, David (2001). 13656:The Cowboy Encyclopedia 13251:Shirley, Glenn (1990). 13147:10.1111/1542-734X.00087 13024:emigrants seeking homes 12750:Jeffrey, Julie (1998). 12630:Pamela Riney-Kehrberg, 12461:April 30, 2019, at the 12302:Libraries & Culture 12192:excerpt and text search 11201:and Bradley J. Birzer, 10632:The Sand Creek Massacre 10046:American West Chronicle 9653:. U. New Mexico Press. 8906:Eric Jay Dolin (2011). 8636:The Winning of the West 8524:(1944), 25#2: 182–194. 8494:Morgan, Robert (2008). 8112:www.merriam-webster.com 8087:www.merriam-webster.com 7522:Delano, Alonzo (1854). 6581:), or use a high-wheel 6270:last stagecoach robbery 6260:and the last remaining 6221:population distribution 6121:(June 5, 1897) and the 6047:In the center were the 5851:Regulator–Moderator War 5688:Skeleton Canyon robbery 5647:(Left): members of the 5577:(1946), John Sturges's 5433:William "Bat" Masterson 5374:History of prostitution 5282:The Spanish mission of 5118:Temporary quarters for 4743:George Armstrong Custer 4715:Great Sioux War of 1876 4574:attack on Cibecue Creek 4535:American Ranch massacre 3892:Stockade, February 1869 3759:Battle of Glorieta Pass 3537:in Salt Lake City, Utah 3479:, such as the infamous 2873:Transylvania University 2753:New York Weekly Tribune 2421:blazed a trail for the 1179:Middle Eastern American 1001:Technology and industry 24128:Admission to the Union 23494:Afghanistan withdrawal 23489:January 6 insurrection 23408:Rise in mass shootings 23380:Virginia Tech shooting 22933:Paris Peace Conference 22707:Second Great Awakening 22446:American Enlightenment 22150:Environmental movement 21993:Health insurance costs 21888:Educational attainment 21413:Federal Reserve System 21371:Science and technology 20874:Insurance commissioner 20412:Intelligence Community 20107:minor outlying islands 19870:Civil rights movement 19500:Jarbidge Stage Robbery 19475:Fairbank Train Robbery 19465:Wham Paymaster robbery 19304:Deschutes Railroad War 19279:Jaybird–Woodpecker War 19186:Higgins–Standifer duel 19086:Power's Cabin shootout 19076:Shootout in Sonoratown 19056:Canyon Diablo shootout 18991:Battle of Tres Jacales 18986:Battle of Stone Corral 17878:Rocky Mountain oysters 15689:"The Code of the West" 15568:Arizona & the West 15512:Lamar, Howard (2005). 15271:. Wiley. p. 271. 15194:Roger L. Nichols, ed. 14932:Christopher Frayling, 14902:: CS1 maint: others ( 14825:: CS1 maint: others ( 14772:Sky History TV channel 14727:: CS1 maint: others ( 14392:Sherwin, Wylie Grant. 14136:: CS1 maint: others ( 13867:"The American Forests" 12793:, (1960), pp. 145–150. 12528:Great Plains Quarterly 12394:Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, 12385:(1995) pp. 53–71, 12205:Great Plains Quarterly 12131:Ray Allen Billington, 12061:Malone, John William. 11715:Alvin M. Jacoby, Jr., 11470:Hubert Howe Bancroft, 11184:June 18, 2013, at the 11092:Billington and Ridge, 11053:Billington and Ridge, 10857:Great Plains Quarterly 10619:The Dakota War of 1862 10425:Billington and Ridge, 10249:Arizona, historic land 9950:(2007) pp. 43–70 9726:. Simon and Schuster. 9538:The Wisconsin Frontier 9512:The Wisconsin Frontier 9344:(2004) pp. 46–47. 9271:Nevins, Allan (1992). 9230:Chronicles of Oklahoma 8718:Billington and Ridge, 8414:Journey to New England 8361:(1965) pp. 44–46. 8108:"Definition of MARGIN" 8072:18.2 (1987): 157–176, 7970:: CS1 maint: others ( 7464:Dungeons & Dragons 7319:List of Western lawmen 7136: 7126: 6986: 6977:Heather Cox Richardson 6941: 6924: 6872:'s stories glamorized 6802: 6495: 6469:Black Hills Expedition 6209: 6189:American Bison Society 6172: 6108:Yosemite National Park 6083: 6037: 5938: 5782: 5684:Wham Paymaster robbery 5589:(1967), Frank Perry's 5503: 5493: 5444: 5287: 5183: 5127: 5024: 4993: 4879:Treaty of Fort Laramie 4873: 4686: 4674: 4584:to surrender in 1886. 4449: 4444:Indian battles in the 4325: 4310: 4299: 4210:Alexander II of Russia 4171: 4088: 4027: 4007: 3942:Land Ordinance of 1785 3937: 3893: 3804:Sioux war in Minnesota 3795: 3791:Settlers escaping the 3712: 3670: 3614: 3538: 3518: 3404:Independence, Missouri 3398: 3327:and eastward into the 3291: 3276: 3190: 3088: 3034: 3016: 3003: 2989: 2925:Second Great Awakening 2905: 2811: 2776: 2662: 2645: 2580:Jeffersonian Democracy 2530: 2515: 2483:William Henry Harrison 2466: 2378: 2358: 2326:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 2275: 2255:north, not the west). 2231: 2167: 1970: 1829:Others, including the 1291:Admission to the Union 24120:Territorial evolution 23484:George Floyd Protests 23467:Unite the Right rally 23336:Oklahoma City bombing 23331:Republican Revolution 23278:Space Shuttle program 23100:Civil Rights Movement 23068:North Atlantic Treaty 22876:Sherman Antitrust Act 22861:Chinese Exclusion Act 22451:French and Indian War 22441:Prelude to Revolution 22426:First Great Awakening 22386:European colonization 21976:Immigrant health care 21491:Transportation safety 21486:Transportation policy 21476:Public transportation 20546:President pro tempore 20402:Executive departments 20171:National Park Service 19826:Territorial evolution 19557:Further information: 19541:Rock Springs massacre 19455:Battle of Coffeyville 19379:San Elizario Salt War 19289:Brooks–McFarland feud 19254:Colorado Railroad War 19131:Duels of Tom Carberry 19036:Chinese Massacre Cove 19031:Battleground Gunfight 18936:Mussel Slough Tragedy 18931:Variety Hall shootout 18916:Battle of Bates Point 18906:Gunfight at Hide Park 17713:Wounded Knee Massacre 17663:Battle of San Jacinto 17632:Variety Hall shootout 17607:Battle of Coffeyville 17589:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 17569:Black Hills Gold Rush 17246:Thomas William Sweeny 17110:Samuel P. Heintzelman 16887:John Horton Slaughter 16781:Richens Lacey Wootton 16315:Five Civilized Tribes 16119:American West History 16063:Lamar, Howard L. ed. 16052:Further information: 15993:. Wiley. p. 78. 15844:Richard Etulain, ed. 15769:Bertram Wyatt-Brown, 15691:. Legends of America. 13813:Douglas G. Brinkley, 13387:. (2008) p. 12. 13383:Marilynn S. Johnson, 13278:DiLorenzo, Thomas J. 13257:. Barbed Wire Press. 13224:Gulick, Bill (1999). 12326:Frederick C. Luebke, 12250:(1990) pp. 44–45 11107:"Life on the Prairie" 10501:6.4 (2016): 566–591. 9948:California: A History 9676:On the Santa Fe Trail 9202:Moring, John (1998). 8444:. UPNE. p. 129. 8344:Jackson Turner Main, 8042:Yale University Press 7422:Lorin Morgan-Richards 7271:Western United States 7140:environmental history 7131: 7121: 7090:Extrajudicial justice 6981: 6934: 6920: 6793: 6617:Western United States 6490: 6473:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 6461:Black Hills Gold Rush 6203: 6161: 6148:Further information: 6078: 6031: 5929: 5902:Brooks–McFarland Feud 5835:San Elizario Salt War 5773: 5574:My Darling Clementine 5498: 5488: 5426: 5372:Further information: 5281: 5230:Rock Springs massacre 5226:Chinese Massacre Cove 5177: 5166:to Portland, Oregon. 5117: 5008: 4988: 4871: 4782:Battle of Bear Valley 4766:Wounded Knee massacre 4713:and surrendered. The 4689:In June 1877, in the 4680: 4668: 4539:Raid on Godfrey Ranch 4443: 4320: 4305: 4294: 4154: 4133:broke them up in 1904 4086: 4025: 4001: 3928: 3888: 3859:Five Civilized Tribes 3790: 3702: 3695:Civil War in the West 3665: 3628:Wells Fargo & Co. 3608: 3565:to the valley of the 3524: 3504: 3392: 3355:The discovery of the 3283:San Francisco harbor 3282: 3271: 3180: 3149:Battle of San Jacinto 3079: 3032: 3011: 2998: 2984: 2945:Plan of Union of 1801 2908:Further information: 2891: 2837:In 1811, naturalists 2828:Stephen Harriman Long 2802: 2771: 2764:U.S. Secretary of War 2748:federal postal system 2651: 2636: 2627:Further information: 2525: 2510: 2456: 2372: 2353: 2284:French and Indian War 2268:Siege of Fort Detroit 2266: 2235:Appalachian Mountains 2226: 2159: 2136: Other countries 1968: 1909:Western United States 1880:, in what is now the 1785:, giving rise to the 1282:Territorial evolution 575:Post-World War II Era 24034:Palestinian American 23461:Obergefell v. Hodges 23353:September 11 attacks 23189:Second-wave feminism 23110:Cuban Missile Crisis 22970:Bath School disaster 22888:Spanish–American War 22851:The Gospel of Wealth 22730:California Gold Rush 22690:Mexican–American War 22680:Nullification crisis 22648:Era of Good Feelings 22548:Confederation period 22456:Proclamation of 1763 22406:Atlantic slave trade 22145:Environmental issues 21810:Political ideologies 21709:Indigenous languages 20909:List of legislatures 20706:separation of powers 20407:Independent agencies 20333:World Heritage Sites 19968:September 11 attacks 19891:Spanish–American War 19831:Mexican–American War 19787:Confederation period 19718:Continental Congress 19470:Black Bart Robberies 19244:Horrell–Higgins feud 19156:Canton–Dunn Shootout 19121:Hickok–Tutt Shootout 19111:Broderick–Terry duel 19051:Gunfight at Spokogee 19016:Hot Springs gunfight 18768:Washington Territory 18508:New Mexico Territory 17873:Pacific Northwestern 17792:Cowboys and cowgirls 17574:California Gold Rush 17551:Seven Cities of Gold 17536:Montezuma's treasure 17343:One-room schoolhouse 17191:George E. Goodfellow 17085:Texas Jack Omohundro 16928:"Curly Bill" Brocius 16726:Liver-Eating Johnson 16701:Tomás Vélez Cachupín 16255:Assiniboine (Nakota) 15626:Robert K. DeArment, 15583:John Wayne: American 15539:Adams, Andy (1903). 14768:"History of Logging" 14747:www.skagitcounty.net 13839:Dennis C. Williams, 13599:Morgan, Ted (1996). 13465:"Johnson County War" 13370:Michael J. Pfeifer, 13203:. Crown Publishers. 12776:Robert K. DeArment, 12604:Elizabeth Hampsten, 12491:6.2 (2020): 179–194. 11413:(2008) ch. 6, 7 11389:Osborn, William M., 11281:, September 8, 1872, 10844:Agricultural History 10705:Twain, Mark (1913). 10669:Jack Ericson Eblen, 8581:Agricultural History 8468:58.1 (2011): 91–112. 7338:one-room schoolhouse 7197:United States portal 6927:20th-century imagery 6710:Mexican–American War 6418:California Gold Rush 6374:for miners in 1850. 6299:(1914–1915) and the 5362:Laura Ingalls Wilder 5221:California Gold Rush 5033:Progressive movement 4784:on January 9, 1918. 4733:, in which combined 4428:swamps and waging a 4378:Jacksonian Democracy 4287:American Indian Wars 4212:decided to sell the 4041:Pacific Railroad Act 3870:Pacific Railroad Act 3751:Henry Hopkins Sibley 3264:California Gold Rush 3258:California Gold Rush 3198:such as Congressman 3173:Mexican–American War 3167:Mexican–American War 3101:Old San Antonio Road 2929:Cane Ridge, Kentucky 2866:John Charles Frémont 2629:Fur trade in Montana 2611:Hudson's Bay Company 2487:Battle of the Thames 2475:Indian barrier state 2423:Transylvania Company 2384:Jacksonian Democrats 2293:peace treaty of 1763 2129: Disputed areas 2045:1789: The new nation 1846:William Rush Merriam 1835:University of Oxford 1816:William Rush Merriam 1756:, also known as the 1205:Palestinian American 421:Era of Good Feelings 366:Confederation period 304:Timeline and periods 252:New Mexico Territory 24483:U.S. Virgin Islands 23969:Lithuanian American 23925:Vietnamese American 23271:End of the Cold War 23261:Invasion of Grenada 23211:Iran hostage crisis 22960:Tulsa race massacre 22767:Election of Lincoln 22762:Dred Scott decision 22750:Kansas–Nebraska Act 22653:Missouri Compromise 22571:Northwest Ordinance 22561:Pennsylvania Mutiny 22556:and Perpetual Union 22516:American Revolution 22431:War of Jenkins' Ear 21988:Health care finance 21481:Rail transportation 21247:Imperial presidency 20969:State constitutions 20914:List of legislators 20864:Auditor/Comptroller 20837:Lieutenant governor 20563:Library of Congress 20454:Diplomatic Security 20097:Indian reservations 19760:American Revolution 19536:Hay Meadow massacre 19485:Big Springs Robbery 19409:Stuart's Stranglers 19359:Pleasant Valley War 19324:Colorado Labor Wars 19294:Reese–Townsend feud 19191:Western Code Duello 19176:Burton Mossman duel 19166:South Pass Shootout 19001:Gunfight at Morenci 18951:Battle of the Plaza 18911:Goingsnake massacre 17756:Pleasant Valley War 17698:Sand Creek massacre 17648:Battle of the Alamo 17521:Long Tom's treasure 17216:Octaviano Larrazolo 17130:Ranald S. Mackenzie 17080:"Buffalo Bill" Cody 16791:"Old Bill" Williams 16741:William John Murphy 16155:"The American West" 16074:McLoughlin, Denis. 15104:postalmuseum.si.edu 14569:on October 13, 2007 14516:American Experience 14420:The Cowboy Hat book 14394:"Why Cowboys Sing?" 14364:The Cowboy Hat book 14346:(1985) p. 103 13957:Journal of the West 13923:Journal of the West 13726:(1941) pp. 497–508. 13335:. Handbook of Texas 13061:Journal of the West 13045:The Washington Post 12665:Hirata, Lucie Cheng 12476:Japanese Immigrants 12207:2#1 (1982): 41–54. 12135:(1963) ch. 6–7 11595:Gregory Paul Dowell 11295:. pp. 132–133. 11259:. pp. 131–132. 11179:"What Is a Sooner?" 11021:Edwin Legrand Sabin 10988:on January 21, 2017 10908:David Haward Bain, 10895:Frank N. Schubert, 10658:Oklahoma: A History 10412:Joseph J. DiCerto, 10236:p. 57. (1987). 9865:(online ed.). 9692:Journal of the West 9601:(1920) p. 342. 9299:Journal of the West 9157:Hogland, Alison K. 9142:Ohio Valley History 8651:The Wilderness road 8649:Robert L. Kincaid, 7520:, For example, see 7373:Journal of the West 7255:The West As America 7117:New Western History 7023:The Log of a Cowboy 6780:contagious diseases 6699:Acculturated places 6289:Punitive Expedition 6196:End of the frontier 6170:Alfred Jacob Miller 6130:William Howard Taft 6024:Sagebrush Rebellion 5906:Reese–Townsend feud 5843:Stuart's Stranglers 5791:Pleasant Valley War 5692:Quantrill's Raiders 5110:European immigrants 5042:, argued historian 4928:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4858:Indian reservations 4531:Sand Creek massacre 4467:number of conflicts 4341:Doolittle Committee 4244:Fairbanks Gold Rush 3921:Federal land system 3899:Northwest Ordinance 3841:Sand Creek massacre 3743:Confederate Arizona 3735:Quantrill's Raiders 3680:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2937:Disciples of Christ 2809:Alfred Jacob Miller 2543:St. Louis, Missouri 2412:Northwest Territory 2338:Northwest Ordinance 2272:Pontiac's Rebellion 2206:Kaskaskia, Illinois 2005:respectively. The " 1986:settlements on the 1858:reduced open land. 1831:Library of Congress 1793:" and historians' " 1789:attitude known as " 1140:Lithuanian American 1091:Vietnamese American 355:American Revolution 217:California Republic 182:Louisiana territory 51: 24133:Historical regions 24089:Transgender people 23647:Capital punishment 23506:Support of Ukraine 23455:Black Lives Matter 23363:War in Afghanistan 23288:Invasion of Panama 23244:Iran–Contra affair 23105:Early–mid Cold War 22975:Harlem Renaissance 22834:Compromise of 1877 22809:Reconstruction era 22745:Fugitive Slave Act 22740:Compromise of 1850 22685:Westward expansion 22623:Louisiana Purchase 22466:Stamp Act Congress 22411:King William's War 22098:affirmative action 22071:Capital punishment 22030:Poverty and health 22025:Physician shortage 21998:Health care prices 21928:Standard of living 21611:standard of living 21418:Financial position 21045:Hawaiian home land 21033:Indian reservation 21006:Tribal sovereignty 20849:Secretary of state 20718:United States Code 20634:Territorial courts 20606:Associate Justices 20491:Inspector generals 19978:War in Afghanistan 19841:Reconstruction era 19708:Stamp Act Congress 19480:Gage Train Robbery 19419:Deep Creek murders 19404:Sheepshooters' War 19394:Fence Cutting Wars 19369:Colorado Range War 19349:Johnson County War 19329:Idaho labor strike 19259:Earp Vendetta Ride 19239:Sutton–Taylor feud 19229:Lincoln County War 19171:Walker–Graham duel 19061:Shootout in Benson 19046:Thibodaux massacre 19006:Blackwell gunfight 18981:Battle of Cimarron 18971:Hunnewell gunfight 18581:Oklahoma Territory 17766:Sutton–Taylor feud 17746:Lincoln County War 17741:Johnson County War 17641:Military conflicts 17584:Klondike Gold Rush 17385:Westward expansion 17206:Zephaniah Kingsley 16980:John Wesley Hardin 16877:George Scarborough 16857:"Wild Bill" Hickok 16746:John Wesley Powell 15925:westernhistory.org 15901:California History 15824:Ken Gonzales-Day, 15432:American Quarterly 15356:Thomas J. Harvey, 14987:California History 14673:History Detectives 14422:(1995) p. 15 14399:. Wyoming Stories. 14366:(1995) p. 10 14342:Russell Freedman, 14332:. American Cowboy. 14265:Wishart, David J. 14156:www.tshaonline.org 13856:(1998) p. 159 13852:Robert L. Dorman, 13843:(2002) p. 134 13471:on January 8, 2014 13450:Wild West Magazine 12937:Utley, Robert M., 12645:Historical Journal 12578:Katherine Harris, 12411:(2012) p. 213 12366:Nell Irvin Painter 12277:. (2nd ed., 2002.) 11910:for detailed guide 11867:"Squadron History" 11781:The Daily Sentinel 11614:Samuel C. Gwynne. 11552:, full text online 11343:(1969) 56:527–539 11279:The New York Times 11205:(2003) p. 333 11169:. (1987): 295–315. 11109:. American History 11094:Westward Expansion 11055:Westward Expansion 10604:Samuel J. Watson, 10427:Westward Expansion 10336:The New York Times 10110:John David Unruh, 10097:John David Unruh, 9707:(Free Press, 2004) 9703:William C. Davis, 9674:Marc Simmons, ed. 9650:The Santa Fe Trail 9551:Westward Expansion 9083:(1991), p. 58 8975:John R. Van Atta, 8783:John D. Barnhart, 8720:Westward Expansion 8569:(1958) p. 55. 8497:Boone: A Biography 8348:(1965) p. 11. 7606:27.2 (1989): 3–25. 7426:The Goodbye Family 7380:True West Magazine 7168:'s victory in the 7162:New Deal coalition 7041:John Wesley Hardin 6990:Theodore Roosevelt 6945:Theodore Roosevelt 6942: 6912:Charles M. Russell 6908:Frederic Remington 6803: 6768:Klondike Gold Rush 6750:Klondike Gold Rush 6623:, and fending off 6496: 6477:Nebraska Territory 6285:Battle of Columbus 6281:Mexican Border War 6277:Mexican Revolution 6258:Oklahoma Territory 6210: 6173: 6053:Theodore Roosevelt 6038: 6034:Theodore Roosevelt 5973:Theodore Roosevelt 5939: 5934:, as portrayed by 5910:Earp Vendetta Ride 5894:Sutton–Taylor feud 5874:Lincoln County War 5831:Barber–Mizell feud 5807:Colorado Range War 5795:Johnson County War 5783: 5779:Frederic Remington 5660:James–Younger Gang 5506:Tombstone, Arizona 5445: 5288: 5284:San Xavier del Bac 5184: 5128: 5105:Race and ethnicity 5025: 5023:February 20, 1915. 5001:Democratic society 4924:Nebraska Territory 4874: 4864:Indian reservation 4788:Forts and outposts 4711:Battle of Bear Paw 4687: 4675: 4450: 4311: 4300: 4250:Oklahoma Land Rush 4236:Klondike Gold Rush 4184:1874 Locust Plague 4172: 4089: 4028: 4013:Corps of Engineers 4008: 3938: 3894: 3808:Lower Sioux Agency 3796: 3793:Dakota War of 1862 3713: 3709:Mankato, Minnesota 3671: 3615: 3539: 3531:Torleif S. Knaphus 3519: 3399: 3292: 3277: 3240:Compromise of 1850 3191: 3089: 3035: 2990: 2906: 2892:Illustration from 2855:John James Audubon 2812: 2663: 2646: 2564:Louisiana Purchase 2555:Louisiana Purchase 2549:Louisiana Purchase 2531: 2467: 2463:Richard M. Johnson 2398:After winning the 2379: 2276: 2202:St. Lawrence River 2168: 1983:U.S. Census Bureau 1971: 1876:lands west of the 1812:American Civil War 1783:Louisiana Purchase 1766:American expansion 1260:Transgender people 823:Capital punishment 476:Reconstruction Era 242:Oklahoma Territory 222:Colorado Territory 197:Nebraska Territory 172:Missouri Territory 67:John C. H. Grabill 49: 24657:American folklore 24632:American frontier 24619: 24618: 24577: 24576: 24573: 24572: 24138:American frontier 24099: 24098: 24029:Lebanese American 24014:Egyptian American 23949:Estonian American 23939:Albanian American 23933:European American 23910:Japanese American 23900:Filipino American 23861: 23860: 23523: 23522: 23519: 23518: 23472:COVID-19 pandemic 23375:Hurricane Katrina 23316:Los Angeles riots 23206:Watergate scandal 23051:Start of Cold War 23019:Manhattan Project 22606:Whiskey Rebellion 22436:King George's War 22401:Thirteen Colonies 22362:Pre-Columbian Era 22273: 22272: 22233: 22232: 22229: 22228: 22199:National security 21908:Income inequality 21788:Statue of Liberty 21591:income inequality 21504: 21503: 21496:Trucking industry 21308: 21307: 21304: 21303: 21235:Foreign relations 21223:Electoral College 21204: 21203: 20992: 20991: 20944:District attorney 20791: 20790: 20618:Courts of appeals 20341: 20340: 20054: 20053: 19995:COVID-19 pandemic 19948:Feminist Movement 19794:American frontier 19713:Thirteen Colonies 19574: 19573: 19546:Morewood massacre 19526:Lexington murders 19424:Spring Creek raid 19374:Colfax County War 19364:Castaic Range War 19249:Brooks–Baxter War 19181:Silks–Fultom duel 19126:Duels of Jim Levy 19071:Battle of Eufaula 18996:Battle of Ingalls 18961:Trinidad Gunfight 18848: 18847: 18826: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18801:Wyoming Territory 18369:Montana Territory 18205:Florida Territory 18018:Arizona Territory 17905:Western lifestyle 17736:Earp-Clanton feud 17678:Chimayó Rebellion 17612:Battle of Lincoln 17418:Butterfield Trail 17368:Vigilante justice 17259: 17258: 17186:John Joel Glanton 17171:Jonathan R. Davis 17166:William H. Boring 16771:Trinidad Swilling 16360:Lenape (Delaware) 16285:Chippewa (Ojibwe) 16217:American frontier 15755:Atherton, Lewis E 15238:G. Edward White, 15169:(1995) pp. 69–90 15020:. August 15, 2016 15018:National Archives 15000:"American Cowboy" 14847:. August 15, 2016 14845:National Archives 14307:Don Rickey, Jr., 14218:978-1-5261-3502-5 14189:978-0-520-30438-3 14065:www.okhistory.org 13830:(2003) p. 25 13747:U. of Texas Press 13555:Atherton, Lewis E 13301:on July 31, 2014. 12804:Sucker's Progress 12552:Donald B. Marti, 12286:David M. Emmons, 12186:Richard C. Wade, 11948:Annals of Wyoming 11873:on April 19, 2005 11513:Michno, Gregory. 11483:Michno, Gregory, 11203:The American West 10925:Saxton, Alexander 10829:Harold M. Hyman, 10718:978-0-520-20559-8 10484:Nicole Etcheson, 10455:Thomas Goodrich, 10350:Civil War History 10132:The Plains Across 9862:Handbook of Texas 8477:Steven J. Oatis, 7508:Explanatory notes 7277:Western lifestyle 7217:Canadian frontier 6878:Edward L. Wheeler 6874:Buffalo Bill Cody 6634:America's economy 6455:Similarly, other 6398:James W. Marshall 6291:(1916–1917). The 6096:Scottish-American 5890:Brooks-Baxter War 5886:Early–Hasley feud 5823:Spring Creek raid 5819:Castaic Range War 5815:Colfax County War 5811:Fence Cutting War 5754:Battle of Ingalls 5238:anti-Chinese riot 5203:Nicodemus, Kansas 5170:African Americans 5150:to North Dakota, 5040:history of Kansas 4589:Comanche Campaign 4479:large-scale raids 4446:Trans Mississippi 4256:Land Rush of 1889 4204:'s defeat in the 4053:Collis Huntington 3509:was conducted by 3426:(from 1847), and 3412:Willamette Valley 3321:Jonathan R. Davis 3220:Cincinnati Herald 3189:, August 15, 1846 3185:'s annexation of 3161:Republic of Texas 3147:won the decisive 3112:Stephen F. Austin 3105:Old Spanish Trail 3068:History of Mexico 3052:John Quincy Adams 2717:John Quincy Adams 2603:Pacific Northwest 2539:Mississippi River 2431:Falls of the Ohio 2400:Revolutionary War 2349:Revolutionary War 2317:George Washington 2152:Thirteen Colonies 2146:Colonial frontier 2122: Territories 1878:Mississippi River 1754:American frontier 1750: 1749: 1672: 1671: 1301:American frontier 1200:Lebanese American 1185:Egyptian American 1115:Estonian American 1105:Albanian American 1099:European American 1076:Japanese American 1066:Filipino American 690: 689: 663:Post-Cold War Era 320:Pre-Columbian Era 284: 269: 268: 257:Arizona Territory 232:Wyoming Territory 227:Montana Territory 207:Republic of Texas 147:Thirteen Colonies 50:American frontier 16:(Redirected from 24679: 24609: 24599: 24598: 24563: 24562: 24492:Outlying islands 24449:Washington, D.C. 24444:Federal District 24143:Manifest destiny 24116: 24115: 24105: 24104: 24047:Native Americans 24019:Iranian American 23993:Mexican American 23979:Serbian American 23964:Italian American 23954:Finnish American 23944:English American 23895:Chinese American 23882:African American 23867: 23866: 23672:Direct democracy 23662:The Constitution 23621:Higher education 23544:American Century 23529: 23528: 22982:Great Depression 22955:Women's suffrage 22945:Roaring Twenties 22871:Haymarket affair 22829:Enforcement Acts 22618:Jeffersonian era 22566:Shays' Rebellion 22486:Intolerable Acts 22481:Boston Tea Party 22416:Queen Anne's War 22344: 22343: 22333: 22332: 22300: 22293: 22286: 22277: 22276: 22253: 22246: 22133:African American 22015:Health insurance 21903:Household income 21773:National symbols 21704:American English 21677:Federal holidays 21586:household income 21519: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21319: 21318: 21257:Anti-Americanism 21181:Special district 21108:Independent city 21077:County executive 21060: 21059: 20854:Attorney general 20813: 20812: 20802:Federal District 20385:Executive Office 20365: 20364: 20356: 20355: 20352: 20351: 20112:populated places 20092:federal enclaves 20087:federal district 20065: 20064: 19928:American Century 19911:Great Depression 19906:Roaring Twenties 19866:Women's suffrage 19745:Halifax Resolves 19738:Founding Fathers 19733:military history 19698:Pre-colonial era 19622: 19621: 19601: 19594: 19587: 19578: 19577: 19414:Hashknife Outfit 19354:Mason County War 19309:Boyce–Sneed feud 19269:Flynn–Doran feud 19234:Lee–Peacock feud 19219:Tutt–Everett War 19146:Mart Duggan duel 19081:Gleeson gunfight 19026:Gunfight in Moab 18875: 18868: 18861: 18852: 18851: 18838: 18837: 18649:Oregon Territory 18586:Indian Territory 18152:Dakota Territory 17976: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17868:New Mexico chile 17751:Mason County War 17708:Texas Revolution 17673:Bear Flag Revolt 17423:California Trail 17333:Manifest destiny 17265:Frontier culture 17161:John Jacob Astor 17135:Charley Reynolds 17035:Younger Brothers 17015:Joaquin Murrieta 16902:Harry C. Wheeler 16897:James Timberlake 16786:Henry Wickenburg 16731:Meriwether Lewis 16650:Touch the Clouds 16512:Native Americans 16508: 16507: 16210: 16203: 16196: 16187: 16186: 16161:, June 13, 2002) 16041: 16034: 16028: 16027: 16011: 16005: 16004: 15983: 15977: 15970: 15964: 15963: 15935: 15929: 15928: 15917: 15908: 15897: 15891: 15890: 15868: 15862: 15855: 15849: 15842: 15836: 15822: 15816: 15813:American History 15809: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15787: 15781: 15767: 15761: 15758:The Cattle Kings 15752: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15727: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15700: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15678: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15644: 15638: 15624: 15618: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15577: 15571: 15564: 15558: 15556: 15536: 15530: 15529: 15509: 15503: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15462: 15456: 15455: 15423: 15417: 15410: 15404: 15403: 15383: 15377: 15367: 15361: 15354: 15348: 15341: 15335: 15318: 15312: 15302: 15296: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15262: 15256: 15249: 15243: 15236: 15230: 15223: 15217: 15214: 15208: 15205: 15199: 15192: 15186: 15179: 15173: 15163: 15157: 15147: 15141: 15134: 15128: 15121: 15115: 15114: 15112: 15110: 15096: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15071: 15065: 15064: 15042:The Spanish west 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15010: 15004: 15003: 14996: 14990: 14983: 14977: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14959: 14953: 14951: 14943: 14937: 14930: 14924: 14919:Linda S. Watts, 14917: 14908: 14907: 14901: 14893: 14871:The frontiersmen 14866: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14824: 14816: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14778: 14764: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14726: 14718: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14665: 14659: 14658: 14610: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14599: 14585: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14574: 14559: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14534: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14508: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14483: 14477: 14476: 14448: 14439: 14436: 14430: 14416: 14410: 14407: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14389: 14383: 14380: 14374: 14360: 14354: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14325: 14319: 14305: 14296: 14286: 14280: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14267:"Cowboy Culture" 14262: 14256: 14255: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14173: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14162: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14135: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14032: 14026: 14025: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13974: 13965: 13964: 13948: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13917: 13911: 13902: 13896: 13895: 13875: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13850: 13844: 13837: 13831: 13826:W. Todd Benson, 13824: 13818: 13811: 13805: 13804:(2001) p. 4 13798: 13792: 13791: 13777:The Cattle Towns 13771: 13765: 13764: 13737:Montejano, David 13733: 13727: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13650: 13644: 13643: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13568: 13562: 13559:The Cattle Kings 13552: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13414: 13408: 13401: 13395: 13381: 13375: 13368: 13362: 13361: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13314:"Troubled Times" 13309: 13303: 13302: 13297:. Archived from 13290: 13284: 13283: 13275: 13269: 13268: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13221: 13215: 13214: 13194: 13188: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13157: 13151: 13150: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13103: 13097: 13085:Alexander, Bob. 13083: 13077: 13076: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13017: 13011: 13010: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12961:The Cattle Towns 12955: 12949: 12935: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12918: 12910: 12904: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12845:10.2307/40021171 12828: 12819: 12813: 12807: 12800: 12794: 12787: 12781: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12747: 12741: 12736:Anne M. Butler, 12734: 12728: 12727: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12661: 12655: 12641: 12635: 12628: 12622: 12615: 12609: 12602: 12596: 12589: 12583: 12576: 12570: 12567:Nebraska History 12563: 12557: 12550: 12544: 12537: 12531: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12505: 12498: 12492: 12485: 12479: 12472: 12466: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12418: 12412: 12405: 12399: 12392: 12386: 12379: 12373: 12363: 12357: 12350: 12344: 12337: 12331: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12297: 12291: 12284: 12278: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12257: 12251: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12217: 12211: 12201: 12195: 12184: 12178: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12149: 12142: 12136: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12079: 12073: 12059: 12053: 12046: 12037: 12030:Richard Melzer, 12028: 12022: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12004: 12003: 11983: 11977: 11974:Nebraska History 11970: 11964: 11957: 11951: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11917: 11911: 11909: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11863: 11854: 11853: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11808: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11787:on April 4, 2015 11783:. Archived from 11772: 11766: 11765: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11726: 11720: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11632: 11626: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11592: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11564:The Great Chiefs 11559: 11553: 11551: 11531: 11525: 11511: 11505: 11494: 11488: 11481: 11475: 11468: 11462: 11459: 11453: 11446: 11440: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11414: 11407: 11401: 11387: 11381: 11378: 11372: 11358: 11352: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11311: 11305: 11296: 11288: 11282: 11275: 11269: 11260: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11225: 11219: 11212: 11206: 11199:Larry Schweikart 11195: 11189: 11176: 11170: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11103: 11097: 11090: 11084: 11077: 11071: 11064: 11058: 11057:pp. 646–647 11051: 11045: 11042:Kansas Quarterly 11038: 11032: 11031: 11017: 11011: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10984:. Archived from 10972: 10966: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10921: 10915: 10906: 10900: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10866: 10860: 10853: 10847: 10840: 10834: 10827: 10821: 10820: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10674: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10648: 10641: 10635: 10628: 10622: 10617:Kenneth Carley, 10615: 10609: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10575: 10569: 10562: 10556: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10505: 10495: 10489: 10482: 10476: 10466: 10460: 10453: 10447: 10436: 10430: 10429:pp. 577–578 10423: 10417: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10375: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10283: 10277: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10243: 10237: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10156: 10150: 10140: 10134: 10129: 10126:Kansas Quarterly 10121: 10115: 10108: 10102: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10068: 10062: 10057:Rodman W. Paul, 10055: 10049: 10042: 10036: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9938: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9856: 9850: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9826: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9718:Merry, Robert W. 9714: 9708: 9701: 9695: 9685: 9679: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9644: 9638: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9608: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9560: 9554: 9547: 9541: 9534: 9528: 9527:(1959) p. 1 9521: 9515: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9351: 9345: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9268: 9262: 9252: 9246: 9241:Clyde Hollmann, 9239: 9233: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9199: 9193: 9184: 9178: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9154: 9145: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9108:Military Affairs 9103: 9097: 9090: 9084: 9077: 9071: 9066:Samuel P. Hays, 9064: 9058: 9057: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9002: 8996: 8991:Christine Bold, 8989: 8980: 8973: 8967: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8943: 8937: 8932:Eric Jay Dolan, 8930: 8924: 8923: 8903: 8897: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8863: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8823: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8729: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8673: 8667: 8660: 8654: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8576: 8570: 8563: 8557: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8528: 8522:New York History 8518: 8512: 8511: 8491: 8485: 8475: 8469: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8381: 8375: 8370:Allan Kulikoff, 8368: 8362: 8355: 8349: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8220:Lamar, Howard R. 8216: 8210: 8209: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8023:. pp. 1–38. 8012: 8006: 8005: 7985: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7616: 7607: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7553: 7531: 7530: 7518: 7302:: list of known 7199: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7164:that began with 7103:frontier justice 7055:Code of the West 7017:(1855–1928) and 6648:'s arrival into 6609:Meriwether Lewis 6557:railroad workers 6465:Dakota Territory 6262:Indian Territory 6225:1910 U.S. census 6218:1900 U.S. census 6214:1890 U.S. census 6206:1910 U.S. census 6185:Conservationists 6124:Atlantic Monthly 6112:Grover Cleveland 6071:nature preserves 6049:conservationists 5898:Horrell Brothers 5882:Flynn–Doran feud 5878:Tutt–Everett War 5855:Cortina Troubles 5803:Mason County War 5704:Augustine Chacon 5641: 5632: 5623: 5378:Frontier gambler 5301:Joaquin Murrieta 5228:episode and the 5192:Buffalo Soldiers 5154:converts to the 5073: 5009:"The Awakening" 4980:Buffalo Soldiers 4840:Fort Walla Walla 4749:, fought by the 4671:Fort Phil Kearny 4669:The battle near 4610:Palo Duro Canyon 4448:West (1860–1890) 4418:Nunna dual Tsuny 4410:Indian Territory 4366:Democratic Party 4263:Land Run of 1889 4214:Russian American 4166:and engraved by 4006:December 7, 1867 3935: 3855:Indian Territory 3828:Fort Abercrombie 3703:Mass hanging of 3684:Republican Party 3487:Mormons and Utah 3471:and his trek to 3420:California Trail 3408:Fort Hall, Idaho 3333:hydraulic mining 3289: 3286: 3231:Gadsden Purchase 3133:Texas Revolution 3072:Texas Revolution 3062:Mexico and Texas 3025:Manifest destiny 3019:Manifest destiny 2898:Edward Eggleston 2859:Birds of America 2841:(1786–1859) and 2741:Western Engineer 2659:Birds of America 2599:John Jacob Astor 2560:Thomas Jefferson 2527:Thomas Jefferson 2342:Ohio did in 1803 2289:Seven Years' War 2137: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110:Key: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 1921:television shows 1911:(especially the 1855:1910 U.S. census 1851:1900 U.S. census 1820:1890 U.S. Census 1791:manifest destiny 1779:Thomas Jefferson 1772:that began with 1742: 1735: 1728: 1712: 1702: 1701: 1663: 1662: 1306:Manifest destiny 1296:Historic regions 1278: 1277: 1218:Native Americans 1190:Iranian American 1164:Mexican American 1150:Serbian American 1135:Italian American 1120:Finnish American 1110:English American 1061:Chinese American 1048:African American 848:Direct democracy 838:The Constitution 797:Higher education 706:American Century 608:Civil Rights Era 586:Civil Rights Era 542:Great Depression 531:Roaring Twenties 399:Jeffersonian Era 309: 308: 296: 282: 271: 270: 247:Indian Territory 192:Dakota Territory 177:Vermont Republic 75: 72: 59: 52: 48: 40:Western Frontier 21: 24687: 24686: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24678: 24677: 24676: 24622: 24621: 24620: 24615: 24569: 24543: 24487: 24451: 24439: 24178: 24152: 24110: 24095: 24001:Jewish American 23974:Polish American 23915:Korean American 23905:Indian American 23872: 23857: 23712:Merchant Marine 23682:Law enforcement 23534: 23515: 23389: 23385:Great Recession 23292: 23266:Reagan Doctrine 23220: 23199:Stonewall riots 23121: 23095:Project Mercury 23056:Truman Doctrine 23032: 22940:First Red Scare 22914: 22883:Progressive Era 22795: 22755:Bleeding Kansas 22711: 22658:Monroe Doctrine 22634: 22582: 22541:Treaty of Paris 22502: 22476:Boston Massacre 22471:Sons of Liberty 22367: 22338: 22327: 22309: 22304: 22274: 22269: 22256: 22249: 22242: 22225: 22211:Opioid epidemic 22128:Native American 22108:intersex rights 22059: 22055:Life expectancy 22045:Medical deserts 22035:Race and health 21932: 21918:Personal income 21864: 21768:National anthem 21601:personal income 21566:Economic issues 21500: 21452: 21300: 21200: 21189:School district 21175: 21158:Minor divisions 21152: 21091: 21049: 20988: 20974:Statutory codes 20955: 20918: 20895: 20805: 20800: 20787: 20722: 20679:civil liberties 20660: 20651:Other tribunals 20630:District courts 20582: 20541:current members 20524:current members 20505: 20439:Law enforcement 20337: 20050: 19999: 19990:Great Recession 19861:Progressive Era 19851:Native genocide 19782:Perpetual Union 19770:Treaty of Paris 19728:United Colonies 19686: 19611: 19605: 19575: 19570: 19569: 19550: 19531:Bisbee massacre 19504: 19428: 19389:Porum Range War 19340: 19333: 19274:Gray County War 19214:County seat war 19195: 19102: 19095: 18976:Frisco shootout 18892: 18879: 18849: 18844: 18818: 18795: 18762: 18744: 18696: 18643: 18583: 18575: 18502: 18474: 18421: 18363: 18331: 18288: 18270: 18253:Idaho Territory 18247: 18199: 18146: 18113: 18065: 18012: 17963: 17858:Native American 17831: 17782:Arizona Rangers 17770: 17725: 17717: 17636: 17617:Frisco shootout 17593: 17555: 17501:Dead man's hand 17487: 17400: 17394: 17390:Wild West shows 17298:Cattle rustling 17255: 17241:Sedona Schnebly 17226:Sylvester Mowry 17149: 17140:Philip Sheridan 17090:James C. Cooney 17062: 17056: 16948:Dalton Brothers 16906: 16817:Charlie Bassett 16800: 16721:John C. Frémont 16675: 16669: 16635:Snapping Turtle 16499: 16450:Southern Paiute 16415:Pend d'Oreilles 16400:Northern Paiute 16226: 16219: 16214: 16168: 16145:Old West Kansas 16110: 16098: 16093: 16060: 16050: 16048:Further reading 16045: 16044: 16035: 16031: 16012: 16008: 16001: 15984: 15980: 15971: 15967: 15952:10.2307/3639634 15936: 15932: 15919: 15918: 15911: 15898: 15894: 15887: 15869: 15865: 15856: 15852: 15843: 15839: 15823: 15819: 15810: 15806: 15796: 15794: 15789: 15788: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15753: 15749: 15739: 15737: 15735:Living the Code 15729: 15728: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15709:American Cowboy 15701: 15697: 15687:Weiser, Kathy. 15685: 15681: 15673:Richard White, 15672: 15668: 15645: 15641: 15625: 15621: 15605: 15601: 15594: 15578: 15574: 15565: 15561: 15553: 15537: 15533: 15526: 15510: 15506: 15490: 15486: 15479: 15463: 15459: 15444:10.2307/2712805 15424: 15420: 15411: 15407: 15400: 15384: 15380: 15368: 15364: 15355: 15351: 15342: 15338: 15319: 15315: 15303: 15299: 15290: 15286: 15279: 15263: 15259: 15250: 15246: 15237: 15233: 15225:Joy S. Kasson, 15224: 15220: 15215: 15211: 15206: 15202: 15193: 15189: 15180: 15176: 15164: 15160: 15149:Thomas Dunlap, 15148: 15144: 15135: 15131: 15122: 15118: 15108: 15106: 15098: 15097: 15093: 15083: 15081: 15073: 15072: 15068: 15053: 15037: 15033: 15023: 15021: 15012: 15011: 15007: 14998: 14997: 14993: 14984: 14980: 14969: 14967: 14966:. Straight Dope 14960: 14956: 14944: 14940: 14931: 14927: 14918: 14911: 14895: 14894: 14882: 14868: 14867: 14860: 14850: 14848: 14839: 14838: 14834: 14818: 14817: 14805: 14791: 14790: 14786: 14776: 14774: 14766: 14765: 14761: 14751: 14749: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14720: 14719: 14707: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14678: 14676: 14667: 14666: 14662: 14611: 14607: 14597: 14595: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14572: 14570: 14561: 14560: 14556: 14546: 14544: 14536: 14535: 14531: 14521: 14519: 14510: 14509: 14505: 14495: 14493: 14485: 14484: 14480: 14465: 14449: 14442: 14437: 14433: 14417: 14413: 14408: 14404: 14396: 14390: 14386: 14381: 14377: 14361: 14357: 14341: 14337: 14326: 14322: 14306: 14299: 14287: 14283: 14278: 14274: 14263: 14259: 14252: 14236: 14232: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14201: 14197: 14190: 14174: 14170: 14160: 14158: 14150: 14149: 14145: 14129: 14128: 14122: 14120: 14111: 14110: 14106: 14099: 14083: 14079: 14069: 14067: 14059: 14058: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14034: 14033: 14029: 14006: 14002: 13995: 13987:. p. vii. 13975: 13968: 13949: 13945: 13937:10.1.1.470.4476 13918: 13914: 13903: 13899: 13892: 13876: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13851: 13847: 13838: 13834: 13825: 13821: 13812: 13808: 13799: 13795: 13788: 13772: 13768: 13761: 13734: 13730: 13721: 13717: 13694:10.2307/3111428 13678: 13674: 13667: 13651: 13647: 13640: 13624: 13620: 13613: 13597: 13593: 13586: 13569: 13565: 13553: 13549: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13528: 13518: 13516: 13515:. Jcs-group.com 13511: 13510: 13506: 13496: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13484: 13474: 13472: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13431: 13415: 13411: 13402: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13369: 13365: 13352: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13329: 13325: 13310: 13306: 13293:Mullen, Kevin. 13291: 13287: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13249: 13245: 13238: 13222: 13218: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13169: 13158: 13154: 13131: 13127: 13104: 13100: 13084: 13080: 13057: 13053: 13036: 13032: 13018: 13014: 12983: 12979: 12972: 12956: 12952: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12907: 12892:Robb, Brian J. 12891: 12887: 12880: 12864: 12860: 12829: 12822: 12814: 12810: 12801: 12797: 12789:Henry Chafetz, 12788: 12784: 12775: 12771: 12764: 12748: 12744: 12735: 12731: 12724: 12708: 12704: 12662: 12658: 12642: 12638: 12629: 12625: 12616: 12612: 12603: 12599: 12590: 12586: 12577: 12573: 12564: 12560: 12551: 12547: 12538: 12534: 12525: 12521: 12512: 12508: 12499: 12495: 12486: 12482: 12473: 12469: 12463:Wayback Machine 12454: 12450: 12435:10.2307/3638262 12419: 12415: 12406: 12402: 12393: 12389: 12380: 12376: 12364: 12360: 12351: 12347: 12338: 12334: 12325: 12321: 12298: 12294: 12285: 12281: 12273:Clark Secrest. 12272: 12268: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12245: 12241: 12218: 12214: 12202: 12198: 12185: 12181: 12169: 12165: 12156: 12152: 12143: 12139: 12130: 12126: 12119: 12103: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12080: 12076: 12060: 12056: 12048:Carter, Sarah, 12047: 12040: 12029: 12025: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12000: 11984: 11980: 11971: 11967: 11958: 11954: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11918: 11914: 11906: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11865: 11864: 11857: 11850: 11834: 11830: 11820: 11818: 11810: 11809: 11800: 11790: 11788: 11773: 11769: 11762:The Denver Post 11754: 11750: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11714: 11710: 11703: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11633: 11629: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11560: 11556: 11548: 11532: 11528: 11512: 11508: 11495: 11491: 11482: 11478: 11469: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11447: 11443: 11434: 11430: 11422:John K. Mahon, 11421: 11417: 11408: 11404: 11388: 11384: 11379: 11375: 11359: 11355: 11334: 11330: 11320: 11318: 11313: 11312: 11308: 11289: 11285: 11276: 11272: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11226: 11222: 11213: 11209: 11196: 11192: 11186:Wayback Machine 11177: 11173: 11164: 11160: 11150: 11148: 11141: 11137: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11091: 11087: 11079:Richard White, 11078: 11074: 11065: 11061: 11052: 11048: 11039: 11035: 11018: 11014: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10960: 10956: 10941:10.2307/3636678 10922: 10918: 10907: 10903: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10867: 10863: 10854: 10850: 10841: 10837: 10828: 10824: 10809:10.2307/1902928 10793: 10789: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10746: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10703: 10699: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10668: 10664: 10655: 10651: 10642: 10638: 10629: 10625: 10616: 10612: 10603: 10599: 10592: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10559: 10552: 10548: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10512: 10508: 10496: 10492: 10483: 10479: 10467: 10463: 10454: 10450: 10438:James Schwoch, 10437: 10433: 10424: 10420: 10411: 10407: 10376: 10372: 10363: 10359: 10354:in Project MUSE 10347: 10343: 10327: 10323: 10284: 10280: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10244: 10240: 10231: 10227: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10173: 10157: 10153: 10148:in Project MUSE 10141: 10137: 10122: 10118: 10109: 10105: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10069: 10065: 10056: 10052: 10044:Walter Nugent, 10043: 10039: 10030: 10026: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9945: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9857: 9853: 9844: 9840: 9815:10.2307/1834723 9799: 9795: 9788: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9715: 9711: 9702: 9698: 9688:Quintard Taylor 9686: 9682: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9596: 9592: 9577:10.2307/1892931 9561: 9557: 9548: 9544: 9535: 9531: 9522: 9518: 9509: 9505: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9466: 9462: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9389: 9385: 9370:10.2307/1888756 9352: 9348: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9240: 9236: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9200: 9196: 9185: 9181: 9170: 9166: 9155: 9148: 9139: 9135: 9120:10.2307/1984483 9104: 9100: 9091: 9087: 9079:Richard White, 9078: 9074: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9038: 9034: 9019:10.2307/1887121 9003: 8999: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8970: 8961: 8957: 8944: 8940: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8864: 8860: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8824: 8820: 8811: 8807: 8795: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8765: 8761: 8746:10.2307/1896318 8730: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666:(1999) pp. 6–7. 8661: 8657: 8648: 8644: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8577: 8573: 8564: 8560: 8548: 8544: 8535: 8531: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8476: 8472: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8382: 8378: 8369: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8339: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8263:10.2307/3639983 8247: 8243: 8236: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8191: 8187: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8114: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8032: 8028: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7986: 7979: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7814: 7810: 7783: 7779: 7744: 7740: 7713: 7709: 7694: 7687: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7618: 7617: 7610: 7601: 7594: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7564: 7562: 7554: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7441: 7394: 7366:Desert Magazine 7361: 7291: 7282:Wild West shows 7222:Indian massacre 7206: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7157:social climbing 7112: 7057: 7015:Charles Siringo 6971: 6963:Monument Valley 6929: 6903:Harper's Weekly 6850: 6838:Frontier Thesis 6788: 6752: 6746: 6706: 6701: 6676: 6670: 6640:from a lack of 6601: 6595: 6553:labor-intensive 6549: 6543: 6524:business owners 6485: 6400:was building a 6394: 6388: 6335: 6329: 6324: 6314:Alaska was not 6287:(1916) and the 6198: 6156: 6146: 6118:Harper's Weekly 6104:Yosemite Valley 6058:Gifford Pinchot 6026: 6020: 5995: 5989: 5948:Abilene, Kansas 5924: 5918: 5827:Porum Range War 5768: 5762: 5733:drumhead trials 5709:Allan Pinkerton 5696:Joaquin Murieta 5656: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5613: 5586:Hour of the Gun 5562:organized crime 5465:organized crime 5457:highway robbery 5437:Charlie Bassett 5421: 5380: 5370: 5354: 5346:Grange meetings 5329: 5313:Latin Americans 5276: 5270: 5217: 5211: 5180:Buffalo Soldier 5172: 5112: 5107: 5099:Anaconda Copper 5087: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5057: 5003: 4998: 4984:Robert M. Utley 4982:. According to 4866: 4860: 4842:in Washington. 4790: 4755:Meeker massacre 4626:was led by the 4624:Red Cloud's War 4606:buffalo hunters 4562:Navajo Campaign 4502:Northern Paiute 4438: 4361: 4355: 4350: 4289: 4283: 4258: 4252: 4198: 4196:Alaska Purchase 4192: 4190:Alaska Purchase 4164:F. O. C. Darley 4149: 4057:Charles Crocker 4049:Leland Stanford 4037:Central Pacific 4004:Harper's Weekly 3996: 3988:Main articles: 3986: 3923: 3883: 3878: 3785: 3755:New Mexico Army 3727: 3721: 3697: 3688:Abraham Lincoln 3660: 3658:Bleeding Kansas 3654: 3652:Bleeding Kansas 3603: 3597: 3567:Great Salt Lake 3499: 3493:1838 Mormon War 3491:Main articles: 3489: 3387: 3381: 3287: 3266: 3260: 3248: 3246:Growth of Texas 3200:Abraham Lincoln 3175: 3169: 3074: 3066:Main articles: 3064: 3048:Abraham Lincoln 3027: 3021: 2979: 2973: 2953: 2920: 2886: 2881: 2879:Antebellum West 2797: 2780:Jefferson Davis 2713: 2642:Fort Nez Percés 2631: 2625: 2619: 2591:Lewis and Clark 2557: 2551: 2520: 2506:Treaty of Ghent 2451: 2443:Abraham Lincoln 2375:Wilderness Road 2367: 2334: 2301: 2261: 2244: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2058: 2055: 2046: 2043: 2034: 1963: 1894:Rocky Mountains 1874:Native American 1807: 1795:Frontier Thesis 1746: 1674: 1673: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1172:Jewish American 1145:Polish American 1125:German American 1081:Korean American 1071:Indian American 1042: 1034: 1033: 888:Merchant Marine 858:Law enforcement 726:Racial violence 700: 692: 691: 498:Progressive Era 306: 285: 283:History of the 202:Spanish Florida 157:New Netherlands 135: 128: 121: 110: 99: 92:in 1607 to the 77: 73: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24685: 24675: 24674: 24669: 24664: 24659: 24654: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24634: 24617: 24616: 24614: 24613: 24603: 24593: 24591:Historiography 24588: 24582: 24579: 24578: 24575: 24574: 24571: 24570: 24568: 24567: 24557: 24551: 24549: 24545: 24544: 24542: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24529:Navassa Island 24526: 24521: 24516: 24514:Johnston Atoll 24511: 24506: 24504:Howland Island 24501: 24495: 24493: 24489: 24488: 24486: 24485: 24480: 24475: 24470: 24465: 24463:American Samoa 24459: 24457: 24453: 24452: 24447: 24445: 24441: 24440: 24438: 24437: 24432: 24427: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24385:South Carolina 24382: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24352: 24350:North Carolina 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24312: 24307: 24302: 24297: 24292: 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24186: 24184: 24180: 24179: 24177: 24176: 24174:The West Coast 24171: 24166: 24160: 24158: 24154: 24153: 24151: 24150: 24148:Indian removal 24145: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24124: 24122: 24112: 24111: 24101: 24100: 24097: 24096: 24094: 24093: 24092: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24069: 24062: 24061: 24060: 24055: 24043: 24042: 24041: 24039:Saudi American 24036: 24031: 24026: 24024:Iraqi American 24021: 24016: 24004: 23997: 23996: 23995: 23983: 23982: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23959:Irish American 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23929: 23928: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23889:Asian American 23885: 23877: 23874: 23873: 23863: 23862: 23859: 23858: 23856: 23855: 23854: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23821: 23820: 23819: 23817:Sexual slavery 23807: 23800: 23793: 23792: 23791: 23786: 23781: 23776: 23771: 23766: 23754: 23753: 23752: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23715: 23708: 23701: 23700: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23687:Postal service 23684: 23679: 23677:Foreign policy 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23632: 23625: 23624: 23623: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23597: 23596: 23595: 23583: 23582: 23581: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23554: 23547: 23539: 23536: 23535: 23525: 23524: 23521: 23520: 23517: 23516: 23514: 23513: 23508: 23503: 23496: 23491: 23486: 23481: 23480: 23479: 23469: 23464: 23457: 23452: 23451: 23450: 23445: 23440: 23435: 23430: 23425: 23420: 23415: 23405: 23399: 23397: 23391: 23390: 23388: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23371: 23370: 23365: 23355: 23350: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23308: 23302: 23300: 23294: 23293: 23291: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23274: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23253: 23251:Crack epidemic 23248: 23247: 23246: 23241: 23230: 23228: 23222: 23221: 23219: 23218: 23216:Moral Majority 23213: 23208: 23203: 23202: 23201: 23194:Gay liberation 23191: 23186: 23184:Counterculture 23181: 23176: 23175: 23174: 23172:Fall of Saigon 23169: 23164: 23154: 23153: 23152: 23150:Apollo program 23147: 23145:Project Gemini 23137: 23131: 23129: 23123: 23122: 23120: 23119: 23114: 23113: 23112: 23102: 23097: 23092: 23087: 23086: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23063:Early Cold War 23060: 23059: 23058: 23048: 23042: 23040: 23034: 23033: 23031: 23030: 23029: 23028: 23027: 23026: 23016: 23011: 23001: 23000: 22999: 22994: 22989: 22979: 22978: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22942: 22937: 22936: 22935: 22924: 22922: 22916: 22915: 22913: 22912: 22907: 22906: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22880: 22879: 22878: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22843: 22838: 22837: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22805: 22803: 22797: 22796: 22794: 22793: 22792: 22791: 22786: 22776: 22775: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22758: 22757: 22747: 22742: 22735:Prelude to War 22732: 22727: 22725:Antebellum Era 22721: 22719: 22713: 22712: 22710: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22698: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22670:Trail of Tears 22665:Jacksonian era 22662: 22661: 22660: 22655: 22644: 22642: 22636: 22635: 22633: 22632: 22631: 22630: 22625: 22615: 22614: 22613: 22608: 22601:Federalist Era 22598: 22596:Bill of Rights 22592: 22590: 22584: 22583: 22581: 22580: 22579: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22558: 22545: 22544: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22531:Lee Resolution 22528: 22523: 22512: 22510: 22504: 22503: 22501: 22500: 22499: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22377: 22375: 22369: 22368: 22366: 22365: 22358: 22350: 22348: 22340: 22339: 22329: 22328: 22326: 22325: 22320: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22303: 22302: 22295: 22288: 22280: 22271: 22270: 22268: 22267: 22262: 22255: 22254: 22247: 22239: 22238: 22235: 22234: 22231: 22230: 22227: 22226: 22224: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22207: 22206: 22196: 22195: 22194: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22167:Mass shootings 22164: 22159: 22158: 22157: 22155:Climate change 22152: 22142: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22093:Discrimination 22090: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22073: 22067: 22065: 22061: 22060: 22058: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22022: 22017: 22012: 22007: 22006: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21985: 21984: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21948: 21942: 21940: 21934: 21933: 21931: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21883:American Dream 21880: 21874: 21872: 21866: 21865: 21863: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21850:Transportation 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21796: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21783:Mount Rushmore 21780: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21754: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21723: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21669: 21664: 21663: 21662: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21641: 21640: 21635: 21625: 21624: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21538: 21533: 21527: 21525: 21512: 21506: 21505: 21502: 21501: 21499: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21462: 21460: 21454: 21453: 21451: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21403:Federal budget 21400: 21395: 21390: 21389: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21341:Communications 21338: 21333: 21322: 21316: 21310: 21309: 21306: 21305: 21302: 21301: 21299: 21298: 21293: 21292: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21271: 21270: 21269: 21264: 21262:exceptionalism 21259: 21249: 21244: 21243: 21242: 21240:foreign policy 21232: 21231: 21230: 21225: 21215: 21209: 21206: 21205: 21202: 21201: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21196: 21185: 21183: 21177: 21176: 21174: 21173: 21168: 21162: 21160: 21154: 21153: 21151: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21099: 21097: 21093: 21092: 21090: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21068: 21066: 21057: 21051: 21050: 21048: 21047: 21042: 21041: 21040: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21008: 21002: 21000: 20994: 20993: 20990: 20989: 20987: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20965: 20963: 20957: 20956: 20954: 20953: 20952: 20951: 20941: 20940: 20939: 20937:Chief justices 20932:Supreme courts 20928: 20926: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20916: 20911: 20905: 20903: 20897: 20896: 20894: 20893: 20892: 20891: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20845: 20844: 20834: 20833: 20832: 20821: 20819: 20810: 20793: 20792: 20789: 20788: 20786: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20774: 20773: 20771:National Guard 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20732: 20730: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20720: 20715: 20714: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20688: 20683: 20682: 20681: 20674:Bill of Rights 20670: 20668: 20662: 20661: 20659: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20644:list of judges 20641: 20639:list of courts 20627: 20626: 20625: 20623:list of judges 20615: 20614: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20592: 20590: 20584: 20583: 20581: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20558:Capitol Police 20555: 20554: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20533: 20532: 20531: 20526: 20515: 20513: 20507: 20506: 20504: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20487: 20486: 20481: 20479:Secret Service 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20436: 20435: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20392:Vice President 20389: 20388: 20387: 20382: 20371: 20369: 20362: 20349: 20343: 20342: 20339: 20338: 20336: 20335: 20330: 20325: 20320: 20319: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20272: 20271: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20180: 20179: 20178: 20176:National Parks 20168: 20167: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20136: 20131: 20129:Extreme points 20126: 20121: 20120: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20068: 20062: 20056: 20055: 20052: 20051: 20049: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20007: 20005: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19986: 19985: 19980: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19924: 19923: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19816:Federalist Era 19813: 19812: 19811: 19809:Bill of Rights 19806: 19796: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19784: 19774: 19773: 19772: 19767: 19757: 19752: 19750:Lee Resolution 19747: 19742: 19741: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19700: 19694: 19692: 19688: 19687: 19685: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19628: 19626: 19619: 19613: 19612: 19610: articles 19604: 19603: 19596: 19589: 19581: 19572: 19571: 19555: 19552: 19551: 19549: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 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17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17231:Emperor Norton 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17201:Andrew Jackson 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17150: 17148: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17066: 17064: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16914: 16912: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16808: 16806: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16761:Jedediah Smith 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16682: 16680: 16671: 16670: 16668: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 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15930: 15909: 15892: 15886:978-0470999035 15885: 15863: 15850: 15837: 15834:978-0822337942 15817: 15804: 15782: 15762: 15747: 15722: 15695: 15679: 15677:(1991), ch. 21 15666: 15639: 15636:978-0806140766 15619: 15616:978-0786478392 15606:Jeremy Agnew, 15599: 15592: 15572: 15559: 15552:978-1404758612 15551: 15531: 15525:978-0826336699 15524: 15504: 15484: 15478:978-0226876078 15477: 15457: 15438:(5): 608–637. 15418: 15405: 15399:978-0806119205 15398: 15378: 15362: 15349: 15336: 15313: 15297: 15284: 15278:978-1444396577 15277: 15257: 15244: 15231: 15218: 15209: 15200: 15187: 15174: 15158: 15142: 15136:Beth E. Levy, 15129: 15116: 15091: 15066: 15051: 15031: 15005: 14991: 14978: 14954: 14938: 14925: 14909: 14880: 14858: 14832: 14803: 14784: 14759: 14734: 14705: 14686: 14660: 14625:(2): 241–255. 14605: 14580: 14554: 14529: 14503: 14478: 14464:978-0809415373 14463: 14440: 14431: 14411: 14402: 14384: 14375: 14355: 14335: 14320: 14297: 14290:Kansas History 14281: 14272: 14257: 14251:978-0810125087 14250: 14230: 14217: 14195: 14188: 14168: 14143: 14104: 14098:978-0195059687 14097: 14077: 14052: 14027: 14016:(6): 398–440. 14000: 13994:978-0874173697 13993: 13966: 13943: 13912: 13897: 13891:978-0195166828 13890: 13870: 13858: 13845: 13832: 13819: 13806: 13793: 13787:978-0803265615 13786: 13766: 13760:978-0292788077 13759: 13728: 13722:Everett Dick, 13715: 13688:(4): 421–445. 13672: 13666:978-0393314731 13665: 13645: 13639:978-0307756497 13638: 13618: 13612:978-0684814926 13611: 13591: 13585:978-0826319814 13584: 13563: 13547: 13526: 13504: 13482: 13456: 13436: 13430:978-0803273399 13429: 13409: 13396: 13393:978-0312445799 13376: 13363: 13346: 13323: 13318:Texas Observer 13304: 13285: 13270: 13264:978-0935269062 13263: 13243: 13236: 13216: 13210:978-9120028989 13209: 13189: 13176: 13167: 13152: 13141:(2): 204–223. 13125: 13098: 13095:978-1574415667 13078: 13051: 13030: 13027:. p. 142. 13012: 12999:10.2307/970535 12993:(4): 505–514. 12977: 12971:978-0803265615 12970: 12950: 12947:978-0425219386 12930: 12905: 12902:978-0762454761 12885: 12879:978-0486421612 12878: 12858: 12820: 12808: 12795: 12782: 12769: 12763:978-0809016013 12762: 12742: 12729: 12722: 12702: 12681:10.1086/493680 12656: 12636: 12623: 12610: 12597: 12591:Elliott West, 12584: 12571: 12558: 12545: 12532: 12519: 12513:Deborah Fink, 12506: 12493: 12480: 12474:Scott Ingram, 12467: 12448: 12429:(3): 367–394. 12413: 12400: 12387: 12374: 12358: 12345: 12332: 12319: 12308:(4): 430–444. 12292: 12279: 12266: 12252: 12239: 12228:(2): 188–203. 12212: 12196: 12179: 12163: 12150: 12148:(1910), 85–111 12137: 12124: 12117: 12097: 12074: 12054: 12038: 12023: 12014: 12005: 11998: 11978: 11965: 11952: 11939: 11933:978-0806124568 11932: 11912: 11905:978-0806112503 11904: 11884: 11855: 11848: 11828: 11798: 11767: 11748: 11742:978-1851096039 11741: 11721: 11708: 11702:978-1438110110 11701: 11681: 11675:978-1851096039 11674: 11654: 11648:978-0806127729 11647: 11627: 11624:978-1416591061 11607: 11579: 11573:978-0316847858 11572: 11554: 11547:978-0795009570 11546: 11526: 11523:978-0878424689 11506: 11502:978-0806115771 11489: 11476: 11463: 11454: 11441: 11428: 11415: 11409:Theda Perdue, 11402: 11399:978-0375758560 11382: 11373: 11353: 11328: 11306: 11303:978-0806122205 11283: 11270: 11267:978-0806122205 11247: 11241:978-0883544624 11240: 11220: 11207: 11190: 11171: 11158: 11135: 11120: 11098: 11085: 11072: 11066:Sarah Gordon, 11059: 11046: 11033: 11012: 10999: 10967: 10954: 10935:(2): 141–152. 10916: 10901: 10888: 10881: 10861: 10848: 10835: 10822: 10803:(2): 231–253. 10787: 10781:978-0405113789 10780: 10760: 10751: 10745:978-0028974958 10744: 10724: 10717: 10697: 10684: 10675: 10662: 10649: 10636: 10623: 10610: 10597: 10591:978-0199839254 10590: 10570: 10557: 10546: 10539: 10519: 10515:Kansas History 10506: 10490: 10477: 10470:Kansas History 10461: 10448: 10431: 10418: 10405: 10392:10.2307/967112 10386:(2): 179–196. 10370: 10364:David Bigler, 10357: 10341: 10321: 10300:10.2307/368068 10294:(4): 435–459. 10278: 10265: 10259:978-0394507972 10258: 10238: 10225: 10205: 10199:978-0791094112 10198: 10189:Serial Killers 10178: 10172:978-1412990851 10171: 10151: 10135: 10116: 10103: 10090: 10084:978-0874133837 10083: 10063: 10050: 10048:(2007) p. 119. 10037: 10024: 10015: 10006: 10000:978-0520217713 9999: 9979: 9973:978-0806132150 9972: 9952: 9939: 9937:(2012) p. 114. 9926: 9920:978-0807117231 9919: 9899: 9892: 9872: 9851: 9838: 9809:(2): 309–324. 9793: 9787:978-0674745728 9786: 9766: 9760:978-1610010184 9759: 9739: 9733:978-1439160459 9732: 9709: 9696: 9680: 9667: 9660:978-0826302359 9659: 9639: 9630: 9624:978-0199743797 9623: 9603: 9590: 9571:(4): 365–395. 9555: 9542: 9529: 9516: 9503: 9487: 9481:978-1630878788 9480: 9460: 9437: 9430: 9410: 9404:978-0813111193 9403: 9383: 9346: 9338:John R. Thelin 9330: 9324:978-0394718057 9323: 9303: 9290: 9283: 9263: 9247: 9234: 9221: 9215:978-1560446200 9214: 9194: 9179: 9164: 9146: 9133: 9114:(1): 242–249. 9098: 9092:Adam I. Kane, 9085: 9072: 9059: 9053:978-0195365498 9052: 9046:. Oxford U.P. 9032: 9013:(3): 369–382. 8997: 8981: 8968: 8955: 8938: 8925: 8919:978-0393340020 8918: 8898: 8885: 8878: 8858: 8845: 8839:978-1107017405 8838: 8818: 8805: 8789: 8776: 8759: 8724: 8722:ch. 11–14 8711: 8695: 8689:978-0684825359 8688: 8668: 8662:Stephen Aron, 8655: 8642: 8625: 8619:978-1421412764 8618: 8598: 8587:(1): 213–229. 8571: 8558: 8542: 8529: 8513: 8507:978-1565126541 8506: 8486: 8470: 8457: 8451:978-1584654278 8450: 8430: 8424:978-0762703302 8423: 8403: 8397:978-0806127187 8396: 8376: 8363: 8350: 8337: 8331:Sung Bok Kim, 8324: 8311: 8298: 8276: 8257:(2): 179–215. 8241: 8234: 8211: 8205:978-1405156530 8204: 8185: 8150: 8124: 8099: 8074: 8061: 8055:978-0300078350 8054: 8026: 8007: 8001:978-0195059687 8000: 7977: 7938: 7920: 7901: 7895:978-0195059687 7894: 7874: 7868:978-0195059687 7867: 7847: 7834:10.2307/970654 7828:(3): 289–307. 7808: 7777: 7764:10.2307/970654 7758:(3): 289–307. 7738: 7707: 7704:. p. 293. 7685: 7663: 7657:978-0195059687 7656: 7636: 7608: 7592: 7571: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7450: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7429: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7316: 7311: 7297: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7214: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7184: 7181: 7145:William Cronon 7111: 7110:Historiography 7108: 7062:cowboy culture 7056: 7053: 6970: 6967: 6928: 6925: 6849: 6846: 6831:William Cronon 6824:Arthur Farwell 6816:Virgil Thomson 6787: 6784: 6772:Klondike Trail 6766:. causing the 6748:Main article: 6745: 6742: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6672:Main article: 6669: 6666: 6660:from multiple 6597:Main article: 6594: 6591: 6545:Main article: 6542: 6539: 6532:bounty hunters 6484: 6481: 6467:following the 6410:American River 6390:Main article: 6387: 6384: 6331:Main article: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6237:Homestead Acts 6212:Following the 6197: 6194: 6181:Plains Indians 6150:American bison 6145: 6142: 6138:Donald Worster 6067:national parks 6019: 6016: 5991:Main article: 5988: 5985: 5944:Chisholm Trail 5920:Main article: 5917: 5914: 5859:Las Cuevas War 5764:Main article: 5761: 5758: 5646: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5558:Frank Stilwell 5461:counterfeiting 5420: 5417: 5369: 5366: 5353: 5350: 5328: 5325: 5309:discrimination 5272:Main article: 5269: 5266: 5213:Main article: 5210: 5207: 5171: 5168: 5160:Rocky Mountain 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5095:Butte, Montana 5076: 5075: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5055:Urban frontier 5053: 5044:Carl L. Becker 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996:Social history 4994: 4991:American West. 4968:Little Bighorn 4920:Missouri River 4899:Santa Fe Trail 4862:Main article: 4859: 4856: 4834:, New Mexico, 4789: 4786: 4560:policy in the 4558:scorched earth 4475:Comanche power 4437: 4434: 4416:(in Cherokee " 4414:Trail of Tears 4382:Andrew Jackson 4370:Andrew Jackson 4359:Trail of Tears 4357:Main article: 4354: 4353:Trail of Tears 4351: 4349: 4346: 4285:Main article: 4282: 4279: 4254:Main article: 4251: 4248: 4240:Nome Gold Rush 4223:William Seward 4194:Main article: 4191: 4188: 4148: 4145: 4105:Great Northern 4101:Milwaukee Road 4033:Theodore Judah 3985: 3982: 3946:public auction 3922: 3919: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3784: 3781: 3723:Main article: 3720: 3717: 3696: 3693: 3676:states' rights 3656:Main article: 3653: 3650: 3624:Salt Lake City 3599:Main article: 3596: 3593: 3588:Confrontations 3575:Salt Lake City 3488: 3485: 3481:Harpe brothers 3435:Marcus Whitman 3383:Main article: 3380: 3377: 3325:American River 3262:Main article: 3259: 3256: 3247: 3244: 3236:Wilmot Proviso 3212:Winfield Scott 3208:Zachary Taylor 3171:Main article: 3168: 3165: 3124:William Travis 3097:Santa Fe Trail 3063: 3060: 3023:Main article: 3020: 3017: 2987:Santa Fe Trail 2972: 2969: 2952: 2949: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2839:Thomas Nuttall 2796: 2793: 2784:Winfield Scott 2733:Forest Service 2712: 2709: 2705:Jack Omohundro 2693:Jedediah Smith 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2553:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2519: 2516: 2495:Andrew Jackson 2479:Andrew Jackson 2457:Native leader 2450: 2447: 2427:Cumberland Gap 2408:Marietta, Ohio 2366: 2363: 2333: 2330: 2309:Cumberland Gap 2300: 2297: 2260: 2257: 2243: 2240: 2165:Cumberland Gap 2150:Main article: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2015:American South 2003:Salt Lake City 1962: 1952: 1806: 1803: 1781:following the 1748: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1695: 1694: 1692:Historiography 1689: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1337:The West Coast 1334: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1311:Indian removal 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1240: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1210:Saudi American 1207: 1202: 1197: 1195:Iraqi American 1192: 1187: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1130:Irish American 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1055:Asian American 1051: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 997: 996: 995: 993:Sexual slavery 983: 976: 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 891: 884: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 863:Postal service 860: 855: 853:Foreign policy 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 808: 801: 800: 799: 787: 786: 785: 773: 772: 771: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 730: 729: 728: 716: 709: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 687: 684: 680: 679: 677: 669: 668: 665: 658: 657: 655: 647: 646: 643: 636: 635: 633: 625: 624: 621: 614: 613: 610: 603: 602: 600: 592: 591: 588: 581: 580: 577: 570: 569: 567: 559: 558: 555: 548: 547: 544: 537: 536: 533: 526: 525: 522: 515: 514: 512: 504: 503: 500: 493: 492: 489: 482: 481: 478: 471: 470: 468: 460: 459: 456: 449: 448: 446: 438: 437: 434: 432:Jacksonian Era 427: 426: 423: 416: 415: 413: 405: 404: 401: 394: 393: 390: 388:Federalist Era 383: 382: 380: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 350: 349: 347: 339: 338: 335: 327: 326: 323: 307: 302: 301: 298: 297: 289: 288: 278: 277: 267: 266: 265: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237:Utah Territory 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212:Oregon Country 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 141: 137: 136: 134: 133: 129: 127: 126: 122: 120: 119: 111: 109: 108: 100: 98: 97: 85: 83: 79: 78: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24684: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24630: 24629: 24627: 24612: 24608: 24604: 24602: 24594: 24592: 24589: 24587: 24586:List of years 24584: 24583: 24580: 24566: 24558: 24556: 24555:Urban history 24553: 24552: 24550: 24546: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24534:Palmyra Atoll 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24509:Jarvis Island 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24474: 24471: 24469: 24466: 24464: 24461: 24460: 24458: 24456:Insular areas 24454: 24450: 24446: 24442: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24425:West Virginia 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24330:New Hampshire 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24308: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24290:Massachusetts 24288: 24286: 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24187: 24185: 24181: 24175: 24172: 24170: 24167: 24165: 24162: 24161: 24159: 24155: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24125: 24123: 24121: 24117: 24113: 24106: 24102: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24076: 24075: 24074: 24070: 24068: 24067: 24063: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24050: 24049: 24048: 24044: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24011: 24010: 24009: 24005: 24003: 24002: 23998: 23994: 23991: 23990: 23989: 23988: 23984: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23936: 23935: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23920:Thai American 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23892: 23891: 23890: 23886: 23884: 23883: 23879: 23878: 23875: 23868: 23864: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23828: 23827: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23812: 23808: 23806: 23805: 23801: 23799: 23798: 23794: 23790: 23787: 23785: 23782: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23765: 23762: 23761: 23760: 23759: 23758:Party Systems 23755: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23722: 23721: 23720: 23716: 23714: 23713: 23709: 23707: 23706: 23702: 23698: 23697:Voting rights 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23639: 23638: 23637: 23633: 23631: 23630: 23626: 23622: 23619: 23618: 23617: 23616: 23612: 23608: 23605: 23604: 23603: 23602: 23598: 23594: 23591: 23590: 23589: 23588: 23584: 23580: 23577: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23561: 23560: 23559: 23555: 23553: 23552: 23548: 23546: 23545: 23541: 23540: 23537: 23530: 23526: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23501: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23478: 23475: 23474: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23463: 23462: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23410: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23401: 23400: 23398: 23396: 23392: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23360: 23359: 23358:War on terror 23356: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23348: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23317: 23314: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23301: 23299: 23295: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23258: 23257: 23256:Late Cold War 23254: 23252: 23249: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23236: 23235: 23232: 23231: 23229: 23227: 23223: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23200: 23197: 23196: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23173: 23170: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23159: 23158: 23155: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23142: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23135:Great Society 23133: 23132: 23130: 23128: 23124: 23118: 23115: 23111: 23108: 23107: 23106: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23090:Post-war boom 23088: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23065: 23064: 23061: 23057: 23054: 23053: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23043: 23041: 23039: 23035: 23025: 23022: 23021: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23006: 23005: 23002: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22988: 22985: 22984: 22983: 22980: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22947: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22934: 22931: 22930: 22929: 22926: 22925: 22923: 22921: 22917: 22911: 22908: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22881: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22848: 22847: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22811: 22810: 22807: 22806: 22804: 22802: 22798: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22781: 22780: 22777: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22756: 22753: 22752: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22737: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22718: 22714: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22666: 22663: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22650: 22649: 22646: 22645: 22643: 22641: 22637: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22620: 22619: 22616: 22612: 22609: 22607: 22604: 22603: 22602: 22599: 22597: 22594: 22593: 22591: 22589: 22585: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22551: 22550: 22549: 22546: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22517: 22514: 22513: 22511: 22509: 22505: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22443: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22376: 22374: 22370: 22364: 22363: 22359: 22357: 22356: 22352: 22351: 22349: 22345: 22341: 22334: 22330: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22315: 22312: 22308: 22301: 22296: 22294: 22289: 22287: 22282: 22281: 22278: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22257: 22252: 22248: 22245: 22241: 22240: 22236: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22205: 22202: 22201: 22200: 22197: 22193: 22190: 22189: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22140:Energy policy 22138: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22082: 22081:incarceration 22079: 22078: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22068: 22066: 22062: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22013: 22011: 22008: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21990: 21989: 21986: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21966:Prenatal care 21964: 21962: 21961:Birth control 21959: 21957: 21954: 21953: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21943: 21941: 21939: 21935: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21898:Homeownership 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21875: 21873: 21871: 21867: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21701: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21678: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21661: 21658: 21657: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21630: 21629: 21626: 21622: 21621:working class 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21581:homeownership 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21568: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21528: 21526: 21524: 21520: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21507: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21461: 21459: 21455: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21361:Manufacturing 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21328: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21311: 21297: 21294: 21290: 21289:Third parties 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21276: 21275: 21272: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21254: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21241: 21238: 21237: 21236: 21233: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21220: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21210: 21207: 21195: 21192: 21191: 21190: 21187: 21186: 21184: 21182: 21178: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21164: 21163: 21161: 21159: 21155: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21100: 21098: 21094: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21069: 21067: 21065: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21052: 21046: 21043: 21039: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21031: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21013: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21003: 21001: 20999: 20995: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20966: 20964: 20962: 20958: 20950: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20942: 20938: 20935: 20934: 20933: 20930: 20929: 20927: 20925: 20921: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20904: 20902: 20898: 20890: 20887: 20886: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20843: 20840: 20839: 20838: 20835: 20831: 20828: 20827: 20826: 20823: 20822: 20820: 20818: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20803: 20798: 20794: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20738: 20737: 20734: 20733: 20731: 20729: 20725: 20719: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20693: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20680: 20677: 20676: 20675: 20672: 20671: 20669: 20667: 20663: 20657: 20656:U.S. attorney 20654: 20652: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20636: 20635: 20631: 20628: 20624: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20616: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20601:Chief Justice 20599: 20598: 20597: 20596:Supreme Court 20594: 20593: 20591: 20589: 20585: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20538: 20537: 20534: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20520: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20512: 20508: 20502: 20501:Public policy 20499: 20497: 20496:Civil service 20494: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20440: 20437: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20414: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20377: 20376: 20373: 20372: 20370: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20344: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20278: 20277: 20273: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20185: 20184: 20181: 20177: 20174: 20173: 20172: 20169: 20165: 20164:Sierra Nevada 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20141: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20102:insular zones 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20074: 20073: 20070: 20069: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20057: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20006: 20002: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19975: 19974: 19973:War on Terror 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19953:LGBT Movement 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19922: 19919: 19918: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19779: 19778: 19775: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19705: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19689: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19614: 19609: 19608:United States 19602: 19597: 19595: 19590: 19588: 19583: 19582: 19579: 19568: 19564: 19560: 19553: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19431: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19346: 19344: 19342: 19336: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19209:Railroad Wars 19207: 19206: 19204: 19202: 19198: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19116:Sandbar Fight 19114: 19112: 19109: 19108: 19106: 19104: 19098: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19066:Naco Gunfight 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18903: 18901: 18899: 18895: 18891: 18887: 18883: 18876: 18871: 18869: 18864: 18862: 18857: 18856: 18853: 18841: 18833: 18832: 18829: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18806: 18804: 18802: 18798: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18781:Port Townsend 18779: 18777: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18769: 18765: 18759: 18756: 18755: 18753: 18751: 18747: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18703: 18699: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18654: 18652: 18650: 18646: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18609:Oklahoma City 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18587: 18582: 18578: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18513: 18511: 18509: 18505: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18493:Virginia City 18491: 18489: 18486: 18485: 18483: 18481: 18477: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18450:Nebraska City 18448: 18446: 18445:Fort Robinson 18443: 18441: 18440:Fort Atkinson 18438: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18430: 18428: 18424: 18418: 18417:Virginia City 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18370: 18366: 18360: 18359: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18342: 18340: 18338: 18334: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18295: 18291: 18285: 18284:Fort Dearborn 18282: 18281: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18233:St. Augustine 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18190:Standing Rock 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18153: 18149: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18120: 18116: 18110: 18109:San Francisco 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18076: 18074: 18072: 18068: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18026:Canyon Diablo 18024: 18023: 18021: 18019: 18015: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17985: 17983: 17981: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17958: 17957:Snap fastener 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17930:Texas country 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17910:Western music 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17900:Western genre 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17834: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17773: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17703:Seminole Wars 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17639: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17600: 17596: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17562: 17558: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17498: 17496: 17494: 17490: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17413:Bozeman Trail 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17403: 17397: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17363:Train robbery 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17293:Cowboy poetry 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17266: 17262: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17176:George Flavel 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17152: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17120:Calamity Jane 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17059: 17052: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17005:Frank McLaury 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16938:Billy Clanton 16936: 16934: 16933:Butch Cassidy 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16918:Billy the Kid 16916: 16915: 16913: 16909: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16862:Bat Masterson 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16842:Henry Garfias 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16803: 16797: 16796:Brigham Young 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16776:Ora Rush Weed 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766:Jack Swilling 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16711:Davy Crockett 16709: 16707: 16706:William Clark 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16672: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16640:Standing Bear 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16605:Quanah Parker 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16513: 16509: 16506: 16502: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16233: 16229: 16222: 16218: 16211: 16206: 16204: 16199: 16197: 16192: 16191: 16188: 16182: 16179: 16176: 16175:by Ward Platt 16174: 16170: 16169: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16129: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16085: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16039: 16033: 16025: 16021: 16017: 16010: 16002: 15996: 15992: 15991: 15982: 15975: 15969: 15961: 15957: 15953: 15949: 15945: 15941: 15934: 15926: 15922: 15916: 15914: 15906: 15902: 15896: 15888: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15854: 15847: 15841: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15821: 15814: 15808: 15793:. History.com 15792: 15786: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15766: 15759: 15756: 15751: 15736: 15732: 15731:"An Overview" 15726: 15710: 15706: 15699: 15690: 15683: 15676: 15670: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15643: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15623: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15603: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15576: 15569: 15563: 15554: 15548: 15544: 15543: 15535: 15527: 15521: 15517: 15516: 15508: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15480: 15474: 15470: 15469: 15461: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15422: 15415: 15409: 15401: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15382: 15376: 15375:online review 15372: 15366: 15359: 15353: 15346: 15343:Peter Cowie, 15340: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15325: 15317: 15311: 15307: 15301: 15294: 15288: 15280: 15274: 15270: 15269: 15261: 15254: 15248: 15241: 15235: 15228: 15222: 15213: 15204: 15197: 15191: 15184: 15178: 15172: 15168: 15162: 15156: 15152: 15146: 15139: 15133: 15126: 15120: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15080: 15076: 15070: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15035: 15019: 15015: 15009: 15001: 14995: 14988: 14982: 14976:June 25, 2004 14965: 14958: 14949: 14942: 14935: 14929: 14922: 14916: 14914: 14905: 14899: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14873: 14872: 14865: 14863: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14828: 14822: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14788: 14773: 14769: 14763: 14748: 14744: 14738: 14730: 14724: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14698: 14697: 14690: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14609: 14594: 14590: 14584: 14568: 14564: 14558: 14543: 14539: 14533: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14460: 14456: 14455: 14447: 14445: 14435: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14415: 14406: 14395: 14388: 14379: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14339: 14331: 14324: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14302: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14276: 14268: 14261: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14234: 14220: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14191: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14172: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14139: 14133: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14100: 14094: 14090: 14089: 14081: 14066: 14062: 14056: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14004: 13996: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13981: 13973: 13971: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13947: 13938: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13916: 13909: 13908: 13901: 13893: 13887: 13883: 13882: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13855: 13849: 13842: 13836: 13829: 13823: 13816: 13810: 13803: 13800:Char Miller, 13797: 13789: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13770: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13743: 13738: 13732: 13725: 13719: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13676: 13668: 13662: 13658: 13657: 13649: 13641: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13622: 13614: 13608: 13604: 13603: 13595: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13567: 13560: 13556: 13551: 13540:September 22, 13536: 13530: 13514: 13508: 13492: 13486: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13451: 13447: 13440: 13432: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13413: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13373: 13367: 13360:. p. 96. 13359: 13358: 13350: 13334: 13327: 13319: 13315: 13308: 13300: 13296: 13289: 13281: 13274: 13266: 13260: 13256: 13255: 13247: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13228: 13220: 13212: 13206: 13202: 13201: 13193: 13186: 13183:Bill O'Neal, 13180: 13171: 13163: 13156: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13055: 13047: 13046: 13041: 13034: 13026: 13025: 13016: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12981: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12954: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12881: 12875: 12871: 12870: 12862: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12827: 12825: 12817: 12812: 12805: 12799: 12792: 12786: 12779: 12773: 12765: 12759: 12755: 12754: 12746: 12739: 12733: 12725: 12719: 12715: 12714: 12706: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12620: 12614: 12607: 12601: 12594: 12588: 12581: 12575: 12568: 12562: 12555: 12549: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12503: 12497: 12490: 12484: 12477: 12471: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12452: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12410: 12407:Scott Zesch, 12404: 12397: 12391: 12384: 12378: 12371: 12367: 12362: 12355: 12349: 12342: 12336: 12329: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12283: 12276: 12270: 12262: 12256: 12249: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12216: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12193: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12160: 12154: 12147: 12141: 12134: 12128: 12120: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12101: 12085: 12078: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12058: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12036: 12033: 12027: 12018: 12009: 12001: 11995: 11991: 11990: 11982: 11975: 11969: 11962: 11956: 11949: 11943: 11935: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11916: 11907: 11901: 11897: 11896: 11888: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11860: 11851: 11845: 11841: 11840: 11832: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11725: 11718: 11712: 11704: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11685: 11677: 11671: 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History Net 11146: 11139: 11131: 11124: 11108: 11102: 11095: 11089: 11082: 11076: 11069: 11063: 11056: 11050: 11043: 11037: 11029: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11009: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10964: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10913: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10892: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10858: 10852: 10845: 10839: 10832: 10826: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10764: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10728: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10640: 10633: 10627: 10620: 10614: 10607: 10601: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10582: 10574: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10550: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10523: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10452: 10445: 10444:online review 10441: 10435: 10428: 10422: 10415: 10409: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10325: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10269: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10242: 10235: 10232:Dean L. May, 10229: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10209: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10182: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10086: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10067: 10060: 10054: 10047: 10041: 10034: 10028: 10019: 10010: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9983: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9956: 9949: 9946:Kevin Starr, 9943: 9936: 9930: 9922: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9903: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9855: 9848: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9797: 9789: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9770: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9706: 9700: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9671: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9643: 9634: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9546: 9540:, p. 293 9539: 9533: 9526: 9523:Merle Curti, 9520: 9513: 9507: 9498: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9406: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9364:(1): 91–110. 9363: 9359: 9358: 9350: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9307: 9300: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9244: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9153: 9151: 9143: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9089: 9082: 9076: 9069: 9063: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8965: 8959: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8935: 8929: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8902: 8895: 8889: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8862: 8855: 8849: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8773:. p. 95. 8772: 8771: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8672: 8665: 8659: 8652: 8646: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8509: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8380: 8373: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8286: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8071: 8065: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7984: 7982: 7973: 7967: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7878: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7797:(3): 98–100. 7796: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7727:(3): 98–100. 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7690: 7681: 7679: 7678:United States 7670: 7668: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7513: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7410:Louis L'Amour 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7333:, and others. 7332: 7331:Texas Rangers 7328: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7265:Wanted poster 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7198: 7187: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7153:Samuel Lubell 7149: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7074:cowboy poetry 7071: 7067: 7063: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6969:Cowboy images 6966: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6938: 6937:The Searchers 6933: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6886:Calamity Jane 6883: 6882:Deadwood Dick 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6840:of historian 6839: 6834: 6832: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6808:Aaron Copland 6800: 6798: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6625:grizzly bears 6622: 6618: 6614: 6613:William Clark 6610: 6606: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508:Chinese women 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6406:Sutter's Fort 6403: 6399: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6060:and used the 6059: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5936:C. M. Russell 5933: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718:remote passes 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664:Billy the Kid 5661: 5650: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530:three outlaws 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:Earp brothers 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5480:Texas Rangers 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5439:(1847–1896), 5438: 5434: 5431:(1854–1893), 5430: 5425: 5419:Law and order 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5389:Julia Bulette 5385: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342:barn raisings 5337: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5321:Texas Rangers 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5148:Volga Germans 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5120:Volga Germans 5116: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5063: 5062:cattle drives 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4948:Oliver Loving 4943: 4941: 4937: 4936:Nebraska City 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4852:Fort Huachuca 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838:, Texas, and 4837: 4833: 4830:, Minnesota, 4829: 4828:Fort Snelling 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4691:Nez Perce War 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614:Quanah Parker 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4593:Red River War 4590: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368:of President 4367: 4360: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267:Oklahoma City 4264: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4242:in 1898, and 4241: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4226:completed in 4224: 4219: 4216:territory of 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125:Panic of 1893 4122: 4121:Henry Villard 4118: 4114: 4113:James J. Hill 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4078:nitroglycerin 4074: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045:Union Pacific 4042: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3957:Homestead Act 3953: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3866:Homestead Act 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3777:Samuel Curtis 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559:Brigham Young 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3535:Temple Square 3533:, located on 3532: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Alferd Packer 3465: 3464:Sierra Nevada 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3428:Bozeman Trail 3425: 3422:(from 1843), 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3373:George Hearst 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:Virginia City 3358: 3357:Comstock Lode 3353: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3026: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2977:Old Southwest 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2902:circuit rider 2899: 2895: 2890: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:George Catlin 2844: 2843:John Bradbury 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2767:John B. Floyd 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2724:profit motive 2720: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701:Davy Crockett 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Jeffersonians 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2138: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979:United States 1976: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1948:individualism 1945: 1944:native tribes 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1805:Periodization 1802: 1800: 1799:frontier myth 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1770:North America 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687:List of years 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1655:Urban history 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 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1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1086:Thai American 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 984: 982: 981: 977: 975: 974: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934:Party Systems 931: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 898: 897: 896: 892: 890: 889: 885: 883: 882: 878: 874: 873:Voting rights 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 814: 813: 809: 807: 806: 802: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 788: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778: 774: 770: 767: 766: 765: 764: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 731: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 717: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707: 703: 702: 696: 695: 685: 682: 681: 678: 676: 675: 671: 670: 666: 664: 660: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 648: 644: 642: 638: 637: 634: 632: 631: 627: 626: 622: 620: 616: 615: 611: 609: 605: 604: 601: 599: 598: 594: 593: 589: 587: 583: 582: 578: 576: 572: 571: 568: 566: 565: 561: 560: 556: 554: 550: 549: 545: 543: 539: 538: 534: 532: 528: 527: 523: 521: 517: 516: 513: 511: 510: 506: 505: 501: 499: 495: 494: 490: 488: 484: 483: 479: 477: 473: 472: 469: 467: 466: 462: 461: 457: 455: 454:Civil War Era 451: 450: 447: 445: 444: 440: 439: 435: 433: 429: 428: 424: 422: 418: 417: 414: 412: 411: 407: 406: 402: 400: 396: 395: 391: 389: 385: 384: 381: 379: 378: 374: 373: 369: 367: 363: 362: 358: 356: 352: 351: 348: 346: 345: 341: 340: 336: 334: 333: 329: 328: 324: 322: 321: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 299: 295: 291: 290: 287: 286:United States 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Rupert's Land 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 142: 138: 131: 130: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 106: 102: 101: 95: 91: 87: 86: 84: 80: 68: 64: 58: 53: 47: 43: 41: 33: 19: 24524:Midway Atoll 24519:Kingman Reef 24499:Baker Island 24478:Puerto Rico 24390:South Dakota 24380:Rhode Island 24375:Pennsylvania 24355:North Dakota 24137: 24071: 24064: 24045: 24006: 23999: 23985: 23931: 23887: 23880: 23823: 23809: 23802: 23795: 23756: 23730:Marine Corps 23717: 23710: 23703: 23667:Debt ceiling 23652:Civil Rights 23634: 23627: 23613: 23599: 23585: 23556: 23551:Antisemitism 23549: 23542: 23498: 23459: 23395:2008–present 23347:Bush v. Gore 23345: 23283:War on drugs 23157:Mid Cold War 23009:Pearl Harbor 23004:World War II 22824:Ku Klux Klan 22421:Dummer's War 22360: 22353: 22347:Pre-Colonial 22182:Human rights 22162:Gun politics 22113:Islamophobia 22103:antisemitism 21971:Hospice care 21913:Middle class 21893:Homelessness 21870:Social class 21830:Social class 21694:Human rights 21684:Homelessness 21596:middle class 21561:Demographics 21536:Architecture 21443:Unemployment 21423:Labor unions 21171:Town meeting 21148:City council 21143:City manager 20884:State police 20746:Marine Corps 20736:Armed Forces 20711:civil rights 20691:Constitution 20263:Southwestern 20258:Southeastern 20248:Northwestern 20243:Northeastern 20208:Mid-Atlantic 20198:Great Plains 19916:World War II 19799:Constitution 19793: 19703:Colonial era 19682:2008–present 19319:Bellevue War 18889: 18814:Fort Laramie 18809:Fort Bridger 18594:Broken Arrow 18345:Independence 17942:Cowboy boots 17937:Western wear 17817:Mountain men 17478:Tanner Trail 17463:Pony Express 17458:Oregon Trail 17453:Mormon Trail 17323:Homesteading 17288:Cattle drive 17251:Peter Lebeck 17236:Annie Oakley 17196:Doc Holliday 17125:Luther Kelly 17105:Alexis Godey 17095:George Crook 17030:Sundance Kid 16985:Johnny Ringo 16975:Bill Downing 16756:Levi Ruggles 16716:Donner Party 16691:John Bozeman 16686:Daniel Boone 16625:Sitting Bull 16600:Plenty Coups 16535:Chief Joseph 16530:Bloody Knife 16525:Black Kettle 16225:1776 to 1912 16216: 16172: 16158: 16079: 16075: 16064: 16037: 16032: 16015: 16009: 15989: 15981: 15973: 15968: 15943: 15939: 15933: 15924: 15904: 15900: 15895: 15876: 15866: 15858: 15853: 15845: 15840: 15825: 15820: 15812: 15807: 15795:. Retrieved 15785: 15770: 15765: 15757: 15750: 15740:December 18, 15738:. Retrieved 15734: 15725: 15715:December 18, 15713:. Retrieved 15708: 15698: 15693:January 2011 15682: 15674: 15669: 15652: 15648: 15642: 15627: 15622: 15607: 15602: 15582: 15575: 15567: 15562: 15541: 15534: 15514: 15507: 15493:Ethnohistory 15492: 15487: 15467: 15460: 15435: 15431: 15421: 15416:(2014) p. 77 15413: 15408: 15388: 15381: 15370: 15365: 15357: 15352: 15344: 15339: 15329: 15323: 15316: 15305: 15300: 15292: 15287: 15267: 15260: 15252: 15247: 15239: 15234: 15226: 15221: 15212: 15203: 15195: 15190: 15177: 15166: 15161: 15150: 15145: 15137: 15132: 15124: 15119: 15109:February 11, 15107:. Retrieved 15103: 15094: 15084:February 11, 15082:. Retrieved 15078: 15069: 15041: 15034: 15024:February 11, 15022:. Retrieved 15017: 15008: 14994: 14986: 14981: 14968:. Retrieved 14957: 14952:June 7, 2012 14950:. Neatorama. 14941: 14933: 14928: 14920: 14870: 14851:February 11, 14849:. 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Retrieved 14039: 14030: 14013: 14009: 14003: 13979: 13960: 13956: 13946: 13930:(2): 22–28. 13927: 13921: 13915: 13905: 13900: 13880: 13873: 13861: 13853: 13848: 13840: 13835: 13827: 13822: 13814: 13809: 13801: 13796: 13776: 13769: 13740: 13731: 13723: 13718: 13685: 13681: 13675: 13655: 13648: 13628: 13621: 13601: 13594: 13574: 13566: 13558: 13550: 13538:. Retrieved 13529: 13519:February 10, 13517:. Retrieved 13507: 13497:February 10, 13495:. Retrieved 13485: 13473:. Retrieved 13469:the original 13459: 13454:June 7, 2007 13449: 13439: 13419: 13412: 13404: 13399: 13384: 13379: 13371: 13366: 13356: 13349: 13337:. Retrieved 13326: 13317: 13307: 13299:the original 13288: 13273: 13253: 13246: 13226: 13219: 13199: 13192: 13184: 13179: 13170: 13155: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13114:(2): 58–76. 13111: 13107: 13101: 13086: 13081: 13067:(4): 40–53. 13064: 13060: 13054: 13043: 13033: 13022: 13015: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12960: 12953: 12938: 12933: 12921:. Retrieved 12908: 12893: 12888: 12868: 12861: 12839:(1): 50–64. 12836: 12832: 12811: 12806:pp. 349–357. 12803: 12798: 12790: 12785: 12777: 12772: 12752: 12745: 12737: 12732: 12712: 12705: 12672: 12668: 12659: 12644: 12639: 12631: 12626: 12618: 12613: 12605: 12600: 12592: 12587: 12579: 12574: 12566: 12561: 12553: 12548: 12540: 12535: 12527: 12522: 12514: 12509: 12501: 12496: 12488: 12483: 12475: 12470: 12451: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12408: 12403: 12395: 12390: 12382: 12377: 12369: 12361: 12353: 12348: 12340: 12339:Mark Wyman, 12335: 12327: 12322: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12287: 12282: 12274: 12269: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12204: 12199: 12187: 12182: 12171: 12166: 12158: 12153: 12145: 12140: 12132: 12127: 12107: 12100: 12090:December 20, 12088:. Retrieved 12077: 12062: 12057: 12049: 12031: 12026: 12017: 12008: 11988: 11981: 11973: 11968: 11960: 11955: 11947: 11942: 11922: 11915: 11894: 11887: 11877:February 14, 11875:. Retrieved 11871:the original 11838: 11831: 11821:February 14, 11819:. Retrieved 11815: 11789:. Retrieved 11785:the original 11780: 11770: 11761: 11751: 11731: 11724: 11716: 11711: 11691: 11684: 11664: 11657: 11637: 11630: 11615: 11610: 11600:February 17, 11598:. Retrieved 11594: 11582: 11563: 11557: 11536: 11529: 11514: 11509: 11492: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11466: 11457: 11449: 11444: 11436: 11431: 11423: 11418: 11410: 11405: 11390: 11385: 11376: 11361: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11321:February 10, 11319:. Retrieved 11309: 11292: 11286: 11278: 11273: 11256: 11250: 11230: 11223: 11215: 11210: 11202: 11193: 11174: 11166: 11161: 11149:. Retrieved 11138: 11123: 11111:. Retrieved 11101: 11093: 11088: 11080: 11075: 11067: 11062: 11054: 11049: 11041: 11036: 11025: 11015: 11007: 11002: 10990:. Retrieved 10986:the original 10979: 10970: 10962: 10957: 10932: 10928: 10919: 10909: 10904: 10896: 10891: 10871: 10864: 10856: 10851: 10843: 10838: 10830: 10825: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10770: 10763: 10754: 10734: 10727: 10707: 10700: 10692: 10687: 10678: 10670: 10665: 10657: 10652: 10644: 10639: 10631: 10626: 10618: 10613: 10605: 10600: 10580: 10573: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10549: 10529: 10522: 10514: 10509: 10498: 10493: 10485: 10480: 10469: 10464: 10456: 10451: 10439: 10434: 10426: 10421: 10413: 10408: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10365: 10360: 10349: 10344: 10334: 10324: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10273: 10268: 10248: 10241: 10233: 10228: 10220:Deseret News 10218: 10208: 10188: 10181: 10161: 10154: 10143: 10138: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10111: 10106: 10098: 10093: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10053: 10045: 10040: 10033:VFW Magazine 10032: 10027: 10018: 10009: 9989: 9982: 9962: 9955: 9947: 9942: 9934: 9929: 9909: 9902: 9882: 9875: 9860: 9854: 9846: 9841: 9824:10217/189496 9806: 9802: 9796: 9776: 9769: 9749: 9742: 9722: 9712: 9704: 9699: 9691: 9683: 9675: 9670: 9649: 9642: 9633: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9593: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9550: 9545: 9537: 9532: 9524: 9519: 9511: 9510:Mark Wyman, 9506: 9496: 9490: 9470: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9420: 9413: 9393: 9386: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9341: 9333: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9293: 9273: 9266: 9258:(2012) 12#2 9255: 9250: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9224: 9204: 9197: 9188: 9182: 9173: 9167: 9158: 9141: 9136: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9093: 9088: 9080: 9075: 9067: 9062: 9042: 9035: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8992: 8976: 8971: 8963: 8958: 8952:F.P. Harper. 8948: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8888: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8848: 8828: 8821: 8813: 8808: 8797: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8769: 8762: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8719: 8714: 8703: 8698: 8678: 8671: 8663: 8658: 8650: 8645: 8635: 8628: 8608: 8601: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8550: 8545: 8537: 8532: 8521: 8516: 8496: 8489: 8478: 8473: 8466:Ethnohistory 8465: 8460: 8440: 8433: 8413: 8406: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8353: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8291:November 29, 8289:. Retrieved 8279: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8224: 8214: 8195: 8188: 8166:(1): 10–34. 8163: 8159: 8153: 8141:. Retrieved 8137: 8127: 8115:. Retrieved 8111: 8102: 8090:. Retrieved 8086: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8036: 8029: 8020: 8010: 7990: 7955:, retrieved 7950: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7917:. p. 1. 7914: 7904: 7884: 7877: 7857: 7850: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7701: 7675: 7646: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7623: 7603: 7586: 7563:, retrieved 7558: 7524: 7516: 7499:: a list of 7488: 7478: 7470: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7174: 7150: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7113: 7101: 7058: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6998: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6972: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6936: 6921: 6901: 6898: 6894:Annie Oakley 6890: 6870:Ned Buntline 6865: 6861: 6854:P. T. Barnum 6851: 6835: 6828: 6804: 6799:'s Wild West 6797:Buffalo Bill 6795: 6776:wild animals 6753: 6724:, Colorado, 6707: 6704:Spanish West 6677: 6646:Charles Bent 6630: 6602: 6599:Mountain man 6593:Frontiersmen 6576: 6561: 6550: 6536: 6517: 6513: 6504:reservations 6497: 6454: 6435: 6427:dust panning 6395: 6376: 6372:Levi Strauss 6361:, slickers, 6355: 6336: 6313: 6308:Asia–Pacific 6305: 6274: 6255: 6229: 6211: 6187:founded the 6177:Great Plains 6174: 6162: 6134:Hetch Hetchy 6122: 6116: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6046: 6039: 5996: 5977: 5969: 5957: 5940: 5867: 5784: 5774: 5747: 5726: 5657: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5526:Doc Holliday 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5469: 5446: 5393: 5384:Prostitution 5381: 5358:Willa Cather 5355: 5338: 5333:Great Plains 5330: 5317:Juan Cortina 5315:. In Texas, 5289: 5258: 5243: 5218: 5196: 5188:Black cowboy 5185: 5129: 5092: 5088: 5080:Panorama of 5058: 5049: 5037: 5026: 5018: 4989: 4961: 4957:stagecoaches 4944: 4912: 4875: 4826:, Arkansas, 4822:, Oklahoma, 4811:Fort Laramie 4791: 4763: 4719:Sitting Bull 4699:Chief Joseph 4688: 4660:Edward Canby 4640:Captain Jack 4622: 4586: 4578:Empire Ranch 4543: 4523:Colorado War 4520: 4495: 4455: 4451: 4422: 4417: 4387: 4362: 4326: 4321: 4312: 4308:Plenty Coups 4297:Sitting Bull 4295:Sioux Chief 4259: 4232: 4199: 4180: 4173: 4160:Great Plains 4155: 4141: 4137: 4094: 4090: 4069: 4065: 4061:Mark Hopkins 4029: 4009: 4003: 3974: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3930:Homesteaders 3911: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3876:Postwar West 3863: 3845: 3837: 3824:Birch Coulee 3820:Fort Ridgely 3801: 3797: 3783:Peacekeeping 3763: 3747:gain control 3739: 3728: 3714: 3672: 3642:Hiram Sibley 3639: 3635:Pony Express 3632: 3620:Fort Laramie 3616: 3611:Pony Express 3601:Pony Express 3580: 3551:mass killing 3540: 3526: 3460:Donner Party 3444: 3432: 3424:Mormon Trail 3416:Oregon Trail 3400: 3395:Oregon Trail 3385:Oregon Trail 3379:Oregon Trail 3354: 3341:South Dakota 3338: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3253: 3249: 3224: 3219: 3204: 3192: 3115: 3109: 3090: 3056: 3036: 3012: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2958: 2954: 2941: 2933: 2921: 2893: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2836: 2832:Great Plains 2816:Zebulon Pike 2813: 2805:Fort Laramie 2788:Thomas Jesup 2777: 2772: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2722:The private 2721: 2714: 2689:mountain men 2664: 2657: 2607:Fort Astoria 2596: 2588: 2584: 2558: 2536: 2532: 2511: 2503: 2468: 2419:Daniel Boone 2416: 2406:established 2397: 2380: 2359: 2354: 2346: 2335: 2313:Daniel Boone 2305:Ohio Country 2302: 2281: 2277: 2245: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2180: 2172:colonial era 2169: 2161:Daniel Boone 2115: States 2109: 2024:or 98° west 2018: 1992: 1972: 1959: 1955: 1941: 1937: 1906: 1890:Great Plains 1862: 1860: 1843: 1828: 1808: 1787:expansionist 1768:in mainland 1761: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1300: 1242: 1235: 1216: 1177: 1170: 1156: 1097: 1053: 1046: 999: 985: 980:Social class 978: 971: 932: 906:Marine Corps 893: 886: 879: 843:Debt ceiling 828:Civil rights 810: 803: 789: 775: 761: 732: 720:Civil unrest 718: 713:Antisemitism 711: 704: 686:2008–present 674:2008–present 672: 650: 628: 595: 562: 553:World War II 507: 463: 441: 408: 375: 342: 332:Colonial Era 331: 319: 313: 274: 46: 39: 24539:Wake Island 24305:Mississippi 24220:Connecticut 24164:New England 23831:Agriculture 23750:Coast Guard 23745:Space Force 23593:Immigration 23321:WTC bombing 23239:Reaganomics 23167:Vietnam War 23083:McCarthyism 22965:Second Klan 22950:Prohibition 22928:World War I 22903:Square Deal 22893:Imperialism 22628:War of 1812 22355:Prehistoric 22187:Immigration 22118:LGBT rights 22020:Food safety 21855:Video games 21448:Wall Street 21428:Public debt 21331:Agriculture 21267:nationalism 20979:Uniform act 20901:Legislative 20808:Territorial 20766:Coast Guard 20761:Space Force 20511:Legislative 20306:Red (South) 20296:Mississippi 20218:New England 20154:Appalachian 20124:Earthquakes 20021:Discoveries 20016:Demographic 19958:Vietnam War 19901:World War I 19896:Imperialism 19846:Indian Wars 19821:War of 1812 18740:San Antonio 18677:Oregon City 18672:McMinnville 18599:Fort Gibson 18531:Fort Sumner 18521:Albuquerque 18488:Carson City 18392:Fort Benton 18350:Kansas City 18322:Leavenworth 18243:Tallahassee 18094:Los Angeles 18079:Bakersfield 18056:Window Rock 17863:New Mexican 17853:Californian 17802:Ghost towns 17693:Mexican War 17688:Indian Wars 17561:Gold rushes 17541:Paul Bunyan 17448:Meek Cutoff 17408:Barlow Road 17278:Barbed wire 17211:Seth Kinman 17025:Soapy Smith 17020:Belle Starr 17010:Tom McLaury 17000:Tom Ketchum 16995:Frank James 16990:Jesse James 16970:Bill Doolin 16943:Ike Clanton 16882:John Selman 16872:Bass Reeves 16847:Pat Garrett 16832:Virgil Earp 16827:Morgan Earp 16812:Elfego Baca 16751:Juan Rivera 16696:Jim Bridger 16575:Ganundalegi 16560:Crazy Snake 16555:Crazy Horse 16159:In Our Time 15655:(1): 2–13. 15557:, full text 15079:www.nps.gov 14794:The loggers 14491:www.nps.gov 13963:(2): 15–21. 13865:John Muir, 13475:February 2, 13339:February 2, 12675:(1): 3–29. 12541:Uncoverings 11816:www.uen.org 11452:p. 367 11214:Stan Hoig, 10708:Roughing it 10695:p. 190 10630:Stan Hoig, 10274:BYU Studies 8228:. Crowell. 8143:February 1, 8138:U.S. Census 8117:February 1, 8092:February 1, 7480:Dust Devils 7308:gunfighters 7151:Journalist 7138:Meanwhile, 7098:vigilantism 7082:code duello 6994:Will Rogers 6916:Owen Wister 6794:Poster for 6760:Dawson City 6668:Gunfighters 6654:Taos Revolt 6652:caused the 6579:log driving 6530:and female 6528:gunslingers 6492:Belle Starr 6457:gold rushes 6431:prospectors 6414:John Sutter 6343:Bowie knife 6092:Sierra Club 6012:ghost towns 5993:Cattle town 5700:Jack Powers 5668:Dalton Gang 5649:Dalton Gang 5583:(1957) and 5550:Warren Earp 5542:Morgan Earp 5538:Virgil Earp 5522:Morgan Earp 5413:Kansas City 5327:Family life 5234:Los Angeles 5164:German Jews 5122:in central 5011:Suffragists 4922:in the new 4815:Fort Kearny 4799:Apache Pass 4770:7th Cavalry 4723:Crazy Horse 4587:During the 4552:forced the 4546:Apache Wars 4515:Snake River 4306:Crow Chief 4281:Indian Wars 4206:Crimean War 4129:J.P. Morgan 3977:Morrill Act 3890:Camp Supply 3439:Barlow Road 3369:Silver City 3365:Carson City 3346:ghost towns 3288: 1850 3153:Sam Houston 3081:Sam Houston 2985:Map of the 2964:Merle Curti 2931:, in 1801. 2851:Karl Bodmer 2685:Green River 2652:Plate from 2638:Fur trading 2605:. Astor's " 2568:Federalists 2471:War of 1812 2373:Map of the 2365:Land policy 2252:New England 2222:egalitarian 2210:New Orleans 1999:Los Angeles 1933:video games 1929:comic books 1839:World War I 1824:1920 Census 1606:Territories 1327:New England 1007:Agriculture 926:Coast Guard 921:Space Force 769:Immigration 619:Vietnam War 520:World War I 314:Prehistoric 103:1865–1917 ( 74: 1887 24626:Categories 24420:Washington 24340:New Mexico 24335:New Jersey 24210:California 23705:Journalism 23657:Corruption 23636:Government 23587:Demography 23574:Newspapers 23423:Sandy Hook 23326:Waco siege 23234:Reagan era 23140:Space Race 23073:Korean War 23014:home front 22846:Gilded Age 22814:Amendments 22221:Xenophobia 22010:Disability 21951:Healthcare 21860:Visual art 21805:Philosophy 21751:television 21741:newspapers 21731:journalism 21721:Literature 21633:attainment 21284:Republican 21279:Democratic 21252:Ideologies 21213:Corruption 20778:NOAA Corps 20701:preemption 20696:federalism 20311:Rio Grande 20213:Midwestern 20193:West Coast 20188:East Coast 20031:Inventions 19943:Space Race 19938:Korean War 19921:home front 19856:Gilded Age 19516:Gunfighter 19399:Sheep Wars 18725:Fort Worth 18662:The Dalles 18629:Tishomingo 18516:Alamogordo 18407:Livingston 18387:Deer Lodge 18307:Dodge City 18261:Fort Boise 18218:Negro Fort 18185:Rapid City 18180:Pine Ridge 18175:Fort Yates 18099:Sacramento 18071:California 18031:Fort Grant 17947:Cowboy hat 17915:New Mexico 17895:Weird West 17848:Chuckwagon 17761:Sheep Wars 17723:Range wars 17546:Pecos Bill 17516:Johnny Kaw 17511:John Henry 17506:Dime novel 17401:and trails 17378:Tack piano 17358:Stagecoach 17313:Ghost town 17075:Kit Carson 17063:and scouts 16923:Black Bart 16837:Wyatt Earp 16565:Dasoda-hae 16550:Crazy Bear 16520:Black Hawk 15797:October 4, 15779:0195325176 15593:0803289707 15324:Easy Rider 15052:080941533X 14970:October 4, 14881:0809415453 14804:0809415275 14706:0809415143 14454:The miners 14428:0879056568 14372:0879056568 14352:0590475657 14317:0803289774 14123:August 10, 14070:August 10, 14045:August 10, 13749:. p. 13237:0870043927 12723:0472063324 12118:0803295510 12071:0531015122 11999:0803287348 11849:0803259360 11197:Quoted in 11151:October 4, 11113:October 4, 10992:August 24, 10882:0803247877 10540:0813133610 9893:0292727070 9431:0870491571 9284:0803283644 8879:0300062907 8235:0690000081 8044:. p. 7957:January 7, 7629:January 7, 7538:References 7398:Chris Enss 7392:Literature 7295:Gunfighter 7078:gunfighter 7045:Luke Short 7019:Andy Adams 6866:Seth Jones 6858:dime novel 6812:Roy Harris 6764:gold mines 6718:New Mexico 6689:Dodge City 6674:Gunfighter 6664:warriors. 6547:Lumberjack 6422:California 6380:open range 6367:cowboy hat 6293:Bandit War 6094:. Muir, a 6022:See also: 6003:Dodge City 5980:open range 5863:Bandit War 5847:Sheep Wars 5786:Range wars 5714:open range 5672:Black Bart 5604:Wyatt Earp 5546:James Earp 5441:Wyatt Earp 5429:Luke Short 5401:Dodge City 5199:Exodusters 5156:LDS church 5140:Norwegians 5084:circa 1898 4940:St. Joseph 4844:Fort Omaha 4836:Fort Worth 4832:Fort Union 4824:Fort Smith 4797:protected 4795:Fort Bowie 4751:Ute people 4683:Fort Dodge 4604:fought by 4548:, Colonel 4525:fought by 4374:Whig Party 4333:Karankawan 4174:After the 4168:H. B. Hall 4097:Gilded Age 3914:Mark Twain 3847:Kit Carson 3816:Hutchinson 3731:Mine Creek 3477:highwaymen 3187:New Mexico 3128:Santa Anna 3095:along the 3085:Santa Anna 3044:Henry Clay 3040:Whig Party 2975:See also: 2820:Rio Grande 2803:The first 2697:Hugh Glass 2680:South Pass 2435:Louisville 2393:homesteads 2388:Henry Clay 2332:New nation 1995:West Coast 1988:East Coast 1902:West Coast 1900:, and the 881:Journalism 833:Corruption 812:Government 763:Demography 750:Newspapers 641:Reagan Era 487:Gilded Age 325:until 1607 162:New France 152:New Sweden 24430:Wisconsin 24395:Tennessee 24300:Minnesota 24275:Louisiana 24169:The South 23740:Air Force 23615:Education 23477:recession 23433:Las Vegas 23341:Columbine 23298:1991–2008 23226:1980–1991 23127:1964–1980 23038:1945–1964 22992:Dust Bowl 22920:1917–1945 22801:1865–1917 22779:Civil War 22772:Secession 22717:1849–1865 22640:1815–1849 22611:Quasi-War 22588:1789–1815 22508:1776–1789 22461:Sugar Act 22204:Terrorism 21981:Rationing 21878:Affluence 21825:Sexuality 21793:Uncle Sam 21699:Languages 21628:Education 21571:affluence 21531:Americana 21458:Transport 21356:Insurance 21346:Companies 21326:By sector 21218:Elections 20859:Treasurer 20817:Executive 20756:Air Force 20728:Uniformed 20551:President 20368:Executive 20139:Mountains 20072:Territory 20060:Geography 19884:1954–1968 19879:1896–1954 19874:1865–1896 19836:Civil War 19677:1991–2008 19672:1980–1991 19667:1964–1980 19662:1945–1964 19657:1917–1945 19652:1865–1917 19647:1849–1865 19642:1815–1849 19637:1789–1815 19632:1776–1789 19625:By period 19433:Robberies 19384:Pecos War 19103:showdowns 19101:Duels and 18898:Gunfights 18882:Gunfights 18791:Vancouver 18667:La Grande 18634:Tuskahoma 18624:Tahlequah 18604:Fort Sill 18571:Tucumcari 18541:Las Vegas 18470:Whiteclay 18465:Valentine 18397:Fort Peck 18355:St. Louis 18312:Ellsworth 18266:Fort Hall 18238:St. Marks 18223:Pensacola 18137:Telluride 18104:San Diego 18089:Jamestown 18046:Tombstone 17988:Anchorage 17836:Influence 17807:Gunfights 17599:Gunfights 17443:Lolo Pass 17399:Transport 17338:Moonshine 17328:Land rush 17318:Gunfights 17308:Fast draw 17283:Boot Hill 17181:C. S. Fly 17145:Al Sieber 16852:Jack Helm 16736:Joe Mayer 16674:Explorers 16645:Ten Bears 16630:Smallwood 16615:Sacagawea 16610:Red Cloud 16590:Manuelito 16585:Kiliahote 16435:Seminoles 16395:Nez Perce 16260:Blackfoot 15326:Road Trip 14898:cite book 14821:cite book 14723:cite book 14696:The women 14655:146693259 14639:0021-8758 14161:August 9, 13932:CiteSeerX 13710:153932584 13073:0022-5169 12923:August 2, 12697:143464846 12086:. History 11362:Historian 10316:145609963 10252:. Knopf. 8172:0003-049X 7565:April 23, 7472:Deadlands 7454:Boot Hill 7404:Zane Grey 7244:wrangling 7028:Red River 7002:Oklahoma! 6959:John Ford 6880:created " 6744:Canadians 6693:Tombstone 6642:customers 6605:explorers 6526:, female 6522:, female 6471:. Or the 6396:In 1849, 6363:bandannas 6301:Posey War 6297:Bluff War 6204:Map from 6088:John Muir 6051:, led by 6007:Ellsworth 5952:Red River 5799:Pecos War 5766:Range war 5742:vigilante 5598:Tombstone 5569:Tombstone 5528:, killed 5352:Childhood 5292:New Spain 5268:Hispanics 4887:Cheyennes 4820:Fort Sill 4778:Bluff War 4774:Crow Foot 4759:Posey War 4695:Nez Perce 4656:U.S. Army 4652:Modoc War 4632:Red Cloud 4554:Mescalero 4498:Snake War 4465:fought a 4394:Chickasaw 4238:in 1896, 4176:Civil War 4117:Jay Cooke 3832:Wood Lake 3543:animosity 3448:dysentery 3297:U.S. Army 3122:in 1826. 2971:Southwest 2769:in 1857: 2617:Fur trade 2417:In 1775, 2291:. In the 2198:habitants 2176:Jamestown 2026:longitude 1913:Southwest 1898:Southwest 1762:Wild West 1332:The South 916:Air Force 791:Education 667:1991–2008 652:1991–2008 645:1981–1991 630:1980–1991 623:1964–1975 612:1954–1968 597:1964–1980 590:1954–1968 579:1945–1964 564:1945–1964 557:1941–1945 546:1929–1941 535:1918–1929 524:1917–1918 509:1917–1945 502:1896–1917 491:1877–1896 480:1865–1877 465:1865–1917 458:1849–1865 443:1849–1865 436:1825–1849 425:1817–1825 410:1815–1849 403:1801–1817 392:1788–1801 377:1789–1815 370:1783–1788 359:1765–1783 344:1776–1789 337:1607–1765 167:New Spain 90:Jamestown 18:Wild West 24601:Category 24415:Virginia 24365:Oklahoma 24345:New York 24320:Nebraska 24310:Missouri 24295:Michigan 24285:Maryland 24270:Kentucky 24250:Illinois 24225:Delaware 24215:Colorado 24205:Arkansas 24084:Lesbians 24058:Comanche 24053:Cherokee 23846:Medicine 23804:Genocide 23797:Religion 23719:Military 23692:Taxation 23642:Abortion 23558:Cultural 23438:Parkland 23368:Iraq War 23306:Gulf War 23078:Ivy Mike 22997:New Deal 22373:Colonial 22318:Timeline 22260:Category 21956:Abortion 21820:Religion 21778:Columbia 21736:internet 21672:Holidays 21667:Folklore 21638:literacy 21576:eviction 21466:Aviation 21438:Taxation 21393:Currency 21386:by state 21296:Scandals 21166:Township 20924:Judicial 20825:Governor 20588:Judicial 20474:Marshals 20347:Politics 20301:Missouri 20291:Columbia 20286:Colorado 20281:Arkansas 20274:Longest 20253:Southern 20238:Northern 20082:counties 20036:Military 20026:Economic 20004:By topic 19983:Iraq War 19933:Cold War 19691:By event 19509:See also 18890:Old West 18840:Category 18730:Gonzales 18682:Portland 18619:Pawhuska 18614:Okmulgee 18566:Santa Fe 18556:Mogollon 18526:Cimarron 18455:Ogallala 18427:Nebraska 18412:Missoula 18377:Billings 18337:Missouri 18276:Illinois 18165:Deadwood 18160:Bismarck 18142:Trinidad 18119:Colorado 18036:Prescott 17993:Iditarod 17920:Red Dirt 17493:Folklore 17303:Cow town 17221:Nat Love 17115:Tom Horn 17061:Soldiers 16822:Roy Bean 16678:pioneers 16665:Washakie 16660:Victorio 16570:Geronimo 16545:Degataga 16440:Shoshone 16385:Muscogee 16370:Maricopa 16345:Kumeyaay 16335:Kickapoo 16330:Hualapai 16300:Comanche 16275:Cheyenne 16265:Cahuilla 16067:(1977), 16024:6193934M 15373:(2013). 15061:11231455 14890:18444521 14647:27555925 14598:July 22, 14132:citation 13983:. Reno: 13739:(1987). 13120:41695470 12853:40021171 12802:Asbury, 12459:Archived 12314:25542594 12234:30240564 11791:April 1, 11448:Michno, 11182:Archived 11023:(1919). 9720:(2009). 8222:(1977). 7966:citation 7803:40490574 7733:40490574 7489:Red Dead 7432:Winnetou 7416:Karl May 7183:See also 7094:lynching 7066:chivalry 6868:(1860). 6734:badlands 6650:Colorado 6638:bankrupt 6572:crosscut 6520:cowgirls 6442:pickaxes 6351:bullwhip 6303:(1923). 6163:Wounded 6100:sequoias 5987:Cowtowns 5961:Hereford 5908:and the 5861:and the 5738:rustlers 5722:badlands 5686:and the 5676:Sam Bass 5611:Banditry 5554:vendetta 5453:rustling 5311:against 5305:violence 5015:Hy Mayer 4891:Arapahos 4807:Geronimo 4739:Cheyenne 4685:, Kansas 4582:Geronimo 4570:Geronimo 4527:Cheyenne 4510:Shoshone 4469:against 4463:Comanche 4406:Seminole 4390:Cherokee 4109:Santa Fe 3970:Nebraska 3868:and the 3765:Missouri 3497:Utah War 3473:Colorado 3350:Colorado 3216:Veracruz 3181:General 3120:Fredonia 3116:de facto 3093:Santa Fe 2884:Religion 2826:. Major 2667:trappers 2491:Tecumseh 2459:Tecumseh 2439:Kentucky 2315:. Young 2214:patroons 2021:meridian 1975:frontier 1960:frontier 1864:frontier 1758:Old West 1704:Category 1255:Lesbians 1229:Comanche 1224:Cherokee 1022:Medicine 973:Religion 895:Military 868:Taxation 818:Abortion 734:Cultural 140:Location 96:in 1912) 24435:Wyoming 24410:Vermont 24315:Montana 24255:Indiana 24235:Georgia 24230:Florida 24200:Arizona 24190:Alabama 24157:Regions 24079:Gay men 23851:Railway 23811:Slavery 23607:Banking 23601:Economy 23443:El Paso 23428:Orlando 23162:Détente 22323:Outline 22244:Outline 22192:illegal 22177:Smoking 22040:Obesity 21923:Poverty 21845:Theater 21835:Society 21689:Housing 21650:Fashion 21606:poverty 21551:Cuisine 21523:Culture 21510:Society 21471:Driving 21398:Exports 21376:Tourism 21336:Banking 21314:Economy 21274:Parties 21118:Charter 21082:Sheriff 20529:Speaker 20397:Cabinet 20360:Federal 20268:Western 20233:Eastern 20228:Central 20223:Pacific 20183:Regions 20134:Islands 19617:History 18888:in the 18786:Seattle 18776:Everett 18735:Lubbock 18720:El Paso 18715:Abilene 18657:Astoria 18561:Roswell 18551:Mesilla 18546:Lincoln 18435:Chadron 18382:Bozeman 18327:Wichita 18302:Abilene 18195:Yankton 18041:Phoenix 18008:Skagway 17883:Tex-Mex 17822:Outlaws 16911:Outlaws 16620:Seattle 16580:Irataba 16540:Cochise 16490:Yavapai 16460:Tonkawa 16420:Pequots 16350:Kutenai 16320:Hidatsa 16295:Cocopah 16280:Chinook 16250:Arikara 16245:Arapaho 16128:WETA-TV 16108:History 16096:Culture 15960:3639634 15661:4519027 15452:2712805 15242:(2012). 15155:excerpt 15153:(2005) 14813:2224738 14715:3650104 14573:May 27, 14547:May 27, 14473:2735261 13702:3111428 12689:3173531 12443:3638262 12290:(1990). 12190:(1959) 12161:(1957). 11349:1904204 10949:3636678 10817:1902928 10691:Eblen, 10101:(1979). 9833:1834723 9585:1892931 9536:Wyman, 9378:1888756 9245:(1965). 9128:1984483 9027:1887121 8754:1896318 8679:Lincoln 8593:3741919 8483:excerpt 8481:(2004) 8271:3639983 7428:series. 7327:marshal 7323:sheriff 7304:outlaws 7246:skills. 7204:General 6714:Arizona 6658:assault 6541:Loggers 6500:to vote 6475:in the 6463:in the 6402:sawmill 6327:Cowboys 6246:in 1916 6242:in 1909 6165:buffalo 6144:Buffalo 6132:on the 6102:in the 5999:Abilene 5839:Montana 5532:in the 5476:Marshal 5472:sheriff 5449:dueling 5405:Wichita 5397:Abilene 5331:On the 5297:barrios 5152:English 4952:cowboys 4908:Mormons 4803:Cochise 4747:Ute War 4707:Montana 4544:In the 4506:Bannock 4487:Tejanos 4483:warring 4471:Spanish 4426:Florida 4398:Choctaw 4337:Akokisa 4329:disease 4275:Guthrie 4208:, Tsar 3812:New Ulm 3609:Map of 3571:Deseret 3563:Mormons 3547:clashed 3511:Mormons 3456:cholera 3452:typhoid 3329:Sierras 3273:Clipper 3145:Texians 2671:hunters 2654:Audubon 2644:in 1841 2377:by 1785 2274:in 1763 2270:during 2190:Spanish 2182:English 2170:In the 2141:History 2011:Midwest 1917:Western 1882:Midwest 1682:Outline 1319:Regions 1250:Gay men 1027:Railway 987:Slavery 783:Banking 777:Economy 24611:Portal 24565:Cities 24548:Cities 24370:Oregon 24325:Nevada 24265:Kansas 24240:Hawaii 24195:Alaska 24183:States 24109:Places 23871:Groups 23841:Lumber 23779:Fourth 23769:Second 23579:Sports 23564:Cinema 23533:Topics 23448:Uvalde 23418:Aurora 23413:Tucson 22337:Events 22265:Portal 22172:Hunger 22123:racism 22064:Issues 21938:Health 21840:Sports 21800:People 21645:Family 21616:wealth 21541:Cinema 21366:Mining 21351:Energy 21096:Cities 21064:County 20998:Tribal 20536:Senate 20380:powers 20276:rivers 20149:ranges 20117:states 20041:Postal 19565:, and 19521:Cowboy 18710:Austin 18639:Wewoka 18536:Gallup 18480:Nevada 18402:Helena 18294:Kansas 18213:Angola 18132:Denver 18127:Creede 18084:Fresno 18051:Tucson 18003:Seward 17980:Alaska 17972:Places 17925:Tejano 17812:Lawmen 17154:Others 16964:Emmett 16805:Lawmen 16595:Massai 16480:Yakama 16475:Washoe 16465:Umpqua 16430:Pueblo 16410:Pawnee 16390:Navajo 16380:Mohave 16365:Mandan 16355:Lakota 16310:Dakota 16270:Cayuse 16240:Apache 16130:, 2001 16084:online 16069:online 16022: 15997: 15958: 15883: 15848:(1991) 15832: 15777: 15659: 15634: 15614: 15590: 15549: 15522: 15475: 15450: 15396: 15360:(2012) 15310:online 15275: 15229:(2000) 15171:online 15059: 15049: 14936:(2006) 14888: 14878: 14811: 14801: 14713: 14703: 14653: 14645: 14637: 14471: 14461: 14426: 14370: 14350: 14315: 14294:online 14248: 14215: 14186: 14095: 14022:986139 14020: 13991: 13934: 13888: 13817:(2010) 13784: 13757: 13708: 13700: 13663: 13636: 13609: 13582: 13427: 13391: 13261: 13234: 13207: 13187:(1991) 13118: 13093: 13071: 13007:970535 13005: 12968: 12945: 12900: 12876: 12851: 12760: 12740:(1985) 12720: 12695: 12687: 12634:(2005) 12621:(2002) 12608:(1991) 12595:(1989) 12582:(1993) 12556:(1991) 12517:(1992) 12504:(2006) 12478:(2004) 12441: 12372:(1992) 12343:(1984) 12330:(1998) 12312: 12232: 12209:online 12176:online 12115: 12069: 11996: 11930: 11902: 11846: 11739: 11699: 11672: 11645: 11622: 11570: 11544: 11521: 11500: 11426:(2010) 11397: 11347: 11301: 11265: 11238: 11218:(1989) 11096:ch. 32 11083:(2011) 11070:(1998) 10947: 10899:(2004) 10879: 10815: 10778: 10742: 10715: 10634:(1974) 10608:(2013) 10588: 10537: 10503:online 10488:(2006) 10474:online 10459:(2004) 10416:(2002) 10400:967112 10398: 10368:(1998) 10314: 10308:368068 10306: 10256: 10196: 10169: 10114:(1993) 10081: 10061:(1980) 9997: 9970: 9917: 9890: 9849:(1990) 9831: 9784: 9757: 9730: 9657: 9621: 9583: 9478: 9428: 9401: 9376: 9321: 9281: 9260:online 9212: 9191:(2000) 9176:(2000) 9126: 9096:(2004) 9070:(2009) 9050: 9025: 8995:(2013) 8936:(2010) 8916: 8896:(2005) 8876: 8836: 8816:(2002) 8802:online 8787:(1953) 8752: 8708:online 8686: 8653:(1973) 8616: 8591: 8526:online 8504: 8448: 8421: 8394: 8374:(2000) 8357:Main, 8335:(1987) 8322:(1918) 8269: 8232: 8202: 8180:985999 8178: 8170: 8052: 7998: 7892: 7865: 7842:970654 7840: 7801: 7772:970654 7770: 7731: 7654: 7491:series 7289:People 7030:(1948) 6876:, and 6822:, and 6770:. The 6738:Sonora 6728:, and 6726:Nevada 6662:Pueblo 6621:famine 6583:loader 6450:copper 6438:mining 6386:Miners 6339:cowboy 6333:Cowboy 6069:, and 6005:, and 5932:cowboy 5916:Cattle 5900:feud, 5720:, and 5666:, the 5520:, and 5514:Virgil 5411:, and 5209:Asians 5136:Swedes 5126:, 1875 5124:Kansas 5082:Denver 4938:, and 4745:. The 4703:Oregon 4697:under 4648:Oregon 4630:chief 4628:Lakota 4591:, the 4459:Apache 4404:, and 4273:, and 4271:Norman 4218:Alaska 4202:Russia 4200:After 4103:, and 4059:, and 3851:Navajo 3830:, and 3814:, and 3711:, 1862 3549:and a 3515:Paiute 3454:, and 3367:, and 3183:Kearny 3143:, the 3141:Goliad 3087:, 1836 2916:, and 2786:, and 2675:beaver 2576:yeomen 2192:, and 2186:French 2134: 2127: 2120: 2113: 1954:Terms 1925:novels 1896:, the 1892:, the 1888:, the 1714:Portal 1665:Cities 1647:Cities 1345:States 1274:Places 1041:Groups 1017:Lumber 955:Fourth 945:Second 755:Sports 740:Cinema 699:Topics 262:Alaska 63:cowboy 42:(film) 24400:Texas 24280:Maine 24245:Idaho 24073:LGBTQ 24066:Women 23836:Labor 23789:Sixth 23784:Fifth 23774:Third 23764:First 23569:Music 23311:NAFTA 22251:Index 22076:Crime 21946:Aging 21763:Names 21758:Music 21746:radio 21726:Media 21556:Dance 21546:Crime 21381:Trade 21138:Mayor 21087:Clerk 21055:Local 20797:State 20316:Yukon 20159:Rocky 20144:peaks 19339:Range 19201:Feuds 18886:feuds 18702:Texas 18687:Salem 18460:Omaha 18170:Fargo 17952:Jeans 17797:Gangs 17775:Lists 17728:feuds 17353:Rodeo 16485:Yaqui 16445:Sioux 16375:Modoc 16340:Kiowa 16290:Caddo 16166:Media 15956:JSTOR 15657:JSTOR 15448:JSTOR 15331:Slate 14675:. 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