Whig history - Knowledge

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an obvious parallel with the attacks on Whig constitutional history in the opening decades of the century. For, as P. B. M. Blaas has shown, those earlier attacks were part and parcel of a more general onslaught in the name of an autonomous, professional and scientific history, on popular, partisan and moralising historiography. Similarly, ... For post-WWII champions of the newly professionalized history of science the targets were quite different. Above all, they were out to establish a critical distance between the history of science and the teaching and promotion of the sciences. In particular, they were suspicious of the grand celebratory and didactic narratives of scientific discovery and progress that had proliferated in the inter-war years.

5545: 7242: 6258: 1070:, p. 95. Bentley however argues against Blaas' conclusion: Blaas' historiography is mostly focused on parliamentary history, which "pre-dates significant changes in whig typologies... sometimes by several decades the case of imperial historiography"; in contrast to what Blaas' assumes, there was no strong connection between whig historians and the Liberal party; new pre-1914 archival information also is now available. 612:

the 17th century 'science' has very different meaning. Chemistry, for example, was then inextricably mixed up with alchemy. Before the 17th century dissecting out such a thing as 'science' in anything like the modern sense of the term involves profound distortions." The science historians' rejection of whiggishness has been criticised by some scientists for failing to appreciate "the temporal depth of scientific research".

529:(1831–1891) was one of the leaders of the Whig school of the history of education, along with G. A. N. Lowndes. In 1898, Quick explained the value of studying the history of educational reform, arguing that the great accomplishments of the past were cumulative and comprised the building blocks that “would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us”. 7252: 544:(1978) discerns new methods in the work of J. H. Round, F. W. Maitland and A. F. Pollard; Bentley believes that their work "contained the origins of much twentieth-century thinking in England". Marwick also positively mentions Gardiner, Seeley, Lord Acton, and T. F. Tout as transforming the teaching and study of history at British universities into a recognisable modern form. 513:. This view of events was substantially challenged: Maitland discovered in 1893 that the early "parliaments" had "no hint of operating as a representative body but resembled instead a meeting of the King's Council, called to meet the king's purposes; it passed no 'legislation', but rather considered petitions or 'bills' as though acting as an ultimate court of justice". 628:, when viewed by economists trained in a mathematical framework becomes "an important milestone on the road to the mathematization of economics" in a story told by the victorious. Yet "those who do not agree that such mathematization is a good thing could argue that the mathematical developments... represent a regression rather than a progression". The introduction of 561:

an avatar of social harmony". He, however, notes that whig history has not died "outside the academy" and lives on partially in criticism of history as something published in "a row of small-minded monographs written by authors calling themselves 'doctor', whose life-experience and sense of English culture extended no further than taking cups of tea in the

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By the mid-1970s, it had become commonplace among historians of science to employ the terms "Whig" and "Whiggish", often accompanied by one or more of "hagiographic", "internalist", "triumphalist", even "positivist", to denigrate grand narratives of scientific progress. At one level there is, indeed,

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Bentley also speculates that 19th-century British historiography took the form of an indirect social history which "attempted to embrace society by absorbing it into the history of the state", a project gravely disrupted by the First World War and renewed questions on "the pretensions of the state as

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criticized conception of history which assumed a necessarily progressive or teleological course, though he did not employ the term "Whig history". "The danger affects both the content of the tradition and its receivers. The same threat hangs over both: that of becoming a tool of the ruling classes.

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is "riddled with Whiggish history". Like other whig histories, whig history of science tends to divide historical actors into "good guys" who are on the side of truth (as is now known), and "bad guys" who opposed the emergence of these truths because of ignorance or bias. Science is seen as emerging

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Stubbs was a true believer who concealed his biases, even from himself, behind the façade of a dispassionate historian translating original documents into magisterial prose. His rhetorical gifts often obscured his combination of high church Anglicanism, whig history, and civic responsibility. In the

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Butterfield instead advances a view of history stressing the accidental and contingent nature of events rather than some kind of inevitable and structural shift. Moreover, he called upon historians "to evoke a certain sensibility towards the past, the sensibility which studies the past 'for the sake

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More recently, some scholars have argued that Whig history is essential to the history of science. At one level, "the very term 'the history of science' has itself profoundly Whiggish implications. One may be reasonably clear what 'science' means in the 19th century and most of the 18th century. In

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in 1928 gave a Raleigh lecture, he implied that the "whig historians" really were Whigs (i.e. associated with the Whig party or its Liberal successor) and had written centrist histories that were "good history despite their enthusiasm for Gladstonian or Liberal Unionist causes"; on introduction the

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in 1827, which "greatly exaggerated the importance of 'parliaments' or of bodies thought were parliaments" while tending "to interpret all political struggles in terms of the parliamentary situation in Britain the nineteenth century, in terms, that is, of Whig reformers fighting the good fight

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Butterfield's usage of the term was not in relation to the British or American Whig parties or Whiggism, but rather took aim at "the nineteenth-century school of historiography that praised all progress and habitually associated Protestantism with liberal views of liberty". The terms "whig" and

1710:, p. 2. "The conventional stories of the past that appear in the introductory chapters of science textbooks are certainly a form of Whiggism. Historians take great delight in exposing the artificially constructed nature of these stories, and some scientists find the results uncomfortable". 364:

In Britain, whig history is a view of British history that sees it as a "steady evolution of British parliamentary institutions, benevolently watched over by Whig aristocrats, and steadily spreading social progress and prosperity". It described a "continuity of institutions and practices since

413:(1754–1761), Hume challenged whig views of the past and the whig historians in turn attacked Hume; but they could not dent his history. In the early 19th century, some whig historians came to incorporate Hume's views, dominant for the previous fifty years. These historians were members of the 555:

Accelerated by the sceptical power of a new breed of historian epitomized in the brilliance of F. W. Maitland, whiggery had begun its turn downwards (we are told) and met its Waterloo on the Somme ... win thrusts—on the one hand cultural despair in face of a dead civilization, on the other a

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Whig history is also criticised as having an overly dualist view with heroes on the side of liberty and freedom against traditionalist villains opposing the inevitability of progress. It also casts an overly negative view of opposing parties to heroes described, taking such parties "to have

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The interpretive schemes that dominated Canadian historical writing through the middle decades of the twentieth century were built on the assumption that history had a discernible direction and flow. Canada was moving towards a goal in the nineteenth century; whether this endpoint was the

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Anglo-Saxon times that lent to English history a special pedigree, one that instilled a distinctive temper in the English nation (as whigs liked to call it) and an approach to the world issued in law and lent legal precedent a role in preserving or extending the freedoms of Englishmen".

1722:, p. 301. "The history of science—as composed by both ex-scientists and general historians—has largely consisted of Whig history, in which the scientific winners write the account in such a way as to make their triumph an inevitable outcome of the righteous logic of their cause". 203:

He also felt that whig history viewed the world in terms of a morality play: that " inconclusive unless he can give a verdict; and studying Protestant and Catholic in the 16th century he feels that loose threads are still left hanging unless he can show which party was in the right".

180:", tempting the historian to go no further to investigate the causes of historical change. The focus on the present as the goal of historical change leads the historian to a special kind of "abridgement", selecting only those events that seem important from the present point of view. 355:

takes the theory underlying whig history to be centrally concerned with social progress and reaction, with the progressives shown as victors and benefactors. According to Victor Feske, there is too much readiness to accept Butterfield's classic formulation from 1931 as definitive.

595:. This kind of evaluation ignores historical background and the evidence that was available at a particular time: Did Aristarchus have evidence to support his idea that the Sun was at the center? Were there good reasons to reject Ptolemy's system before the sixteenth century? 183:

He also criticised it for modernising the past: "the result is that to many of us seem much more modern than they really were, and even when we have corrected this impression by closer study we find it difficult to keep in mind the differences between their world and ours".

1625:, p. 71. Bentley speculates that "for men such as Stubbs, the attraction of law and constitutional practice lay in their ability to reflect the lives of thousands of anonymous people and thus provide access to those who could never be reached via direct oral testimony". 4308: 6394: 166:

Butterfield's purpose with writing his 1931 book was to criticise oversimplified narratives (or "abridgements") which interpreted past events in terms of the present for the purposes of achieving "drama and apparent moral clarity". Butterfield especially noted:

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Butterfield's formulation has subsequently received much attention and the kind of historical writing he argued against in generalized terms is no longer academically respectable. Despite its polemical success, Butterfield's celebrated book was criticized by

5749: 219:, Butterfield would note of the Whig interpretation that "whatever it may have done to our history, it has had a wonderful effect on our politics....In every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings". 4354: 4342: 1550:

Indeed, he concluded, 'the great thinkers would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us, and lead us to press forward in it with good heart and hope' (Quick 1868/1902, p.

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Butterfield argued that this approach to history compromised the work of the historian in several ways. The emphasis on the inevitability of progress leads to the mistaken belief that the progressive sequence of events becomes "a line of

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was published in a series of volumes from 1848 to 1855. It proved an immediate success, replacing Hume's history and becoming the new orthodoxy. As if to introduce a linear progressive view of history, the first chapter of Macaulay's

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Stubb's history began with an imagined Anglo-Saxon past into which representative parliamentary institutions emerged and fought for control with the absolutist crown in various stages (including overreaches in during the

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to relate ... If they could not have found the grandeur that they developed had they been writing half a century earlier, neither could they have supported their optimism had they lived to endure the barbarisms of

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construction of a transcontinental, commercial, and political union, the development of parliamentary government, or the preservation and resurrection of French Canada, it was certainly a Good Thing. Thus the

517:, writing in 1920, also shot through much of Stubbs' ideas on the representative and law-making powers of early English parliaments, pulling the emergence of a semi-independent House of Commons to the 1620s. 257:(1961) gave the book the backhanded compliment of being "a remarkable book in many ways" noting that "though it denounced the whig interpretation over some 130 pages, it did not... name a single whig except 4330: 6463: 598:

The writing of Whig history of science is especially found in the writings of scientists and general historians, while this whiggish tendency is commonly opposed by professional historians of science.

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contributed nothing to the making of the present" and at worst converting them into a "dummy that acts as a better foil to the grand whig virtues". Butterfield illustrated this by criticising views of

666:, implied that history progressed from a "primitive communism", through slave societies, feudal societies, capitalism, and finally to socialism and communism. However, contemporary Marxists, such as 5900: 5540: 5009: 244:

and reactionary ones ... Whig history was, in short, an extremely biased view of the past: eager to hand out moral judgements, and distorted by teleology, anachronism and present-mindedness.

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is "now universally recognised as the first practitioner of the modern discipline of history", using "medieval law as a tool to prise open the mind of medieval men". Blaas, in

6531: 6426: 5130: 4727: 371:'s history of England, published in 1723, became "the classic Whig history" for the first half of the eighteenth century. Rapin claimed that the English had preserved their 85:

to refer to historiography that focuses on the successful chains of theories and experiments that led to present-day theories, while ignoring failed theories and dead ends.

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It was fiercely partisan and righteously judgemental, dividing the personnel of the past into the good and the bad. And it did so on the basis of the marked preference for

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determination to make history say something different for the post-war generation—worked between them to put whig susceptibilities between a rock and a hard place.

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that presents history as a journey from an oppressive and benighted past to a "glorious present". The present described is generally one with modern forms of

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of the past', which delights in the concrete and the complex, which 'goes out to meet the past', which searches for 'unlikenesses between past and present

6570: 6097: 5708: 5584: 3786: 152:, argued that whig history itself had lost all vitality by 1914. Subsequent generations of academic historians have rejected Whig history because of its 5149: 5094: 5166: 7086: 5374: 5154: 7098: 6575: 6468: 6431: 6232: 5021: 468:

The history of our country during the last hundred and sixty years is eminently the history of physical, of moral, and of intellectual improvement.

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Burrow views Marxist history, with its " anticipated terminus from which it derives its moral and political point", as "characteristically whig".

6411: 6146: 3367: 6730: 6625: 6209: 6121: 4429: 6948: 6720: 6580: 6367: 5864: 4619: 487:(1825–1901), the constitutional historian and influential teacher of a generation of historians, was the author of the extremely influential 450: 5785: 4390: 6707: 6313: 5982: 5684: 5135: 4609: 196:

which "are inclined to write sometimes as though Protestantism in itself was somehow constituted to assist " and misconceptions that the

379:. However, Rapin's history lost its place as the standard history of England in the late 18th century and early 19th century to that of 58:

view of the historical process". When the term is used in contexts other than British history, "whig history" (lowercase) is preferred.

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Retrospectives on modern macroeconomics are generally whiggish histories. For example, the popularisation of mathematical models by

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supplied the critical theatre of enquiry when considering the origins of modern England. When they wrote about the history of the

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was created by Whigs opposed by Tories rather than created by compromise and interplay mediated by then-political contingencies.

5960: 4976: 6862: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6492: 6406: 6382: 6350: 6338: 6039: 6021: 5972: 5626: 4914: 4217: 3200: 491:(published between 1873–78) and became a crucial figure in the later survival and respectability of whig history. According to 7058: 6897: 6308: 5367: 4296: 2602: 2518: 2476: 2401: 2327: 2287: 2259: 2238: 2217: 2126: 2042: 1906: 1692: 1658: 1536: 1473: 1424: 886: 2114: 7043: 6887: 6655: 6194: 6163: 5633: 5564: 5280: 5216: 5194: 4875: 4118: 3398: 2029: 422: 4146: 6173: 5951: 5829: 5819: 5609: 5455: 5290: 4492: 4222: 4172: 2914: 831: 472:

While Macaulay was a popular and celebrated historian of the whig school, his work did not feature in Butterfield's 1931

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James A. Hijiya points out the persistence of whiggish history in history textbooks. In the debate over Britishness,

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In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it."

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as "slight, confused, repetitive and superficial". However, of the English tradition more broadly, Cannadine wrote:

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It is part and parcel of the whig interpretation of history that it studies the past with reference to the present.

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analyses Butterfield's whig theory as referring to a canon of 19th-century historians in and of England (such as

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to lose; they were not simply overwhelmed by superior force, they were justly chastised by the God of History.

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Political history was the usual venue for whig history in Great Britain, but it also appears in other areas.

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According to its critics, a whig interpretation of history requires human heroes and villains in the story.

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From Belloc to Churchill: Private Scholars, Public Culture, and the Crisis of British Liberalism, 1900–1939

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Marxists have had varied views on Whig history. The traditional inheritance of Hegel, interpreted through

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Church of England, Stubbs saw the original model for the development and maintenance of English liberties.

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would be criticized because his astronomical system placed the Earth at the center of the universe while

268: 5431: 5084: 551:, however, did substantial damage to whig history's fundamental assumption of progress and improvement: 7135: 7012: 6989: 6874: 6777: 6715: 6687: 6323: 6136: 5869: 5643: 5300: 5231: 4886: 4756: 4685: 3830: 3664: 3654: 2838: 767: 6092: 5040: 4971: 4861: 7282: 7160: 7070: 6416: 4768: 4249: 3791: 3620: 3272: 579: 537: 141: 62: 5159: 7292: 7155: 5935: 5915: 5472: 5406: 5241: 4816: 4286: 4073: 4030: 3821: 3518: 1387: 336: 5270: 132:"whiggish" are now used broadly, becoming "universal descriptors for all progressive narratives". 7287: 7245: 7150: 6645: 6087: 5324: 5263: 5189: 5052: 4833: 4589: 4402: 4397: 4375: 4337: 4317: 3951: 3947: 3764: 3637: 3600: 3583: 3403: 2867: 2034: 345: 35: 5462: 5426: 6979: 6931: 6926: 5895: 5849: 5698: 5204: 4658: 4631: 4601: 4465: 4412: 4229: 4105: 4000: 3840: 3835: 3693: 3659: 3647: 3642: 3605: 3555: 3413: 3393: 3079: 3024: 2493:

Alder, Ken. "The History of Science, or, an Oxymoronic Theory of Relativistic Objectivity". In

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Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion

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entered the field, utilising Fox and Mackintosh's work and manuscript collections. Macaulay's

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The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho

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praising Britain's adoption of constitutional monarchy and the historical development of the

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Discipline and Power: The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite, 1870–1930

636:: people who disagree on the reality of agents making decisions in the manner assumed (e.g. 7190: 6667: 6008: 5725: 5080: 4920: 4653: 4529: 4500: 4271: 3933: 3907: 3854: 3688: 3615: 3460: 3425: 3379: 3347: 3225: 2939: 1826: 1745: 878: 785: 637: 588: 583:

from "a series of victories over pre-scientific thinking". From this whiggish perspective,

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praised the whig approach on the grounds that "ordered freedom and evolutionary progress

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then sought to write a Whig history of the Glorious Revolution, published in 1834 as the

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Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870-1970

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term was mostly approbatory, unlike Butterfield's later use, since Fisher applauded

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The Scientific Revolution: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science

874: 800: 755: 670:, have aggressively challenged those assumptions as deterministic and ahistorical. 659: 599: 434: 216: 66: 4517: 6620: 6227: 5801: 5477: 4841: 4663: 4448: 4212: 4038: 3683: 2998: 2775: 2665: 2508: 2466: 2391: 2317: 2277: 2249: 2228: 2203: 2024: 1896: 1682: 1648: 1526: 1463: 1410: 716: 671: 548: 229: 136: 93: 47: 4721: 2144:"Ella Thea Smith and the Lost History of American High School Biology Textbooks" 7001: 6692: 6111: 5739: 5735: 5386: 5004: 4943: 4783: 4254: 4088: 3876: 3864: 3550: 3435: 3111: 3096: 3086: 2988: 2890: 2504: 2020: 1757: 1386: 825: 810: 790: 740: 712: 633: 621: 514: 484: 387: 312: 300: 288: 272: 27: 6941: 2690: 2159: 1968: 156:

and teleological assumption that history is driving toward some sort of goal.

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Anthropology and development: challenges for the twenty-first century

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Hume still dominated English historiography, but this changed when

324: 117: 78: 54:) to describe "any subjection of history to what is essentially a 3091: 3069: 3019: 2923: 2859: 584: 376: 315:. The theory identifies the common factors and Bentley comments: 2052: 1953:(2nd ed.). United States: Mariner Books. pp. 198–199. 692:

were quite literally on the wrong track. They lost because they

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would be praised because he placed the Sun at the center of the

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towards enlightenment. The term is also used extensively in the

77:) to histories that present the past as the inexorable march of 3524: 3101: 3014: 1415:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. University of Chicago Press. p. 112:

used the term "Whig history" in his short but influential book

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In the British context, whig historians emphasize the rise of

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been among the hallmarks of modern British history, and they

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A Liberal Descent: Victorian historians and the English past

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Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Third Edition

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A decade later however, if under wartime pressure from the

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describes the changing attitude to whiggishness this way:

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South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences

1676:"The Problem of 'Whig History' in the History of Science" 1169: 1157: 1145: 1133: 1109: 1085: 1073: 5507: 2528:

Mayr, Ernst (1990). "When is Historiography Whiggish?".

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The New Nature of History: Knowledge, Evidence, Language

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Democracy or Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism

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Professionalization and institutionalization of history

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One very common example of Whig history is the work of

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Carlyle apart, the so-called Whigs were predominantly

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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

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Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History

2115:"'Bursting with Skeletons': Britishness after Empire" 1878: 1876: 1861: 1616: 1568: 1556: 1506: 1494: 1482: 1389:

The History of England from the Accession of James II

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Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

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John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. 1981: 1786: 1719: 1315: 88:Whig history laid the groundwork for 7251: 5346: 4876:More Irish than the Irish themselves 2640:"The whig interpretation of history" 2637: 2527: 2419: 2411:Gardner, Katy; Lewis, David (2015). 2346:Cronon, William (1 September 2012). 2336: 2030:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 1921: 1882: 1867: 1255: 1127: 1031: 967: 879:10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001 708:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 701:In the emergence of intelligent life 240:and progressive causes, rather than 38:: it was originally a term for the 5946:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 3135: 1813:Harrison, Edward (September 1987). 1379:Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1848). 873:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 870:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 832:The End of History and the Last Man 311:) that in fact excludes few except 222: 13: 6959:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 4903:Fourth Italian War of Independence 2889: 2828:The Whig Interpretation of History 2799:The Whig Interpretation of History 2715: 2465:Kramer, Lloyd; Maza, Sara (2002). 2319:G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History 2311:. New York: WW Norton and Company. 2309:The Whig Interpretation of History 1010:The Whig Interpretation of History 161:The Whig Interpretation of History 114:The Whig Interpretation of History 14: 7324: 2819: 2354:. American Historical Association 2148:Journal of the History of Biology 1984:"1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered" 1787:Hyman, Anthony (1 October 1996). 489:Constitutional History of England 479: 396:Constitutional History of England 7250: 7241: 7240: 6757: 6257: 6256: 6098:Palestinian expulsion and flight 4610:5000-year civilization assertion 4186:Nadir of American race relations 2839:2003 article "Catholic Whiggery" 735:In general history and biography 646: 626:Foundations of Economic Analysis 563:Institute of Historical Research 92:and the resulting deployment of 7087:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 5961:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 5896:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 5703:Causes of the Armenian genocide 4012:Pyramid construction techniques 3579:Comparative historical research 3496: 3197:Library and information science 2530:Journal of the History of Ideas 2135: 2106: 2059: 2013: 1975: 1940: 1915: 1888: 1806: 1780: 1725: 1667: 1640: 1372: 839:The Better Angels of Our Nature 615: 7099:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7049:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 6858:Historical school of economics 6795:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 6233:Gunpowder and gun transmission 6107:Zionism as settler colonialism 5112:Limpieza de sangre controversy 4079:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 2375:. Cambridge University Press. 2337:Carr, Edward Hallett (1990) . 2233:. Cambridge University Press. 2072:The William and Mary Quarterly 1988:The Canadian Historical Review 1674:Schuster, John Andrew (1995). 997: 860: 474:Whig Interpretation of History 103: 1: 6908:Opposition to Papal supremacy 6284: 4096:Indigenous population history 2796:Butterfield, Herbert (1931). 2322:. W. W. Norton. p. 208. 1982:Greer, Allan (6 April 2016). 1922:Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2016). 1732:Jardine, Nick (1 June 2003). 853: 719:identify whiggishness with a 653:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 573: 569:Later instances and criticism 402: 6824:Desacralization of knowledge 5095:Carlism in the Francoist era 5063:Holodomor in modern politics 3732: 2802:. London: G. Bell and Sons. 2585:. In Sewell, Keith C (ed.). 1901:. Harvard University Press. 578:It has been argued that the 120:, advocates of the power of 7: 7216:Historiographic metafiction 7180: 7126:Organizations, publications 6915:Proto-orthodox Christianity 5865:German resistance to Nazism 5721:Persian famine of 1917–1919 5131:Islamic revolution of Spain 5058:Holodomor genocide question 4934:Revisionism of Risorgimento 4928:Rerum italicarum scriptores 4909:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 4676:Self-Strengthening Movement 3826:decolonization of knowledge 2755:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 773: 632:similarly carries implicit 10: 7329: 7013:Wissenschaft des Judentums 6990:Criticism of Protestantism 5870:Nazi foreign policy debate 5301:Second colonial occupation 5048:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 4686:Tibetan sovereignty debate 4230:Progressive-era historians 3665:Nationalization of history 3616:Historical-critical method 2638:Torr, Christopher (2000). 2202:Bentley, Michael (2005) . 2194: 1758:10.1177/007327530304100201 1200:Wilson & Ashplant 2009 768:Pulitzer Prize for History 542:Continuity and Anachronism 150:Continuity and Anachronism 16:Approach to historiography 7235: 7186: 7175: 7131: 7120: 7069: 6873: 6832: 6763: 6752: 6608: 6294: 6290: 6279: 6251: 6220: 6184: 6078: 6032: 6018:Second Sino-Japanese War 5996: 5926: 5878: 5840: 5800: 5676: 5498: 5417: 5393: 5352: 5341: 5317: 5215: 5182: 5073: 4997: 4954: 4895: 4860: 4832: 4823:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 4767: 4694: 4600: 4528: 4242: 4171: 4104: 4066: 3999: 3995: 3984: 3809: 3742: 3738: 3727: 3504: 3491: 3318: 3185: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3007: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2897: 2691:10.1017/S0018246X00011961 2316:Cannadine, David (1993). 2227:Bentley, Michael (2006). 2160:10.1007/s10739-007-9139-3 2066:Hijiya, James A. (1994). 1947:Benjamin, Walter (1968). 580:historiography of science 538:Frederic William Maitland 451:Thomas Babington Macaulay 445:Thomas Babington Macaulay 63:constitutional government 6773:Crisis of historiography 5936:Auschwitz bombing debate 5622:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5473:Late Bronze Age collapse 5407:List of military museums 5010:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 4982:Polish People's Republic 4817:Sybel-Ficker controversy 4181:African-American history 4154:Colonial Spanish America 3943:Second Thirty Years' War 2815:at the Internet Archive. 2657:10.4102/sajems.v3i1.2598 2581:Sewell, Keith C (2005). 2495:Kramer & Maza (2002) 2367:Ferguson, James (1990). 2113:Marquand, David (2009). 1898:Does History Make Sense? 1647:McIntire, C. T. (2004). 1525:McCulloch, Gary (2011). 1005:Butterfield, Sir Herbert 980:Gardner & Lewis 2015 327:, thinkers for whom the 5886:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5745:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5296:Porter–MacKenzie debate 5053:Causes of the Holodomor 4590:Problem of two emperors 4538:Catilinarian conspiracy 3765:Historical significance 3626:Indiscipline of history 3601:Historical anthropology 2595:10.1057/9780230000933_3 2565:Scruton, Roger (2007). 2352:Perspectives on History 2035:Oxford University Press 1895:Pinkard, Terry (2017). 1708:Bowler & Morus 2005 96:around the world after 36:constitutional monarchy 6980:Protestant Reformation 6954:Second Vatican Council 6932:Succession to Muhammad 6927:Criticism of the Quran 6678:Religious perspectives 6412:Klemens von Metternich 6009:"Battle for Australia" 5891:Soviet offensive plans 5860:Broad vs. narrow front 5699:Late Ottoman genocides 4632:Century of humiliation 4413:Goguryeo controversies 4391:2,500-year celebration 4049:Double genocide theory 3836:Historical negationism 3660:Ancestral civilisation 3648:Historical materialism 3606:Historical determinism 3556:History of mentalities 2679:The Historical Journal 2621:The History of England 2390:Feske, Victor (1996). 2279:A History of Histories 2068:"Why the West Is Lost" 2037:. pp. 9–11, 135. 781:Chronological snobbery 698: 664:historical materialism 609: 558: 502: 470: 410:The History of England 350: 246: 173: 108:The British historian 7104:Torsion mangonel myth 7007:Modern Jewish history 7002:Jesuit historiography 6995:Protestant work ethic 6975:Hesychast controversy 6840:Industrial Revolution 6790:Library of Alexandria 6708:The Lord of the Rings 6358:Constantine the Great 6238:Torsion mangonel myth 6170:Sri Lankan Civil War 5249:Storm over the gentry 5150:Colonies or Provinces 4681:Sprouts of capitalism 3755:Historic preservation 3750:Change and continuity 2666:10520/AJA10158812_263 2276:Burrow, John (2008). 1449:, pp. 23 et seq. 1409:Breisach, E. 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The book won the 729:anthropic principle 679:In Canadian history 668:Ellen Meiksins Wood 533:End of whig history 527:Robert Hebert Quick 521:Robert Hebert Quick 511:Glorious Revolution 427:Glorious Revolution 146:Whig Interpretation 110:Herbert Butterfield 71:scientific progress 24:Whig historiography 7211:Historical realism 7206:Historical fiction 7151:History institutes 7141:Historical society 7136:Heritage registers 7024:Biblical criticism 6937:Islamic golden age 6888:Early Christianity 6768:Bears in antiquity 6656:Medieval Christian 6454:Pedro II of Brazil 6402:José de San Martín 6206:Syrian revolution 6118:Malayan Emergency 6093:1948 Palestine war 5826:Spanish Civil War 5776:War guilt question 5585:American Civil War 5565:Invasion of Russia 5541:New Russian School 5325:Colonial Australia 5041:October Revolution 4804:Strukturgeschichte 4740:Location of Alésia 4659:Hua–Yi distinction 4580:Moscow, third Rome 4196:Reconstruction era 4017:Black Egypt Thesis 3939:European Civil War 3895:Translatio imperii 3850:Invented tradition 2971:Historical sources 2753:Whigs and Liberals 2429:Past & Present 1738:History of Science 751:command respect". 662:' articulation of 462:History of England 456:History of England 124:, who opposed the 83:history of science 52:history of science 44:Westminster system 7265: 7264: 7231: 7230: 7171: 7170: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7029:Catholic theology 6883:Avestan geography 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6731:Søren Kierkegaard 6604: 6603: 6515:Warren G. Harding 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6074: 6073: 5952:Armenian genocide 5815:Polish–Soviet War 5810:Burning of Smyrna 5796: 5795: 5786:Reichstag inquiry 5709:Patriotic consent 5580: 5579: 5555:War in the Vendée 5519:French Revolution 5501:century conflicts 5490:Peloponnesian War 5451:Eighty Years' War 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5242:Westminster Stone 4939:Southern question 4778:Alltagsgeschichte 4728:Legendary Saracen 4430:Early settlements 4238: 4237: 4218:Political history 4203:Consensus history 3980: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3962:Continuity thesis 3901:Translatio studii 3787:Theory of history 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3677:Subaltern Studies 3562:Nouvelle histoire 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3399:Medieval churches 3386:Geistesgeschichte 3330:Paleoanthropology 3238:Encyclopaedistics 3126: 3125: 3122: 3121: 2994:Secondary sources 2604:978-0-230-00093-3 2520:978-0-925065-61-2 2478:978-0-631-21714-5 2403:978-0-8078-4601-8 2329:978-0-393-03528-5 2289:978-0-307-26852-5 2261:978-0-226-06861-9 2240:978-0-521-84178-8 2219:978-1-134-63192-6 2128:978-1-4051-9269-9 2044:978-0-19-282147-8 1908:978-0-674-97880-5 1870:, pp. 56–57. 1825:(6136): 213–214. 1793:The Babbage Pages 1694:978-0-86418-337-8 1660:978-0-300-09807-5 1538:978-1-136-81124-1 1475:978-0-8047-2383-1 1426:978-0-226-07283-8 1382:"Chapter I" 1369:, pp. 25–26. 1367:Trevor-Roper 1979 1355:Trevor-Roper 1979 1345:, pp. 74–75. 1328:Trevor-Roper 1979 1190:, pp. 68–69. 1106:, pp. 24–25. 888:978-0-19-954143-0 816:Philosophic Whigs 725:liberal democracy 507:English Civil War 419:Charles James Fox 67:personal freedoms 32:liberal democracy 7320: 7283:1930s neologisms 7254: 7253: 7244: 7243: 7196:Documentary film 7177: 7176: 7156:History journals 7122: 7121: 7095: 6967: 6903:Primacy of Peter 6850:Great Depression 6830: 6829: 6803: 6781: 6754: 6753: 6702:J. R. R. Tolkien 6557: 6556: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6510:Ulysses S. Grant 6505:Thomas Jefferson 6496: 6472: 6435: 6398: 6386: 6354: 6342: 6334:Chiang Ching-kuo 6324:Cato the Younger 6314:Amin al-Husseini 6292: 6291: 6281: 6280: 6260: 6259: 6243:War and genocide 6067: 6053:Résistancialisme 6040:Battle of France 6022:Nanjing Massacre 5876: 5875: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5717: 5667: 5549: 5532: 5505: 5504: 5432:Catharism debate 5418:pre-18th century 5400:Military history 5377: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5347:By war, conflict 5343: 5342: 5291:Cambridge School 5277: 5276: 5175: 5163: 5139: 5120: 5030: 5018: 4990: 4812: 4790:Historikerstreit 4760: 4748: 4736: 4717: 4703:Cordon sanitaire 4649:New Qing History 4637:Conquest dynasty 4628: 4543:Christianization 4526: 4525: 4445: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4312: 4300: 4292:Byzantine Empire 4147:Iquicha Royalism 4136: 4102: 4101: 4025: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3985: 3929:Age of Discovery 3918:Periodization of 3915: 3914: 3889:Transhistoricity 3884:Thirty-year rule 3795: 3783: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3728: 3709:Great Man theory 3672:People's history 3634: 3539: 3538: 3531:Three-age system 3493: 3492: 3193:Archival science 3145: 3144: 3132: 3131: 2999:Tertiary sources 2979: 2978: 2966: 2965: 2915:by area of study 2884: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2811: 2792: 2780: 2766: 2744: 2732: 2710: 2669: 2659: 2634: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2577: 2571: 2561: 2524: 2513:. 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Larson 600:Nicholas Jardine 435:James Mackintosh 421:(1749–1806) and 323:, predominantly 254:What Is History? 223:Subsequent views 217:Second World War 211: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7293:Linear theories 7268: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7227: 7182: 7167: 7127: 7108: 7091: 7074: 7065: 6961: 6869: 6845:Great Recession 6828: 6799: 6775: 6759: 6740: 6631:H. P. Lovecraft 6600: 6562: 6555: 6546: 6534: 6522: 6490: 6466: 6439:Muammar Gaddafi 6429: 6417:Leonid Brezhnev 6392: 6380: 6363:Gregory Palamas 6348: 6346:Chiang Kai Shek 6336: 6296: 6286: 6267: 6266: 6247: 6228:Conflict thesis 6216: 6180: 6070: 6061: 6028: 5992: 5922: 5874: 5836: 5802:Interwar period 5792: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5731:Schlieffen Plan 5711: 5672: 5661: 5576: 5543: 5526: 5511: 5500: 5494: 5478:Dorian invasion 5463:Fall of Babylon 5419: 5413: 5412: 5389: 5381: 5348: 5329: 5305: 5282: 5275: 5237:Kingdom of Alba 5218: 5211: 5178: 5169: 5157: 5155:Spanish decline 5133: 5114: 5069: 5024: 5012: 4993: 4984: 4950: 4891: 4856: 4842:Greater Magadha 4828: 4806: 4763: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4711: 4690: 4664:Four Barbarians 4622: 4596: 4524: 4481:Götaland theory 4449:Lusotropicalism 4439: 4420:North Macedonia 4352: 4340: 4328: 4306: 4294: 4234: 4213:Frontier thesis 4208:Cyclical theory 4191:Neoabolitionism 4167: 4130: 4100: 4062: 4039:Greater Morocco 4019: 3991: 3968: 3919: 3913: 3805: 3789: 3777: 3734: 3715: 3628: 3543: 3537: 3519:Historical eras 3500: 3479: 3314: 3211:Writing systems 3181: 3139: 3137:Fields of study 3118: 3112:Service records 3097:Religious texts 3003: 2989:Primary sources 2973: 2960: 2959: 2893: 2888: 2843: 2822: 2789: 2763: 2741: 2718: 2716:Further reading 2713: 2631: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2569: 2542:10.2307/2709517 2521: 2505:Marwick, Arthur 2483: 2481: 2479: 2404: 2383: 2357: 2355: 2330: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2241: 2220: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2111: 2107: 2084:10.2307/2946864 2064: 2060: 2045: 2021:Barrow, John D. 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1980: 1976: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1407: 1403: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1002: 998: 990: 986: 978: 974: 966: 962: 954: 947: 939: 930: 922: 915: 907: 896: 889: 865: 861: 856: 851: 776: 737: 717:Frank J. Tipler 703: 681: 672:Walter Benjamin 649: 618: 576: 571: 549:First World War 535: 523: 482: 447: 405: 362: 269:Michael Bentley 230:David Cannadine 225: 209: 164: 137:H. A. L. Fisher 106: 94:development aid 48:British history 17: 12: 11: 5: 7326: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7288:Historiography 7285: 7280: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7248: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7148: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621:Charles Darwin 6618: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6591:United Kingdom 6588: 6583: 6581:Modern Germany 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6554: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Thomas Aquinas 6497: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6370: 6368:Horatio Nelson 6365: 6360: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6200:Responsibility 6197: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6112:New Historians 6109: 6104: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Responsibility 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5742: 5736:Spirit of 1914 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5706: 5696: 5693:Fischer thesis 5682: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5634:Paraguayan War 5631: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5560:Napoleonic era 5557: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5538: 5533: 5524:Pre-revolution 5515: 5513: 5509:Coalition Wars 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5387:historiography 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205:Decline thesis 5202: 5195:Ottoman Empire 5192: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5121: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5022:Skeptic School 5007: 5005:Anti-Normanism 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4962:Golden Liberty 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4944:Neo-Bourbonism 4936: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4784:Borussian myth 4781: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4718: 4706: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4255:Dealbanisation 4246: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4125: 4119:May Revolution 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4089:Staples thesis 4086: 4081: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3921:modern history 3912: 3911: 3904: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3867: 3865:Paradigm shift 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3635: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3551:Annales school 3547: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3414:Constitutional 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3337: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Postage stamps 3287: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3213: 3204: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3087:Oral tradition 3084: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891:Historiography 2887: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2820:External links 2818: 2817: 2816: 2793: 2788:978-0300083903 2787: 2767: 2762:978-0198201397 2761: 2745: 2740:978-0521240796 2739: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2670: 2635: 2630:978-0140431339 2629: 2616: 2603: 2578: 2562: 2536:(2): 301–309. 2525: 2519: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2477: 2462: 2417: 2415:. Pluto Press. 2408: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2364: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2313: 2301: 2288: 2282:. Allen Lane. 2273: 2260: 2245: 2239: 2224: 2218: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2154:(3): 435–471. 2134: 2127: 2105: 2058: 2043: 2012: 1974: 1960:978-1328470232 1959: 1939: 1933:978-1784782443 1932: 1914: 1907: 1887: 1872: 1860: 1805: 1779: 1744:(2): 127–128. 1724: 1712: 1700: 1693: 1666: 1659: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1613:, p. 104. 1603: 1591: 1579: 1567: 1555: 1537: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1474: 1460:Reba N. Soffer 1451: 1439: 1425: 1401: 1371: 1359: 1347: 1332: 1320: 1308: 1306:, p. 735. 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1245: 1243:, p. 197. 1241:Cannadine 1993 1233: 1231:, p. 203. 1229:Cannadine 1993 1221: 1219:, p. 474. 1204: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1058:, p. 171. 1048: 1036: 1024: 996: 984: 972: 960: 945: 928: 926:, p. 473. 913: 894: 887: 858: 857: 855: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 828: 826:Predestination 823: 818: 813: 811:Moral progress 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:End of history 788: 783: 777: 775: 772: 741:David Marquand 736: 733: 713:John D. Barrow 702: 699: 690:rebels of 1837 680: 677: 648: 645: 634:hindsight bias 622:Paul Samuelson 617: 614: 575: 572: 570: 567: 534: 531: 522: 519: 515:Albert Pollard 485:William Stubbs 481: 480:William Stubbs 478: 446: 443: 404: 401: 388:Arthur Marwick 361: 358: 313:Thomas Carlyle 301:S. R. Gardiner 289:W. E. H. Lecky 273:William Stubbs 224: 221: 163: 158: 105: 102: 40:metanarratives 28:historiography 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7325: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7257: 7249: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7123: 7119: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Merton thesis 7080: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:Panbabylonism 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6755: 6751: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6596:United States 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6476:Bolivarianism 6474: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6459:Simon Bolivar 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6390:Joseph Stalin 6388: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6278: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185:Post-Cold War 6183: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159:Falklands War 6157: 6155: 6154:Iran–Iraq War 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Ongoing Nakba 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033:Western Front 6031: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6014:Bengal famine 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5928:The Holocaust 5925: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879:Eastern Front 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5610:Paris Commune 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595:Turning point 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499:18th and 19th 5497: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444:Islamic views 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5168: 5167:Ser de España 5165: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585:Ottoman claim 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Prosopography 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4518:Trưng sisters 4516: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265:Habsburg myth 4263: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4173:United States 4170: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4106:Latin America 4103: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Transnational 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3589:Decoloniality 3587: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3570:Historiometry 3568: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3514:Periodization 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Sigillography 3298: 3296: 3295:Prosopography 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3172:Local history 3170: 3166: 3165:Human history 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160:World history 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2853:. April 2003. 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2771:Burrow, J. W. 2768: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Burrow, J. W. 2746: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2723:Burrow, J. W. 2720: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2431:(31): 39–61. 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:Hart, Jenifer 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2382:9780521373821 2378: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1950:Illuminations 1943: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1885:, p. 57. 1884: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1677: 1670: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1577:, p. 96. 1576: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1515:, p. 37. 1514: 1509: 1503:, p. 33. 1502: 1497: 1491:, p. 32. 1490: 1485: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1357:, p. 12. 1356: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1330:, p. 10. 1329: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1294:, p. 67. 1293: 1288: 1282:, p. 66. 1281: 1276: 1270:, p. 65. 1269: 1264: 1258:, p. 41. 1257: 1252: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1202:, p. 10. 1201: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1178:, p. 65. 1177: 1172: 1166:, p. 41. 1165: 1160: 1154:, p. 37. 1153: 1148: 1142:, p. 35. 1141: 1136: 1130:, p. 39. 1129: 1124: 1118:, p. 34. 1117: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1094:, p. 12. 1093: 1088: 1082:, p. 11. 1081: 1076: 1069: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1000: 993: 992:Ferguson 1990 988: 981: 976: 969: 964: 958:, p. 20. 957: 952: 950: 943:, p. 74. 942: 937: 935: 933: 925: 920: 918: 910: 905: 903: 901: 899: 890: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871: 863: 859: 848: 847: 846:The Moral Arc 843: 841: 840: 836: 834: 833: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 796:Ethnocentrism 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 697: 695: 691: 684: 676: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 647:In philosophy 644: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 608: 603: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 581: 566: 564: 557: 552: 550: 545: 543: 539: 530: 528: 518: 516: 512: 508: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 477: 475: 469: 465: 463: 458: 457: 452: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411: 400: 397: 393: 389: 386:According to 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 357: 354: 353:Roger Scruton 349: 347: 346:Passchendaele 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:E. A. Freeman 278: 274: 270: 266: 264: 260: 256: 255: 250: 245: 243: 239: 233: 231: 220: 218: 213: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 190:Martin Luther 185: 181: 179: 172: 168: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 133: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 101: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 50:(e.g. in the 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 7278:Whig history 7011: 6813:The Simpsons 6811: 6758:Other topics 6706: 6683:Christianity 6673:Resurrection 6304:Adolf Hitler 6133:Six-Day War 6129:Algerian War 6100: / 6059:Vichy France 6051: 6044: 5954: / 5842:World War II 5738: / 5405: 5398: 5200:Ghaza thesis 5123: 5099: 5085:White legend 5083: / 5081:Black legend 5036:Soviet Union 4926: 4919: 4907: 4870:Great Famine 4847:Indocentrism 4821: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4776: 4722:Grand Siècle 4720: 4701: 4669:Sinocentrism 4530:Ancient Rome 4510: 4368:Aryan Kartli 4366: 4158: 4121: / 4055: 3952:19th century 3950: / 3941: / 3906: 3899: 3898: / 3893: 3869: 3843: / 3817:Black legend 3775:Historiology 3703: 3572: / 3560: 3523: 3461:Quantitative 3384: 3380:Intellectual 3346: / 3342: / 3328: / 3326:Anthropology 3280:Phaleristics 3273:preservation 3268:Oral history 3209: / 3195: / 3177:Microhistory 2952: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2922: 2913: / 2909: 2902: 2850: 2827: 2813:1963 edition 2798: 2776: 2752: 2728: 2682: 2678: 2650:(1): 52–58. 2647: 2643: 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2586: 2573: 2533: 2529: 2509: 2482:. Retrieved 2467: 2458: 2428: 2412: 2392: 2370: 2356:. Retrieved 2351: 2338: 2318: 2308: 2293:. Retrieved 2278: 2265:. Retrieved 2250: 2229: 2204: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2118: 2108: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2028: 2015: 2003:. Retrieved 1991: 1987: 1977: 1949: 1942: 1923: 1917: 1897: 1890: 1863: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1796:. Retrieved 1792: 1782: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1683: 1669: 1649: 1642: 1637:, p. 8. 1635:Bentley 2006 1630: 1623:Bentley 2005 1618: 1611:Bentley 2006 1606: 1601:, p. 7. 1599:Bentley 2006 1594: 1587:Marwick 2001 1582: 1575:Bentley 2006 1570: 1563:Marwick 2001 1558: 1549: 1542:. Retrieved 1527: 1520: 1513:Bentley 2006 1508: 1501:Bentley 2006 1496: 1489:Bentley 2006 1484: 1464: 1454: 1447:Bentley 2006 1442: 1430:. Retrieved 1411: 1404: 1388: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1343:Marwick 2001 1323: 1318:, p. 2. 1311: 1304:Scruton 2007 1299: 1292:Bentley 2005 1287: 1280:Bentley 2005 1275: 1268:Bentley 2005 1263: 1236: 1224: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1068:Bentley 2006 1063: 1056:Bentley 2006 1051: 1039: 1027: 1009: 999: 987: 975: 963: 956:Bentley 2006 941:Marwick 2001 869: 862: 844: 837: 830: 821:Precursorism 764:Scopes trial 759: 758:in his book 753: 748: 744: 738: 721:teleological 706: 704: 693: 686: 682: 657: 650: 642: 625: 619: 616:In economics 610: 605: 597: 593:Solar System 577: 559: 554: 546: 541: 536: 524: 503: 498: 488: 483: 473: 471: 467: 461: 454: 448: 438: 423:Lord Holland 414: 408: 406: 395: 392:Henry Hallam 385: 367: 363: 351: 318: 297:J. R. Seeley 267: 252: 247: 242:conservative 235: 226: 214: 206: 202: 186: 182: 174: 170: 165: 160: 149: 145: 134: 130: 113: 107: 98:World War II 87: 75:pejoratively 60: 56:teleological 23: 20:Whig history 19: 18: 7201:Hagiography 6962: [ 6922:Early Islam 6776: [ 6668:Historicity 6646:Historicity 6636:Jane Austen 6616:The Beatles 6586:Netherlands 6547: [ 6544:Zhuge Liang 6535: [ 6523: [ 6520:Yuan Shikai 6491: [ 6488:Sun Yat Tse 6467: [ 6430: [ 6393: [ 6381: [ 6378:Jiang Zemin 6349: [ 6337: [ 6329:Che Guevara 6062: [ 5997:Pacific War 5781:Article 231 5771:Reparations 5748: [ 5712: [ 5689:Color books 5678:World War I 5662: [ 5639:War of 1812 5544: [ 5527: [ 5512:(1792–1815) 5483:Sea Peoples 5468:Gallic Wars 5170: [ 5158: [ 5145:Revisionist 5134: [ 5125:Reconquista 5115: [ 5107:Inquisition 5101:Convivencia 5025: [ 5013: [ 4985: [ 4882:Revisionism 4807: [ 4755: [ 4743: [ 4731: [ 4712: [ 4654:Golden ages 4623: [ 4620:Wunu School 4615:Archaeology 4488:Switzerland 4471:Kosovo Myth 4459:Great Union 4440: [ 4425:Philippines 4408:Nationalist 4381:Ages of Man 4353: [ 4341: [ 4329: [ 4307: [ 4295: [ 4131: [ 4128:Revisionist 4020: [ 3957:Renaissance 3822:Coloniality 3790: [ 3778: [ 3770:Historicity 3694:Revisionist 3684:Pop history 3655:Nationalist 3629: [ 3574:Cliometrics 3542:Approaches, 3498:Methodology 3394:Linguistics 3344:Environment 3310:Vexillology 3233:Diplomatics 3216:Chorography 3155:Big History 3107:War diaries 3080:Illuminated 3075:Manuscripts 3060:Hieroglyphs 2940:historicity 1217:Burrow 2008 1044:Sewell 2005 924:Burrow 2008 909:Cronon 2012 589:Aristarchus 493:Reba Soffer 390:, however, 329:Reformation 305:C. H. Firth 285:J. R. Green 194:Reformation 104:Terminology 7272:Categories 7256:Multimedia 7075:Technology 7039:Urreligion 6942:Kharijites 6893:Background 6561:Historical 6532:Zhou Enlai 6427:Mao Zedong 6422:Louis Riel 6195:Background 6046:Guilty Men 5988:Uniqueness 5911:Background 5906:Winter War 5830:Background 5763:Versailles 5617:Great Game 5264:Ricardians 5259:Tudor myth 4977:Partitions 4570:Succession 3860:Narratives 3845:Presentism 3801:Philosophy 3621:Humanistic 3509:Case study 3441:Indigenous 3419:Diplomatic 3363:Capitalism 3263:Onomastics 3221:Chronology 3050:Facsimiles 3035:Chronicles 2933:historians 2904:Historians 2078:(2): 284. 1969:1179424430 1720:Alder 2002 1396:Wikisource 1316:Feske 1996 854:References 754:Historian 574:In science 464:proposes: 403:David Hume 381:David Hume 309:J. B. Bury 293:Lord Acton 249:E. H. Carr 154:presentist 122:Parliament 7044:Perennial 6833:Economics 6785:Feudalism 6571:Australia 6319:Aurangzeb 6295:Political 6285:By person 5966:Pius Wars 5761:Treaty of 5420:conflicts 5227:Poor Laws 5090:Hispanism 4967:Sarmatism 4797:Sonderweg 4555:Expansion 4280:Litvinism 4114:Argentina 3948:Long 18th 3831:Dark Ages 3611:Historism 3409:Political 3348:Geography 3285:Philology 3248:Genealogy 3243:Epigraphy 3186:By source 3025:Artifacts 2808:217470144 2707:159748098 2699:1469-5103 2685:(1): 10. 2550:0022-5037 2447:0031-2746 2307:(1965) . 2210:Routledge 2168:1573-0387 2092:0043-5597 2000:1710-1093 1883:Torr 2000 1868:Torr 2000 1847:1476-4687 1774:160281821 1766:0073-2753 1256:Carr 1990 1128:Hart 1965 1032:Torr 2000 1019:218992532 968:Mayr 1990 806:Meliorism 770:in 1998. 415:New Whigs 342:the Somme 337:Good News 321:Christian 178:causation 7313:Whiggism 7298:Progress 7246:Category 7161:template 6875:Religion 6726:Socrates 6641:Muhammed 6563:rankings 6444:Napoleon 6262:Category 6080:Cold War 5983:Slovakia 5570:Waterloo 5439:Crusades 5384:Military 5232:Scotland 5190:Kemalist 4512:Nam tiến 4507:Vietnam 4497:Ukraine 4455:Romania 4437:Portugal 4363:Georgia 4338:Medieval 4287:Bulgaria 4276:Belarus 4261:Austria 4067:Americas 4035:Morocco 4031:Ethiopia 3810:Specific 3733:Concepts 3638:Leninist 3596:Feminist 3584:Critical 3431:Feminism 3404:Military 3358:Business 3353:Economic 3335:Cultural 3319:By topic 3305:Toponymy 3253:Heraldry 3201:template 3148:By scale 3070:Logbooks 3055:Features 3020:Archives 2826:Text of 2773:(2000). 2751:(1988). 2725:(1981). 2610:25 April 2507:(2001). 2484:25 April 2423:(1965). 2358:25 April 2295:25 April 2267:25 April 2184:25320197 2176:19244720 2053:87028148 2027:(1986). 2005:25 April 1994:(1): 3. 1798:25 April 1544:25 April 1462:(1994). 1432:25 April 1007:(1981). 774:See also 711:(1986), 431:James II 325:Anglican 192:and the 142:Macaulay 79:progress 7181:Related 7071:Science 6716:Madonna 6688:Judaism 6651:Judaism 6483:Saladin 6373:Hypatia 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