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opening the door for seven devils which, precisely because they are newcomers, are bound to be worse than the first. We, on the other hand, will not dream of wishing it away, but will rejoice in an interpretation of the past which has grown up with us, has grown up with the history itself, and has helped to make the history... we must congratulate ourselves that our 17th-century forefathers... did not resurrect and fasten upon us the authentic middle ages... in
England we made peace with our middle ages by misconstruing them; and, therefore, we may say that "wrong" history was one of our assets. The whig interpretation came at exactly the crucial moment and, whatever it may have done to our history, it had a wonderful effect on English politics... in every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings.
1960:
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716:"I have nothing to say at the finish except that if one wants a permanent rock in life and goes deep enough for it, it is difficult for historical events to shake it. There are times when we can never meet the future with sufficient elasticity of mind, especially if we are locked in the contemporary systems of thought. We can do worse than remember a principle which both gives us a firm Rock and leaves us the maximum elasticity for our minds: the principle: Hold to Christ, and for the rest be totally uncommitted."
472:
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We are all of us exultant and unrepentant whigs. Those who, perhaps in the misguided austerity of youth, wish to drive out that whig interpretation, (that particular thesis which controls our abridgment of
English history,) are sweeping a room which humanly speaking cannot long remain empty. They are
677:
Butterfield found the Whig interpretation of history objectionable because it warps the past to see it in terms of the issues of the present and attempts to squeeze the contending forces of the past into a form that reminds us of ourselves. Butterfield argued that the historian must seek the ability
457:
Butterfield thought that individual personalities were more important than great systems of government or economics in historical study. His
Christian beliefs in personal sin, salvation and providence were a great influence in his writings, a fact he freely admitted. At the same time, Butterfield's
681:
He also wrote about how simple pick-and-choose history misses the point, "Very strange bridges are used to make the passage from one state of things to another; we may lose sight of them in our surveys of general history, but their discovery is the glory of historical research. History is not the
670:(1931), became a classic for history students and is still widely read. Butterfield had in mind especially the historians of his own country but his criticism of the retrospective creation of a line of progress toward the glorious present can be and has subsequently been applied generally. The "
652:
The greatest menace to our civilization is the conflict between giant organized systems of self-righteousness – each only too delighted to find that the other is wicked – each only too glad that the sins of the other give it pretext for still deeper
713:"If there is a meaning in history, therefore, it lies not in the systems and organizations that are built over long periods, but in something more essentially human, something in each personality considered for mundane purposes as an end in himself."
1623:
The
Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry Into the Origins of the Seven Years' War : Being the Eighteenth Lecture on the David Murray Foundation in the University of Glasgow Delivered on 20th April,
1317:
Brian Q. Cannon, “Providential
History: The Need for Continuing Revelation,” in Window of Faith: Latter-day Saint Perspectives on World History, ed. Roy A. Prete (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2005),
678:
to see events as they were perceived by those who lived through them. Butterfield wrote that "Whiggishness" is too handy a "rule of thumb... by which the historian can select and reject, and can make his points of emphasis".
454:(1949). Butterfield turned increasingly to historiography and man's developing view of the past. Butterfield was a devout Christian and reflected at length on Christian influences in historical perspectives.
643:
in 1965. As a deeply religious
Protestant, Butterfield was highly concerned with religious issues, but he did not believe that historians could uncover the hand of God in history. At the height of the
742:
Butterfield makes simplistic generalisations which "seem unworthy of a serious historian". Vickers considers the book a late example of the earliest stage of modern analysis of the history of
458:
early works emphasised the limits of a historian's moral conclusions, "If history can do anything it is to remind us that all our judgments are merely relative to time and circumstance".
710:"So the purpose of life is not in the far future, nor, as we so often imagine, around the next corner, but the whole of it is here and now, as fully as ever it will be on this planet."
3926:
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Also in 1924, Butterfield won the Prince
Consort Prize for a work on the problem of peace in Europe between 1806 and 1808. At the same time, he was given the Seeley Medal.
1127:
592:, graduating with a BA in 1922, followed by an MA four years later. Butterfield was a fellow at Cambridge from 1928 to 1979 and in the 1950s, he was a fellow of the
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https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2012/two-cheers-for-the-whig-interpretation-of-history
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study of origins; rather it is the analysis of all the mediations by which the past was turned into our present". In 1944, Butterfield wrote in
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William Cronon, "Two Cheers for the Whig
Interpretation of History" (American Historical Association, September 2012) online at
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In 1922, Butterfield was awarded the
University Member's Prize for English Essay, writing on the subject of English novelist
1937:
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magic in relation to the development of science, when magic was largely dismissed as being "entertaining but irrelevant".
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1307:(London: Bell, 1949) 88-89, 130. There have been reprints and revisions in 1950, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1967 and 3009.
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The
Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry into the Origins of the Seven Years' War
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History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan
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Whig History at Eighty: The Enduring Relevance of Herbert Butterfield and His Most Famous Book
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The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics
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The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics
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1070:(edited by A. Watson) (1981). His final thoughts on history, emphasizing the role of religion.
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He married Edith Joyce Crawshaw in 1929 and had three children. He died on 20 July 1979.
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and the way in which the author straddled the fields of history and literature.
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and history as well as the theory of international politics. He delivered the
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Magna Carta in the Historiography of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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446:. He is remembered chiefly for a short volume early in his career entitled
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1180:"The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review"
1168:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970 (2nd ed.), p. 85.
962:
Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics
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674:" is now a general label applied to various historical interpretations.
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1860:, ed. Herbert Butterfield: Essays on the History of Science, New York:
496: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1876:
The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield, History, Science and God
1816:
The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield
1795:
The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God
761:
In 1923, Butterfield won the Le Bas Prize for his first publication,
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Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship
879:
Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship
645:
585:
569:
75:
1824:"Herbert Butterfield and the Study of History" pages 729-743 from
987:
1912:
Herbert Butterfield: History, Providence, and Skeptical Politics
1122:
Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield
222:
94:
922:
724:, have been referred to as prominent "providential" historians.
1932:
434:(7 October 1900 – 20 July 1979) was an English historian and
1948:
1148:
Harold Temperley: A Scholar and Romantic in the Public Realm
2363:
1558:
http://rootx.com/i/the-origins-of-modern-science-1300-1800/
1971:"Ep 8 Kenneth McIntyre on Herbert Butterfield and History"
1800:
Chadwick, Owen "Acton and Butterfield" pages 386-405 from
3927:
Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history
1128:
British committee on the theory of international politics
32:
851:, 1951. Contains the essay "Moral Judgments in History".
1842:
Herbert Butterfield: The Ethics of History and Politics
966:
Butterfield, Herbert; Wight, Martin (10 October 2019).
1015:
The Discontinuities between the Generations in History
1919:
Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History
657:
1482:
1331:
Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance
1762:
1673:
1438:
1322:
1814:Elliott, J.H. & H.G. Koenigsberger (editors)
1278:"Whig History at Eighty | Wilfred M. McClay"
720:Butterfield and his Anglo-Catholic contemporary,
608:(1963–1968). Butterfield served as editor of the
3843:
1852:The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield
1844:, Washington: University Press of America, 1980.
1294:(Cambridge University Press, 1944), pp. 1–4, 73.
1098:The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield
965:
727:
3952:Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge
891:International Conflict in the Twentieth Century
2027:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
830:George III, Lord North and the People, 1779-80
444:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
116:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
2089:
1818:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.
1333:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–56.
612:from 1938 to 1955 and was knighted in 1968.
16:English historian and philosopher (1900–1979)
1944:Herbert Butterfield at Yale University Press
1741:by H. Butterfield, edited by C. T. McIntire"
1329:Vickers, Brian, ed. (1984). "Introduction".
1150:, University of Delaware Press, 1992, p. 11.
1905:Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter
1760:
1707:
1690:
1672:Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1 January 1953).
1671:
1654:
1637:
1619:
1596:Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter
1576:Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1 January 1951).
1575:
1540:
1513:
1465:
1436:
1419:
1389:Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter
1361:
1224:Gifford Lectures – Biography of Butterfield
949:The present state of historical scholarship
902:
695:
600:. He was Master of Peterhouse (1955–1968),
588:, in 1919 he won a scholarship to study at
2096:
2082:
1811:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985.
568:Butterfield was born on 7 October 1900 in
50:
1392:. Yale University Press. pp. 29–36.
556:Learn how and when to remove this message
3957:Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)
2103:
1734:
1592:
1423:The Peace Tactics of Napoleon, 1806-1808
1385:
1213:(Supplement). 31 May 1968. p. 6299.
1203:
843:The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800
788:The Peace Tactics of Napoleon, 1806-1808
1854:, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
1708:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1957).
1691:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1955).
1655:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1952).
1638:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1952).
1620:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1951).
1541:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1948).
1514:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1970).
1466:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1939).
1437:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1965).
1420:Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1929).
1328:
1165:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1057:(edited by Carl Thomas McIntire, 1979)
749:
631:, 18th-century constitutional history,
3844:
1761:Butterfield, Herbert (1 August 1981).
1177:
1124:, Routledge and K. Paul, London, 1970.
930:History and Man's Attitude to the Past
802:, Duckworth, Great Lives series, 1939.
2077:
1961:Works by or about Herbert Butterfield
1035:The Politicization of Society: Essays
964:(co-edited with Martin Wight), 1966.
1977:. Chronicles Magazine. 8 April 2023.
1949:Modern Pioneers: Herbert Butterfield
1878:, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1739:Writings on Christianity and History
1055:Writings on Christianity and History
936:The Universities and Education Today
494:adding citations to reliable sources
465:
1797:, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
13:
3912:International relations historians
2054:Regius Professor of Modern History
1868:
1593:McIntire, C. T. (1 October 2008).
1441:The Whig Interpretation of History
794:The Whig Interpretation of History
767:; the work was published in 1924.
667:The Whig Interpretation of History
659:The Whig Interpretation of History
623:Butterfield's main interests were
606:Regius Professor of Modern History
604:of the University (1959–1961) and
448:The Whig Interpretation of History
440:Regius Professor of Modern History
364:The Whig Interpretation of History
14:
3973:
1925:
1802:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1362:Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1924).
1178:Haslam, Jonathan (15 July 2011).
3922:Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge
1931:
1658:Christianity in European History
1074:Essays on the History of Science
867:Christianity in European History
470:
3872:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
3862:20th-century English historians
2000:Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge
1754:
1728:
1701:
1684:
1676:Christianity, diplomacy and war
1665:
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1243:Christianity, Diplomacy and War
873:Christianity, Diplomacy and War
773:
481:needs additional citations for
138:
110:Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge
3882:Fellows of the British Academy
2056:at the University of Cambridge
1893:, Duke University Press, 1985.
1840:Thompson, Kenneth W. (editor)
1837:(2009), chapter on Butterfield
1517:The Englishman and His History
1445:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1365:The historical novel: an essay
1292:The Englishman and His History
1270:
1261:
1248:
1236:
1217:
1197:
1171:
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1140:
887:, 1957, revised edition, 1959.
812:The Englishman and His History
684:The Englishman and His History
672:Whig interpretation of history
1:
3897:British historians of science
1907:, Yale University Press, 2004
1787:
1711:George III and the historians
1486:The Statecraft of Machiavelli
1483:Butterfield, Herbert (1960).
903:Butterfield, Herbert (1976).
885:George III and the Historians
806:The Statecraft of Machiavelli
740:The Origins of Modern Science
729:The Origins of Modern Science
370:The Origins of Modern Science
1339:10.1017/CBO9780511572999.002
610:Cambridge Historical Journal
594:Institute for Advanced Study
461:
21:For the American actor, see
7:
1680:. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press.
1641:Liberty in the modern world
1579:History and human relations
1115:
972:. Oxford University Press.
861:Liberty in the Modern World
849:History and Human Relations
10:
3978:
3942:People from West Yorkshire
3887:Historians of Christianity
1921:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005
1499:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1489:. Collier Books; 126 pages
576:, and was raised a devout
20:
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1769:. New York: Basic Books.
1599:. Yale University Press.
452:Origins of Modern Science
420:
389:
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338:J. G. A. Pocock
308:
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1305:Christianity and History
1267:Butterfield 1931, p. 10.
1133:
824:Christianity and History
796:, London: G. Bell, 1931.
704:Christianity and History
702:Butterfield's 1949 book
697:Christianity and History
582:Trade and Grammar School
3947:Philosophers of history
3907:Intellectual historians
3867:20th-century Methodists
1954:21 January 2012 at the
1426:. The University Press.
1386:McIntire, C.T. (2008).
618:
427:Sir Herbert Butterfield
3932:Methodist philosophers
1910:McIntyre, Kenneth B.,
1765:The Origins of History
1104:and Paul Sharp, 2006)
1068:The Origins of History
893:, 1960. (1st edition,
693:
655:
436:philosopher of history
2876:Moeller van den Bruck
1303:Herbert Butterfield,
1290:Herbert Butterfield,
1233:by Dr Brannon Hancock
1229:22 March 2007 at the
688:
650:
641:University of Glasgow
598:Princeton, New Jersey
590:Peterhouse, Cambridge
505:"Herbert Butterfield"
303:Peterhouse, Cambridge
264:philosophy of history
164:Peterhouse, Cambridge
3892:Historians of Europe
2414:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2181:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
2105:Historians of Europe
2010:John Charles Burkill
1993:Paul Cairn Vellacott
1940:at Wikimedia Commons
1896:McClay, Wilfred M.,
781:The Historical Novel
764:The Historical Novel
750:Prizes and accolades
664:Butterfield's book,
490:improve this article
259:intellectual history
202:P. C. Vellacott
197:G. M. Trevelyan
3937:People from Sawston
3559:Mintalová-Zubercová
1938:Herbert Butterfield
907:. Greenwood Press.
738:, in the 1949 book
450:(1931) and for his
278:School or tradition
153:Academic background
56:Herbert Butterfield
37:Herbert Butterfield
3877:English Methodists
2886:Mommsen (Wolfgang)
1917:Sewell, Keith C.,
1889:Coll, Alberto R.,
1874:Bentley, Michael,
1862:Edwin Mellen Press
1828:, Volume 27, 1984.
1826:Historical Journal
1804:, volume 38, 1987.
1746:Andrews University
1547:. Historical Assn.
1210:The London Gazette
722:Christopher Dawson
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1914:, ISI Books, 2011
1903:McIntire, C. T.,
1884:978-1-107-00397-2
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546:December 2022
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507: –
506:
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501:Find sources:
495:
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479:This section
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380:Notable ideas
378:
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357:Notable works
355:
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3962:Whig history
3395:Solzhenitsyn
3262:Kogalniceanu
2941:Trevor-Roper
2856:Langewiesche
2562:Klaić (Nada)
2524:Trevor-Roper
2373:
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1998:
1974:
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1582:. Macmillan.
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1472:. Duckworth.
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1403:. Retrieved
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1187:. Retrieved
1184:The Guardian
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774:Bibliography
769:
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728:
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703:
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689:
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680:
676:
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658:
651:
633:Christianity
622:
614:
609:
567:
552:
543:
533:
526:
519:
512:
500:
488:Please help
483:verification
480:
456:
451:
447:
426:
425:
384:Whig history
369:
363:
348:Martin Wight
326:Werner Mosse
299:Institutions
89:(1979-07-20)
87:20 July 1979
18:
3857:1979 deaths
3852:1900 births
3325:Fitzpatrick
3145:Netherlands
2374:Butterfield
2286:Herzegovina
1822:Elton, G.R.
1737:"review of
1714:. Collins.
1205:"No. 44600"
1100:(edited by
1076:(edited by
905:2nd edition
744:Renaissance
402:Thomas Kuhn
329: [
118:(1959–1961)
112:(1955–1968)
3846:Categories
3831:Tomasevich
3803:Yugoslavia
3592:Verginella
3582:Grafenauer
3453:Stanojević
3272:Tismaneanu
2831:Hirschfeld
2821:Hillgruber
2816:Hildebrand
2429:Himmelfarb
2284:Bosnia and
2241:Thucydides
2146:Eisenstein
2131:Burckhardt
2060:1963–1968
2031:1959–1961
2004:1955–1968
1788:References
1661:. Collins.
1627:. Jackson.
1544:Lord Acton
1110:0230001661
1093:0773482644
1063:0195024540
1050:0913966487
1030:0521085802
1010:0901024015
988:2019941463
914:0837175690
818:Lord Acton
516:newspapers
438:, who was
390:Influenced
228:philosophy
216:Discipline
177:Lord Acton
170:Influences
159:Alma mater
68:1900-10-07
3650:Florencio
3625:Bennassar
3448:Novaković
3443:Mihaljčić
3360:Khlevniuk
3295:Applebaum
3191:Jasienica
3097:Salvemini
3072:De Felice
3024:O'Donovan
3014:Machtheni
2966:Zitelmann
2956:Wolffsohn
2728:Sternhell
2643:Bainville
2597:Vitezović
2592:SmiÄŤiklas
2519:Trevelyan
2354:Armstrong
2319:Mesihović
2216:von Ranke
1495:cite book
1003:73-455486
578:Methodist
462:Biography
290:Methodism
97:, England
78:, England
3826:Schwartz
3821:Jelavich
3778:Robinson
3753:Lönnroth
3738:Harrison
3733:Grimberg
3574:Slovenia
3554:Marusiak
3531:Slovakia
3481:Buchanan
3463:Scotland
3433:Ćirković
3370:Medvedev
3350:Karamzin
3330:Grimsted
3305:Conquest
3206:Portugal
3087:Ginzburg
3082:Ginsborg
3057:Bosworth
3029:TĂrechán
2994:Cléirigh
2961:de Zayas
2911:Rothfels
2871:Meinecke
2718:Renouvin
2703:Mousnier
2698:Michelet
2615:Borodkin
2529:Wedgwood
2514:Thompson
2469:Marshall
2464:Macaulay
2434:Hobsbawm
2419:Hastings
2409:Gardiner
2394:Ferguson
2349:Anderson
2299:Knežević
2251:Zamoyski
2231:Spengler
2211:Polybius
2156:Hobsbawm
2121:Blanning
1952:Archived
1561:Archived
1469:Napoleon
1227:Archived
1116:See also
1086:98-40049
1080:, 1998)
1043:78-17491
1037:, 1979.
1023:72-75307
1017:, 1971.
997:, 1969.
951:, 1965.
938:, 1962.
923:74006777
832:, 1949.
800:Napoleon
646:Cold War
586:Keighley
570:Oxenhope
76:Oxenhope
3793:Weibull
3788:Weibull
3773:Roberts
3768:Ringmar
3723:Fryxell
3718:Englund
3690:de Rada
3685:Preston
3645:Elliott
3640:Collins
3564:Šafárik
3544:Kamenec
3521:Tranter
3438:Deretić
3428:Ćorović
3400:Taubman
3390:Shearer
3385:Service
3340:Hosking
3315:Danilov
3300:Bethell
3277:Xenopol
3267:Mitrany
3239:Romania
3219:Mattoso
3112:Moldova
3092:Petacco
3077:Gentile
3019:O'Curry
3004:Keating
2976:Ireland
2926:StĂĽrmer
2901:Peukert
2841:Kershaw
2806:Fischer
2781:Bullock
2776:Broszat
2771:Bracher
2758:Austria
2753:Germany
2723:Roberts
2688:Ladurie
2683:Johnson
2658:Carlyle
2625:Porthan
2607:Finland
2557:Katičić
2539:Croatia
2494:Starkey
2484:Roberts
2449:Johnson
2339:Adamson
2331:Kingdom
2269:Pirenne
2261:Belgium
2226:Roberts
2221:Roberts
2206:Pirenne
2196:Mazower
2176:Kershaw
2126:Braudel
1975:YouTube
1963:at the
1900:, 2011.
1405:26 July
1371:26 July
1318:142–60.
1189:29 July
957:65-4621
944:63-2887
932:, 1961.
899:60-7954
881:, 1955.
875:, 1953.
869:, 1952.
863:, 1951.
857:, 1951.
845:, 1949.
838:50-1588
826:, 1949.
820:, 1948.
814:, 1944.
808:, 1940.
790:, 1929.
784:, 1924.
653:hatred.
639:at the
530:scholar
223:History
143:
135:
95:Sawston
3816:Glenny
3783:Stolpe
3758:Magnus
3748:Hjärne
3743:Hatton
3728:Geijer
3710:Sweden
3700:Thomas
3670:Parker
3655:Gibson
3620:Beevor
3549:Kollár
3496:Harvie
3486:Burnet
3471:Barrow
3420:Serbia
3375:Petrov
3345:Hughes
3335:Hjärne
3310:Cronin
3287:Russia
3252:Hasdeu
3186:Davies
3178:Poland
3168:Schama
3163:Israel
3158:Motley
3130:Nistor
3120:Cazacu
3067:Cronin
2999:Hughes
2984:Browne
2946:Wehler
2936:Taylor
2921:Stahel
2906:Ritter
2846:Komlos
2836:Jäckel
2811:Görres
2786:Citino
2713:Paxton
2708:Palmer
2693:Marrus
2673:Febvre
2653:Becker
2635:France
2572:Lucius
2509:Thomas
2504:Tawney
2489:Seeley
2479:Morgan
2474:Namier
2404:Fraser
2379:Davies
2369:Briggs
2359:Bailyn
2329:United
2309:Redžić
2294:Peçevi
2201:Ozment
2191:Martin
2186:Lukacs
2161:Jacoby
2141:Dawson
2136:Davies
1882:
1864:, 2005
1773:
1718:
1603:
1524:
1449:
1396:
1345:
1245:(1952)
1108:
1091:
1084:
1061:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1021:
1008:
1001:
986:
976:
955:
942:
921:
911:
897:
836:
686:that,
627:, the
532:
525:
518:
511:
503:
372:(1949)
366:(1931)
126:Spouse
3811:Banac
3680:PĂ©rez
3675:Payne
3665:Kamen
3660:Ivars
3602:Spain
3587:Melik
3516:Scott
3506:Lynch
3476:Boece
3410:Werth
3380:Pipes
3365:Lewin
3355:Kenez
3320:Figes
3257:Iorga
3229:Rosas
3196:Steed
3125:Iorga
3102:Smith
3062:Croce
3044:Italy
3009:Lyons
2989:Byrne
2951:Wette
2916:Stern
2896:Nolte
2891:Mosse
2866:Mason
2861:Lower
2851:Koonz
2826:House
2796:Evans
2791:Craig
2743:Weber
2733:Taine
2678:Horne
2663:Davis
2648:Bloch
2620:Ordin
2587:Šišić
2582:RaÄŤki
2577:Macan
2552:Gross
2547:Banac
2499:Stone
2459:Louis
2454:Lloyd
2399:Firth
2389:Elton
2384:Duffy
2344:Allen
2246:Unwin
2236:Stone
2171:Kagan
2151:Evans
2116:Acton
1134:Notes
537:JSTOR
523:books
333:]
137:(
133:
103:Title
3635:Carr
3615:Arié
3539:Deák
3511:Oram
3501:Kidd
3405:Ulam
3247:Boia
3153:Geyl
3135:King
3034:Ware
2801:Fest
2766:Bock
2756:and
2668:Duby
2444:Hyde
2439:Hume
2424:Hill
2364:Bede
2314:Vego
2166:Judt
1880:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1624:1951
1601:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1501:link
1447:ISBN
1407:2014
1394:ISBN
1373:2014
1343:ISBN
1191:2014
1106:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1082:LCCN
1059:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1039:LCCN
1026:ISBN
1019:LCCN
1006:ISBN
999:LCCN
984:LCCN
974:ISBN
953:LCCN
940:LCCN
919:LCCN
909:ISBN
895:LCCN
834:LCCN
619:Work
509:news
442:and
84:Died
62:Born
1335:doi
596:in
584:in
492:by
431:FBA
42:FBA
33:Sir
3848::
1973:.
1850:,
1743:.
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