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former pre-collapse summit was inferred to have been 500ā600-metre (1,600ā2,000 ft) high. Side-scan and bathymetric data indicate possible debris flows associated with its collapse that can be traced back to the current crater on White Island. One of these debris flows exited the crater on the southern side of Troup Head and towards the southeast. It produced well-defined boulder-covered lobes on the seafloor. Another debris flow exited the modern crater on the northern side of Troup Head and through several submarine valleys towards the east into deep water. It produced boulder-covered valley-fill deposits. The latter debris flow was large enough to have produced a significant tsunami. As a result of the collapse of the former cone of the White Island
Volcano, it is suspected to have generated a 7-metre (23 ft) high tsunami that flooded the coast of Bay of Plenty as much as 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) inland between 3,000 and 2,200 B.P.
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750:, and acid streams and lakes. The present centre for volcanic activity and outgassing is a large crater lake of boiling acidic waters located in the western subcrater. The intermixing mƩlange of marine waters, meteoric waters, and hot magmatic fluids generate acid brines, with pH as low as 2, that outgas and form numerous and often transitory hot springs and mud pools, fumaroles, and acid streams and lakes. The crater lake of boiling acidic water, which occupies the western subcrater, appears to vary in volume due to changing meteorological conditions and fluctuating levels of hydrothermal activity.
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315:. The island's active crater lies slightly southeast of the island's centre, and contains an acidic lake. The crater has a sharp rim to the northwest, with its highest point (also the island's highest point) being the 321-metre (1,053 ft) Mount Gisborne in the west. The 283-metre (928 ft) Mount Percival forms the northern part of the rim. An older vent, the 310-metre (1,020 ft) Mount Ngatoro, lies to the northwest. The exposed island is only the peak of a much larger
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have also extruded lava. The lava flows from these prehistoric eruptions are exposed crater walls of the
Central Cone. Whakaari / White Island's frequent activity and easy access attract scientists and volcanologists as well as many tourists. For example, this volcano provides a readily studied example of the type of volcanic magmaticāhydrothermal system involved in the generation of
1070:. Thousands of gannets come to the island each year to mate, raise chicks, and feed on the fish in the water around it. There is little vegetation on the island itself, but seaweed grows in the waters around it and gannet parents harvest it to cool off chicks. An ornithologist who visited in 1912 found five species and identified four; in addition to gannets they found
690:. The main crater contains three coalescing sub-craters. The sub-craters are aligned NW-SE within the amphitheatre-shaped Central Cone. The open sea breaches the south-eastern crater wall in three places to form Shark, Te Awapuia, and Wilson bays, which Troup Head and Pinnacle Head separate from each other. Long-lived, semi-continuous, weak,
868:: a release of steam and volcanic gases which caused an explosion, launching rock and ash into the air. Minor ash emissions were observed on 23 and 26 December, but no further eruptions occurred. Visual observations conducted in January showed that lava had been extruded into the vents created by the eruption on 9 December.
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and has a total volume of 78 km (19 cu mi). The bathymetry surrounding the emergent summit of
Whakaari / White Island consists of a broad, sloping shelf extending from sea level to approximately 80-metre (260 ft) depth. Steep margins define the extent of the submarine volcano at a
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or
Volkner Rocks lie 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of Whakaari / White Island. Three of these sea stacks rise precipitously from the sea floor (less than 100 metres (330 ft) below sea level) to a maximum height of 113 metres (371 ft) m above sea level. The fourth sea stack is just an
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produced by historic and prehistoric eruptions are andesitic and dacitic in composition. These eruptions also produce discrete craters within crater-fill deposits of the
Central Cone. Since 1826, there has been a minimum of 28 phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions. In addition, prehistoric eruptions
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agent in medicines, in the making of match-heads, and for sterilising wine corks. The sulphur was hauled to the crushing plant in small rail trucks, and a bagging facility was also constructed. However, there was not enough sulphur in the material mined at the island, so the ground-up rock was used
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equipment for early earthquake warnings via radio were installed on the crater walls in 1976. At most times the volcanic activity is limited to steaming fumaroles and boiling mud, but gas and ash emissions are common, and the island is typically on an alert level rating of 1 or 2 on a scale of 0 to
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The island is now privately owned by the Buttle family trust, having been bought by George
Raymond Buttle, a stockbroker, in 1936. Buttle later refused to sell it to the government, but agreed in 1952 that it be declared a private scenic reserve. In 2012, the island's title was transferred to the
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At 14:11 NZDT on 9 December 2019, Whakaari / White Island erupted. It was reported that there were forty-seven people on the island when the eruption happened. Twenty-two people were killed, including two people who are missing and confirmed dead on 23 January 2020, and a further twenty-five were
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The amphitheatre-shaped crater of the modern
Central Cone is argued to have been created by the collapse of the former cone of the White Island Volcano to the southwest. Based on extrapolating 20 m GIS contour data to enclose the present crater and upwards with a maximum slope angle of 30Ā°, the
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GeoNet upgraded White Island's alert level from a level 1 to a level 2 on
November 18, advising of increased volcanic unrest on the island. Level 2 is the highest alert level before an eruption takes place and indicates "moderate to heightened volcanic unrest" with the "potential for eruption
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occurred at 14:11 on 9 December 2019, which resulted in 22 fatalities, including two people who were missing and ruled to be dead by a coroner. Twenty-five survivors were injured, many critically and with severe burns. Forty-seven people were reportedly on the island when it erupted. A second
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The island is generally rugged, with cliffs surrounding most of the coast. The only exceptions are to the southeast of the crater, where ash and boulder slopes descend to Te
Awapuia Bay (also known as Crater Bay), the site of derelict buildings and the island's wharf. This bay lies between a
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name
Whakaari is recorded in multiple 19th century texts by Europeans, with one mention dating back to 1849, though spelling varied including Wakaari, Whakari, and Whaka ari. The name Whakaari means "to make visible" or "exposed to view". The full MÄori name for the island is
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near Waikaremoana but were jealous of each other, and rushed towards the ocean, leaving behind them the tracks that now form the Whakatane valley and either the Tauranga or Te Waimana valley. Whakaari was faster, so got to the better position where it stands today.
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861:. The bodies of two victims have not been recovered and may have been lost to the sea. The ongoing seismic and volcanic activity in the area and subsequently heavy rainfall as well as low visibility and toxic gases all hampered recovery efforts.
938:'s ascent of Tongariro. In one account, he called on his ancestors for warmth; the fire was kindled on Whakaari and brought to him. Other versions of this story are similar but it is his sisters, or the gods, who send him warmth from Whakaari.
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Whakaari / White Island is an irregular oval in shape, with a length (northwestāsoutheast) of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and a width of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), and covers an area of approximately 325 hectares (800 acres). It lies in the
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Between July and August 2012 the island showed signs of increased activity with lake and gas levels rising from inside the crater. On 5 August 2012 a minor eruption occurred, sending ash into the air. More eruptions have followed since.
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Several rock reefs and islets are located along the island's northeast coast, and there is also a rock reef at Troup Head. A small islet, Club Rocks, lies 800-metre (2,600 ft) south of Otaketake Point. It consists of a set of four
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colony. Each day they would lower their boat into the sea from a gantry, and row around to the mining factory wharf in Crater Bay. If the sea was rough they had to clamber around the rocks on a very narrow track on the crater's edge.
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by the estate of Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell). Wilson and Kelly subsequently leased it to the Auckland-based partnership of Stewart and Appleby, but after the conditions of the lease were unfulfilled, it was put up for lease again.
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as a component of agricultural fertiliser. Mining ended in the 1930s, because of the inadequate mineral content in the fertiliser. The remains of the buildings involved can still be seen, heavily corroded by the sulphuric gases.
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Hedenquist, J.W., Simmons, S.F., Giggenbach, W.F., and Eldridge, C.S., 1993. "White Island, New Zealand, volcanic-hydrothermal system represents the geochemical environment of high-sulfidation Cu and Au ore deposition",
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5; as "Level 2 is the highest alert level before an eruption takes place and indicates 'moderate to heightened volcanic unrest' with the 'potential for eruption hazards.'" The volcano is also monitored by the
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Ongoing volcanic activity and tremors on 25 January 2013 suggested another eruption was imminent. A small eruption occurred on 20 August 2013 at 10:23 am, lasting for ten minutes and producing mostly steam.
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945:, having first touched fire was so greatly tortured by the pain that he instantly dived under water to calm his pain; and in the place where he shook the fire from him arose Whakaari. Another tells that
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For the past few thousand years, Whakaari / White Island has been the location for an open, highly reactive hydrothermal system. This hydrothermal system expresses itself as hot springs and mud pools,
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Whakaari / White Island and the sea stacks that form Club Rocks and Volckner Rocks are the emergent summits of a larger, 16 by 18 kilometres (9.9 by 11.2 mi), submarine volcano. It is known as
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Houghton, B. F.; Nairn, I. A. (1 December 1991). "The 1976ā1982 Strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruptions of White Island, New Zealand: eruptive and depositional mechanisms at a 'wet' volcano".
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In March 2000, three small vents appeared in the main crater and began belching ash which covered the island in fine grey powder. An eruption on 27 July 2000 blanketed the island with mud and
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1054:. The functions of the territorial authority are limited, as the island is uninhabited, the land is undeveloped and it is privately owned. The island is within the boundaries of the
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Heap, M.J., Kennedy, B.M., Farquharson, J.I., Ashworth, J., Mayer, K., Letham-Brake, M., ReuschlƩ, T., Gilg, H.A., Scheu, B., LavallƩe, Y. and Siratovich, P., 2017.
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that killed all 10 workers, who disappeared without a trace. Only a camp cat survived, found some days afterwards by the resupply ship and dubbed "Peter the Great".
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Heap, M.J., Kennedy, B.M., Pernin, N., Jacquemard, L., Baud, P., Farquharson, J.I., Scheu, B., LavallƩe, Y., Gilg, H.A., Letham-Brake, M. and Mayer, K., 2015.
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prominent headland, Troup Head, at the island's southeastern extreme, and the island's southernmost point, Otaketake, which is the site of one of the island's
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stratovolcano that consists of two overlapping volcanic cones, which are the Ngatoro and Central cones. The Ngatoro Cone is extinct and partially eroded. The
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The modern crater floor of Whakaari / White Island lies less than 30-metre (98 ft) above sea level and is largely covered by material from the 1914
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A multidisciplinary approach to quantify the permeability of the Whakaari/White Island volcanic hydrothermal system (Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand).
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unpublished PhD dissertation. Wellington, New Zealand: School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington. 209 pp.
730:. The TaupÅ Volcanic Zone forms the southernmost segment of the 2,800 km (1,700 mi)-long TongaāKermadecāTaupÅ volcanic arc system and the
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1018:), the other being ownership of nearby Motuhora. Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell) brought the case in 1867, claiming ownership. Retireti was the son of
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de Lange, W. and Moon, V., 2016. Volcanic generation of tsunamis: two New Zealand palaeoevents. in G. Lamarche et al., eds., pp. 559ā567,
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In 1923, mining was again attempted but, learning from the 1914 disaster, the miners built their huts on a flat part of the island near a
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Whakaari / White Island is privately owned. It was declared a private scenic reserve in 1953, and is subject to the provisions of the
694:, similar to those occurring in the Western sub-crater today, are regarded to have formed these three bays as hydrothermal explosion
1246:"Minor eruption occurred at Whakaari/White Island. Volcanic Alert Level raised to Level 3 and Aviation Colour Code raised to Orange"
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A minor eruption is ongoing as of 11 August 2024. The eruption has produced a weak plume with a low concentration of volcanic ash.
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The island's official name was changed from "White Island (Whakaari)" to "Whakaari / White Island" in 1997. This makes it one of
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deposits that once covered the island. Although Cook sailed close to the island, he did not record that it was a volcano.
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can be caught. A small charter fleet, offering day trips and overnight or longer trips, operates from the nearby port at
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and a new crater appeared. Major eruptions in 1981ā83 altered much of the island's landscape and destroyed the extensive
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635:-shaped Central Cone is an active cone. The crater of Central Cone is open to the southeast as the result of major, past
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in 1769. Whakaari erupted continually from December 1975 until September 2000, and also erupted in 2012, 2016, and 2019.
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Sulphur was mined on the island until the 1930s. Ten miners were killed in 1914 when part of the crater wall collapsed.
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this name came from the dense clouds of white steam emanating from it. Alternatively, he may have been alluding to the
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In November 2019, background activity at Whakaari increased and gas, steam and mud was being ejected from the crater.
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council (district council) and the Minister of Local Government is its territorial authority, with support from the
268:, and has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 150,000 years. The nearest mainland towns are
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2760:(1994). "Vegetation decline following recent eruptions on White Island (Whakaari), Bay of Plenty, New Zealand".
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Hydrological evolution and chemical structure of a hyper-acidic spring-lake system on Whakaari/White Island, NZ.
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colonies. Another colony exists at Te Hokowhitu, the cliff which forms much of the western coast of the island.
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Mechanical behaviour and failure modes in the Whakaari (White Island volcano) hydrothermal system, New Zealand.
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rising to more than 20-metre (66 ft) above sea level. In addition, four sea stacks collectively known as
249:. The island covers an area of approximately 325 ha (800 acres), which is just the peak of a much larger
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1120:. Visitors cannot land without permission. However, it is easily accessible by authorised tourist operators.
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Earthquakes and Urban Development: New Zealand Geotechnical Society 2006 Symposium, Nelson, February 2006.
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The petrology and petrochemistry of andesite and dacite volcanoes in Eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
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Queensland, Australia: James Cook University SEG Student Chapter, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
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Other stories give origin stories for the island. One states that it rose from the deep after the god
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978:. Mining came to a halt in September 1914, when part of the western crater rim collapsed, creating a
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1994:
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Eruption plume stretching northeastwards from Whakaari / White Island as seen from space, June 2000
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1363:"Another person dies of injuries from Whakaari / White Island eruption, bringing death toll to 20"
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Attempts were made in the mid-1880s, again from 1898 to 1901, and then from 1913 to 1914, to mine
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Tsunami generation by island edifice failure at White Island and Motuhora Volcanos, New Zealand.
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Sarah Lowe and Kim Westerskov (1993). "Steam and brimstone", New Zealand Geographic 17, 82ā106.
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Using volcanic tremor for eruption forecasting at White Island volcano (Whakaari), New Zealand.
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at Whakaari / White Island are typically phreatic or phreatomagmatic in style. The lava flows,
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3376:- formerly known as Edgecumbe-Tarawera Ward until 2010; - formerly a general ward until 2022
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2082:"Helicopter pilot says rain and ash are hampering search for bodies of White Island victims"
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Volatile transport of metals in the andesitic magmatic-hydrothermal system of White Island,
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Magma origin and evolution of White Island (Whakaari) volcano, Bay of plenty, New Zealand
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2161:"Whakaari (White Island) and Motuhora (Whale Island). A report to the Waitangi Tribunal"
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1026:. Ownership was awarded jointly to Retireti Tapihana and his sister Katherine Simpkins.
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Whakaari / White Island, 22 October 1844, from album of drawings compiled by T.E. Donne
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The ownership of Whakaari / White Island was one of the first two cases heard by the
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1275:"White Island, New Zealand : Whakaari/White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand"
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Although Strombolian activity occurred from the late seventies to the mid-eighties,
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48 kilometres (30 mi) from the North Island mainland, due north of the town of
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651:. the Ngatoro Cone and Central cones are both constructed of alternating layers of
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Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling.
1388:"Final two missing after Whakaari/White Island eruption confirmed dead by coroner"
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continually monitor the volcano's activity via surveillance cameras. Survey pegs,
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Climate data for White Island, elevation 314 m (1,030 ft), (2007ā2019)
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Magmatic-hydrothermal system at White Island volcano, North Island, New Zealand
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Chardot, L., Jolly, A.D., Kennedy, B.M., Fournier, N. and Sherburn, S., 2015.
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2435:"White Island: The privately owned New Zealand volcano that is always active"
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Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences: 7th International Symposium.
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JCU SEG Student Chapter New Zealand, North Island Field Trip 2015 Guide Book.
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19:"White Island, New Zealand" redirects here. For the island near Dunedin, see
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Whakaari / White Island is one of New Zealand's main breeding colonies for
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2100:"The science of the White Island eruption: A catastrophic burst of steam"
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Campbell, Andrew (3 June 1996). "Watching and waiting at White Island".
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The waters surrounding the island are well known for their fish stocks.
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1312:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp.
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Whakaari Trust, whose shareholders are Peter, Andrew and James Buttle.
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2042:"New Zealand volcano: Divers deployed to find last two missing bodies"
1521:. Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. pp.362
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from Whakaari / White Island, with the island at first being owned by
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1414:"Sixteenth victim of Whakaari/White Island tragedy dies in Australia"
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I have named it White Island because as such it always appeared to us
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1941:"'Continuous minor eruption': Whakaari/White Island emits ash plume"
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from Whakatane at 14:20, 9 minutes after the start of the eruption
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have been altered to varying degrees by highly corrosive and acid
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Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
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Christenson, B.W., White, S., Britten, K. and Scott, B.J., 2017.
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2516:"Whakaari / White Island eruption, day 3: What you need to know"
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In 1874, the island was sold to the partnership John Wilson and
276:. The island has been in a nearly continuous stage of releasing
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New Zealand, Wellington: Institution of Professional Engineers.
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1532:"CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 31828)"
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On-land tours of the island have not been operating since the
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forest. The large crater created at that time now contains a
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situated 48 km (30 mi) from the east coast of the
2664:"Thousands of gannets nested on New Zealand's White Island"
2464:"This is the family that owns the Whakaari volcanic Island"
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1139:) in the winter. In the summer, blue, black and striped
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Whakaari / White Island lies in the northern end of the
2734:"Annual Meeting Of The Council, 15Th May, 1954 Minutes"
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1820:"Whakaari/White Island eruption: What you need to know"
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abound all year, while there is deep-water fishing for
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2020:"People 'unaccounted for' after volcano erupts in NZ"
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Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
1790:"See how the White Island volcano disaster unfolded"
1765:"An update on ash emission at Whakaari/White Island"
2297:"Eruption on Whakaari White Island kills 10 people"
1571:de Lange, W.P., Hansford, A. and Moon, V.G., 2006.
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1201:Short video of sulphurous fumarole on White Island
1046:The island is not included in the boundaries of a
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2064:"New volcanic activity slows NZ recovery efforts"
1868:"Ash from White Island volcano sprinkles Papamoa"
1467:Cole, J.W., Thordarson, T. and Burt, R.M., 2000.
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3248:Te Paepae o Aotea (Volkner Rocks) Marine Reserve
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1752:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
1649:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
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1609:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
1555:Moon, V., Bradshaw, J. and de Lange, W., 2009.
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2218:"Captain Cook's Journal: First Voyage 1768ā71"
1628:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1593:Natural and Technological Hazards Research 41.
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949:and Whakaari / White Island were peaks in the
934:Some MÄori myths describe Whakaari as part of
907:on 1 November 1769, Cook noted in his journal
222:, lit. "the dramatic volcano"), also known as
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16:Island volcano in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty
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1920:"Civil Defence monitor White Island volcano"
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722:Main vent of Whakaari / White Island in 2000
706:depths of 300ā400-metre (980ā1,310 ft)
260:Topographical map of Whakaari / White Island
2568:"Our Big Blue Backyard Series 2, Episode 2"
2357:"White Island: Where Nature Reigns Supreme"
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2012:
1890:"White Island eruption increasingly likely"
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56:Whakaari / White Island seen from the south
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2462:Megalokonomos, Marcus (10 December 2019).
2409:"Owner of Volcano: White Island purchased"
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2692:"Off the Beaten Track to... White Island"
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1575:In F. Foley, et al., eds., pp. 405ā416.
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966:Corroding machinery at old sulphur mine
3419:Former populated places in New Zealand
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1846:"Visitors warned off erupting volcano"
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1182:Aerial view of the crater lake in 2005
738:āNgatoro Basin back-arc basin system.
3449:Volcanoes of the Bay of Plenty Region
2875:
2574:. Season 2. Episode 2. 44 minutes in
2158:
1595:Switzerland, Zurich, Springer Nature.
903:Whakaari was named "White Island" by
850:2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption
837:2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption
741:
294:eruption closely followed the first.
207:
2681:
2543:"New Zealand's main gannet colonies"
2491:"Administration of Offshore Islands"
2215:
1524:
1104:Tourists on the island in April 2019
816:, whose level varies substantially.
3424:Important Bird Areas of New Zealand
3404:Islands of the Bay of Plenty Region
2271:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
2126:"Whakaari/White Island: Update #20"
1939:Martinez, Aleyna (10 August 2024).
1432:
1041:
926:with dual MÄori and English names.
799:Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
133:Location of Whakaari / White Island
13:
2867:White Island crater volcano camera
2621:"Bird-Life on White Island (N.Z.)"
2594:"How gannets survive volcano life"
2540:
2354:
1995:"GeoNet White Island Crater Floor"
900:, meaning "The Dramatic Volcano".
864:Experts identified the event as a
14:
3465:
2860:
2619:Oliver, W. R. B. (October 1913).
2276:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
2263:
1896:. 25 January 2013. Archived from
1088:has declared the island to be an
280:at least since it was sighted by
2849:Volcanic Hazards at White Island
2742:The Royal Society of New Zealand
2493:. Department of Internal Affairs
2216:Cook, James (16 December 2022).
1499:. in M. Calder, ed., pp. 35ā46,
1218:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
1187:
1175:
1163:
1058:for regional council functions.
1012:Native Land Court of New Zealand
830:
50:
3434:Volcanic islands of New Zealand
3325:Te Whare WÄnanga o AwanuiÄrangi
3258:Whakatane Board Mills Rail Line
2788:
2749:
2726:
2706:
2655:
2612:
2586:
2560:
2534:
2483:
2455:
2427:
2401:
2375:
2348:
2339:
2314:
2289:
2235:
2209:
2192:"NZGB Gazetteer | linz.govt.nz"
2118:
2092:
2074:
2056:
2034:
1987:
1973:
1959:
1912:
1882:
1870:. nzherald.co.nz. 9 August 2012
1812:
1757:
1697:
1654:
1061:
3439:Private islands of New Zealand
3429:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand
3366:Whakatane Astronomical Society
2782:10.1080/0028825x.1994.10410404
2359:. Four Corners. Archived from
2249:. 12 June 1997. Archived from
2159:Boast, R. P. (November 1993).
1406:
1380:
1330:
1213:List of islands of New Zealand
1112:Visitors approaching the wharf
1056:Bay of Plenty Regional Council
1052:Department of Internal Affairs
713:
623:Whakaari / White Island is an
1:
2817:
2762:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2714:"New Zealand: land of plenty"
1451:. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
1848:. stuff.co.nz. 6 August 2012
1308:Natural Wonders of the World
1005:
929:
297:
7:
3096:Galatea-Waiohau Subdivision
2222:Project Gutenburg Australia
1206:
957:
641:hydrothermally altered rock
541:Mean daily minimum Ā°C (Ā°F)
401:Mean daily maximum Ā°C (Ā°F)
10:
3470:
3279:WhakatÄne District Council
3231:Facilities and attractions
2322:"Disaster at White Island"
1223:Volcanology of New Zealand
924:many places in New Zealand
871:
834:
618:
610:
351:
343:
82:321 m (1,053 ft)
72:321 m (1,053 ft)
18:
3374:
3343:
3307:
3271:
3230:
3199:
3179:
3147:
3116:
3095:
3088:
3047:
3040:
3014:
2948:
2934:
2917:
2696:New Zealand Tourism Guide
2625:Emu ā Austral Ornithology
1095:
997:, sulphur was used as an
649:phreatomagmatic eruptions
540:
470:
400:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
191:
174:
162:
157:
139:
130:
125:
86:
76:
66:
61:
49:
35:
30:
3289:Kawerau District Council
2830:Global Volcanism Program
2651:– via archive.org.
2415:. 4 July 1936. p. 9
1228:
857:seriously injured, many
768:porphyry copper deposits
197:11 August 2024 (ongoing)
3351:Antipodes Water Company
3222:Whakaari / White Island
2835:Smithsonian Institution
2825:"Whakaari/White Island"
2796:"Whakaari/White Island"
2266:"John Alexander Wilson"
1663:Bulletin of Volcanology
1445:Whakaari / White Island
1170:The crater lake in 2004
884:
692:hydrothermal explosions
311:and north-northeast of
204:Whakaari / White Island
31:Whakaari / White Island
3117:Te Urewera Subdivision
2326:New Zealand Geographic
2196:gazetteer.linz.govt.nz
1925:The New Zealand Herald
1113:
1105:
1086:BirdLife International
967:
896:
881:
853:
778:
723:
261:
217:
110:37.52000Ā°S 177.18250Ā°E
3414:Volcanic crater lakes
3335:Whakatane High School
3238:Kawerau Power Station
3089:Galatea-Murupara C.B.
3048:Taneatua-Waimana C.B.
2758:Clarkson, Beverley R.
2719:Australian Geographic
2572:Our Big Blue Backyard
1732:Mandon, C. L., 2017.
1723:, v. 21, pp. 731ā734.
1562:, 104(1ā2), pp.16ā30.
1111:
1103:
1048:territorial authority
1024:Hine-i-tÅ«rama NgÄtiki
965:
879:
847:
776:
721:
259:
3320:Tarawera High School
3243:TÄneatua Rail Branch
3148:Murupara Subdivision
3015:WhakatÄne-Åhope Ward
2756:Clarkson, Bruce D.;
2363:on 24 September 2015
2253:on 16 February 2018.
1515:Duncan, A.R., 1970.
1475:, 41(6), pp.867ā895.
1473:Journal of Petrology
1076:great-winged petrels
1068:Australasian gannets
703:White Island Volcano
115:-37.52000; 177.18250
21:White Island (Otago)
3394:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
3356:Radio Bay of Plenty
3330:Trident High School
3200:Geographic features
2774:1994NZJB...32...21C
2641:1913EmuAO..13...86O
2247:New Zealand Gazette
2070:. 11 December 2019.
1675:1991BVol...54...25H
1560:Engineering Geology
1495:Jimenez, C., 2015.
1125:Yellowtail kingfish
1090:Important Bird Area
1080:white-fronted terns
993:Before the days of
755:explosive eruptions
728:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
681:hydrothermal fluids
471:Daily mean Ā°C (Ā°F)
186:TaupÅ Volcanic Zone
106: /
3263:WhakatÄne Hospital
2942:WhakatÄne District
2903:WhakatÄne District
2722:. 7 February 2013.
2702:on 13 August 2016.
2662:Mendenhall, Matt.
2522:. 11 December 2019
2443:. 10 December 2019
2106:. 10 December 2019
2044:. 13 December 2019
1900:on 2 December 2013
1796:. 11 December 2019
1683:10.1007/BF00278204
1420:. 15 December 2019
1114:
1106:
968:
882:
854:
779:
742:Geological history
724:
262:
209:[faĖkaĖɾi]
62:Highest point
3381:
3380:
3315:Edgecumbe College
3253:WhakatÄne Airport
3217:Te Paepae o Aotea
3195:
3194:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
2520:Radio New Zealand
2389:. 2 December 1874
2387:Thames Advertiser
2301:nzhistory.govt.nz
2022:. 9 December 2019
1999:www.geonet.org.nz
1928:. 20 August 2013.
1826:. 9 December 2019
1394:. 23 January 2020
1323:978-0-89577-087-5
1252:. NHC Toka TÅ« Ake
1250:www.geonet.org.nz
1196:
1118:Reserves Act 1977
866:phreatic eruption
763:pyroclastic flows
615:
614:
337:Te Paepae o Aotea
317:submarine volcano
251:submarine volcano
201:
200:
3461:
3454:Whakatane Graben
3399:Active volcanoes
3299:Regional Council
3180:Kawerau District
3177:
3176:
3093:
3092:
3045:
3044:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2935:Populated places
2907:Kawerau District
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2889:
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2785:
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2730:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:. Archived from
2688:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:10.1071/MU913086
2616:
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2355:Norton, Amelia.
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2016:
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1991:
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1710:
1709:
1706:The Evening Post
1701:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1631:
1630:, 295, pp.26ā42.
1621:
1612:
1611:346, pp.180ā211.
1602:
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1197:
1179:
1167:
1072:red-billed gulls
1042:Local government
1016:MÄori Land Court
1014:(now called the
947:Moutohora Island
899:
897:te puia whakaari
688:debris avalanche
675:. Some of these
637:flank landslides
349:
348:
291:A large eruption
219:Te Puia Whakaari
211:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
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99:
54:
28:
27:
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3458:
3409:VEI-2 volcanoes
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3339:
3303:
3284:WhakatÄne Mayor
3267:
3226:
3191:
3159:
3143:
3112:
3084:
3041:Te Urewera Ward
3036:
3010:
2949:Rangitaiki Ward
2930:
2913:
2900:
2863:
2856:, Volcano World
2839:
2837:
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2600:. 13 April 2017
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2168:justice.govt.nz
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1698:
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1655:
1651:332, pp.88ā108.
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1098:
1064:
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1020:Phillip Tapsell
1008:
960:
936:NgÄtoro-i-rangi
932:
911:. According to
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2861:External links
2859:
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2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2787:
2748:
2745:. 15 May 1954.
2725:
2705:
2680:
2654:
2611:
2585:
2559:
2533:
2504:
2482:
2454:
2426:
2413:Manawatu Times
2400:
2383:"White Island"
2374:
2347:
2338:
2313:
2288:
2264:Rorke, Jinty.
2256:
2243:"Land Notices"
2234:
2208:
2180:
2142:
2117:
2091:
2073:
2055:
2033:
2011:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1931:
1911:
1881:
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1837:
1811:
1781:
1756:
1754:302, pp.11ā23.
1740:
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1581:
1564:
1545:
1523:
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1351:
1338:"White Island"
1329:
1322:
1291:
1279:Tourism.net.nz
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1145:yellowfin tuna
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835:Main article:
832:
829:
786:GeoNet Project
782:Volcanologists
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2393:17 December
2367:17 November
2227:16 December
2173:10 December
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1800:13 December
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3388:Categories
3272:Government
3212:Te Urewera
3075:Te Urewera
3022:Coastlands
2818:References
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2673:7 February
2331:26 October
2306:26 October
2281:1 December
2201:9 December
2026:9 December
2004:9 December
1904:24 January
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2996:Te Mahoe
2991:Poroporo
2966:Manawahe
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2440:BBC News
2068:BBC News
1794:ABC News
1340:. GeoNet
1207:See also
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958:Industry
673:breccias
645:phreatic
625:andesite
274:Tauranga
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