Taupō Volcanic Zone

42: 1055: 67: 1047: 656: 103: 396: 1063: 600:. At Taupō the rift volcanic zone is widening east–west at the rate of about 8 mm (0.31 in)/year, while at Mount Ruapehu it is only 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in)/year and this increases at the north eastern end at the Bay of Plenty coast to 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in)/year. The rift has had three active stages of faulting in the last 2 million years with the modern Taupō rift evolving in the last 25,000 years after the massive 110: 74: 3802: 440: 862: 311: 3933: 701:

The central part of the zone is composed of eight caldera centres the oldest of which is the Mangakino caldera which was active more than a million years ago (1.62–0.91 Ma). This produced ignimbrite that 170 km (110 mi) away in Auckland is up to 9 m (30 ft) thick. Other than the

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50 kilometres (30 mi) wide and 160 kilometres (100 mi) long lies 10 kilometres under the surface. The geological record indicates that some of the volcanoes in the area erupt infrequently but have large, violent and destructive eruptions when they do. Technically the zone is

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might play a predominant role in producing this rhyolite, as later assimilation and fractional crystallization of primary basalt magma, is difficult to model to explain the composition and volumes erupted. This central zone has had the largest number of very large silicic caldera-forming eruptions

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Map of selected surface volcanic deposits centered on the Taupō Volcanic Zone, allowing wider volcanic context. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present. The key to the shading of the volcanics that are shown is

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resulted in the mapping of the Edgecumbe fault for the first time) or frequency of events and their likely magnitude are not understood. It can not be assumed that just because the rate of expansion of the rift is greatest near the coast that this is where most significant tectonic earthquakes in

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in the zone is only available from the Ōkataina Rotoiti eruption but including this event, the zone has been more productive than any other rhyolite predominant volcanic area over the last 50,000 odd years at 12.8 km (3.1 cu mi) per thousand years. Comparison of large events in the

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Map of selected volcanic features as rectangular symbols for the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Volcanoes classified as active are shown as red, other notable volcanoes (there are many more) are shown as orange, geothermal areas as light blue and if active hydrothermal eruptions as blue. It is possible by

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had a major, edifice failure collapse of its volcano dated to 946 BCE ± 52 years. It has been suggested that this was the cause of the tsunami tens of metres tall that went up to 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) inland in the Bay of Plenty at about this time. Although significant tsunami's can be

380:(DRE) is believed to have been ejected, and over 30 km (7.2 cu mi) of material is estimated to have been ejected in just a few minutes. The date of this activity was previously thought to be 186 AD as the ash expulsion was thought to be sufficiently large to turn the sky red over 832:

if gas-rich of this part of the zone. Mount Ruapehu, the tallest mountain in the North Island, is a 150 km (36 cu mi) andesite cone surrounded by a 150 km (36 cu mi) ring-plain. This ring plain is formed from numerous volcanic deposits created by slope failure,

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which was active between 2.95 to 1.9 million years ago, and was previously classified as part of the Central Volcanic Region, appears now to be in a tectonic continuum with the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Recent ocean floor tephra studies off the east coast of the North Island have shown an abrupt

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and now being within two essentially inactive rift systems. These are the surrounding limits of the young Taupō Rift between 25,000 and 350,000 years and old Taupō Rift system whose northern boundary is now located well to the north of the other two being created before 350,000 years ago.

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of 232 CE ± 10 years had 120 km (29 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent. Since the Whakamaru eruption the central part of the zone has dominated, so that when the whole zone is considered there has been about 3,000 km (720 cu mi) of rhyolite, 300 km

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to the intra-arc Taupō Rift. As there is presently no absolute consensus with regard to the cause of the Taupō Rift's extension or its exceptional current volcanic productivity, some of the discussion on this page has been simplified, rather than all possible models being presented.

897:. As mentioned earlier the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field risk in New Zealand to man and the recent frequency of rhyolitic events there is not reassuring, along with the timescale of likely warning of such an event. These eruptions are associated with 5302:

Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, JDougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2021-05-02).

5354: 885:. The relative low grade volcanic activity of the andesite volcanoes at each end of the zone has resulted in recorded history in both direct loss of life and disrupted transport and tourism. The only high grade eruption in recorded history was atypically basaltic from 492:

Associated with the Taupō volcanic zone, intra-arc extension is expressed as normal faulting within a zone known as the Taupō Rift. Volcanic activity continues to the north-northeast, along the line of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, through several undersea volcanoes in the

41: 570:

In the North Island rifting associated with plate tectonics has defined a Central Volcanic Region, that has been active for four million years and this extends westward from the Taupō volcanic zone through the western Bay of Plenty to the eastern side of the

336:. The Taupō Volcanic Zone has produced in the last 350,000 years over 3,900 cubic kilometres (940 cu mi) material, more than anywhere else on Earth, from over 300 silicic eruptions, with 12 of these eruptions being caldera-forming. Detailed 746:, although its current central landscape is mainly a product of later smaller events over the last 200,000 years than the Whakamaru eruption. The other volcanic plateau defining eruptions were to the west, the 150 km (36 cu mi) 2398:, have the same name too. The paired single event eruption of the Ohakuri Caldera at its north western limits with the Rotorua Caldera added later complexity after this classification was developed. Accordingly, later naming, terms this the 5716: 5123:

Santa Cruz, CRC; Zellmer, GF; Stirling, CH; Straub, SM; Brenna, M; Reid, MR; Németh, K; Barr, D (1 July 2023). "Transcrustal and source processes affecting the chemical characteristics of magmas in a hyperactive volcanic zone".

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volcanic zone is widening unevenly east–west, with the greatest rate of widening at the Bay of Plenty coast, the least at Mount Ruapehu and a rate of about 8 mm (0.31 in) per year at Taupō. The zone is named after

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south of Lake Taupō and associated with the Tongariro graben has a particular risk of inducing massive landslips which has caused significant loss of life and appears to be more active than many other faults in the zone.

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The Taupō volcanic zone is approximately 350 kilometres (217 mi) long by 50 kilometres (31 mi) wide. Mount Ruapehu marks its southwestern end, while Whakaari / White Island is considered its northeastern limit.

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Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún; Ellis, Susan; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (2021-06-01).

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Volcanic Hazards Working Group of the Civil Defence Scientific Advisory Committee, which includes scientists from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences and the Universities, Number seven "Taupo Volcanic

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Subduction cycling and its controls on hyperactive volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth

4058:"Shallow subaqueous to emergent intra-caldera silicic volcanism of the Motuoapa Peninsula, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand – New constraints from geologic mapping, sedimentology and zircon geochronology" 5805:"Petrography and geochemistry of lithic fragments in ignimbrites from the Mangakino Volcanic Centre: implications for the composition of the subvolcanic crust in western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 5838: 633:

are some of the most active in the country and some have the potential to create over magnitude 7 events. The fault structures are perhaps most well characterised related to the Ruapehu and Tongariro

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Houghton, B. F.; Nairn, I. A. (1 December 1991). "The 1976–1982 Strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruptions of White Island, New Zealand: eruptive and depositional mechanisms at a 'wet' volcano".

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Spinks, Karl D; Acocella, Valerio; Cole, Jim W; Bassett, Kari N (2005-06-15). "Structural control of volcanism and caldera development in the transtensional Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

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activity from that of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Further the distinctive Waiteariki ignimbrite that erupted 2.1 million years ago in a supereruption, presumably from the gravity anomaly defined

3226: 2735: 1607: 5735: 4267:

Dunbar, Nelia W.; Iverson, Nels A.; Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Sigl, Michael; Alloway, Brent V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Mastin, Larry G.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2017-09-25).

3677:: The Mangakino Volcanic Centre is the westernmost extinct rhyolitic caldera volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone and activity commenced at least 1.62 million years ago. The course of the 4859:"Linking proximal ignimbrites and coeval distal tephra deposits to establish a record of voluminous Early Quaternary (2.4–1.9 Ma) volcanism of the Tauranga Volcanic Centre, New Zealand" 2235: 702:

now buried Kapenga caldera there are five caldera centres, Rotorua, Ohakuri, Reporoa, Ōkataina and Taupō. These have resulted from massive infrequent eruptions of gaseous very viscous

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production that results in deep ash fall over wide areas (e.g. the Whakatane eruption of ~ 5500 years ago had 5 mm (0.20 in) ashfall 900 km (560 mi) away on the

3547: 2847: 3688: 2191: 2147: 698:. The active emergent summit tops the larger, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) × 18 kilometres (11 mi), submarine volcano with a total volume of 78 km (19 cu mi). 3406: 3364: 4106:(2009). "Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls". In Thordarson, T.; Larsen, G.; Self, S.; Rowland, S.; Hoskuldsson, Á. (eds.). 1034:

basalts - dark brown, undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon - light brown, arc basalts - deep orange brown, arc ring basalts -orange brown,

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of about 280,000 years ago, the mainly tephra 50 km (12 cu mi) Chimp (Chimpanzee) eruption between 320 and 275 ka, the central 50 km (12 cu mi)

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Cole, J.W.; Darby, D.J.; Stern, T.A. (1995). "Taupo Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Region: Backarc Structures of North Island, New Zealand". In Taylor, Brian (ed.).

4495: 1520: 1240: 1152: 5091: 637:. The recent deposits from major eruptions and lake features mean many potentially significant faults are uncharacterised, either completely (for example the 6.5 MW 3732: 2526: 1684: 1394: 3271: 2985: 2284: 3454: 2903: 2446: 1750: 1291: 957: 550: 5154:

Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Gravley, Darren M.; Connor, Michelle; Hollmann, Brooke; Pamukcu, Ayla S.; Bégué, Florence; Ghiorso, Mark S.; Deering, Chad D. (2018).

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associated with volcanic eruptions, it is unknown if the cause was a relatively small eruption of Whakaari or another cause such as a large local earthquake

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Bertrand, E.A.; Kannberg, P.; Caldwell, T.G.; Heise, W.; Constable, S.; Scott, B.; Bannister, S.; Kilgour, G.; Bennie, S.L.; Hart, R.; Palmer, N. (2022).

2779: 841:, the oldest recorded volcano in the south of the plateau, with to the north the two prominent volcanic mountains in the Tongariro volcanic centre being 762:

eruptions of about 240,000 years ago that together produced more than 245 km (59 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent of material. The southern

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erupting most frequently. Whakaari has been in continuous activity since 1826 if you count such as steaming fumaroles, but the same applies to say the

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is the northern-most shield volcano adjacent to the New Zealand coast, and is believed to have been active in the last 1000 years. It is formed from

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Parson, L. M.; Wright, I. C. (1996). "The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multi-stage evolution from rifting to spreading".

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Recent major volcanic features Lake Taupō showing relationship to recent volcanic vents in red and present active geothermal systems in light blue.

4820:"A two million-year history of rifting and caldera volcanism imprinted in new gravity anomaly compilation of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 5404:

Gómez-Vasconcelos, Martha; Villamor, Pilar; Procter, Jon; Palmer, Alan; Cronin, Shane; Wallace, Clel; Townsend, Dougal; Leonard, Graham (2018).

4373:"Seafloor geology and petrology in the oceanic to continental transition zone of the Kermadec-Havre-Taupo Volcanic Zone arc system, New Zealand" 1804: 5667:

Scott, B.J. (1986). Gregory, J.G.; Watters, W.A. (eds.). "Volcanic hazards assessment in New Zealand: Monitoring at Okataina Volcanic Centre".

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Pittari, Adrian; Prentice, Marlena L.; McLeod, Oliver E.; Zadeh, Elham Yousef; Kamp, Peter J. J.; Danišík, Martin; Vincent, Kirsty A. (2021).

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Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth's crust below the Taupō Volcanic Zone may be as little as 16 kilometres thick. A film of

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and although very destructive is not likely to be a perfect model for the more typical and often larger rhyolitic events associated with the

5254:"Inferring the magmatic roots of volcano-geothermal systems in the Rotorua Caldera and Okataina Volcanic Centre from magnetotelluric models" 4248: 1572: 138: 5873: 5449: 4179: 913:

sheets, earthquakes, lake tsunamis, prolonged lava dome growth and associated block and ash flows with post-eruption lahars and flooding.

1038:- red, basaltic andesite`- light red, and plutonic - gray. White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now). 953: 5875:

Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006

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Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006

5754:"Understanding the evolution of a small-volume silicic fissure eruption: Puketerata Volcanic Complex, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 967: 4056:

Kósik, Szabolcs; Nemeth, Karoly; Danisik, Martin; Procter, Jonathan; Schmitt, Axel; Friedrichs, Bjarne; Stewart, Robert (2021-01-19).

950: 3638: 2488: 1438: 944: 943: 938: 774:(72 cu mi) of andesite, 20 km (4.8 cu mi) of dacite and 5 km (1.2 cu mi) of basalt erupted. 5576:"Inception of the modern North Island (New Zealand) volcanic setting: spatio-temporal patterns of volcanism between 3.0 and 0.9 Ma" 4015:"Hf isotope evidence for variable slab input and crustal addition in basalts and andesites of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 3144: 5355:"Villamor, P.; Ries, W.; Zajac, A. Rotorua District Council Hazard Studies: Active fault hazards. GNS Science Consultancy Report" 954: 66: 5629: 5470:"Distal occurrence of mid-Holocene Whakatane Tephra on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, and potential for cryptotephra studies" 1043:

The following Volcanic Centres belong to the modern Taupō Volcanic Zone in what proved to be an evolving classification scheme:

2698: 5949: 3106: 2410: 977: 4663: 4123: 3805: 2692: 955: 353:

have had multiple eruptions in the last 25,000 years. The zone's largest eruption since the arrival of Europeans was that of

5717:"The Sedimentation and Drainage History of Haroharo Caldera and The Tarawera River System, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 2571: 1839: 1675:

which in turn is inside the Okataina Ring Structure, according to Newhall (1988), but this was reclassified by Cole (2009).

922: 742:, over 4,000 km (960 cu mi) total was erupted. These eruptions essentially defined the limits of the present 6041: 4372: 4141:"Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multiphase rhyolitic eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand" 952: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 937: 936: 935: 934: 933: 932: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926: 925: 924: 923: 921: 3812:

There is more recent, somewhat different classification, by some of the same authors, that uses the term caldera complex:

575:. The dominant rifting axis associated with the Central Volcanic Region has moved with time, from the back-arc associated 5887: 5843: 4959: 1018:

clicking on the map to get a full screen view that enables mouseover to show a label (often wiki-linked) for each symbol.

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Holden, Lucas; Wallace, L.; Beavan, J.; Fournier, Nico; Cas, Raymond; Ailleres, Laurent; Silcock, David. (2015-07-28).

3923: 3888: 3832:; may be transitional between Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) (1.62 – 0.91 mio. years old) 3178: 2399: 2374: 1726:, northern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre with infilling of several sub-caldera's from caldera forming eruptions: 920: 5406:"Characterisation of faults as earthquake sources from geomorphic data in the Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New Zealand" 4587:"Contemporary ground deformation in the Taupo Rift and Okataina Volcanic Centre from 1998 to 2011, measured using GPS" 6046: 6021: 1658: 333: 918: 769:

about 25,600 years ago produced 530 km (130 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent of material and its recent

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in the continental intraarc Taupō Rift, which is a continuation of oceanic plate structures associated with oblique

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cone and the most recent of four Taranaki volcanoes about 140 km (87 mi) west of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.

3972: 1382: 469:. Mayor Island and Mount Taranaki are recently active back arc volcanoes on the New Zealand extension of this arc. 3852:, lies inside the northern end of the Kapenga caldera, but is now usually regarded as part of the recently active 1073:

Rotorua, Ōkataina, Maroa, Taupō, Tongariro and Mangakino. The old zone almost certainly contains volcanoes in the

345:'s 2.1 million year productivity at 3.0 km (0.72 cu mi) per thousand years favours Taupo. Both the 341:

Taupō volcanic zone over the last 1.6 million years at 3.8 km (0.91 cu mi) per thousand years with

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Volcanic generation of tsunamis: Two New Zealand palaeo-events in Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences

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on the South. The Waikato River course follows roughly the northern Maroa Caldera rim on one side. The town of

1004: 797:. This later as part of the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field in New Zealand to man. 494: 466: 5858: 4857:

Prentice, Marlena; Pittari, Adrian; Lowe, David J.; Kilgour, Geoff; Kamp, Peter J.J.; Namaliu, Miriam (2022).

540:, at the south-western corner of the South Island, although here the subduction is in the opposite direction. 6011: 6006: 3977: 2279: 999: 743: 719: 299: 4139:

Bonadonna, C.; Connor, C. B.; Houghton, B. F.; Connor, L.; Byrne, M.; Laing, A.; Hincks, T.K. (2005-03-15).

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is an extinct volcano associated with this subduction zone, and the only one that protrudes above the sea.

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High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure

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High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure

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Cole, J.W. (1990). "Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand".

4514: 2142: 994: 368:, occurred in 232 CE. It is believed to have first emptied the lake, then followed that feat with a 46:

Volcano and historic lake/caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The distance between the town of

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Waight, Tod E.; Troll, Valentin R.; Gamble, John A.; Price, Richard C.; Chadwick, Jane P. (2017-07-01).

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compositional change in these, from about 4.5 million years ago, that has been suggested to distinguish

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Queensland, Australia: James Cook University SEG Student Chapter, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

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25,580 years ago. This was Earth's most recent eruption reaching VEI-8, the highest level on the

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Volcanic Hazards at Mayor Island. : Ministry of Civil Defence. Volcanic Hazards Information Series 6.

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Eruption Processes of the Okareka and Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes; Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand

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The southern part of the zone contain classic volcanic cone structure formed from andesite magma in

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In 1886, Mount Tarawera produced New Zealand's largest historic eruption since European colonisation

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has been dormant longer, with its main eruption occurring about 225,000 years ago, although

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would also have been affected by the much larger Kaharoa eruption from Tarawera around 1315 CE.

5955: 5937: 4738:"Rapid Evolution of Subduction-Related Continental Intraarc Rifts: The Taupo Rift, New Zealand" 3956: 3186: 3183:: Lake Taupō, Kakaramea, Pihanga, Tongariro and Ruapehu are roughly aligned on the main fault. 5373:"Ground damage and seismic response resulting from the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand" 4553: 869:

The most likely risk is earthquake associated with multiple active faults, such as within the

4912: 3770: 1433: 1333: 735: 525: 377: 5074:

The petrology and petrochemistry of andesite volcanoes in Eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

4736:; Schreurs, G.; Wallace, L. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Langridge, R. M.; Ries, W. F. (2017-10-04). 4554:"Petrogenesis of High-K Arc Magmas: Evidence from Egmont Volcano, North Island, New Zealand" 1103: 5908: 5526: 4987: 4924: 4749: 4704:"Imaging magmatic Processes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand) with Magnetotellurics" 4526: 4465: 4422: 4280: 4269:"New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica" 4219: 4152: 4022: 2842: 1663:: The Haroharo and Tarawera complexes impounded the lakes against the outer margins of the 1054: 683: 572: 270: 4787:"Advances in New Zealand's tephrochronostratigraphy using marine drill sites: The Neogene" 1799: 8: 5022:

Magma origin and evolution of White Island (Whakaari) volcano, Bay of plenty, New Zealand

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Caratori Tontini, F.; Bassett, D.; de Ronde, C. E. J.; Timm, C.; Wysoczanski, R. (2019).

3939: 2979: 342: 251:. It has been active for at least the past two million years and is still highly active. 180: 5912: 5530: 5210:"Blue-sky eruptions, do they exist? Implications for monitoring New Zealand's volcanoes" 4991: 4928: 4753: 4530: 4469: 4426: 4284: 4223: 4156: 4026: 3871: 3853: 1678: 1664: 1050:

Satellite view of the Lake Rotorua Caldera. Mount Tarawera is in the lower right corner.

989: 894: 870: 747: 350: 5800: 5781: 5598: 5542: 5425: 5336: 5281: 5182: 5156:"Climbing the crustal ladder: Magma storage-depth evolution during a volcanic flare-up" 5155: 5003: 4967:. p. 36 – via Part of a BSc Project by Hiess, J. (University of Canterbury). 4940: 4886: 4839: 4767: 4438: 4327:

The structure and eruptive history of Rotorua Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

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forming an initial back-arc basin, volcanic activity has not yet begun in this region.

509:. Although the back-arc basin continues to propagate to the south-west, with the South 4477: 2378:: The Maroa Caldera formed in the north-east corner of the Whakamaru Caldera, and the 1964: 477:

magma. It has a quite complex eruptive history but only with one definite significant

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Taupō erupted an estimated 1,170 km (280 cu mi) of DRE material in its

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Geological Society of New Zealand & New Zealand Geophysical Society - Fieldtrip 2

5920: 5785: 5773: 5769: 5727: 5602: 5546: 5499: 5429: 5405: 5340: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5187: 5007: 4944: 4890: 4878: 4874: 4843: 4659: 4538: 4442: 4306: 4119: 4081: 4073: 4057: 4038: 3849: 2565: 2379: 2054: 1668: 1279: 821: 731: 691: 4771: 1834: 5975:

The Taupō Volcanic Zone with Māori Freehold Land (1995) - showing geothermal fields

5916: 5816: 5765: 5590: 5534: 5489: 5481: 5417: 5389: 5384: 5372: 5326: 5316: 5265: 5177: 5167: 5133: 4995: 4932: 4870: 4831: 4798: 4757: 4631: 4598: 4565: 4534: 4473: 4430: 4384: 4296: 4288: 4227: 4160: 4111: 4069: 4030: 3876: 3586: 3101: 3066: 1734: 1723: 1672: 1191: 882: 786: 782: 766: 664: 643: 601: 589: 502: 478: 443: 413: 369: 5974: 5885: 5821: 5804: 5637: 5594: 5421: 5321: 5304: 5039:

Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling.

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Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, J. N. C; Weaver, S.D.; Lanphere, M.A.; Barclay, J (1995).

4388: 3988: 3905: 2890: 2383: 1876: 1646: 890: 763: 346: 295: 5485: 5240: 4818:

Stagpoole, V; Miller, C; Caratori, Tontini F; Brakenrig, T; Macdonald, N (2021).

4325: 4034: 3983: 3900: 3860: 3843: 3835: 3310: 3265: 2520: 2405: 2323: 2098: 1729: 1388: 1046: 902: 846: 842: 770: 759: 755: 751: 630: 618: 424: 365: 325: 314: 4392: 358: 357:(within the Ōkataina Caldera) in 1886, which killed over 100 people. Early 5933: 5701:. Geological Map 25. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. p. 156. 5209: 5055:

Magmatic-hydrothermal system at White Island volcano, North Island, New Zealand

4341: 4292: 4208:"Volcanic Unrest at Taupō Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications" 3881: 3786: 1744: 905:) ` pyroclastic flows and surges, which rarely have covered large areas of the 886: 794: 510: 482: 462: 354: 5848: 5137: 5106: 4913:"Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 4570: 4434: 2186: 5985: 5777: 5731: 5503: 5277: 5059:

JCU SEG Student Chapter New Zealand, North Island Field Trip 2015 Guide Book.

4882: 4103: 4042: 3893: 3846:, it is completely buried under more recent tephra (circa 700,000 years old) 3839: 3777: 3748: 3734: 3704: 3690: 3678: 3653: 3640: 3607: 3593: 3563: 3549: 3542: 3514: 3500: 3470: 3456: 3449: 3422: 3408: 3380: 3366: 3332: 3318: 3287: 3273: 3242: 3228: 3206: 3193: 3159: 3146: 3121: 3108: 3086: 3073: 3043: 3029: 3001: 2987: 2962: 2949: 2942: 2919: 2905: 2863: 2849: 2827: 2814: 2794: 2781: 2751: 2737: 2730: 2713: 2700: 2669: 2655: 2625: 2611: 2586: 2573: 2542: 2528: 2503: 2490: 2462: 2448: 2440: 2425: 2412: 2395: 2344: 2330: 2300: 2286: 2251: 2237: 2207: 2193: 2163: 2149: 2119: 2105: 2075: 2061: 2031: 2017: 2009: 1986: 1972: 1941: 1927: 1920: 1897: 1883: 1854: 1841: 1819: 1806: 1766: 1752: 1700: 1686: 1623: 1609: 1602: 1587: 1574: 1536: 1522: 1515: 1492: 1478: 1453: 1440: 1410: 1396: 1354: 1340: 1307: 1293: 1256: 1242: 1212: 1198: 1168: 1154: 1124: 1110: 1067: 850: 798: 593: 529: 321: 273:

and has been active for four million years. The zone is contained within the

266: 254: 221: 153: 140: 5959: 5652: 5468:

Holt, Katherine A.; Lowe, David J.; Hogg, Alan G.; Wallace, R. Clel (2011).

3915:

Reporoa single event caldera; Kaingaroa Ignimbrite (circa 240,000 years old)

2897: 790: 739: 734:

about 335,000 years ago of greater than 2,000 km (480 cu mi)

565: 287: 278: 208: 5191: 5172: 4785:

Pank, K; Kutterolf, S; Hopkins, JL; Wang, KL; Lee, HY; Schmitt, AK (2023).

4310: 3682: 3493: 2230: 1471: 1026:

rhyolite - violet, ignimbrite - lighter shades of violet, dacite - purple,

906: 838: 655: 576: 533: 498: 373: 337: 244: 173: 5305:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding" 4515:"Evolution of a quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand" 320:

There are numerous volcanic vents and geothermal fields in the zone, with

4803: 4786: 4762: 4737: 4680: 4603: 4232: 4207: 4164: 4115: 2774: 1739: 389: 257:

marks its south-western end and the zone runs north-eastward through the

248: 87: 4513:

Houghton, Bruce F.; Weaver, S.D.; Wilson, J. N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992).

517: 5538: 5331: 4999: 4552:

Price, R. C.; Stewart, R. B.; Woodhead, J. D.; Smith, I. E. M. (1999).

4180:"Polynesian settlement and impacts of volcanism on early Maori society" 3980: – Pyroclastic volcanic plateau on the North Island of New Zealand 3355: 910: 781:

magma dome building effusive eruptions have built features such as the

730:

During a period of less than 100,000 years commencing with the massive

395: 376:. A total of 120 km (29 cu mi) of material expressed as 372:

that covered about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) of land with

5494: 5403: 4620:"Evolution of the southern termination of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand" 1089:

Activity commenced here over two million years ago and is now extinct.

1062: 877:. Earthquakes can be associated with landslides and inland or coastal 3726: 2387: 711: 668: 537: 459: 428: 274: 269:. It is part of a larger Central Volcanic Region that extends to the 4936: 3801: 980: 881:

that can result in great loss of life and both have happened on the

865:

Southwest side of Mount Tarawera, Mount Edgecumbe on the background.

4405: 4204: 2648: 2604: 1566: 1286: 1035: 873:, but many faults will be uncharacterised as was the case with the 810: 806: 778: 703: 675: 674:

and represented by the continuously active Whakaari / White Island

486: 474: 447: 439: 189: 258: 51: 3221: 878: 861: 802: 707: 310: 291: 262: 240: 185: 47: 32: 4817: 5122: 4408:"Early evolution of a young back-arc basin in the Havre Trough" 4189:. Lincoln: New Zealand Society of Soil Science. pp. 50–55. 3790: 1027: 898: 829: 814: 715: 679: 667:– Bay of Plenty) part of the zone is predominantly formed from 634: 5080:(Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. 362. 917: 548: 5297: 5295: 5251: 4731: 4138: 834: 671: 584: 506: 385: 5301: 4512: 4493: 5881:. Lincoln: New Zealand Society of Soil Science. p. 63. 5153: 5112:(Thesis). Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 4584: 4101: 968:

List of volcanoes in New Zealand § Taupō Volcanic Zone

825: 381: 282: 5573: 5292: 4856: 4266: 621:, is within the postulated borders of the old Taupō Rift. 5898: 4551: 4055: 1671:

and the Tarawera Volcanic Complex were placed inside the

961: 5798: 4784: 5752:

Kósik, S.; Németh, K.; Lexa, J.; Procter, J.N. (2019).

5751: 4012: 5859:

New Zealand's volcanoes: The Okataina Volcanic Centre

431:

extrusion has occurred within the last 25,000 years.

5467: 4371:Gamble, J. A.; Wright, I. C.; Baker, J. A. (1993). 4200: 4198: 4196: 4108:

Studies in volcanology: the legacy of George Walker

3969: – Overview of geothermal power in New Zealand 5960:"Historical unrest at large calderas of the world" 5854:New Zealand's volcanoes: The Taupō Volcanic Centre 5653:"Historical unrest at large calderas of the world" 5651:Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988). 5371:Franks, C.A.M.; Beetham, R.D.; Salt, G.A. (1989). 5094:. New Zealand Society of Soil Science. 2006-11-28. 4701: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5370: 5020:Cole, J.W., Thordarson, T. and Burt, R.M., 2000. 4370: 805:dome and so intermediate in composition between 5983: 5950:New Zealand, Taupō and Coromandel volcanic zones 5397: 4617: 4193: 3785:Other important features of the TVZ include the 434: 5954: 5650: 5037:Moon, V., Bradshaw, J. and de Lange, W., 2009. 5031: 5014: 4957: 4702:Heise, W.; Bibby, H.M.; Caldwell, T.G. (2007). 4489: 4487: 5901:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5758:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5609: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5258:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5203: 5201: 4863:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4653: 4519:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4102:Wilson, C.J.N.; Gravley, D.M.; Leonard, G.S.; 4062:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 738:of material, just to the north of the present 5809:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 5583:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 5410:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 5377:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 5309:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 5149: 5147: 5116: 4977: 4824:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 4811: 4624:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 4377:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 4132: 3863:; Mamaku Ignimbrite (circa 225,000 years old) 364:The last major eruption from Lake Taupō, the 5715:Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (August 2004). 5714: 5245: 4850: 4681:"Central North Island sitting on magma film" 4484: 4455: 4246: 4240: 4145:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 536:. A subduction zone reappears south-west of 5799:Krippner, Stephen J. P.; Briggs, Roger M.; 5567: 5436: 5347: 5198: 5105:Santa Cruz, Carlos Rodolfo Corella (2023). 5064: 5047: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4649: 4647: 109: 73: 5867:Environment Waikato, Regional Council, map 5364: 5144: 5104: 4910: 4727: 4725: 4578: 4260: 3681:crosses this area, between the artificial 727:recently on earth as mentioned earlier. 458:It forms a southern portion of the active 5820: 5745: 5710: 5708: 5493: 5388: 5330: 5320: 5181: 5171: 5092:"GUIDEBOOK FOR LAND AND LAKES FIELD TRIP" 5084: 4802: 4761: 4635: 4602: 4569: 4317: 4300: 4231: 4088: 718:and created the ignimbrite sheets of the 5932: 5461: 4897: 4778: 4644: 4049: 3800: 1061: 1053: 1045: 860: 654: 438: 394: 309: 294:of the largest volcano in the zone, the 5886:Hiess, J; Cole, JW; Spinks, KD (2007). 5699:Geology of the Okatania Volcanic Centre 5447: 5207: 4958:Hiess, J; Cole, JW; Spinks, KD (2007). 4923:(1). London: Geological Society: 9–29. 4722: 4656:Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism 4110:. IAVCEI Spec Pub 2. pp. 225–247. 497:, then shifts eastward to the parallel 5984: 5839:Further information on Taupō volcanics 5705: 5070: 4678: 4618:Villamor, P.; Berryman, K. R. (2006). 4323: 4247:de Lange, Willem; Moon, Vicki (2016). 962:Volcanoes, lakes and geothermal fields 392:), but this has since been disproven. 54:is 80 km. (White Island is not shown.) 5696: 5686:Okataina Volcanic Center, New Zealand 5666: 4177: 849:which are part of a single composite 801:adjacent to Lake Taupō is actually a 5516: 4791:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4212:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 722:. The detailed composition suggests 4911:Cole, J. W.; Spinks, K. D. (2009). 4334: 817:which is rarely found in the zone. 554: 86:Location of Taupō Volcanic Zone in 16:Active volcanic zone in New Zealand 13: 4679:Easton, Paul (15 September 2007). 2982:rhyolite dome (contains obsidian) 122:Taupō Volcanic Zone (North Island) 14: 6058: 5939:Field Guide - Taupo Volcanic Zone 5832: 4591:Geophysical Journal International 642:terms of human risk will be. The 5921:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.014 5871: 5770:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.008 5726:. Environment Bay of Plenty: 7. 5270:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107645 5057:. in M. Calder, ed., pp. 35–46, 4875:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107595 4074:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107180 3973:List of volcanoes in New Zealand 3931: 2900:, size: roughly 35 km wide 1681:, size: roughly 27 x 20 km 754:of about 275 ka, and the paired 520:the plate boundary changes to a 108: 101: 72: 65: 40: 5792: 5690: 5679: 5644: 5553: 5510: 5226: 5208:Doherty, Angela Louise (2009). 5126:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5098: 4971: 4951: 4732:Villimor, P.; Berryman, K. R.; 4695: 4672: 4658:. New York: Plenum. p. 3. 4611: 4545: 4506: 4449: 4399: 4364: 3967:Geothermal power in New Zealand 3962:Geothermal areas in New Zealand 3268:and Tongariro volcanic complex 5724:Operations Publication 2004/03 5448:Darragh, Miles Benson (2004). 5390:10.1080/00288306.1989.10421397 4711:Geophysical Research Abstracts 4171: 4006: 1747:and Tarawera volcanic complex 758:to the north and east central 495:South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts 467:Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone 1: 5822:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514803 5595:10.1080/00288306.2021.1915343 5422:10.1080/00288306.2018.1548495 5322:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080 4836:10.1080/00288306.2020.1848882 4637:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515145 4478:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00029-7 4389:10.1080/00288306.1993.9514588 4000: 3978:North Island Volcanic Plateau 3912:East of the main fault zone: 3826:West of the main fault zone: 2280:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley 1066:Composite satellite image of 720:North Island Volcanic Plateau 435:Extent and geological context 298:and contains a large central 5486:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.026 4539:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V 4035:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.04.009 3901:Ohakuri single event caldera 3861:Rotorua single event caldera 2485:Puketarata volcanic complex 2382:partially overlaps with the 824:that cool to form dark grey 813:but still more viscous than 650: 559: 302:as well as other landforms. 265:areas and offshore into the 218:2,797 m (9,177 ft) 7: 6042:Lists of volcanic eruptions 5958:; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988). 5669:New Zealand Geol. Surv. Rec 3949: 1005:GPX (secondary coordinates) 305: 10: 6063: 5844:Tectonic plate information 5630:"Large Holocene Eruptions" 5215:. University of Canterbury 4293:10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0 3994:Volcanology of New Zealand 3943:Panorama across Lake Taupō 965: 837:. Northwest of Ruapehu is 686:activity has occurred the 563: 418:Volcanic Explosivity Index 5803:; Cole, James W. (1998). 5138:10.1016/j.gca.2023.05.003 4435:10.1038/s41561-019-0439-y 3924:Tongariro Volcanic Centre 3889:Whakamaru caldera complex 3882:Tarawera volcanic complex 3830:Mangakino caldera complex 3674:Mangakino Volcanic Centre 3180:Tongariro Volcanic Centre 2400:Whakamaru caldera complex 1724:Haroharo volcanic complex 1000:GPX (primary coordinates) 975:Map all coordinates using 875:1987 Edgecumbe earthquake 639:1987 Edgecumbe earthquake 624: 598:Hikurangi subduction zone 542:Solander Island / Hautere 214: 203: 195: 179: 169: 134: 59: 39: 30: 23: 6047:Volcanoes of New Zealand 6022:Volcanism of New Zealand 5634:Global Volcanism Program 5474:Quaternary International 4347:Global Volcanism Program 4324:Milner, David M (2001). 3877:Haroharo caldera complex 3872:Ōkataina caldera complex 3854:Okataina caldera complex 3654:39.107477°S 175.647665°E 3333:39.156833°S 175.632167°E 3313:, a main Tongariro vent 3243:39.0413194°S 175.76861°E 3160:38.967863°S 175.763380°E 2828:38.627975°S 176.192191°E 2670:38.626686°S 176.103491°E 2568:, size: 30 x 40 km 2523:, size: 10 x 15 km 2504:38.550573°S 176.054519°E 2443:, size: 16 x 25 km 2345:38.283586°S 176.394866°E 1660:Ōkataina Volcanic Centre 1454:38.118973°S 176.198095°E 1391:, size: 22 km wide 1083:Tauranga Volcanic Centre 1075:Tauranga Volcanic Centre 983:Download coordinates as: 856: 744:central volcanic plateau 682:stratovolcano. Although 629:The multiple intra-rift 615:Coromandel Volcanic Zone 610:Tauranga Volcanic Centre 465:, which lies behind the 334:Okataina volcanic centre 125:Show map of North Island 5956:Newhall, Christopher G. 5519:Bulletin of Volcanology 4980:Bulletin of Volcanology 4571:10.1093/petroj/40.1.167 4352:Smithsonian Institution 4185:. In Lowe, D.J. (ed.). 3796: 3705:38.42273°S 176.125474°E 3358:, main Tongariro vents 1820:38.20215°S 176.348291°E 1383:Rotorua Volcanic Centre 1236:Whakaari / White Island 706:magma which is rich in 406:Whakaari / White Island 400:Whakaari / White Island 330:Whakaari / White Island 92:Show map of New Zealand 6002:Geysers of New Zealand 5173:10.1126/sciadv.aap7567 4496:"Mayor Island Geology" 3957:Geology of New Zealand 3809: 3659:-39.107477; 175.647665 3338:-39.156833; 175.632167 3248:-39.0413194; 175.76861 3207:38.98889°S 175.70833°E 3187:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif 3165:-38.967863; 175.763380 2963:38.69444°S 176.16278°E 2833:-38.627975; 176.192191 2795:38.54722°S 176.19583°E 2752:38.47333°S 176.14833°E 2675:-38.626686; 176.103491 2626:38.35944°S 176.36972°E 2509:-38.550573; 176.054519 2350:-38.283586; 176.394866 2301:38.28250°S 176.39889°E 1624:38.16222°S 176.25639°E 1459:-38.118973; 176.198095 1213:37.85639°S 176.97333°E 1070: 1059: 1051: 866: 660: 451: 402: 317: 277:intra-arc continental 215:Highest elevation 154:38.66667°S 176.01667°E 5071:Duncan, A.R. (1970). 5044:, 104(1–2), pp.16–30. 3906:Taupō caldera complex 3804: 3710:-38.42273; 176.125474 2892:Taupō Volcanic Center 2375:Maroa Volcanic Centre 1825:-38.20215; 176.348291 1366:Kawerau Power Station 1334:Kawerau Power Station 1065: 1057: 1049: 995:GPX (all coordinates) 864: 736:dense-rock equivalent 658: 526:continental collision 442: 398: 378:dense-rock equivalent 313: 6012:Subduction volcanoes 6007:Landforms of Waikato 5697:Nairn, I.A. (2002). 5028:, 41(6), pp.867–895. 5026:Journal of Petrology 4917:Special Publications 4804:10.1029/2023GC010866 4797:(8). e2023GC010866. 4763:10.1002/2017TC004715 4558:Journal of Petrology 4233:10.1029/2021GC009803 4178:David, Lowe (2006). 4165:10.1029/2003JB002896 4116:10.1144/IAVCEl002.12 4021:. 284–285: 222–236. 3608:39.0267°S 175.7382°E 3564:39.0545°S 175.7143°E 3423:39.2025°S 175.6068°E 3381:39.1854°S 175.6223°E 3212:-38.98889; 175.70833 3002:38.5950°S 175.9533°E 2968:-38.69444; 176.16278 2875:Ohaaki Power Station 2843:Ohaaki Power Station 2800:-38.54722; 176.19583 2757:-38.47333; 176.14833 2714:38.6467°S 176.0683°E 2631:-38.35944; 176.36972 2306:-38.28250; 176.39889 2208:38.0476°S 176.5878°E 2164:38.0390°S 176.4277°E 1629:-38.16222; 176.25639 1355:38.0631°S 176.7271°E 1218:-37.85639; 176.97333 1148:Mayor Island / Tūhua 793:or the lava dome of 573:Coromandel Peninsula 471:Mayor Island / Tūhua 271:Coromandel Peninsula 159:-38.66667; 176.01667 5992:Taupō Volcanic Zone 5913:2005JVGR..144....7S 5897:Map modified from: 5801:Wilson, Colin J. N. 5531:1990BVol...52..445C 5053:Jimenez, C., 2015. 5042:Engineering Geology 4992:1991BVol...54...25H 4929:2009GSLSP.327....9C 4754:2017Tecto..36.2250V 4683:. The Dominion Post 4531:1992JVGR...51..217H 4470:1996Tectp.263....1P 4427:2019NatGe..12..856C 4285:2017NatSR...712238D 4224:2021GGG....2209803I 4157:2005JGRB..110.3203B 4027:2017Litho.284..222W 3838:; lies between the 3806:Craters of the Moon 3744: / 3700: / 3650: / 3603: / 3559: / 3510: / 3466: / 3418: / 3376: / 3328: / 3283: / 3238: / 3203: / 3156: / 3118: / 3083: / 3039: / 2997: / 2959: / 2915: / 2859: / 2824: / 2791: / 2747: / 2710: / 2693:Craters of the Moon 2665: / 2621: / 2583: / 2538: / 2500: / 2458: / 2422: / 2390:and the artificial 2340: / 2296: / 2247: / 2203: / 2159: / 2115: / 2071: / 2027: / 1982: / 1937: / 1893: / 1851: / 1816: / 1762: / 1696: / 1619: / 1584: / 1532: / 1488: / 1450: / 1406: / 1350: / 1303: / 1252: / 1208: / 1164: / 1120: / 688:explosive eruptions 596:convergence in the 343:Yellowstone Caldera 233:Taupō Volcanic Zone 150: / 116:Taupō Volcanic Zone 80:Taupō Volcanic Zone 25:Taupō Volcanic Zone 5934:Houghton, Bruce F. 5872:Lowe, D.J. (ed.). 5539:10.1007/BF00268925 5264:(107645): 107645. 5239:2006-10-06 at the 5000:10.1007/BF00278204 4869:(107595): 107595. 4604:10.1093/gji/ggv243 4273:Scientific Reports 3810: 3749:38.383°S 175.783°E 3632:Geothermal fields 3613:-39.0267; 175.7382 3569:-39.0545; 175.7143 3428:-39.2025; 175.6068 3386:-39.1854; 175.6223 3288:39.133°S 175.650°E 3138:Geothermal fields 3122:38.854°S 175.942°E 3007:-38.5950; 175.9533 2864:38.527°S 176.292°E 2719:-38.6467; 176.0683 2601:Geothermal fields 2543:38.417°S 176.333°E 2426:38.378°S 176.019°E 2276:Geothermal fields 2252:38.017°S 176.533°E 2213:-38.0476; 176.5878 2169:-38.0390; 176.4277 2120:38.267°S 176.450°E 2076:38.167°S 176.367°E 2032:38.200°S 176.333°E 1987:38.217°S 176.333°E 1942:38.200°S 176.450°E 1898:38.117°S 176.417°E 1855:38.083°S 176.583°E 1795:Puhipuhi Embayment 1588:38.065°S 176.361°E 1563:Geothermal fields 1537:38.083°S 176.300°E 1360:-38.0631; 176.7271 1169:37.283°S 176.250°E 1104:Whakatāne Seamount 1071: 1060: 1052: 867: 822:effusive eruptions 732:Whakamaru eruption 724:subduction erosion 661: 522:transform boundary 452: 403: 388:(as documented in 318: 6027:Rifts and grabens 4748:(10): 2250–2272. 4665:978-1-4615-1843-3 4415:Nature Geoscience 4125:978-1-86239-280-9 3868:Main fault zone: 3850:Okareka Embayment 3635:Ketetahi Springs 3356:Tama crater lakes 3067:Horomatangi Reefs 2566:Whakamaru Caldera 2380:Whakamaru Caldera 1800:Ōkareka Embayment 1669:Okareka Embayment 1330:Geothermal field 1280:Te Paepae o Aotea 783:Horomatangi Reefs 748:Matahina eruption 229: 228: 6054: 5971: 5946: 5944: 5924: 5896: 5894: 5882: 5880: 5849:Earthquake risks 5827: 5826: 5824: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5734:. Archived from 5721: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5664: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5636:. Archived from 5626: 5607: 5606: 5589:(2–3): 250–272. 5580: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5480:(1–2): 344–351. 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5445: 5434: 5433: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5324: 5315:(2–3): 389–420. 5299: 5290: 5289: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5166:(10): eaap7567. 5160:Science Advances 5151: 5142: 5141: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4830:(2–3): 358–371. 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4597:(3): 2082–2105. 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4391:. Archived from 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4202: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4010: 3935: 3818:Whakatane Graben 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754:-38.383; 175.783 3750: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619:Lake Rotopounamu 3615: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3587:Lake Rotopounamu 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3515:39.23°S 175.44°E 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3471:39.18°S 175.35°E 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293:-39.133; 175.650 3289: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127:-38.854; 175.942 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3102:Motutaiko Island 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044:38.82°S 176.00°E 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2920:38.82°S 176.00°E 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2869:-38.527; 176.292 2865: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587:38.42°S 175.80°E 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2548:-38.417; 176.333 2544: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463:38.42°S 176.08°E 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431:-38.378; 176.019 2427: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257:-38.017; 176.533 2253: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125:-38.267; 176.450 2121: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2081:-38.167; 176.367 2077: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037:-38.200; 176.333 2033: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1992:-38.217; 176.333 1988: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1947:-38.200; 176.450 1943: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1903:-38.117; 176.417 1899: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860:-38.083; 176.583 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1735:Matahina Caldera 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712:Okataina Caldera 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1679:Ōkataina Caldera 1673:Haroharo Caldera 1665:Ōkataina Caldera 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593:-38.065; 176.361 1589: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1542:-38.083; 176.300 1538: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1493:38.08°S 176.27°E 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1434:Mount Ngongotahā 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411:38.08°S 176.27°E 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257:37.52°S 177.18°E 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1192:Moutohora Island 1188: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174:-37.283; 176.250 1170: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1096:Whakatāne Graben 895:Ōkataina Caldera 883:Waihi Fault Zone 871:Taupō Fault Belt 787:Motutaiko Island 767:Oruanui eruption 665:Whakatane Graben 644:Waihi Fault Zone 602:Oruanui eruption 555:Scientific study 503:Kermadec Islands 479:Plinian eruption 444:Lady Knox Geyser 414:Oruanui eruption 370:pyroclastic flow 351:Ōkataina Caldera 300:volcanic plateau 165: 164: 162: 161: 160: 155: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 126: 112: 111: 105: 93: 76: 75: 69: 50:and the town of 44: 21: 20: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6051: 5997:Back-arc basins 5982: 5981: 5942: 5892: 5878: 5835: 5830: 5797: 5793: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5649: 5645: 5628: 5627: 5610: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5515: 5511: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5437: 5402: 5398: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5300: 5293: 5250: 5246: 5241:Wayback Machine 5231: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5152: 5145: 5121: 5117: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5052: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5019: 5015: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4937:10.1144/SP327.2 4909: 4898: 4855: 4851: 4816: 4812: 4783: 4779: 4730: 4723: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4652: 4645: 4616: 4612: 4583: 4579: 4550: 4546: 4511: 4507: 4492: 4485: 4454: 4450: 4421:(10): 856–862. 4410: 4404: 4400: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4322: 4318: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4203: 4194: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4100: 4089: 4054: 4050: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3984:Rotorua Caldera 3952: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3844:Rotorua caldera 3836:Kapenga caldera 3820:– Bay of Plenty 3808:geothermal area 3799: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3725:), the town of 3715: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3344:Mount Ngauruhoe 3343: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3311:Mount Ngauruhoe 3299:Mount Tongariro 3298: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3266:Mount Tongariro 3253: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3091: 3089: 3087:38.8°S 176.00°E 3085: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2554:Reporoa Caldera 2553: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2521:Reporoa Caldera 2508: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2406:Ohakuri Caldera 2356:Frying Pan Lake 2355: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2324:Frying Pan Lake 2311: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2131:Lake Rotomahana 2130: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2099:Lake Rotomahana 2086: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2013: 1998:Lake Rotokakahi 1997: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1965:Lake Rotokākahi 1952: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1767:38.22°S 176.5°E 1765: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1730:Rotoiti Caldera 1711: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1701:38.22°S 176.5°E 1699: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1422:Rotorua Caldera 1421: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1389:Rotorua Caldera 1365: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1319:Mount Edgecumbe 1318: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1098:– Bay of Plenty 1085:– Bay of Plenty 1041: 1040: 1039: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 970: 964: 959: 958: 956: 903:Chatham Islands 859: 828:if gas-poor or 771:Hatepe eruption 696:phreatomagmatic 653: 627: 619:Omanawa Caldera 568: 562: 557: 552: 551: 549: 460:Lau-Havre-Taupō 450:geothermal area 437: 425:Rotorua caldera 366:Hatepe eruption 326:Mount Ngauruhoe 315:Mount Ngauruhoe 308: 225: 199:Volcanic action 158: 156: 152: 149: 144: 141: 139: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 113: 96: 95: 94: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82: 81: 77: 55: 35: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6060: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:Rift volcanism 6034: 6032:Rift volcanoes 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Volcanic belts 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5952: 5947: 5930: 5925: 5883: 5869: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5833:External links 5831: 5829: 5828: 5815:(2): 187–199. 5791: 5744: 5741:on 2010-05-22. 5704: 5689: 5678: 5643: 5640:on 2012-04-15. 5608: 5566: 5552: 5525:(6): 445–459. 5509: 5460: 5435: 5396: 5363: 5346: 5291: 5244: 5225: 5197: 5143: 5115: 5097: 5083: 5063: 5046: 5030: 5013: 4970: 4950: 4896: 4849: 4810: 4777: 4721: 4694: 4671: 4664: 4643: 4610: 4577: 4564:(1): 167–197. 4544: 4525:(3): 217–236. 4505: 4483: 4458:Tectonophysics 4448: 4398: 4395:on 2008-11-22. 4383:(4): 417–435. 4363: 4333: 4316: 4259: 4239: 4192: 4170: 4131: 4124: 4087: 4048: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3833: 3823:Central part: 3821: 3798: 3795: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3584: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3520:-39.23; 175.44 3476:-39.18; 175.35 3447: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3401: 3353: 3263: 3219: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3141:Tauhara-Taupō 3136: 3135: 3134: 3099: 3049:-38.82; 176.00 3022: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2925:-38.82; 176.00 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2840: 2807: 2772: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2646: 2599: 2592:-38.42; 175.80 2563: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2468:-38.42; 176.08 2438: 2392:Lake Whakamaru 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2228: 2184: 2140: 2096: 2052: 2007: 1962: 1918: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1835:Rotomā Caldera 1832: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1778:Mount Tarawera 1745:Mount Tarawera 1742: 1737: 1732: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1600: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1498:-38.08; 176.27 1466: 1431: 1416:-38.08; 176.27 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1328: 1308:38.1°S 176.8°E 1284: 1283: 1282: 1262:-37.52; 177.18 1233: 1189: 1145: 1125:36.8°S 177.5°E 1092: 1091: 1090: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 986: 973: 972: 971: 963: 960: 916: 915: 887:Mount Tarawera 858: 855: 833:eruptions, or 795:Mount Tarawera 752:Pokai eruption 690:are typically 652: 649: 626: 623: 564:Main article: 561: 558: 556: 553: 547: 546: 528:uplifting the 511:Wanganui Basin 483:Mount Taranaki 463:back-arc basin 436: 433: 355:Mount Tarawera 307: 304: 290:, the flooded 227: 226: 219: 216: 212: 211: 205: 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 183: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 132: 131: 121: 115: 114: 107: 106: 100: 99: 98: 97: 85: 79: 78: 71: 70: 64: 63: 62: 61: 60: 57: 56: 45: 37: 36: 31: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6059: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964:USGS Bulletin 5961: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5907:(1–4): 7–22. 5906: 5902: 5895:. p. 36. 5891: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5657:USGS Bulletin 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5561:"New Zealand" 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5386: 5383:(1): 135–44. 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5356: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5101: 5093: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4726: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464:(1–4): 1–22. 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104:Rowland, J.V. 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Taupō Volcano 3987: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3940: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3894:Maroa caldera 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840:Maroa caldera 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3778:Lake Maraetai 3775: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3728: 3722: 3684: 3680: 3679:Waikato River 3676: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3575:Lake Rotoaira 3544: 3543:Lake Rotoaira 3541: 3540: 3538: 3532: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3482:Mount Ruapehu 3451: 3450:Mount Ruapehu 3448: 3440: 3402: 3398: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3323:175°37′55.8″E 3312: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3230:39°02′28.75″S 3223: 3220: 3216: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3092:-38.8; 176.00 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3023: 3019: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2944: 2943:Mount Tauhara 2941: 2940: 2937: 2931:Taupo Caldera 2899: 2898:Taupō Caldera 2896: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2808: 2804: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763:Orakei Korako 2732: 2731:Orakei Korako 2729: 2723: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2474:Maroa Caldera 2442: 2441:Maroa Caldera 2439: 2435: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396:Waikato River 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:Taupō Caldera 2381: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2043:Lake Tikitapu 2011: 2010:Lake Tikitapu 2008: 2004: 1967:(Green Lake) 1966: 1963: 1959: 1953:Lake Tarawera 1922: 1921:Lake Tarawera 1919: 1915: 1909:Lake Okataina 1878: 1877:Lake Ōkataina 1875: 1874: 1872: 1864: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1772:-38.22; 176.5 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1706:-38.22; 176.5 1680: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1647:Pōhutu Geyser 1645: 1644: 1641: 1635:Whakarewarewa 1604: 1603:Whakarewarewa 1601: 1597: 1569:/Hell's Gate 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1554: 1548:Mokoia Island 1517: 1516:Mokoia Island 1514: 1513: 1510: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1068:Mount Ruapehu 1064: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 978:OpenStreetMap 976: 969: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:Taupō Volcano 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 863: 854: 852: 851:stratovolcano 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:Mount Tauhara 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777:Less gaseous 775: 772: 768: 765: 764:Taupō Volcano 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 666: 657: 648: 645: 640: 636: 632: 622: 620: 616: 611: 606: 603: 599: 595: 594:Pacific Plate 591: 586: 581: 578: 574: 567: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Southern Alps 527: 524:with oblique 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 456: 449: 445: 441: 432: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 410: 407: 401: 397: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:Taupō Volcano 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:Mount Ruapehu 316: 312: 303: 301: 297: 296:Taupō Volcano 293: 289: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267:Bay of Plenty 264: 260: 256: 255:Mount Ruapehu 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 223: 222:Mount Ruapehu 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 163: 135:Coordinates: 133: 104: 89: 68: 58: 53: 49: 43: 38: 34: 33:Volcanic area 29: 22: 19: 5967: 5963: 5938: 5904: 5900: 5888: 5874: 5812: 5808: 5794: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5736:the original 5723: 5698: 5692: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5638:the original 5633: 5586: 5582: 5569: 5555: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5450: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5349: 5312: 5308: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5228: 5217:. Retrieved 5163: 5159: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5107: 5100: 5086: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5016: 4986:(1): 25–49. 4983: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4953: 4920: 4916: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4745: 4741: 4734:Ellis, S. M. 4714: 4710: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4674: 4655: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4499: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4393:the original 4380: 4376: 4366: 4355:. Retrieved 4345: 4336: 4326: 4319: 4279:(1): 12238. 4276: 4272: 4262: 4249: 4242: 4215: 4211: 4186: 4173: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4107: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4018: 4008: 3922:South part: 3816:North part: 3811: 3789:and Ruapehu 3784: 3716:Lake Ohakuri 3683:Lake Ohakuri 3672: 3526:Hauhungatahi 3494:Hauhungatahi 3179: 2891: 2373: 2263:Lake Rotoehu 2231:Lake Rotoehu 2175:Lake Rotoiti 2143:Lake Rotoiti 2087:Lake Okareka 2055:Lake Ōkāreka 2012:(Blue Lake) 1789:Okareka vent 1659: 1504:Lake Rotorua 1472:Lake Rotorua 1381: 1313:-38.1; 176.8 1268:White Island 1224:Whale Island 1180:Mayor Island 1130:-36.8; 177.5 1094: 1081: 1072: 1042: 982: 981: 974: 907:North Island 868: 839:Hauhungatahi 819: 776: 729: 700: 662: 628: 607: 582: 577:Hauraki Rift 569: 534:South Island 515: 499:volcanic arc 491: 457: 453: 422: 411: 404: 374:volcanic ash 363: 338:stratigraphy 319: 253: 245:North Island 243:area in the 236: 232: 230: 174:North Island 18: 5416:: 131–142. 5332:10468/11258 4218:(6): 1–27. 3776:Artificial 3752: / 3708: / 3695:176°07′32″E 3657: / 3645:175°38′52″E 3611: / 3598:175°44′18″E 3567: / 3554:175°42′51″E 3518: / 3474: / 3426: / 3413:175°36′24″E 3403:Lower Tama 3384: / 3371:175°37′20″E 3361:Upper Tama 3336: / 3320:39°9′24.6″S 3291: / 3246: / 3210: / 3198:175°42′30″E 3163: / 3151:175°45′48″E 3125: / 3113:175°56′31″E 3090: / 3047: / 3024:Lake Taupō 3005: / 2966: / 2923: / 2867: / 2854:176°17′31″E 2831: / 2819:176°11′32″E 2798: / 2786:176°11′45″E 2775:Ngatamariki 2755: / 2717: / 2695:(Karapiti) 2673: / 2660:176°06′13″E 2629: / 2616:176°22′11″E 2590: / 2546: / 2507: / 2495:176°03′16″E 2466: / 2429: / 2417:176°01′08″E 2348: / 2335:176°23′42″E 2304: / 2291:176°23′56″E 2255: / 2219:Lake Rotoma 2211: / 2198:176°35′16″E 2187:Lake Rotomā 2167: / 2154:176°25′40″E 2123: / 2079: / 2035: / 1990: / 1945: / 1901: / 1858: / 1823: / 1811:176°20′54″E 1770: / 1740:Utu Caldera 1704: / 1627: / 1614:176°15′23″E 1591: / 1579:176°21′40″E 1540: / 1496: / 1457: / 1445:176°11′53″E 1414: / 1358: / 1345:176°43′38″E 1311: / 1260: / 1216: / 1203:176°58′24″E 1172: / 1128: / 1032:monogenetic 684:Strombolian 663:The north ( 390:Hou Han Shu 249:New Zealand 157: / 145:176°01′00″E 88:New Zealand 5986:Categories 5495:10289/5454 5219:2022-06-07 5132:: 86–106. 4357:2010-08-31 4068:: 107180. 4001:References 3758: ( 3714: ( 3692:38°25′22″S 3642:39°06′27″S 3617: ( 3595:39°01′36″S 3573: ( 3551:39°03′16″S 3524: ( 3480: ( 3434:Lower Tama 3432: ( 3410:39°12′09″S 3392:Upper Tama 3390: ( 3368:39°11′07″S 3342: ( 3297: ( 3252: ( 3233:175°46′7″E 3195:38°59′20″S 3148:38°58′04″S 3110:38°51′14″S 3055:Lake Taupō 3053: ( 3013:Ben Lomond 3011: ( 2992:175°57.2′E 2980:Ben Lomond 2954:176°9′46″E 2951:38°41′40″S 2929: ( 2873: ( 2851:38°31′37″S 2816:38°37′41″S 2783:38°32′50″S 2761: ( 2742:176°8′54″E 2739:38°28′24″S 2679: ( 2657:38°37′36″S 2635: ( 2613:38°21′34″S 2552: ( 2492:38°33′02″S 2472: ( 2414:38°22′41″S 2354: ( 2332:38°17′01″S 2310: ( 2288:38°16′57″S 2261: ( 2217: ( 2195:38°02′51″S 2173: ( 2151:38°02′20″S 2129: ( 2085: ( 2041: ( 1996: ( 1951: ( 1907: ( 1808:38°12′08″S 1776: ( 1710: ( 1633: ( 1576:38°03′54″S 1546: ( 1502: ( 1442:38°07′08″S 1420: ( 1364: ( 1342:38°03′47″S 1317: ( 1266: ( 1222: ( 1200:37°51′23″S 1178: ( 1134: ( 1102:Submarine 966:See also: 911:ignimbrite 791:Lake Taupō 740:Lake Taupō 590:Australian 566:Taupō Rift 288:Lake Taupō 279:Taupō Rift 209:Taupō Rift 142:38°40′00″S 5786:134914216 5778:0377-0273 5764:: 28–46. 5732:1176-5550 5603:235736318 5547:129091056 5504:1040-6182 5457:(Thesis). 5430:134094861 5341:235502116 5286:251526385 5278:0377-0273 5008:128897275 4945:131562598 4891:249264293 4883:0377-0273 4844:230527523 4742:Tectonics 4630:: 23–37. 4443:202580942 4342:"Rotorua" 4330:(Thesis). 4082:233771486 4043:0024-4937 3760:Mangakino 3727:Mangakino 2989:38°35.7′S 2809:Rotokaua 2705:176°4.1′E 2702:38°38.8′S 2394:, on the 2388:Whakamaru 1649:(Te Puia) 1611:38°9′44″S 1136:Whakatane 1030:- brown, 847:Ngauruhoe 843:Tongariro 712:potassium 669:andesitic 651:Volcanism 560:Tectonics 538:Fiordland 516:South of 429:lava dome 281:and this 196:Formed by 5936:(2007). 5675:: 49–54. 5237:Archived 5192:30324132 4772:56356050 4687:16 March 4311:28947829 3950:See also 3842:and the 3771:Hamilton 3739:175°47′E 3505:175°26′E 3461:175°21′E 3278:175°39′E 3078:176°00′E 3034:176°00′E 2910:176°00′E 2681:Wairakei 2649:Wairakei 2637:Waiotapu 2605:Waiotapu 2578:175°48′E 2533:176°20′E 2453:176°05′E 2312:Waimangu 2242:176°32′E 2110:176°27′E 2066:176°22′E 2022:176°20′E 1977:176°20′E 1932:176°27′E 1888:176°25′E 1846:176°35′E 1757:176°30′E 1691:176°30′E 1567:Tikitere 1527:176°18′E 1483:176°16′E 1401:176°16′E 1298:176°48′E 1287:Putauaki 1247:177°11′E 1159:176°15′E 1115:177°30′E 1036:andesite 893:and the 811:rhyolite 807:andesite 779:rhyolite 704:rhyolite 692:phreatic 676:andesite 518:Kaikōura 487:andesite 475:rhyolite 448:Waiotapu 349:and the 306:Activity 275:tectonic 241:volcanic 190:Holocene 170:Location 5970:: 1108. 5909:Bibcode 5665:Citing 5663:: 1108. 5527:Bibcode 5360:. 2010. 5234:Centre" 5183:6179376 5109:Science 4988:Bibcode 4925:Bibcode 4750:Bibcode 4527:Bibcode 4502:: 1–23. 4466:Bibcode 4423:Bibcode 4302:5613013 4281:Bibcode 4220:Bibcode 4153:Bibcode 4023:Bibcode 3791:grabens 3787:Ngakuru 3736:38°23′S 3502:39°14′S 3458:39°11′S 3254:Pihanga 3222:Pihanga 3075:38°48′S 3031:38°49′S 2907:38°49′S 2575:38°25′S 2530:38°25′S 2450:38°25′S 2107:38°16′S 2063:38°10′S 2019:38°12′S 1974:38°13′S 1929:38°12′S 1885:38°07′S 1843:38°05′S 1754:38°13′S 1688:38°13′S 1524:38°05′S 1480:38°05′S 1398:38°05′S 1295:38°06′S 1244:37°31′S 1156:37°17′S 1112:36°48′S 879:tsunami 803:dacitic 760:Ohakuri 708:silicon 635:grabens 532:in the 501:of the 292:caldera 263:Rotorua 239:) is a 204:Geology 186:Miocene 48:Rotorua 5784: 5776: 5730: 5601: 5545: 5502: 5428: 5339: 5284: 5276: 5190: 5180: 5006: 4943: 4889: 4881: 4842: 4770: 4719:01311. 4662: 4441: 4309: 4299: 4151:(B3). 4122: 4080: 4041: 4019:Lithos 3769:) and 3539:Lakes 3275:39°8′S 2239:38°1′S 1873:Lakes 1667:. 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