Mount Ruapehu - Knowledge

1117:. It has not been clearly established when Ruapehu first began erupting, only that eruptions began at least 250,000 years ago and possibly as early as 340,000 years ago. Ruapehu has been built in four distinct stages of relatively intense eruptive activity followed by periods of relative quiet. Each of these four stages of activity has left behind distinct rock formations, named the Te Herenga Formation (erupted 250,000–180,000 years ago), the Wahianoa Formation (erupted 160,000–115,000 years ago), the Mangawhero Formation (erupted 55,000–15,000 years ago), and the Whakapapa Formation (erupted 15,000–2,000 years ago). Each of these rock formations is composed of lava flows and tuff 31: 1414: 173: 166: 1458: 1133: 1406:

January 1995—one of the highest temperatures recorded in 30 years and about 10 °C higher than its usual peak temperature. A minor eruption occurred on 26 April, which sent waves against the walls of the crater and damaged some monitoring equipment there. A second eruption on 29 June destroyed the equipment and produced a lahar. Chemical analysis showed that magma was interacting with water under the lake.

515: 1534: 1153:, indicating that the vents under Crater Lake are open to gas escape. Evidence suggests that an open-vent system such as this has been in place throughout Ruapehu's 250,000 year history. This prevents build-up of pressure and results in relatively small, frequent eruptions (every 20–30 years on average) at Ruapehu compared to other andesitic volcanoes around the world. 495:

its glaciers: the Whangaehu, Summit Plateau, and Mangatoetoenui glaciers. The Summit Plateau glacier is not a glacier in the true sense, but rather an ice field that fills an extinct volcanic crater, and the ice there reaches more than 130 m thick. The Whangaehu glacier feeds the Whangaehu River, and the Mangatoetoenui glacier is one of the principal sources of the

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struck by the surge. The climbers nearly drowned before the hut floor gave way and the water drained into the basement seismometer vault. One of them, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg pinned and crushed by a boulder as the water subsided. A rescue operation was mounted after his companion, who was unable to free him, went down the mountain for help.

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10,000 years ago was about 7.5 km (1.8 cu mi) erupted each 10,000 years. Minor eruptions, such as the one in 2007, especially if they are hydrothermal, can occur at any time without warning. However, in historic times, major eruptions such as the ones in 1995–96 have only occurred within periods of enhanced activity.

983:) and sedimentary deposits are not coloured. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is 1095:. Ruapehu has erupted from multiple craters over its lifetime, however, only one crater is presently active, a deep crater at the southern end of the summit plateau which is filled with hot, acidic water, dubbed Crater Lake (Te Wai ā-moe). The lake water currently covers separate north and central vents. 1405:

Earthquake swarms to the west of Ruapehu between November 1994 and September 1995 marked the beginning of renewed heightened activity at the volcano. Bursts of earthquake activity immediately preceded rapid rises in the temperature of Crater Lake, with the surface temperature reaching 51.4 °C in

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are called the Whakapapa Formation. These flows all erupted between 15,000 and 2,000 years ago from a number of different craters on the summit of Ruapehu as well as from craters on the northern and southern flanks of the mountain. Rangataua on the southern flanks had a large lava flow between 15,000

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Beginning approximately 55,000 years ago, a third phase of cone-building eruptions began, creating the Mangawhero Formation. This formation was erupted onto the eroded Wahianoa Formation in two phases: the first occurring 55,000–45,000 years ago and the second 30,000–15,000 years ago. Multiple summit

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Ruapehu's glaciers are situated at the northern limit for the formation of permanent ice in New Zealand, and thus they are extremely sensitive to changes in climate. Surveys of the glaciers undertaken since 1955 have found that the glaciers have all been thinning and retreating, with the exception of

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slopes. Whakapapa has five chair lifts with limited accommodation and refreshments available at Top o' the Bruce (the car park at the top of Bruce Road) and at the entry to Whakapapa, and elsewhere on the mountain. Alpine huts are provided for trampers and climbers. These are mainly owned by private

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at 11:25 a.m. and automatically activating warning lights and barrier arms to close roads and stop trains. There was no serious damage and no injuries. A toilet block at the Tangiwai memorial was destroyed, but the memorial had already been closed due to the lahar threat. One family was trapped

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A larger phreatic eruption occurred at 3:59 a.m. on 24 April 1975, blasting rocks up to 1.6 km northwest of the crater, against the wind, and depositing ash more than 100 km to the southeast. Nine minutes of seismic activity preceded the eruption, but crater dilation had been measured

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Approximately 160,000 years ago, cone-building eruptions began again, this time from a crater that is thought to have lain northwest of present-day Mitre Peak (Ringatoto)—southeast of the original Te Herenga vent. Eruptions continued until approximately 115,000 years ago, and the lava erupted during

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The prevalent wind direction in the region is westerly or northwesterly, and gale force conditions (i.e. wind speeds higher than 33 kn (61 km/h)) are common on the mountain. Rainfall is higher on the western flanks of Ruapehu than the eastern flanks due to the rain shadow effect. Whakapapa

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have been recognised on Ruapehu, of which six are named. Two glaciers are found in the active crater: one on the north side of the crater under Paretetaitonga Peak and another one to the south, and these are New Zealand's only crater glaciers. Most of the ice on Ruapehu is contained in only three of

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Eruption dynamics and frequency-magnitude relationships of explosive eruptions at Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand over the past 1800 years : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New

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Only one eruptive event has been recorded at Ruapehu since the 2007 eruption—a minor event on 13 July 2009 when a small volcanic earthquake beneath Crater Lake caused the lake water level to rise 15 cm and triggered a snow slurry lahar in the upper Whangaehu valley. Since then, Crater Lake has

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Ruapehu erupted at 10:24 p.m. on 4 October 2006. The small eruption was marked by a magnitude 2.9 volcanic earthquake and sent waves 4–5 m (16 ft) tall crashing into the wall of the crater. No ash was erupted into the atmosphere, and the eruption is presumed to have occurred entirely

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After eruptions subsided in late December, Crater Lake slowly began refilling, with a "boiling lake" already filling the bottom of the crater by mid-January. A tephra dam had formed at the lake's normal outlet during the eruptions, which eventually collapsed on 24 December 1953 causing a

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and left an extensive avalanche deposit on the northwestern ring plain that can still be seen today. Since then eruptions have been an order of magnitude lower in intensity and volume. Accordingly, most of the 150 km (36 cu mi) cone and 150 km (36 cu mi) ring-plain is

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volcanoes. This period of intense eruptions is called the Pahoka-Mangamate event and is thought to have lasted between 200 and 400 years. On Ruapehu, lava was erupted from Saddle Cone—a flank crater on the northern slopes—and from another crater on the southern slopes. This southern crater erupted

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around a central crater, which would have been located somewhere near the present-day upper Pinnacle Ridge. Cone-building eruptions ceased about 180,000 years ago, and the cone began to be eroded away by glacial action. Rock formations that date to this period are collectively named the Te Herenga

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arises. The Whangaehu River is notorious for destructive lahars caused by Ruapehu's eruptions. In historic times, eruptions have built tephra dams across the outlet on several occasions, most recently in 1945 and 1996. These dams failed in 1953 and 2007 respectively, causing an outburst of Crater

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The main recent volcanic hazard at Ruapehu is from lahars. Two major lahar paths run through the Whakapapa skifield, and in recent times, lahars have travelled through the ski field in 1969, 1975, 1995, and 2007. An eruption warning system operates in the ski field to warn skiers in the event of

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The first significant eruption took place at 8:05 a.m. on 18 September 1995, raining tephra onto the summit region and sending lahars down the mountain. On 23 September, an even larger eruption blasted rocks up to 1.5 km from the crater, sent lahars down three valleys, and generated an

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Eruptions at Ruapehu are expected to continue much as they have for the past 2,000 years, with frequent minor eruptions and more significant events every 20–30 years, although the possibility of larger events like the Pahoka-Mangamate event cannot be ruled out. The previous activity trend until

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eruption. The explosive phase of the eruption lasted for less than a minute and blasted ash, mud, and rocks northward, reaching to about 2 km from Crater Lake. Two climbers were caught in the eruption at Dome Shelter, an alpine hut approximately 600 m from the crater, when the hut was

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In modern times, volcanic activity has been centred on Crater Lake. There are two active vents under the lake, dubbed North Vent and Central Vent. Activity is characterized by cyclic heating and cooling of the lake over periods of 6–12 months. Each heating cycle is marked by increased seismic

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These eruptions produced more than 7 million tonnes of ash, which contaminated water supplies, destroyed crops, and lead to the deaths of livestock. Ash in the Tongariro River also damaged the intake turbines at the Rangipo power station, and ash clouds caused airport closures as far away as

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Extreme weather conditions have caused visitors to be trapped on the mountain in the past. In 2003, about 350 visitors to Whakapapa skifield and 70 staff had to stay overnight in various lodges at Iwikau village (small village at the top of mountain road) after a snow storm made the road too

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The eruption in 1969 occurred in the early hours of 22 June. It was a moderate phreatic eruption, which blasted rocks up to 1 km northwest of the crater and sent lahars down several valleys. The Whakapapa skifield was left covered in mud. This was the largest eruption since 1945.

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Three days later, on the morning of 27 April, Ruapehu erupted again. A series of five eruptions occurred between 7:10 a.m. and 10:18 a.m., sending surges of mud, rocks, and ash northwards across the summit plateau and producing eruption columns up to 500 m high.

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eruption column 12 km high. Phreatomagmatic eruptions occurred through the rest of the month and throughout October, with some eruptions continuing for hours at a time. Ash fell up to 250 km downwind. Explosive eruptions on 11 October emptied Crater Lake of water.

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Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, Dougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2 May 2021).

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was observed in Crater Lake on 19 March but was destroyed in a series of explosive eruptions over the following week. A second, larger lava dome appeared in May, which continued to grow over the following months and had emptied Crater Lake of water by July.

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Pardo, Natalia; Cronin, Shane J.; Palmer, Alan S.; Németh, Karoly (27 October 2011). "Reconstructing the largest explosive eruptions of Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand: lithostratigraphic tools to understand subplinian–plinian eruptions at andesitic volcanoes".

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Nakagawa, M.; Wada, K.; Thordarson, T.; Wood, C. P.; Gamble, J. A. (11 July 1999). "Petrologic investigations of the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand: formation of discrete and small magma pockets and their intermittent discharge".

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Ruapehu's active crater, dubbed Crater Lake (Te Wai ā-moe), is situated at the southern end of the Summit Plateau, and as the name suggests, is filled with a warm, acidic lake. The lake's outlet is at the head of the Whangaehu Valley, where the

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Ruapehu saw a period of heightened activity between 1966 and 1982, with multiple small eruptions occurring in Crater Lake and two larger eruptions in 1969 and 1975, which ejected rocks across the summit region and produced significant lahars.

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continuously monitors Ruapehu using a network of seismographs, GPS stations, microphones and webcams. Chemical analysis of the water in Crater Lake is regularly undertaken along with airborne gas measurements. Live data can be viewed on the

1174:(ERLAWS) system was installed on the mountain in 2000 to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities. The ERLAWS system detected the 2007 lahar, and roads were closed and railway traffic stopped until the lahar had subsided. 2249: 2559:

Gamble, John A.; Price, Richard C.; Smith, Ian E.M.; McIntosh, William C.; Dunbar, Nelia W. (February 2003). "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity, magma flux and hazards at Ruapehu volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

1170:. 151 people died when the lahar swept away the Tangiwai railway bridge just before an express train crossed it. Another dam was deposited by the 1995–1996 eruptions, which collapsed on 18 March 2007. A warning system, the 1198:, demonstrate that volcanism was likely present in the Ruapehu area 340,000 years ago. However, the oldest rocks on Ruapehu itself are approximately 250,000 years old. Eruptions during this period are believed to have built a steep 3585:

Mordret, A.; Jolly, A.D.; Duputel, Z.; Fournier, N. (March 2010). "Monitoring of phreatic eruptions using Interferometry on Retrieved Cross-Correlation Function from Ambient Seismic Noise: Results from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand".

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and poisoned it, which affected much of the aquatic life downstream. Additionally, the lahars damaged ski installations on the Whakapapa ski field, several bridges and hydroelectric tunnel intakes, but no loss of life occurred.

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valley. The dam collapses after several years causing a large lahar down the valley. The tephra dam created by the 1945 eruptions collapsed on 24 December 1953, sending a lahar down the Whangaehu River and causing the

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dangerous to descend. In 2008 extreme weather resulted in about 2000 visitors being evacuated from Whakapapa skifield, with cars being led down the mountain in groups of five. About 100 cars were left at the skifield overnight.

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Kilgour, G.; V. Manville; Pasqua, F. Della; A. Graettinger; Hodgson, K.A.; Jolly, G.E. (March 2010). "The 25 September 2007 eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Directed ballistics, surtseyan jets, and ice-slurry lahars".

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Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, has the highest point in the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active

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naval rating, caught in a week-long storm while undergoing winter survival training in 1990. The same storm also trapped an experienced Japanese mountaineer when the weather unexpectedly closed in on him, but he built a

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this period is known as the Wahianoa Formation. This formation has also been heavily eroded by glacial activity, and it now forms the southeastern flanks of modern Ruapehu. The formation consists of lava flows and tuff

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Weather conditions can be changeable over the day, and mountain visitors are advised to be prepared and carry basic survival equipment. Severe weather has claimed several lives over the years, including a party of five

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Following this, activity died off until 15 June 1996 when renewed seismic activity was recorded. This was followed by eruptions on 17 and 18 June which once again emptied the partially refilled Crater Lake of water.

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two weeks earlier. Nearly half of the water in Crater Lake was erupted into the air, which subsequently rained down onto the summit, generating lahars down several river valleys. Lahars which travelled down the

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Jolly, A.D.; Sherburn, S.; Jousset, P.; Kilgour, G. (March 2010). "Eruption source processes derived from seismic and acoustic observations of the 25 September 2007 Ruapehu eruption—North Island, New Zealand".

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Crater Lake is emptied by major eruptions, such as the ones in 1945 and 1995–1996, but refills after eruptions subside, fed by melting snow and vented steam. In historic times, major eruptions have deposited a

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or hydrothermal eruptions occur every few years on average, with notable minor eruptions occurring in 1969, 1975, and 2007. More than 600 eruptive events of various sizes have been documented since 1830.

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in 232 CE. Over this period there are 30 assigned tephra units by composition studies to Ruapehu and in the 370 years before 1950 the mean time between these months of eruptive period was 40 years.

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Ruapehu entered an eruptive phase in March 1945 after several weeks of volcanic tremors. The first indication of an eruption was reported on 8 March, with ashfall seen on the eastern slopes. A

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Nairn, Ian A; Kobayashi, Tetsuo; Nakagawa, Mitsuhiro (November 1998). "The ~10 ka multiple vent pyroclastic eruption sequence at Tongariro Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".

543:) on the upper slopes, with average temperatures ranging from −4–15 °C in summer and −7–7 °C in winter, depending on elevation and cloudiness. On the lower slopes, Ruapehu has a 1441:

After the 1996 eruption it was recognised that a catastrophic lahar could again occur when Crater Lake burst the volcanic ash dam blocking the lake outlet as it did in 1953. In 2000, the

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older than 10,000 years. Eruptions between 10,000 and 2,500 years ago generated lava flows that all flowed into the Whakapapa amphitheatre and created the slopes of the modern skifield.

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For the past 2,000 years, activity at Ruapehu has been largely focused through a crater lake at the summit. Eruptive activity has typically consisted of relatively small but explosive

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Paterson, B. R.; Page, C. E.; Cudby, E. J. (1976). "The effects of lahars from the 1975 April Mt. Ruapehu eruption and the threat of future eruptions on Tongariro power development".

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Werner, C.; Christenson, B.W.; Hagerty, M.; Britten, K. (June 2006). "Variability of volcanic gas emissions during a crater lake heating cycle at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand".

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with the loss of 151 lives when the Tangiwai railway bridge across the Whangaehu River collapsed while the lahar was in full flood, just before an express train crossed it.

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another eruption. Lahars also represent a significant hazard to surrounding river valleys, particularly the Whangaehu River, which is crossed by national highways, the

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C, S. L.; Neall, V. E.; Palmer, A. S.; Stewart, R. B. (1997). "The volcanic history of Ruapehu during the past 2 millenia based on the record of Tufa Trig tephras".

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down the mountain. An estimated 1.9–3.8 million cubic metres of mud, rock, and water travelled down the Whangaehu river. ERLAWS activated, sending an alarm to

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eruptions occurred on 27 June and throughout July and August, producing eruption columns more than 10 km high and shooting rocks 1.4 km from the crater.

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had formed in the crust under the volcano, and lava erupted since that time shows signs of extensive mixing between different magma chambers prior to eruptions.

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continued its regular cycle of heating and increased gas emissions, although with periods of sustained high temperatures that occurred in 2011, 2016 and 2019.

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Doll, P.; Eaves, S.R.; Kennedy, B.M.; Blard, P.H.; Nichols, A.R.L.; Leonard, G.S.; Townsend, D.B.; Cole, J.W.; Conway, C.E.; Baldwin, S.; Fénisse, G. (2024).

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railway line, and electricity transmission lines. Large, destructive lahars have been observed in the Whangaehu River in 1862, 1895, 1953, 1975, and 2007.

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field is on the east of the mountain and is open to the public. The season is generally from June to October but depends on snow and weather conditions.

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Healy, J.; Lloyd, E. F.; Rishworth, D. E. H.; Wood, C. P.; Glover, R. B.; Dibble, R. R. (1978). "The eruption of Ruapehu New Zealand on 22 June 1969".

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Formation, and today these formations be seen at Pinnacle Ridge, Te Herenga Ridge, and Whakapapanui Valley, all on the northwestern slopes of Ruapehu.

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Crater Lake and Tahurangi, the highest peak (top right) in 2016. The 1996 tephra dam is the bluish dark area at lake edge directly below Tahurangi.

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Eruptions increased from August through November. A particularly powerful eruption in the early hours of 21 August was heard in Hawkes Bay and the

1493:. ERLAWS detected the lahars in the Whangaehu valley. A snow groomer on the Whakapapa skifield narrowly avoided being caught in the lahar there. 2811: 2499:"The Anatomy of an Andesite Volcano: a Time–Stratigraphic Study of Andesite Petrogenesis and Crustal Evolution at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand" 1442: 1171: 2838:"Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Turoa area, with implications for andesite petrogenesis at Mt Ruapehu, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" 2438: 3459: 1438:. The eruptions also caused closures to the three ski fields on the mountain, costing the region an estimated $ 100 million in lost revenue. 559:

to the east of Ruapehu receives slightly more than 1,500 mm of rain annually. Snow falls on average as low as 1,500 m elevation.

5082: 4085: 2461:"Mt Ruapehu status update: Minor volcanic unrest continues while Crater Lake temperature is low. Volcanic Alert Level remains at Level 1" 5128: 5123: 3563: 3337: 1626: 4398: 3489: 4071: 3847: 3758: 3728: 2603: 1862: 1631: 1223:. The Mangawhero Formation can be found over most of modern Ruapehu, and it forms most of the mountain's high peaks as well as the 446:

There are three access routes to Ruapehu, and each access route leads to one of the three skifields that are found on its slopes.

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the northern crater glacier, which thickened and lengthened after the 1953 outburst of Crater Lake lowered the lake water level.

2327: 1824: 1760: 5138: 4105: 3943: 2079: 5148: 3900:"Monitoring volcanic unrest / Ruapehu / New Zealand Volcanoes / Volcanoes / Science Topics / Learning / Home – GNS Science" 1329:, loud enough to awaken people from sleep and cause alarm. Eruptions began declining in December and had ended by January. 165: 2035:"1988 Survey of the Glaciers on Mt Ruapehu, Tongariro National Park – A Baseline for Detecting Threats of Climate Change" 1721: 1611: 3960: 5118: 3192:

Blot, Claude (1979). "Deep earthquakes that were precursors of the eruption of Ruapehu, New Zealand on 22 June 1969".

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at the base of the mountain, and from there an access road leads up the mountain to Iwikau Village at the base of the

5153: 4810: 3972: 3402: 1423: 2416: 5158: 4581: 4098: 4062: 2004: 1636: 1482: 3877: 2034: 536: 4762: 3961:"The first ascent of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, and a holiday jaunt to Mounts Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Ngauruhoe" 2497:

Price, R. C.; Gamble, J. A.; Smith, I. E. M.; Maas, R.; Waight, T.; Stewart, R. B.; Woodhead, J. (October 2012).

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Hurst, A.W; McGinty, P.J (May 1999). "Earthquake swarms to the west of Mt Ruapehu preceding its 1995 eruption".

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on the southern slope. They are the two largest ski fields in New Zealand, with Whakapapa the larger. The club

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occurring every few decades and lasting several months each. The eruptive record is only well understood from

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also occurred at Pukeonake, a scoria cone to the north-west of Ruapehu and at several isolated craters near

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Approximately 10,000 years ago, a series of major eruptions occurred, not just on Ruapehu, but also at the

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and forming part of the Tongariro Volcanic Center. Volcanism at Ruapehu is caused by the subduction of the

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Bonadonna, C.; Houghton, B.F. (2005). "Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra-fall deposits".

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At 11:22 a.m. 18 March 2007, the tephra dam which had been holding back Crater Lake burst, sending a

3460:"Changes made since Ruapehu's eruptions / Media Releases and News / News and Events / Home - GNS Science" 245: 566:

Climate data for Mount Ruapehu (Whakapapa Village), elevation 1,097 m (3,599 ft), (1991–2020)

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craters were active during this period, all lying between Tahurangi and the northern summit plateau.

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Map centred on Mount Ruapehu to show approximate selected surface volcanic deposits around it with

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Lake each time, which sent destructive lahars down the river. The 1953 lahar was the cause of the

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on the northwestern slopes about 9,400 years ago formed the amphitheatre that now comprises the

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is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions, being known as Crater Lake (

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Ruapehu Eruption resources blog continuous since 1995 with new activity reported as it happens

1825:"Ruapehu / New Zealand Volcanoes / Volcanoes / Science Topics / Learning / Home – GNS Science" 1122: 1076: 348: 238: 4566: 4312: 3555: 3329: 3663: 3595: 3430: 3249: 3201: 3150: 3007: 2964: 2915: 2849: 2777: 2690: 2637: 2569: 2510: 2174: 2126: 1952: 1254: 71: 3043:"Cosmogenic 3 He chronology of postglacial lava flows at Mt Ruapehu, Aotearoa/New Zealand" 2836:

Waight, T. E.; Price, R. C.; Stewart, R. B.; Smith, I. E. M.; Gamble, J. (December 1999).

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Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis;

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Voloschina, Marija; Lube, Gert; Procter, Jonathan; Moebis, Anja; Timm, Christian (2020).

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In recorded history, these eruptions have occurred about 50 years apart, in 1895 (

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three times, and lava flows from this crater travelled nearly 14 km to the south.

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A composite satellite image looking west across Ruapehu, with the older eroded volcano

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was detected underneath Ruapehu, which was followed at 8:26 p.m. by an explosive

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The 1975 eruptions deepened Crater Lake from 55 to 60 m to more than 90 m.

1357: 1305: 1167: 1063:(gray). White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now). 484: 451: 2935: 1474:

for around 24 hours after the lahar swept away the access route to their home.

404: 392: 301: 137: 5087: 4851: 4588: 4477: 4365: 4360: 4250: 4219: 4003: 3792: 3671: 3603: 3438: 3262: 3257: 3237: 3213: 3209: 3158: 3111: 3083: 3054: 3015: 2972: 2923: 2857: 2793: 2785: 2736: 2698: 2645: 2577: 2518: 2192: 2182: 2134: 1960: 1696: 1431: 1337: 1326: 1088: 1084: 463: 308: 2862: 2837: 2789: 1457: 4804: 4790: 4452: 4408: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4255: 4156: 4141: 2163:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" 1478: 1386: 1378: 1333: 1294: 1274: 1162: 1141: 968: 508: 500: 479: 388: 2042:

Department of Conservation Science and Research Internal Report 24 (Unpublished)

4993: 4796: 4503: 4291: 4260: 4020: 2523: 2498: 2139: 2114: 1965: 1940: 1665: 1574: 1216: 1126: 1110: 556: 266: 4650: 3844:"Te Wai ā-moe, Mt Ruapehu: Increases in lake temperature and seismic activity" 3115: 3059: 3042: 2927: 2881: 5102: 5060: 5035: 5019: 4080: 3170: 1607: 1199: 1080: 1072: 972: 496: 458:

on the northwestern bumpy hilly slopes. An access road from Ohakune leads to

344: 233: 221: 104: 91: 4750: 2741: 2724: 428: 364: 4884: 4136: 3995: 2223:

Thompson, C. S. (1984). "The weather and climate of the Tongariro region".

2206: 2187: 1187: 1150: 1137: 1092: 555:

Village receives an average of 2,200 mm of rain per year, whereas the

416: 372: 278: 260: 229: 185: 4458: 3019: 2976: 2766:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding" 2115:"Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Observations on its Crater Lake and Glaciers" 487:, in which 151 people died. Even larger lahars occurred in 1862 and 1895. 4870: 4768: 4754: 4701: 4535: 4057: 2408: 1728: 1580: 1517: 424: 356: 189: 4876: 4825: 4483: 2000: 1984: 946:. Vents and cones or craters active in the last 15,000 years are shaded 4224: 3869: 2798: 1603: 1349: 1345: 1262: 1053: 376: 2679: 1149:

activity under the crater and is accompanied by increased emission of

1132: 4894: 4642: 4572: 4444: 3318:. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences science report (97/2). 1557: 1341: 1318: 1266: 1195: 1114: 1106: 918: 2225:

New Zealand Meteorological Service Miscellaneous Publication 115(14)

967:. To the north the volcanic deposits are continuous with those from 4782: 4746: 3292:

A revised catalogue of Ruapehu volcano eruptive activity: 1830–2012

2272:"CliFlo – National Climate Database : Mt Ruapehu, Chateau Ews" 1103: 1069: 1048: 936: 4322: 4146: 3554:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3316:

A Chronology of the 1945 eruption of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand

1332:

The eruptions dispersed ash across most of the North Island, and

1220: 1208: 1118: 976: 909: 491: 420: 380: 360: 1583:- climbed the mountain in 1881 the first European woman to do so 1489:

The eruption initiated lahars down the Whangaehu valley and the

1161:

dam across the lake's outlet, preventing lake overflow into the

5055: 4965: 4890: 4715: 4495: 4172: 2627: 2156: 1599: 1550: 1290: 1243: 1158: 1031: 989: 514: 471: 427:

and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of

363:

and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of

285: 46: 1236: 4177: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 1546: 1533: 1470: 1466: 1301: 1224: 980: 459: 436: 335: 317: 4066: 3936:

Over the Gentle Annie: high country life in the inland Patea

2762: 2094: 1985:"Distribution of the Glacial Water Resources of New Zealand" 3652: 3631: 3584: 3136: 2271: 913: 329: 320: 4406: 4075: 3380:

New Zealand Geological Survey, Engineering Geology Section

3236:

Nairn, I. A.; Wood, C. P.; Hewson, C. A. Y. (March 1979).

2953: 2749: 2102:(Topographic map). 1:50,000. Land Information New Zealand. 1811:

Geology and Petrology of Ruapehu Volcano and Related Vents

3783:

Wunderman, R. (2011). "Report on Ruapehu (New Zealand)".

1941:"Lahars of Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand: risk mitigation" 1855:"How to get to Tukino – Tukino Skifield – Mt Ruapehu, NZ" 1568: 1561: 1461:

Fresh lahar channels scar Ruapehu's eastern slopes, 2007.

1253:

Lava flows that have been erupted from Ruapehu since the

4120: 2558: 3811:"Scientists monitoring Ruapehu as crater lake heats up" 3358: 3100: 2835: 4048: 3073: 1496: 4000:

The Making of the Movie Trilogy The Lord of the Rings

3395:

Volcanic hazard management in Tongariro National Park

3040: 921:

and sheltered in it until he was rescued days later.

419:

of New Zealand, 23 km (14 mi) northeast of

323: 2496: 2431:"July 2008 North Island Weather Bomb ( 2008-07-26 )" 326: 314: 2997: 2152: 2150: 1293:deposits before 1950 for 1718 years from the Taupō 332: 311: 3614: 2875: 2873: 3938:. Michael Fowler Publishing Ltd. pp. 52–53. 3835: 3778: 3776: 3377: 2905: 5100: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2218: 2216: 2147: 1312: 1190:, northwest of Ruapehu. Subsequently, andesitic 1186:was approximately 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at 35:Mt Ruapehu from Tongariro Northern Circuit, 2023 3386: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3235: 3130: 2870: 3773: 3656:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3588:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3423:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3392: 3143:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3076:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2683:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2630:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2596:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA – 2020/08" 2562:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2554: 2352:. United Press International. 16 August 1990. 2236: 2234: 1443:Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System 1172:Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System 4392: 4106: 3803: 3514: 3416: 3414: 3371: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3242:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3194:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2991: 2942: 2899: 2842:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2831: 2829: 2770:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2623: 2621: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2286: 2213: 1978: 1976: 1912: 1910: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1194:found 100 km southwest of Ruapehu, near 1109:overlain by a thin layer of sediments of the 359:. It is 23 km (14 mi) northeast of 3751:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA-2007/02" 3721:"GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA-2007/03" 3420: 3298: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2342: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1617:were filmed on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu. 1113:, composed of sands, silts, shell beds, and 3841: 3578: 3454: 3452: 3238:"Phreatic eruptions of Ruapehu: April 1975" 2656: 2326:. New Zealand Government. 23 October 1999. 2231: 1813:(Ph.D.). Victoria University of Wellington. 902: 403:means "pit of noise" or "exploding pit" in 129: 4399: 4385: 4113: 4099: 3988: 3870:"Volcanic risk in Tongariro National Park" 3622:"Photos: Lahar could have been much worse" 3411: 3352: 3270: 3220: 3067: 2879: 2826: 2618: 2531: 2409:"Northland cops it as storm sweeps island" 2106: 2063: 1973: 1907: 1877: 1817: 1783: 1627:List of mountains of New Zealand by height 1556:Both ski fields are accessible by car and 1363: 3782: 3682: 3646: 3549: 3547: 3261: 3094: 3058: 2861: 2797: 2740: 2722: 2709: 2522: 2475: 2350:"Japanese survives five days in blizzard" 2196: 2186: 2138: 2072:The River : the story of the Waikato 2019: 1964: 1925: 1448: 1177: 3785:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network 3449: 3313: 3185: 2222: 1632:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 1532: 1477:At 8:16 p.m. on 25 September 2007, 1456: 1412: 1182:The earliest known volcanic activity in 1131: 513: 415:Ruapehu is located in the centre of the 3958: 3862: 2419:from the original on 25 September 2008. 2374: 1919:Landscape Ecology of the Rangipo Desert 1808: 1577:- climbed the mountain in 1879 and 1881 1541:Ruapehu has two commercial ski fields, 5101: 3994: 3933: 3688: 3544: 1916: 1738:from the original on 19 September 2013 1569:Notable people associated with Ruapehu 1400: 4380: 4094: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3566:from the original on 12 November 2020 3532:from the original on 28 November 2020 3502:from the original on 20 November 2020 3470:from the original on 15 November 2020 3322: 3289: 2606:from the original on 14 November 2020 2389:from the original on 12 November 2016 2252:from the original on 22 February 2021 2112: 2069: 1982: 1755: 1753: 1722:"Volcano Fact Sheet: Ruapehu Volcano" 1660: 1658: 1656: 1593: 1246:eruptions of Ruapehu since the 232 CE 300: 172: 3880:from the original on 25 October 2020 3761:from the original on 24 October 2021 3731:from the original on 24 October 2021 3713: 3701:from the original on 31 October 2022 3490:"Remembering Ruapehu – ten years on" 3191: 2441:from the original on 29 January 2021 2330:from the original on 5 February 2009 2264: 2051:from the original on 25 October 2021 2032: 2007:from the original on 30 October 2020 1938: 1895:from the original on 25 October 2021 1865:from the original on 9 February 2021 1714: 1336:could be seen from as far afield as 1230: 4054:Volcanic Hazards at Ruapehu Volcano 3340:from the original on 14 August 2020 2723:Keys, H.; Green, P. (August 2008). 1497:Current activity and future hazards 1140:visible behind it, and the cone of 1075:located at the southern end of the 13: 4086:GeoNet New Zealand Alert Bulletins 3922: 3850:from the original on 10 April 2019 3553: 2304:from the original on 28 March 2021 1989:Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 1750: 1697:"Topographic map of Mount Ruapehu" 1689: 1653: 1056:is lighter shades of violet), and 466:track leads from the Desert Road ( 462:on the southwestern slopes, and a 14: 5170: 4049:Michigan Technological University 4013: 3910:from the original on 13 July 2020 3823:from the original on 18 July 2020 3393:Montgomery, R.; Keys, H. (1993). 3334:Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand 960:. Lakes in vents are outlined in 3797:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201107-241100 3676:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.009 3608:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.010 3163:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106987 2814:from the original on 5 June 2022 2703:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.015 2650:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.017 2356:from the original on 14 May 2019 1835:from the original on 2 July 2022 1771:from the original on 2 July 2022 1637:List of volcanoes in New Zealand 307: 171: 164: 29: 5129:Volcanoes of Manawatū-Whanganui 5124:Mountains of Manawatū-Whanganui 4763:Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge 3952: 3892: 3743: 3482: 3294:. GNS Science report (2013/45). 3034: 2588: 2453: 2423: 2401: 2368: 2316: 2088: 5109:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand 3397:. Department of Conservation. 3263:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424215 3214:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424110 2377:"Outdoors: Preparing the snow" 1847: 1589:- climbed the mountain in 1881 1560:, with beginners' to advanced 1009: undifferentiated basalts 975:and the andesitic deposits of 1: 4741:Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu 4356:North Island Volcanic Plateau 3842:Agnes Mazot (10 April 2019). 3689:Mussen, D (22 January 2016). 3443:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00019-0 3088:10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00085-7 2863:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514858 2790:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080 2582:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00407-9 2375:Charman, Paul (6 June 2014). 2074:. Auckland, N.Z.: Heinemann. 1647: 1598:Some scenes of the fictional 1528: 1313:1945 eruptions and 1953 lahar 1304:), 1945 and 1995–1996. Minor 825:Average rainfall mm (inches) 149:pit of noise or exploding pit 5139:20th-century volcanic events 4777:Mount Aspiring National Park 4047:Images and Information from 2729:Journal of Disaster Research 2096:Land Information New Zealand 518:Mount Ruapehu, January 2002. 410: 61:2,797 m (9,177 ft) 51:2,797 m (9,177 ft) 7: 5149:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 4063:Volcano Camera – Mt Ruapehu 2880:Voloschina, Marija (2000). 2324:"Special Honours List 1999" 1921:(Ph.D.). Massey University. 1620: 755:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 615:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 347:at the southern end of the 10: 5175: 4643:Outcrop south of Rivendell 4204:Tongariro Northern Circuit 4076:Department of Conservation 4065:– hourly photographs from 3965:ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz 2294:"Round the Mountain Track" 2140:10.3189/002214355793702181 1966:10.3189/172756407782282390 1061: plutonic or intusive 993:(shades of brown/orange), 928: 894: 565: 526: 5119:Tongariro Volcanic Centre 5073: 5048: 5028: 5007: 4964: 4957: 4946: 4863: 4837: 4733: 4691: 4666: 4628: 4621: 4559: 4470: 4431: 4424: 4415: 4348: 4300: 4284: 4233: 4212: 4199:Tongariro Alpine Crossing 4191: 4165: 4129: 4045:The 1996 Ruapehu Eruption 3526:www.waikatoregion.govt.nz 3116:10.1007/s00445-011-0555-z 3060:10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024 2928:10.1007/s00445-004-0386-2 2463:. Geonet. 13 October 2020 1939:Keys, Harry J.R. (2007). 1545:on the northern side and 1287:phreatomagmatic eruptions 1273:There is evidence that a 824: 754: 684: 614: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 277: 259: 254: 244: 227: 215: 205: 200: 158: 153: 145: 130: 125: 120: 81: 65: 55: 45: 40: 28: 23: 5154:Holocene stratovolcanoes 4301:Localities and buildings 4026:Global Volcanism Program 3959:Beetham, George (1926). 3934:Fowler, Michael (2021). 3314:Johnston, D. M. (1997). 2524:10.1093/petrology/egs050 1671:Global Volcanism Program 1642:Volcanism of New Zealand 903:Severe weather incidents 545:subpolar oceanic climate 439:deposits, ash fall, and 5159:Tongariro National Park 4637:Kahurangi National Park 4587:Escaping the Shire and 4530:Tongariro National Park 4407:Places associated with 4122:Tongariro National Park 4031:Smithsonian Institution 3104:Bulletin of Volcanology 3000:Bulletin of Volcanology 2957:Bulletin of Volcanology 2908:Bulletin of Volcanology 2742:10.20965/jdr.2008.p0284 1809:Hackett, W. R. (1985). 1676:Smithsonian Institution 1512:North Island Main Trunk 1364:1969 and 1975 eruptions 1184:Tongariro National Park 1068:Ruapehu is a composite 1040: basaltic andesite 474:on the eastern slopes. 433:Tongariro National Park 369:Tongariro National Park 3816:The New Zealand Herald 3627:The New Zealand Herald 3522:"Mount Ruapehu erupts" 3495:The New Zealand Herald 2382:The New Zealand Herald 2188:10.1038/sdata.2018.214 1917:Purves, A. M. (1990). 1538: 1462: 1449:2006 and 2007 activity 1418: 1356:lahar that led to the 1178:Early eruptive history 1145: 1023: arc ring basalts 519: 396: 16:Volcano in New Zealand 5134:Volcanic crater lakes 4575:and the Fords of Isen 4567:Kaitoke Regional Park 3330:"Ruapehu 1861 – 1945" 3290:Scott, B. J. (2013). 3020:10.1007/s004450050181 2977:10.1007/s004450050259 2119:Journal of Glaciology 2113:Odell, N. E. (1955). 1983:Chinn, T. J. (2001). 1613:The Lord of the Rings 1536: 1460: 1416: 1258:to 10,000 years ago. 1144:visible to the right. 1135: 517: 4597:Pūtangirua Pinnacles 3556:"Ruapehu since 1945" 2503:Journal of Petrology 2161:(18 December 2018). 1945:Annals of Glaciology 1265:between Ruapehu and 1255:last glacial maximum 958: yellow outline 5144:Taupō Volcanic Zone 4999:Wolvercote Cemetery 4974:The Eagle and Child 4846:Franz Josef Glacier 4818:Twelve Mile Delta, 4702:Mount Potts station 4246:Mangaturuturu River 4241:Manganuioteao River 3668:2010JVGR..191...33J 3600:2010JVGR..191...46M 3435:1999JVGR...90...19H 3254:1979NZJGG..22..155N 3206:1979NZJGG..22..413B 3155:2020JVGR..40206987V 3012:1997BVol...59..136D 2969:1999BVol...61...15N 2920:2005BVol...67..441B 2854:1999NZJGG..42..513W 2782:2021NZJGG..64..389L 2695:2010JVGR..191....1K 2642:2006JVGR..154..291W 2574:2003JVGR..120..271G 2515:2012JPet...53.2139P 2413:Fairfax New Zealand 2242:"Tongariro weather" 2179:2018NatSD...580214B 2131:1955JGlac...2..601O 2070:Miles, Sue (1984). 1957:2007AnGla..45..155K 1401:1995–1996 eruptions 1385:rivers entered the 1217:Parasitic eruptions 1091:to the east of the 1077:Taupō Volcanic Zone 971:and beyond this is 951: orange-yellow 685:Daily mean °C (°F) 383:are on its slopes. 349:Taupō Volcanic Zone 302:[ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ] 239:Taupō Volcanic Zone 146:English translation 101: / 5015:Birmingham Oratory 4544:Whakapapa skifield 4471:Manawatū-Whanganui 4439:Hobbiton Movie Set 4183:Whakapapa skifield 1594:In popular culture 1539: 1491:Whakapapa skifield 1463: 1419: 1279:Whakapapa skifield 1146: 1098:Ruapehu sits on a 520: 456:Whakapapa skifield 41:Highest point 5096: 5095: 5083:Tolkien Societies 5069: 5068: 5044: 5043: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4617: 4616: 4374: 4373: 4338:Chateau Tongariro 4333:Whakapapa Village 3945:978 0 473 58860 1 3819:. 10 April 2019. 3755:www.geonet.org.nz 3725:www.geonet.org.nz 2600:www.geonet.org.nz 2509:(10): 2139–2189. 2081:978-0-86863-418-0 2033:Keys, H. (1988). 1358:Tangiwai disaster 1249: 1231:Holocene activity 1168:Tangiwai disaster 1016: arc basalts 912:soldiers and one 899: 898: 507:rivers, feed the 485:Tangiwai disaster 452:Whakapapa Village 351:and North Island 291: 290: 250:25 September 2007 5166: 5114:Active volcanoes 5088:J. R. R. Tolkien 5079: 4989:Pembroke College 4962: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4899:Silverlode River 4626: 4625: 4516:Rangitīkei River 4478:Mangawhero River 4429: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4366:Waihi Fault Zone 4361:Poutu Fault Zone 4251:Mangawhero River 4220:Lake Rotopounamu 4115: 4108: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4008: 4007: 4004:Houghton Mifflin 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3931: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3233: 3218: 3217: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3038: 3032: 3031: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2801: 2776:(2–3): 389–420. 2760: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2677: 2654: 2653: 2636:(3–4): 291–302. 2625: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2568:(3–4): 271–287. 2556: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2494: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2415:. 26 July 2008. 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2190: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2050: 2039: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1936: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1726: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1662: 1537:Turoa ski field. 1383:Manganui o te Ao 1338:Palmerston North 1334:eruption columns 1327:Tararua District 1241: 1089:Hikurangi Trough 1085:Australian Plate 1062: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 997: 992: 987: 966: 964: 959: 957: 953:with craters in 952: 950: 945: 943: 939:deposits shaded 563: 562: 505:Manganui o te Ao 464:four-wheel drive 448:State Highway 48 353:volcanic plateau 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 304: 299: 281: 273:(non-indigenous) 175: 174: 168: 141: 133: 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 105:39.28°S 175.57°E 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 33: 21: 20: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5077: 5065: 5040: 5024: 5003: 4950: 4948: 4934: 4859: 4833: 4811:Misty Mountains 4805:The Remarkables 4797:Ford of Bruinen 4791:Skippers Canyon 4729: 4722:Pelennor Fields 4687: 4662: 4635:Mount Olympus, 4613: 4555: 4509:Gates of Mordor 4496:Gates of Mordor 4466: 4453:Mount Ngauruhoe 4417: 4411: 4409:Tolkien tourism 4405: 4375: 4370: 4344: 4296: 4280: 4276:Whanganui River 4271:Whangaehu River 4266:Whakapapa River 4256:Tongariro River 4229: 4208: 4187: 4161: 4157:Mount Tongariro 4142:Mount Ngauruhoe 4125: 4119: 4035: 4033: 4019: 4016: 4011: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3932: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3874:www.doc.govt.nz 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3683: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3634:. 18 March 2007 3620: 3619: 3615: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3391: 3387: 3376: 3372: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3299: 3288: 3271: 3234: 3221: 3190: 3186: 3135: 3131: 3099: 3095: 3072: 3068: 3039: 3035: 2996: 2992: 2952: 2943: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2878: 2871: 2834: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2761: 2750: 2721: 2710: 2678: 2657: 2626: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2557: 2532: 2495: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2298:www.doc.govt.nz 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2246:www.doc.govt.nz 2240: 2239: 2232: 2221: 2214: 2167:Scientific Data 2155: 2148: 2125:(18): 601–605. 2111: 2107: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1981: 1974: 1937: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1889:www.doc.govt.nz 1885:"Getting there" 1883: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1859:Tukino Skifield 1853: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1701:opentopomap.org 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1664: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1623: 1596: 1571: 1531: 1499: 1479:volcanic tremor 1451: 1403: 1387:Whanganui River 1366: 1352:was disrupted. 1315: 1295:Hatepe eruption 1275:sector collapse 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1180: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1005: 995: 994: 985: 984: 969:Mount Tongariro 962: 961: 955: 954: 948: 947: 941: 940: 931: 905: 900: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 529: 509:Whanganui River 480:Whangaehu River 472:Tukino skifield 468:State Highway 1 413: 343:) is an active 310: 306: 305:; colloquially 297: 279: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 183: 182: 181: 180: 176: 135: 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 76:New Zealand #19 74: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5029:Worcestershire 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4994:Northmoor Road 4991: 4986: 4984:Merton College 4981: 4979:Exeter College 4976: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958:United Kingdom 4952: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4911:Snowdon Forest 4908: 4907: 4906: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4700:Mount Sunday, 4697: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4582:Mount Victoria 4579: 4578: 4577: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4504:Rangipo Desert 4501: 4500: 4499: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4435: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4416:Film locations 4413: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4292:Rangipo Desert 4288: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Wahianoa River 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4192:Walking tracks 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4015: 4014:External links 4012: 4010: 4009: 3987: 3973: 3951: 3944: 3921: 3904:www.gns.cri.nz 3891: 3861: 3834: 3802: 3772: 3742: 3712: 3681: 3662:(1–2): 33–45. 3645: 3613: 3594:(1–2): 46–59. 3577: 3543: 3513: 3481: 3464:www.gns.cri.nz 3448: 3429:(1–2): 19–28. 3410: 3403: 3385: 3370: 3351: 3321: 3297: 3269: 3248:(2): 155–170. 3219: 3200:(3): 413–414. 3184: 3129: 3110:(3): 617–640. 3093: 3082:(1–4): 19–44. 3066: 3053:(3): 365–395. 3033: 3006:(2): 136–146. 2990: 2963:(1–2): 15–31. 2941: 2914:(5): 441–456. 2898: 2869: 2848:(4): 513–532. 2825: 2748: 2735:(4): 284–296. 2708: 2655: 2617: 2587: 2530: 2474: 2452: 2435:hwe.niwa.co.nz 2422: 2400: 2367: 2341: 2315: 2285: 2263: 2230: 2212: 2146: 2105: 2087: 2080: 2062: 2018: 1995:(2): 139–187. 1972: 1951:(1): 155–162. 1924: 1906: 1876: 1846: 1829:www.gns.cri.nz 1816: 1782: 1749: 1713: 1688: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1575:George Beetham 1570: 1567: 1530: 1527: 1523:GeoNet website 1498: 1495: 1450: 1447: 1402: 1399: 1365: 1362: 1314: 1311: 1248:Taupo eruption 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1225:Turoa skifield 1179: 1176: 1151:volcanic gases 1111:Wanganui Basin 979:. Mixed (e.g. 934: 933: 932: 930: 927: 904: 901: 897: 896: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 822: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 568: 567: 561: 557:Rangipo Desert 531:Ruapehu has a 528: 525: 490:A total of 18 460:Turoa skifield 412: 409: 289: 288: 283: 275: 274: 263: 257: 256: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 236: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 211:~200,000 years 209: 203: 202: 198: 197: 184: 178: 177: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 110:-39.28; 175.57 85: 79: 78: 69: 63: 62: 59: 53: 52: 49: 43: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5171: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5062: 5061:Lauterbrunnen 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5036:Malvern Hills 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5020:Sarehole Mill 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4945: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4826:Ithilien camp 4823: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4609:Wētā Workshop 4607: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4490:Mount Ruapehu 4488: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4418:(New Zealand) 4414: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:National Park 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4152:Mount Ruapehu 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124:, New Zealand 4123: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072:2012 Warning 4070: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996:Sibley, Brian 3991: 3976: 3974:9780908327447 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3777: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3560:teara.govt.nz 3557: 3550: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3404:0-478-01523-2 3400: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3361:DSIR Bulletin 3355: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Geochronology 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689:(1–2): 1–14. 2688: 2684: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2462: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2273: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173:(1): 180214. 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Wood, Eric F. 2153: 2151: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1608:Peter Jackson 1605: 1601: 1588: 1587:William Birch 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1200:volcanic cone 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Pacific Plate 1078: 1074: 1073:stratovolcano 1071: 1055: 1050: 1033: 1001: 991: 982: 978: 974: 973:Lake Rotoaira 970: 938: 926: 922: 920: 915: 911: 895:Source: NIWA 893: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 823: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 753: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 683: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 613: 569: 564: 560: 558: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 524: 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:Waikato River 493: 488: 486: 481: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 367:, within the 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:stratovolcano 340: 303: 295: 294:Mount Ruapehu 287: 284: 282: 280:Easiest route 276: 272: 271:J. P. Maxwell 268: 264: 262: 258: 253: 249: 247: 246:Last eruption 243: 240: 237: 235: 231: 226: 223: 222:Stratovolcano 220: 218: 217:Mountain type 214: 210: 208: 204: 199: 191: 187: 179:Mount Ruapehu 167: 157: 152: 148: 144: 139: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 86: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: 68: 64: 60: 58: 54: 50: 48: 44: 39: 32: 27: 24:Mount Ruapehu 22: 19: 4951:with Tolkien 4928:River Anduin 4927: 4915: 4903:River Anduin 4889: 4885:Mavora Lakes 4877:Dead Marshes 4875: 4852:Ered Nimrais 4850: 4844:Mount Gunn, 4824: 4809: 4795: 4781: 4769:The Argonath 4767: 4745: 4720: 4706: 4680:Dimrill Dale 4678: 4655: 4641: 4622:South Island 4602:Dimholt Road 4601: 4586: 4571: 4548: 4534: 4522:River Anduin 4520: 4508: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4457: 4443: 4425:North Island 4151: 4137:Hauhungatahi 4034:. Retrieved 4024: 3999: 3990: 3980:15 September 3978:. Retrieved 3964: 3954: 3935: 3912:. Retrieved 3903: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3873: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3837: 3825:. Retrieved 3814: 3805: 3788: 3784: 3763:. 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