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232:
1311:
1005:
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218:
45:
828:
1395:. As hatching nears, hens sit tighter on the nest and will only flush from the nest if disturbed in very close proximity. Nesting hens rarely spend more than an hour a day off of the nest feeding and as such become somewhat constipated. The presence of a nest nearby is often indicated by distinctively enlarged and malformed droppings known as "clocker droppings". All eggs hatch in close proximity after which the hen and clutch abandon the nest where they are at their most vulnerable. Abandoned nests often contain "caeacal" droppings; the discharge from the hens' appendixes built up over the incubation period.
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31:
94:
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and hunting for food. Since hunting has been restricted in many countries, trophy-hunting has become a tourist resource, particularly in central
European countries. In some areas, declines are due to excessive hunting, though this has not generally been a global problem. The bird has not been hunted
1374:
and in
Scotland, male western capercaillies are well-known for their combative behavior during mating season, sometimes even challenging and chasing off people who enter their territory. In a study it was found that the testosterone level in such "deviant" males was about five times higher than that
1174:
Spring territories are about 25 hectares (62 acres) per bird. Comparable abundances are found in taiga forests. Thus, the western capercaillie never had particularly high densities, despite the legends that hunters may speculate about. Adult cocks are strongly territorial and occupy a range of 50 to
1127:
Western capercaillie, especially the hens with young chicks, require resources that should occur as parts of a small-scaled patchy mosaic: These are food plants, small insects for the chicks, cover in dense young trees or high ground vegetation, old trees with horizontal branches for sleeping. These
1361:
for "play". The cocks continue courting on the ground: This is the main courting season. The cock flies from his courting tree to an open space nearby and continues his display. The hens, ready to get mounted, crouch and utter a begging sound. If there is more than one cock on the lek, it is mainly
1437:
They grow rapidly and most of the energy intake is transformed into the protein of the flight musculature (the white flesh around the breast in chickens). At an age of 3–4 weeks they are able to perform their first short flights. From this time on they start to sleep in trees on warm nights. At an
797:
The hen (female) is much smaller, weighing about half as much as the cock. The capercaillie hen's body from beak to tail is approximately 54–64 cm (21–25 in) long, the wingspan is 70 cm (28 in) and weighs 1.5–2.5 kg (3 lb 5 oz – 5 lb 8 oz), with an
1015:
This species has an estimated range of 1,000,000–10,000,000 km (390,000–3,860,000 sq mi) and a population of between 1.5 and 2 million individuals in Europe alone. There is some evidence of a population decline, but the overall species is not believed to approach the IUCN Red List
1349:
At the very beginning of dawn, the tree courting begins on a thick branch of a lookout tree. The cock postures himself with raised and fanned tail feathers, erect neck, beak pointed skywards, wings held out and drooped and starts his typical aria to impress the females. The typical song in this
2257:
1345:
of the western capercaillie starts according to spring weather progress, vegetation development and altitude between March and April and lasts until May or June. Three-quarters of this long courting season is mere territorial competition between neighbouring cocks or cocks on the same courting
1112:
Western capercaillies are not elegant fliers due to their body weight and short, rounded wings. While taking off they produce a sudden thundering noise that deters predators. Because of their body size and wingspan they avoid young and dense forests when flying. While flying they rest in short
785:
Cocks (males) typically range from 74 to 85 centimetres (29 to 33 inches) in length with wingspan of 90 to 125 cm (35 to 49 in) and an average weight of 4.1 kg (9 lb 1 oz). The largest wild cocks can attain a length of 100 cm (40 in) and weight of 6.7 kg
1175:
60 hectares (120 to 150 acres) optimal habitat. Hen territories are about 40 hectares (100 acres). The annual range can be several square kilometres (hundreds of hectares) when storms and heavy snowfall force the birds to winter at lower altitudes. Territories of cocks and hens may overlap.
1178:
Western capercaillie are diurnal game, i.e., their activity is limited to the daylight hours. They spend the night in old trees with horizontal branches. These sleeping trees are used for several nights; they can be mapped easily as the ground under them is covered by pellets.
814:
The small chicks resemble the hen in their cryptic colouration, which is a passive protection against predators. Additionally, they wear black crown feathers. At an age of about three months, in late summer, they moult gradually towards the adult plumage of cocks and hens. The
1390:
At the beginning of the brooding season, the hens are very sensitive to disturbances and leave the nest quickly. Towards the end they tolerate disturbances to a certain degree, crouching on their nest which is usually hidden under low branches of a young tree or a broken
1182:
The hens are ground breeders and spend the night on the nest. As long as the young chicks cannot fly, the hen spends the night with them in dense cover on the ground. During winter the hens rarely go down to the ground and most tracks in the snow are from cocks.
1438:
age of about 6 weeks they are fully able to maintain their body temperature. The down feathers have been moulted into the immature plumage and at an age of 3 months another moult brings in their subadult plumage; now the two sexes can be easily distinguished.
1407:
birds, the young are fully covered by down feathers at hatching but are not able to maintain their body temperature which is 41 °C (106 °F) in birds. In cold and rainy weather the chicks need to get warmed by the hen every few minutes and all night.
697:
Subspecies of the western capercaillie show increasing amounts of white on the underparts of males distributed west to east, almost wholly black with only a few white spots underneath in western and central Europe to nearly pure white in
Siberia, where the
1386:
About three days after copulation the hen starts laying eggs. In 10 days the clutch is full. The average clutch size is eight eggs but may amount up to 12, rarely only four or five eggs. Brooding lasts about 26–28 days according to weather and altitude.
2627:
2266:
786:(14 lb 12 oz). The largest specimen recorded in captivity had a weight of 7.2 kg (15 lb 14 oz). The weight of 75 wild cocks was found to range from 3.6 to 5.05 kg (7 lb 15 oz to 11 lb 2 oz). The body
2051:
Chua, Physilia Ying Shi; Lammers, Youri; Menoni, Emmanuel; Ekrem, Torbjørn; Bohmann, Kristine; Boessenkool, Sanne; Alsos, Inger Greve (13 July 2021). "Molecular dietary analyses of western capercaillies ( Tetrao urogallus ) reveal a diverse diet".
1143:
show this open structure due to the harsh climate, offering optimal habitats for capercaillie without human influence. Dense and young forests are avoided as there is neither cover nor food, and flight of these large birds is greatly impaired.
1128:
criteria are met best in old forest stands with spruce and pine, dense ground vegetation and local tree regrowth on dry slopes in southern to western expositions. These open stands allow flights downslope, and the tree regrowth offers cover.
1366:
with the hens. In this phase western capercaillies are most sensitive to disturbances. Even single human observers may cause the hens to fly off and prevent copulation in this very short time span where they are ready for conception.
1246:-rich food in their first weeks and thus mainly prey on insects. Available insect supply is strongly influenced by weather—dry and warm conditions allow a fast growth of the chicks, cold and rainy weather leads to high mortality.
1119:
1966:
705:
A native
Scottish population of western capercaillie which became extinct between 1770 and 1785 was probably a distinct subspecies, although it was never formally described as such. The western capercaillie found in
1147:
The abundance of western capercaillie depends—as with most species—on habitat quality. It is highest in sun-flooded open, old mixed forests with spruce, pine, fir and some beech with a rich ground cover of
1846:
2221:
Odden, J.; Linnell, J.D.; Andersen, R. (2006). "Diet of
Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway: the relative importance of livestock and hares at low roe deer density".
336:, with males nearly twice the size of females. The global population is listed as "least concern" under the IUCN, although the populations of central Europe are declining and fragmented, or possibly
1350:
display is a series of double-clicks like a dropping ping-pong ball, which gradually accelerate into a popping sound like a cork coming off a champagne bottle, which is followed by scraping sounds.
1071:
scientific advisory committee recommended 'renewed intensive measures' to maintain the population, especially steps to assist in the survival of eggs and chicks. Predators like crows, foxes and
801:
Both sexes have a white spot on the wing bow. They have feathered legs, especially in the cold season, for protection against cold. Their toe rows of small, elongated horn tacks provide a
1441:
From the beginning of
September the families start to dissolve. First the young cocks disperse, then the young hens. Both sexes may form loose foraging groups over the winter.
1249:
During winter, when a high snow cover prevents access to ground vegetation, the western capercaillie spends almost all day and night in trees, feeding on coniferous needles of
328:
family and the largest of all extant grouse species. The heaviest-known specimen, recorded in captivity, had a weight of 7.2 kilograms (16 pounds). Found across Europe and the
798:
average of 1.8 kg (3 lb 15 oz). Feathers on the upper parts are brown with black and silver barring; on the underside they are more light and buffish yellow.
1056:). The population plummeted from a high of 10,000 pairs in the 1960s to fewer than 1000 birds in 1999. It was even named as the bird most likely to become extinct in the
1744:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
2351:
Smedshaug, C.A.; Selås, V.; Lund, S.E.; Sonerud, G.A. (1999). "The effect of a natural reduction of red fox Vulpes vulpes on small game hunting bags in Norway".
1009:
1854:
770:
Male and female western capercaillie can easily be differentiated by their size and colouration. The cock is much bigger than the hen. It is one of the most
2566:
1079:, and increased human recreation in the territory which can injure adult birds.It was declared as 'extremely vulnerable' and requiring urgent action.
917:
mountains numbers of surviving western capercaillie decline even under massive efforts to breed them in captivity and release them into the wild. In
3138:
2012:
1095:
The western capercaillie is adapted to its original habitats—old coniferous forests with a rich interior structure and dense ground vegetation of
7648:
1715:
7700:
808:
These so-called "courting tacks" make a clear track in the snow. The sexes can be distinguished very easily by the size of their footprints.
1087:, MSP described capercaillie as 'magnificent birds' and ' iconic' for Scotland and called for 'partnership working' to reverse the decline.
7806:
1060:
by 2015, a survey then identified 1114 birds, occupying a reduced range of terrain. In mountainous skiing areas, poorly marked cables for
1155:
1109:, find cover in young tree growth, and use the open spaces when flying. As habitat specialists, they hardly use any other forest types.
1556:, the capercaillie has been widely hunted with guns and dogs throughout its territory in central and northern Europe. This includes
7609:
1905:
1280:, gizzard stones function like a mill and break needles and buds into small particles. Additionally, western capercaillie have two
1131:
In the lowlands such forest structures developed over centuries by heavy exploitation, especially by the use of litter and grazing
1811:
7661:
3133:
1850:
1378:
There is a smaller courting peak in autumn, which serves to delineate the territories for the winter months and the next season.
1199:, grasses and in the winter mostly conifer needles. One can see the food remains in their droppings, which are about 1 cm (
2577:
1302:
A recent study using DNA from faeces in Norway and France found that their diet is much more varied than had been documented.
4300:
2476:
1889:
1723:
7666:
7831:
1709:
7622:
2459:
2434:
1692:
1052:, the population has declined greatly since the 1960s because of deer fencing, predation and lack of suitable habitat (
901:
it is on the "Red List" as a species threatened by extinction and is no longer found in the lower mountainous areas of
811:
There is a bright red spot of naked skin above each eye. In German hunters' language, these are the so-called "roses".
7757:
2582:
1953:
1664:
1024:
2572:
2265:(Thesis). School of Forest Science and Resource Management, Technical University of München, Germany. Archived from
7811:
7705:
7588:
1064:
have contributed to mortality. Their effects can be mitigated by proper coloring, sighting and height alterations.
1016:
threshold of a population decline of more than 30% in ten years or three generations. It is therefore evaluated as
231:
1135:. In the highlands and along the ridges of mountain areas in temperate Europe as well as in the taiga region from
7601:
7570:
2677:
2597:
563:
445:
208:
7627:
6215:
4540:
1004:
7783:
7687:
7531:
6235:
5098:
5070:
4530:
332:, this primarily-ground-dwelling forest grouse is renowned for its courtship display. The bird shows extreme
1310:
6086:
1238:, which feeds almost exclusively on blueberry leaves and berries with some grass seeds and fresh shoots of
805:
effect that led to the German family name "Rauhfußhühner", literally translated as "rough feet chickens".
7508:
5745:
4266:
3123:
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217:
7513:
2614:
790:
are dark grey to dark brown, while the breast feathers are dark metallic green. The belly and undertail
44:
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7350:
5895:
5308:
2905:
2097:
1932:
1223: in) in length. Most of the year the droppings are of solid consistency but, with the ripening of
1610:
1533:) will occasionally pick off a capercaillie of any age or size; they normally prefer mammalian foods.
1505:) take mostly eggs and chicks but can attack adults if they manage to ambush the often wary birds. In
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5755:
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4905:
4293:
2820:
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350:
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there. During the short winter days the western capercaillie feeds almost constantly and produces a
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7263:
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6275:
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3146:
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1785:
1342:
377:
366:
93:
2259:
Diet composition of wolves (Canis lupus) on the
Scandinavian peninsula determined by scat analysis
2013:"Review of Capercaillie Conservation and Management - Report to the Scientific Advisory Committee"
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6334:
6255:
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1634:
BirdLife
International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012.
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984:
out of young plantations. Increased numbers of small predators that prey on capercaillies (e.g.,
491:
7744:
2825:
7653:
7495:
7412:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7123:
7083:
6634:
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5855:
5423:
5110:
4858:
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3118:
2930:
2880:
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2504:
2149:
7739:
7273:
7253:
7183:
7173:
6958:
6614:
6594:
6574:
6414:
6369:
6205:
5976:
5656:
5570:
5149:
2955:
1967:"Population Decline of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus in the Central Pyrenees"
832:
188:
7731:
1748:
F. cera pedibusque flavis, dorso fusco, nucha alba abdomine pallido maculis oblongis fuseis.
1353:
Towards the end of the courting season the hens arrive on the courting grounds, also called
7752:
7500:
7459:
7133:
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6828:
6584:
5835:
5775:
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4286:
3583:
2399:
1466:
1363:
1296:
1159:
1076:
1072:
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819:
are about the same size and form as chicken eggs, but are more speckled with brown spots.
8:
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7313:
7193:
6783:
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5498:
5403:
5283:
5060:
5025:
4475:
4465:
3113:
3005:
2945:
2890:
2670:
1909:
965:
953:
populations are large, and it is a common bird to see in forested regions; especially in
855:
711:
394:
58:
2607:
2403:
1587:
7033:
7023:
6693:
6673:
6604:
6180:
5885:
5488:
4686:
4575:
3896:
2960:
2920:
2885:
2411:
2368:
2238:
2203:
2079:
1994:
1825:
1534:
1526:
1281:
958:
628:
597:
88:
7726:
7544:
7143:
7103:
7003:
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6918:
6738:
6504:
6494:
6439:
5865:
5785:
5735:
5679:
5518:
5218:
5208:
4249:
4022:
3969:
3919:
3062:
3052:
2995:
2795:
2790:
2730:
2645:
2455:
2430:
2333:
2195:
2191:
2083:
1998:
1986:
1949:
1885:
1719:
1688:
1660:
1053:
771:
333:
7536:
2372:
2242:
2207:
2124:
1760:
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and the coniferous forest belt in the mountain ranges of warm temperate Europe. The
7549:
6948:
6703:
6683:
6389:
6170:
5815:
5805:
5508:
5468:
4940:
4826:
4673:
4624:
4485:
3888:
3030:
2702:
2633:
2536:
2407:
2360:
2230:
2187:
2069:
2061:
1978:
1793:
1764:
1605:
1518:
1358:
1191:
The western capercaillie lives on a variety of food types, including buds, leaves,
1042:
277:
7770:
7523:
7836:
7826:
7713:
7575:
7400:
7163:
7058:
7013:
6863:
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6379:
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5702:
5560:
5343:
5318:
5273:
5263:
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4766:
4565:
4120:
3948:
3418:
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2925:
2863:
2762:
2690:
1545:
than upland-type birds but have been recorded preying on capercaillie around the
1315:
954:
933:
it was common until the 17th century, but was extirpated in the 18th century. In
906:
866:
682:
666:
644:
398:
7692:
2318:
1982:
1037:
fruit-bearing branches for sale as
Christmas ornaments—a practice imported from
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7376:
7243:
7213:
6938:
6883:
6748:
6713:
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6359:
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6051:
5725:
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5378:
5353:
5198:
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4426:
4387:
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4160:
4112:
4046:
3985:
3940:
3927:
3801:
3764:
3615:
3389:
3226:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2950:
2935:
2830:
2805:
2800:
2782:
2663:
2036:
Young, Gregor (26 February 2022). "New extinction fears for the capercaillie".
1557:
1553:
1403:
After hatching the chicks are dependent on getting warmed by the hen. Like all
1392:
1057:
926:
602:
409:
382:
2234:
840:
337:
7800:
7674:
7435:
7203:
6893:
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4729:
4654:
4585:
4168:
4152:
4075:
4067:
3901:
3699:
3549:
3436:
3394:
3194:
3186:
3108:
3072:
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2914:
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2337:
1990:
1965:
Gil, Juan
Antonio; Gómez-Serrano, Miguel Ángel; López-López, Pascual (2020).
1739:
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816:
791:
743:
559:
441:
204:
78:
73:
1337:
Male capercaillie marking his territory to a hiker in a Finnish taiga forest
30:
7371:
7364:
6873:
6664:
6520:
6196:
6160:
5694:
5394:
5299:
5130:
5016:
4965:
4930:
4801:
4791:
4644:
4521:
4446:
4254:
3998:
3843:
3659:
3497:
3445:
3317:
3278:
3047:
3035:
3025:
3015:
2712:
1797:
1510:
1474:
1136:
1084:
1080:
1061:
1033:—an Ice Age remnant—was threatened in the 1960s by commercial gathering of
988:) due to the loss of large predators who control smaller carnivores (e.g.,
910:
861:
726:
413:
2199:
1638:. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.
7718:
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1769:
1415:
1371:
1322:
1038:
918:
779:
568:
155:
145:
7487:
1272:
To digest this coarse winter food, the birds need grit: small stones or
1008:
Footprints of western capercaillie in the Czech national nature reserve
759:
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7614:
7074:
6853:
6803:
6793:
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5992:
5957:
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5179:
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2429:. London: Poyser Monographs, T. & A.D. Poyser / A. & C. Black.
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343:
The western capercaillie is one of two living species under the genus
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5934:
5334:
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4136:
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2735:
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1427:
1412:
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1292:
1285:
1235:
1224:
1132:
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989:
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in size of living bird species, only exceeded by the larger types of
702:
is located. There is less variation in the females of this species.
425:
421:
105:
7640:
7562:
7406:
2578:
Aigas Field Centre Capercaillie Ecology and breeding programme pages
2174:
MILONOFF, M (December 1992). "The abnormal conduct of capercaillies
1276:
which they actively search for and devour. With their very muscular
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Saniga, M. (2002). "Nest loss and chick mortality in capercaillie (
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985:
950:
942:
930:
902:
898:
848:
787:
775:
678:
613:
587:
583:
549:
534:
1746:(in Latin). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 159.
5189:
4991:
4874:
4710:
4321:
4144:
4083:
3859:
3851:
3780:
3720:
3604:
3542:
3425:
3092:
3087:
2965:
2585:—pictures in nature photographer Janne Heimonen's photo gallery
1820:
1506:
1431:
1250:
1228:
1196:
969:
946:
938:
934:
894:
851:
725:
Western capercaillies are known to hybridise occasionally with
650:
634:
617:
519:
467:
345:
325:
165:
115:
4278:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1411:
They seek food independently and prey mainly on insects, like
292:
7557:
4378:
4030:
3817:
3380:
1639:
1266:
1262:
1192:
1034:
929:; they are also present in the Austrian and Italian Alps. In
874:
662:
515:
499:
475:
463:
405:
747:
Cock singing during courting season, in the Spanish Pyrenees
4333:
4006:
3373:
3336:
3306:
2720:
2686:
2545:
1964:
1574:
1419:
1254:
1027:
in his "Fauna" series, the northwestern Spanish subspecies
981:
914:
530:
390:
316:
301:
135:
1113:
gliding phases. Their feathers produce a whistling sound.
843:
species, breeding across northern parts of Europe and the
4128:
2985:
2747:
2350:
2319:"Pattern and causes of natural mortality of capercaille,
1684:
1465:), although they prefer slightly larger prey. Meanwhile,
1423:
1258:
310:
286:
1659:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
794:
vary from black to white depending on race (see below).
389:(the Scots use of z represents an archaic spelling with
1449:
Mammalian predators known to take capercaillie include
2050:
1786:"Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), version 1.0"
1585:
869:. It is also the official regional bird of the region.
486:
The western capercaillie has 8 recognized subspecies:
7348:
2542:
735:) and the closely related black-billed capercaillie.
298:
283:
280:
4683:
2539:
2491:
Status of Raptor Populations in Eastern Fennoskandia
2386:
Tjernberg, Martin (1981). "Diet of the Golden Eagle
2220:
1509:, western capercaillies are the primary prey of the
304:
289:
3277:
295:
1123:Capercaillie with her chicks, recorded in Scotland
1101:species under a light canopy. They mainly feed on
1611:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679487A85942729.en
1242:in summertime. The young chicks are dependent on
1234:The western capercaillie is a highly specialized
7798:
1525:), including adults but usually young ones, and
1284:which grow very long in winter. With the aid of
2316:
1783:
729:(these hybrids being known by the German name
4294:
2671:
2475:Koryakin, A.S.; Boyko, N.S. (November 2005).
2474:
2379:
2344:
2098:"Sex-crazed grouse terrorizes Swedish family"
1928:
1926:
3185:
2489:. Proceedings of the Workshop, Kostomuksha.
2468:
1711:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1305:
968:, particularly conversion of diverse native
964:The most serious threats to the species are
957:, that it occurs in the coat of arms of the
397:). The current spelling was standardised by
2418:
1732:
1681:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
1075:are blamed for the decline, as well as the
822:
4301:
4287:
2678:
2664:
2606:
2283:
2249:
1923:
1784:de Juana, Eduardo; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020).
1630:
1628:
999:
865:A capercaillie in the coat of arms of the
230:
216:
67:
43:
29:
5138:
4353:
2385:
2317:Wegge, P.; Kastdalen, L. (January 2007).
2310:
2214:
2073:
1898:
1768:
1609:
1209: in) in diameter and 5–6 cm (2–
5601:
4652:
4415:
2646:Audio recordings of Western capercaillie
2173:
1738:
1678:
1657:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1444:
1332:
1321:
1309:
1154:
1115:
1090:
1003:
860:
858:and a relatively open canopy structure.
826:
758:
750:
742:
5932:
4613:
2685:
2424:
2390:during the Breeding Season in Sweden".
2323:, chicks in a fragmented boreal forest"
1908:. BBC Nature – Wildlife. Archived from
1879:
1851:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
1707:
1625:
349:, which also includes the lesser-known
7799:
2533:There exists a spelling pronunciation
2289:
2255:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1804:
1650:
1648:
1398:
1023:As reported by the Spanish researcher
873:At one time it was present in all the
7628:western-capercaillie-tetrao-urogallus
7411:
7410:
5931:
5600:
4352:
4282:
3170:
2659:
2486:in the Gulf of Kandalaksha, White Sea
2449:
2443:
2223:European Journal of Wildlife Research
2122:
2035:
1714:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1654:
893:, but has been reintroduced from the
376:
7784:F973F77F-FCB8-4D54-A087-C570625D206B
7602:196c0dc1-92ed-4e59-87d3-498a5e2cec86
4376:
4237:
1839:
1701:
1672:
839:The capercaillie is a non-migratory
7807:IUCN Red List least concern species
4261:
2497:
1868:
1645:
1597:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
710:is an introduced population of the
440:The species was first described by
404:The genus name is derived from the
13:
2628:Western capercaillie photo gallery
2573:Capercaillie at RSPB Birds by Name
2493:. Karelia, Russia. pp. 49–55.
2412:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1981.tb00975.x
1935:– Keski-Suomen Liitto (in Finnish)
1880:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1231:become formless and bluish black.
1227:, these dominate the diet and the
225:Range of the western capercaillie
14:
7848:
3139:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2560:
1882:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
972:into often single-species timber
451:under its current binomial name.
7394:
7382:
7370:
7358:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4225:
4224:
4115:(New World vultures and condors)
2535:
2123:Suter, Paul (12 November 2019).
996:) cause problems in some areas.
778:and a select few members of the
276:
92:
7341:185 living species in 32 genera
4308:
2589:BirdLife species factsheet for
2569:on the Internet Bird Collection
2452:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere
2167:
2142:
2116:
2090:
2044:
2029:
2005:
1958:
1938:
1586:BirdLife International (2016).
649:found in southeastern European
381:) "Horse of the woodland". The
6216:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
3171:
2527:
1777:
1753:
1565:or Germany for over 30 years.
1517:). Large numbers are taken by
1362:the alpha-cock who engages in
976:, and to birds colliding with
738:
374:Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:
1:
5071:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
1642:. Downloaded on 02 June 2015.
1568:
1381:
1067:A study published in 2022 by
961:and is also a regional bird.
481:
6087:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
2630:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2615:"Western capercaillie media"
2192:10.1016/0018-506X(92)90022-N
1375:of normal displaying males.
1025:Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente
462:, which breeds in the larch
454:Its closest relative is the
356:
7:
7832:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5746:Chestnut-breasted partridge
4541:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
4179:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2505:"Capercaillie Life Project"
2478:The White tailed Sea Eagle
1983:10.13157/arla.67.2.2020.ra4
435:
324:, is a heavy member of the
10:
7853:
6236:Germain's peacock-pheasant
5896:Chestnut-bellied partridge
5099:Attwater's prairie chicken
4531:Verreaux's monal-partridge
4041:(cormorants and relatives)
3134:Extinct species since 1500
1640:http://www.iucnredlist.org
1541:) are more likely to take
1327:Tetrao urogallus urogallus
1164:The Fighting Capercaillies
720:
7419:
7339:
7072:
7047:
6992:
6907:
6842:
6817:
6762:
6727:
6662:
6652:
6563:
6518:
6473:
6428:
6403:
6348:
6315:Mountain bamboo partridge
6303:
6293:
6246:Mountain peacock-pheasant
6194:
6149:
6124:
6114:
6075:
6040:
6015:
5990:
5955:
5945:
5941:
5927:
5796:Chestnut-headed partridge
5766:Rufous-throated partridge
5756:White-necklaced partridge
5716:
5693:
5670:
5647:
5634:Udzungwa forest partridge
5614:
5610:
5596:
5447:
5392:
5367:
5332:
5297:
5232:
5187:
5177:
5128:
5049:
5014:
4989:
4954:
4919:
4906:Black-billed capercaillie
4872:
4815:
4780:
4755:
4718:
4704:
4642:
4603:
4554:
4519:
4454:
4444:
4405:
4366:
4362:
4348:
4316:
4220:
4171:(kingfishers and rollers)
4103:
4058:
4025:(albatrosses and petrels)
3997:
3968:
3939:
3918:
3909:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3891:(nightjars and relatives)
3879:
3842:
3833:
3800:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3715:(pheasants and relatives)
3690:
3614:
3573:
3511:
3483:
3459:
3435:
3408:
3329:
3316:
3273:
3246:
3242:
3181:
3177:
3166:
3162:
3101:
3004:
2904:
2854:
2781:
2711:
2698:
2634:Interactive range map of
2330:Annales Zoologici Fennici
2235:10.1007/s10344-006-0052-4
2125:"Capercaillie in Finland"
1708:Jobling, James A (2010).
1306:Courting and reproduction
1299:nearly every 10 minutes.
700:black-billed capercaillie
456:black-billed capercaillie
351:black-billed capercaillie
238:
229:
224:
215:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
6540:White-throated francolin
6325:Chinese bamboo partridge
6276:Bornean peacock-pheasant
6266:Malayan peacock-pheasant
6226:Palawan peacock-pheasant
6136:Crimson-headed partridge
5967:Vietnamese crested argus
4744:C. canadensis franklinii
4070:(seriemas and relatives)
4049:(pelicans and relatives)
2620:Internet Bird Collection
2567:Capercaillie mating game
2520:
2298:) in West Carpathians".
1761:IOC World Bird List 13.1
1604:: e.T22679487A85942729.
1291:, the plant material is
1261:as well as on buds from
921:, they are found in the
823:Distribution and habitat
378:[kʰaʰpəɫ̪ˈkʰɤʎə]
7812:Birds described in 1758
7234:Double-spurred spurfowl
7114:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
7094:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
6335:Taiwan bamboo partridge
6256:Hainan peacock-pheasant
5906:Grey-breasted partridge
5846:Orange-necked partridge
5826:White-cheeked partridge
5624:Rubeho forest partridge
5309:Lady Amherst's pheasant
5083:Greater prairie chicken
4894:Cantabrian capercaillie
4163:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4078:(falcons and relatives)
1679:Lockwood, W.B. (1993).
1186:
1083:Minister for Scotland,
1000:Status and conservation
365:is a corruption of the
239:Distribution in Europe
7304:Grey-breasted spurfowl
7294:Yellow-necked spurfowl
7224:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
7124:Black-fronted spurfowl
6929:Przevalski's partridge
6625:Orange River francolin
6097:Green-legged partridge
5856:Red-breasted partridge
5424:Tibetan eared pheasant
5111:Lesser prairie chicken
4859:White-tailed ptarmigan
4147:(trogons and quetzals)
3959:(cranes and relatives)
3229:(emus and cassowaries)
3119:Glossary of bird terms
2931:Confuciusornithiformes
1948:(2013), Karttakeskus,
1853:(WAZA). Archived from
1847:"Western capercaillie"
1798:10.2173/bow.wescap1.01
1338:
1330:
1319:
1171:
1124:
1012:
881:in the cold temperate
870:
867:Central Finland region
836:
831:Male capercaillie the
767:
756:
748:
470:and parts of northern
7740:Paleobiology Database
7264:Clapperton's spurfowl
7174:Grey-striped spurfowl
6615:Grey-winged francolin
6575:Ring-necked francolin
6370:Sri Lankan junglefowl
6206:Grey peacock-pheasant
5977:Malayan crested argus
5657:Ferruginous partridge
5539:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
5150:Long-billed partridge
3988:(kagu and sunbittern)
3951:(gulls and relatives)
2956:Songlingornithiformes
2921:Omnivoropterygiformes
2484:Somate ria mollissima
2482:and the Common Eider
2300:Folia Zoologica-Praha
2180:Hormones and Behavior
1655:Roach, Peter (2011),
1467:European pine martens
1445:Predation and hunting
1336:
1325:
1313:
1158:
1122:
1091:Behaviour and ecology
1007:
864:
833:Stelvio National Park
830:
762:
754:
746:
496:(Castroviejo, 1967) -
385:borrowing is spelled
257:Eurasian capercaillie
255:), also known as the
24:Western capercaillie
7597:Fauna Europaea (new)
7154:Swierstra's spurfowl
7065:) (possibly extinct)
6979:Red-legged partridge
6829:Madagascar partridge
6585:Red-winged francolin
6550:Schlegel's francolin
5836:Bar-backed partridge
5776:Red-billed partridge
5529:Salvadori's pheasant
5434:Brown eared pheasant
5414:White eared pheasant
5254:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
4884:Western capercaillie
3810:Phoenicopteriformes
2583:Western Capercaillie
2480:Haliaeetus albicilla
2450:Voous, K.H. (1988).
2425:Kenward, R. (2006).
2365:10.2981/wlb.1999.020
2294:) and hazel grouse (
1946:Suomen kuntavaakunat
1770:10.14344/ioc.ml.13.1
1539:Haliaeetus albicilla
1160:Ferdinand von Wright
1105:species, especially
543:(Dombrowski, 1912) -
528:(C.L. Brehm, 1831) -
416:. The species name,
247:western capercaillie
7314:Red-necked spurfowl
7284:Swainson's spurfowl
7194:Red-billed spurfowl
7084:Hartlaub's spurfowl
6784:Snow Mountain quail
6635:Shelley's francolin
5499:Vietnamese pheasant
5404:Blue eared pheasant
5061:Sharp-tailed grouse
5026:Greater sage-grouse
4506:Temminck's tragopan
3781:Mesitornithiformes
3775:(doves and pigeons)
3109:Families and orders
2971:Ichthyornithiformes
2946:Patagopterygiformes
2404:1981Ecogr...4...12T
2256:Müller, S. (2006).
1535:White-tailed eagles
1527:Eurasian eagle-owls
1399:Hatching and growth
966:habitat degradation
856:species composition
712:nominate subspecies
675:(Stejneger, 1885) -
525:T. u. crassirostris
466:forests of eastern
460:Tetrao parvirostris
395:Mackenzie (surname)
393:and is silent; see
59:Conservation status
7274:Harwood's spurfowl
7254:Heuglin's spurfowl
7184:Jackson's spurfowl
7034:Manipur bush quail
7024:Painted bush quail
6959:Philby's partridge
6694:Himalayan snowcock
6674:Caucasian snowcock
6605:Moorland francolin
6595:Finsch's francolin
6415:Latham's francolin
6280:P. schleiermacheri
6181:Sri Lanka spurfowl
5886:Sumatran partridge
5571:Swinhoe's pheasant
5493:L. erythrophthalma
5489:Crestless fireback
4687:Californian turkey
4123:(eagles and hawks)
4023:Procellariiformes
3928:Opisthocomiformes
3897:Steatornithiformes
3124:List by population
2961:Hongshanornithidae
2886:Evolution of birds
2641:IUCN Red List maps
2598:"Tetrao urogallus"
1790:Birds of the World
1523:Accipiter gentilis
1339:
1331:
1320:
1172:
1168:Taistelevat metsot
1125:
1013:
889:population became
871:
837:
772:sexually dimorphic
768:
757:
749:
672:T. u. taczanowskii
633:northern European
611:(Stegmann, 1926) -
581:(Lönnberg, 1924) -
7794:
7793:
7727:Open Tree of Life
7413:Taxon identifiers
7346:
7345:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7258:P. icterorhynchus
7178:P. griseostriatus
7144:Djibouti spurfowl
7134:Erckel's spurfowl
7118:P. castaneicollis
7104:Handsome spurfowl
7028:P. erythrorhyncha
7004:Jungle bush quail
6969:Barbary partridge
6919:Arabian partridge
6739:See-see partridge
6648:
6647:
6505:Chinese francolin
6495:Painted francolin
6440:Crested francolin
6289:
6288:
6110:
6109:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5866:Malayan partridge
5786:Siamese partridge
5736:Sichuan partridge
5680:Crested partridge
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5543:L. i. hoogerwerfi
5519:Imperial pheasant
5479:Edward's pheasant
5459:Bulwer's pheasant
5244:Elliot's pheasant
5219:Tibetan partridge
5209:Daurian partridge
5173:
5172:
5124:
5123:
5115:T. pallidicinctus
5075:T. p. columbianus
4898:T. u. cantabricus
4740:Franklin's grouse
4700:
4699:
4638:
4637:
4599:
4598:
4490:T. melanocephalus
4440:
4439:
4401:
4400:
4276:
4275:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4009:(loons or divers)
3978:Phaethontiformes
3970:Phaethontimorphae
3920:Opisthocomiformes
3889:Caprimulgiformes
3829:
3828:
3818:Podicipediformes
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3455:
3454:
3238:
3237:
3195:Struthioniformes
3063:Waterfowl hunting
2996:Gastornithiformes
2991:Aepyornithiformes
2981:Lithornithiformes
2392:Holarctic Ecology
2388:Aquila chrysaetos
2054:Environmental DNA
1933:Maakuntatunnukset
1891:978-0-8493-4258-5
1725:978-1-4081-2501-4
1519:northern goshawks
1515:Aquila chrysaetos
1120:
1054:Caledonian Forest
1030:T. u. cantabricus
676:
660:
659:(Nazarov, 1886) -
648:
632:
612:
601:
582:
567:
544:
529:
510:
505:T. u. aquitanicus
497:
492:T. u. cantabricus
334:sexual dimorphism
269:cock-of-the-woods
243:
242:
180:T. urogallus
82:
7844:
7787:
7786:
7774:
7773:
7771:Tetrao-urogallus
7761:
7760:
7748:
7747:
7735:
7734:
7722:
7721:
7709:
7708:
7696:
7695:
7693:NHMSYS0000530659
7683:
7682:
7670:
7669:
7657:
7656:
7644:
7643:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7617:
7605:
7604:
7592:
7591:
7579:
7578:
7566:
7565:
7553:
7552:
7540:
7539:
7527:
7526:
7517:
7516:
7504:
7503:
7491:
7490:
7481:
7480:
7478:C3221EE24B948F50
7468:
7467:
7465:Tetrao_urogallus
7455:
7454:
7453:
7451:Tetrao urogallus
7440:
7439:
7438:
7421:Tetrao urogallus
7408:
7407:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7387:
7386:
7375:
7374:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7354:
6949:Chukar partridge
6923:A. melanocephala
6858:C. coromandelica
6743:A. griseogularis
6704:Tibetan snowcock
6684:Caspian snowcock
6660:
6659:
6454:O. pondicerianus
6390:Green junglefowl
6301:
6300:
6171:Painted spurfowl
6122:
6121:
5953:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5928:
5876:Roll's partridge
5840:A. brunneopectus
5816:Taiwan partridge
5806:Hainan partridge
5780:A.a rubrirostris
5612:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5509:Crested fireback
5469:Siamese fireback
5383:Catreus wallichi
5284:Reeve's pheasant
5185:
5184:
5136:
5135:
4945:L. mlokosiewiczi
4941:Caucasian grouse
4827:Willow ptarmigan
4716:
4715:
4685:
4674:Ocellated turkey
4650:
4649:
4625:Koklass pheasant
4611:
4610:
4486:Western tragopan
4476:Cabot's tragopan
4466:Blyth's tragopan
4452:
4451:
4413:
4412:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4264:
4263:
4252:
4240:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4153:Leptosomiformes
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4121:Accipitriformes
4116:
4095:
4094:(perching birds)
4087:
4079:
4071:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4015:Sphenisciformes
4010:
3989:
3981:
3960:
3952:
3949:Charadriiformes
3931:
3910:
3892:
3871:
3863:
3860:Musophagiformes
3855:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3813:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3716:
3703:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3383:
3376:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3244:
3243:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3031:Bird collections
2986:Dinornithiformes
2891:Darwin's finches
2881:Origin of flight
2821:Seabird breeding
2811:Sexual selection
2680:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2636:Tetrao urogallus
2624:
2610:
2605:
2591:Tetrao urogallus
2554:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2531:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2353:Wildlife Biology
2348:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2321:Tetrao urogallus
2314:
2308:
2307:
2292:Tetrao urogallus
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2176:Tetrao urogallus
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2066:10.1002/edn3.237
2060:(6): 1156–1171.
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1962:
1956:
1944:Iltanen, Jussi:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1824:. Archived from
1814:Tetrao urogallus
1808:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1652:
1643:
1636:Tetrao urogallus
1632:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1590:Tetrao urogallus
1583:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1139:to Siberia, the
1121:
1010:Kladské rašeliny
980:erected to keep
765:Tetrao urogallus
674:
658:
642:
626:
610:
595:
580:
557:
548:to southwestern
542:
527:
508:
495:
446:10th edition of
380:
375:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
252:Tetrao urogallus
234:
220:
200:
198:Tetrao urogallus
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
20:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7822:Birds of Russia
7817:Birds of Europe
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7782:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7756:
7751:
7743:
7738:
7730:
7725:
7717:
7714:Observation.org
7712:
7704:
7699:
7691:
7686:
7678:
7673:
7665:
7660:
7652:
7647:
7639:
7634:
7626:
7621:
7613:
7608:
7600:
7595:
7587:
7582:
7574:
7569:
7561:
7556:
7548:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7522:
7520:
7512:
7507:
7499:
7494:
7486:
7484:
7476:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7393:
7381:
7369:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7347:
7342:
7323:
7238:P. bicalcaratus
7228:P. hildebrandti
7164:Ahanta spurfowl
7098:P. camerunensis
7068:
7063:O. superciliosa
7059:Himalayan quail
7043:
7038:P. manipurensis
7014:Rock bush quail
6988:
6903:
6864:Harlequin quail
6838:
6833:M. madagarensis
6813:
6778:S. ypsilophorus
6758:
6723:
6698:T. himalayensis
6644:
6589:S. levaillantii
6579:S. streptophora
6559:
6530:Coqui francolin
6514:
6485:Black francolin
6469:
6460:Swamp francolin
6424:
6399:
6380:Grey junglefowl
6344:
6285:
6210:P. bicalcaratum
6190:
6145:
6140:H. sanguiniceps
6117:Polyplectronini
6106:
6071:
6036:
6011:
5986:
5937:
5915:
5820:A. crudigularis
5712:
5703:Black partridge
5689:
5666:
5643:
5638:X. udzungwensis
5606:
5580:
5561:Silver pheasant
5555:L. leucomelanos
5443:
5418:C. crossoptilon
5388:
5363:
5344:Common pheasant
5328:
5319:Golden pheasant
5293:
5278:S. soemmerringi
5274:Copper pheasant
5264:Mikado pheasant
5228:
5169:
5160:Dulit partridge
5154:R. longirostris
5120:
5103:T. c. attwateri
5065:T. phasianellus
5045:
5036:Gunnison grouse
5030:C. urophasianus
5010:
4985:
4950:
4915:
4910:T. urogalloides
4868:
4811:
4776:
4767:Siberian grouse
4751:
4709:
4696:
4634:
4595:
4576:Sclater's monal
4566:Himalayan monal
4550:
4515:
4436:
4397:
4358:
4344:
4312:
4307:
4277:
4272:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4161:Bucerotiformes
4155:(cuckoo-roller)
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4113:Cathartiformes
4099:
4093:
4085:
4084:Psittaciformes
4077:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:Pelecaniformes
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3986:Eurypygiformes
3979:
3964:
3958:
3950:
3935:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3825:
3819:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3789:Pterocliformes
3782:
3774:
3725:
3714:
3701:
3686:
3610:
3569:
3507:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3431:
3404:
3381:
3374:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3227:Casuariiformes
3220:
3219:Apterygiformes
3212:
3204:
3196:
3173:
3158:
3129:Lists by region
3097:
3007:
3000:
2941:Chaoyangiformes
2926:Jeholornithidae
2900:
2864:Origin of birds
2850:
2831:Brood parasites
2777:
2707:
2694:
2684:
2613:
2596:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2423:
2419:
2384:
2380:
2349:
2345:
2325:
2315:
2311:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2219:
2215:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:Too Much To See
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1812:"Capercaillie (
1810:
1809:
1805:
1782:
1778:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1653:
1646:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1447:
1401:
1384:
1343:breeding season
1316:Bavarian Forest
1308:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1116:
1093:
1002:
955:Central Finland
907:Bavarian Forest
897:population; in
877:forests of the
825:
755:Male and female
741:
723:
683:Altai Mountains
667:western Siberia
656:T. u. uralensis
640:T. u. volgensis
624:T. u. obsoletus
593:T. u. lonnbergi
578:T. u. karelicus
555:T. u. urogallus
509:Ingram, 1915) -
484:
448:Systema Naturae
438:
412:, probably the
399:William Yarrell
373:
367:Scottish Gaelic
359:
315:
309:
279:
275:
211:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
7850:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7775:
7762:
7749:
7736:
7723:
7710:
7697:
7684:
7671:
7658:
7645:
7632:
7619:
7606:
7593:
7584:Fauna Europaea
7580:
7567:
7554:
7541:
7528:
7518:
7505:
7492:
7482:
7469:
7456:
7441:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7404:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7311:
7301:
7298:P. leucoscepus
7291:
7281:
7271:
7268:P. clappertoni
7261:
7251:
7244:Scaly spurfowl
7241:
7231:
7221:
7214:Natal spurfowl
7211:
7201:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7161:
7151:
7148:P. ochropectus
7141:
7131:
7121:
7111:
7101:
7091:
7080:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7055:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7000:
6998:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6946:
6939:Rock partridge
6936:
6926:
6915:
6913:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6891:
6884:Japanese quail
6881:
6871:
6868:C. delegorguei
6861:
6850:
6848:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6825:
6823:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6801:
6791:
6788:S. monorthonyx
6781:
6770:
6768:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6749:Sand partridge
6746:
6735:
6733:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6714:Altai snowcock
6711:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6670:
6668:
6657:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6571:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6547:
6544:C. albogularis
6537:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6509:F. pintadeanus
6502:
6492:
6489:F. francolinus
6481:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6457:
6450:Grey francolin
6447:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6411:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6360:Red junglefowl
6356:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6311:
6309:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6273:
6263:
6253:
6243:
6233:
6223:
6213:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6185:G. bicalcarata
6178:
6168:
6157:
6155:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6132:
6130:
6119:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6083:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6052:Indian peafowl
6048:
6046:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6023:
6021:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
5998:
5996:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5963:
5961:
5950:
5939:
5938:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5843:
5833:
5830:A. atrogularis
5823:
5813:
5803:
5793:
5783:
5773:
5770:A. rufogularis
5763:
5753:
5743:
5733:
5726:Hill partridge
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5620:
5618:
5608:
5607:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5551:Kalij pheasant
5548:
5547:
5546:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5503:L. hatinhensis
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5438:C.mantchuricum
5431:
5421:
5411:
5400:
5398:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5379:Cheer pheasant
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5354:Green pheasant
5351:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5271:
5261:
5251:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5199:Grey partridge
5195:
5193:
5182:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5146:
5144:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5057:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4976:Chinese grouse
4973:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4938:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4849:Rock ptarmigan
4846:
4845:
4844:
4823:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4806:D. fuliginosus
4799:
4788:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4771:F. falcipennis
4763:
4761:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4726:
4724:
4713:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4691:M. californica
4681:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4527:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4496:Satyr tragopan
4493:
4483:
4473:
4462:
4460:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:Blood pheasant
4423:
4421:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:Snow partridge
4384:
4382:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4169:Coraciiformes
4166:
4158:
4150:
4145:Trogoniformes
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:Passeriformes
4089:
4081:
4076:Falconiformes
4073:
4068:Cariamiformes
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4031:Ciconiiformes
4028:
4020:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3945:
3943:
3941:Cursorimorphae
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3802:Mirandornithes
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3773:Columbiformes
3769:
3767:
3765:Columbimorphae
3758:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3700:Meleagridinae
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:Odontophoridae
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Stictonettinae
3392:
3390:Dendrocygninae
3387:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3324:
3311:
3268:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3175:
3174:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:Notable birds
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3093:Egg collecting
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Hesperornithes
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Ambiortiformes
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Enantiornithes
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2631:
2625:
2611:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2556:
2555:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2467:
2461:978-0262220354
2460:
2442:
2436:978-0713665659
2435:
2417:
2378:
2359:(3): 157–166.
2343:
2309:
2296:Bonasa bonasia
2282:
2248:
2229:(4): 237–244.
2213:
2186:(4): 556–567.
2166:
2150:"Capercaillie"
2141:
2115:
2089:
2043:
2028:
2004:
1977:(2): 285–306.
1957:
1937:
1922:
1906:"Capercaillie"
1897:
1890:
1867:
1838:
1803:
1776:
1752:
1740:Linnaeus, Carl
1731:
1724:
1700:
1694:978-0198661962
1693:
1671:
1665:
1644:
1624:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1558:trophy hunting
1552:A traditional
1446:
1443:
1400:
1397:
1383:
1380:
1307:
1304:
1188:
1185:
1141:boreal forests
1092:
1089:
1001:
998:
824:
821:
740:
737:
722:
719:
695:
694:
669:
653:
637:
621:
605:
603:Kola Peninsula
590:
575:
552:
537:
522:
502:
483:
480:
437:
434:
358:
355:
241:
240:
236:
235:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7849:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7338:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7308:P. rufopictus
7305:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7288:P. swainsonii
7285:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7218:P. natalensis
7215:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7204:Cape spurfowl
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7168:P. ahantensis
7165:
7162:
7159:
7158:P. swierstrai
7155:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6898:C. pectoralis
6895:
6894:Stubble quail
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:Margaroperdix
6816:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6678:T. caucasicus
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6629:S. gutturalis
6626:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6609:S. psilolaema
6606:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6555:
6554:C. schlegelii
6551:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6384:G. sonneratii
6381:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6329:B. thoracicus
6326:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6260:P. katsumatae
6257:
6254:
6251:
6250:P. inopinatum
6247:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6091:T. charltonii
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6078:Tropicoperdix
6074:
6067:
6063:
6062:Green peafowl
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6032:
6028:
6027:Congo peafowl
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5981:R. nigrescens
5978:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5911:
5910:A. orientalis
5907:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5860:A. hyperythra
5857:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5800:A. cambodiana
5797:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5740:A. rufipectus
5737:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:X. obscuratus
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5565:L. nycthemera
5562:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5523:L. imperialis
5520:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5358:P. versicolor
5355:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5313:C. amherstiae
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5223:P. hodgsoniae
5220:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5176:
5165:
5164:R. dulitensis
5161:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5006:
5002:
5001:Ruffed grouse
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4841:L. l. scotica
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:C. canadensis
4731:
4730:Spruce grouse
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4630:
4629:P. macrolopha
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4591:
4587:
4586:Chinese monal
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4545:T. szechenyii
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4510:T. temminckii
4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:Strigiformes
4127:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3980:(tropicbirds)
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3902:Podargiformes
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:Cuculiformes
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
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3740:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:Macrocephalon
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3437:Anseranatidae
3434:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:Tinamiformes
3209:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:Palaeognathae
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Pigeon racing
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:Archaeopteryx
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
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2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2530:
2526:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2454:. MIT Press.
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2306:(3): 205–214.
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2272:on 2016-03-04
2268:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2040:. p. 21.
2039:
2032:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1954:951-593-915-1
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1912:on 2017-10-21
1911:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1884:. CRC Press.
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:on 2011-01-07
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1828:on 2012-08-23
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1666:9780521152532
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:Vulpes vulpes
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:beech martens
1472:
1471:Martes martes
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Eurasian lynx
1442:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:least concern
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
863:
859:
857:
854:with diverse
853:
850:
846:
842:
834:
829:
820:
818:
812:
809:
806:
804:
799:
795:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
773:
766:
761:
753:
745:
736:
734:
733:
728:
718:
716:
713:
709:
703:
701:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:found in the
657:
654:
652:
646:
641:
638:
636:
630:
625:
622:
619:
615:
609:
608:T. u. pleskei
606:
604:
599:
594:
591:
589:
585:
579:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
553:
551:
547:
541:
540:T. u. rudolfi
538:
536:
532:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:northwestern
494:
493:
489:
488:
487:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:
443:
442:Carl Linnaeus
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
371:
370:capall coille
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
321:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
237:
233:
228:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:Female (hen)
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7420:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7287:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7248:P. squamatus
7247:
7237:
7227:
7217:
7207:
7198:P. adspersus
7197:
7187:
7177:
7167:
7157:
7147:
7137:
7128:P. atrifrons
7127:
7117:
7107:
7097:
7088:P. hartlaubi
7087:
7073:
7062:
7048:
7037:
7027:
7018:P. argoondah
7017:
7007:
6993:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6922:
6908:
6897:
6887:
6877:
6874:Common quail
6867:
6857:
6843:
6832:
6818:
6808:S. chinensis
6807:
6798:S. adansonii
6797:
6787:
6777:
6763:
6752:
6742:
6728:
6717:
6708:T. tibetanus
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6665:Tetraogallus
6663:
6638:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6564:
6553:
6543:
6533:
6521:Campocolinus
6519:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6474:
6463:
6453:
6443:
6429:
6418:
6404:
6393:
6383:
6374:G. lafayetii
6373:
6363:
6349:
6339:B. sonorivox
6338:
6328:
6318:
6304:
6279:
6270:P. malacense
6269:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6229:
6220:P. chalcurum
6219:
6209:
6197:Polyplectron
6195:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6161:Red spurfowl
6150:
6139:
6125:
6101:T. chloropus
6100:
6090:
6076:
6065:
6056:P. cristatus
6055:
6041:
6031:A. congensis
6030:
6016:
6005:
5991:
5980:
5970:
5956:
5909:
5899:
5890:A. sumatrana
5889:
5879:
5870:A. campbelli
5869:
5859:
5849:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5809:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5759:
5750:A. mandellii
5749:
5739:
5730:A. torqueola
5729:
5706:
5695:Melanoperdix
5683:
5660:
5637:
5627:
5574:
5564:
5554:
5542:
5532:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5448:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5395:Crossoptilon
5393:
5382:
5368:
5357:
5348:P. colchicus
5347:
5333:
5322:
5312:
5300:Chrysolophus
5298:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5247:
5233:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5188:
5163:
5153:
5139:
5131:Rhizotherini
5114:
5102:
5086:
5074:
5064:
5050:
5039:
5029:
5017:Centrocercus
5015:
5004:
4990:
4980:T. sewerzowi
4979:
4969:
4966:Hazel grouse
4955:
4944:
4934:
4931:Black grouse
4920:
4909:
4897:
4888:T. urogallus
4887:
4883:
4873:
4862:
4852:
4840:
4830:
4816:
4805:
4802:Sooty grouse
4795:
4792:Dusky grouse
4781:
4770:
4756:
4743:
4733:
4719:
4690:
4677:
4668:M. gallopavo
4667:
4653:
4645:Meleagridini
4628:
4614:
4589:
4579:
4570:L. impejanus
4569:
4555:
4544:
4534:
4522:Tetraophasis
4520:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4469:
4455:
4447:Lophophorini
4430:
4416:
4391:
4377:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4139:(mousebirds)
4137:Coliiformes
4007:Gaviiformes
3999:Aequornithes
3907:Apodiformes
3868:Otidiformes
3844:Otidimorphae
3791:(sandgrouse)
3713:Phasianinae
3679:
3672:
3665:
3660:Odontophorus
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3498:Oreophasinae
3444:
3424:
3417:
3322:(waterfowls)
3318:Anseriformes
3068:Cockfighting
3053:Conservation
3048:Bird feeding
3036:Birdwatching
3026:Ornithomancy
2966:Gansuiformes
2913:
2906:Fossil birds
2796:Intelligence
2635:
2618:
2601:
2590:
2529:
2508:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2398:(1): 12–19.
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2258:
2251:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2104:. 3 May 2015
2101:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:The National
2037:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1945:
1940:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1900:
1881:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1819:
1813:
1806:
1789:
1779:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1710:
1703:
1680:
1674:
1656:
1635:
1615:. Retrieved
1601:
1595:
1589:
1551:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1511:golden eagle
1502:
1494:
1487:Ursus arctos
1486:
1479:Martes foina
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1416:caterpillars
1410:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1326:
1301:
1271:
1248:
1233:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1137:Fennoscandia
1130:
1126:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1085:Lorna Slater
1081:Biodiversity
1073:pine martens
1066:
1047:
1028:
1022:
1014:
963:
911:Black Forest
872:
838:
813:
810:
807:
800:
796:
784:
769:
764:
763:Skeleton of
730:
727:black grouse
724:
714:
704:
696:
689:and eastern
671:
655:
639:
623:
607:
592:
577:
554:
539:
524:
504:
490:
485:
459:
453:
447:
444:in his 1758
439:
429:
417:
414:black grouse
403:
387:capercailzie
386:
369:
363:capercaillie
362:
360:
344:
342:
273:capercaillie
272:
271:, or simply
268:
265:heather cock
264:
260:
256:
251:
250:
246:
244:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
38:Male (cock)
18:
7636:iNaturalist
7445:Wikispecies
7278:P. harwoodi
7208:P. capensis
7188:P. jacksoni
7138:P. erckelii
7008:P. asiatica
6888:C. japonica
6878:C. coturnix
6774:Brown quail
6718:T. altaicus
6655:Coturnicini
6639:S. shelleyi
6566:Scleroptila
6476:Francolinus
6444:O. sephaena
6306:Bambusicola
6240:P. germaini
6230:P. emphanum
6175:G. lunulata
6165:G. spadicea
6152:Galloperdix
6127:Haematortyx
6002:Great argus
5971:R. ocellata
5900:A. javanica
5718:Arborophila
5575:L. swinhoii
5533:L. inornata
5483:L. edwardsi
5213:P. dauurica
5052:Tympanuchus
5005:B. umbellus
4796:D. obscurus
4783:Dendragapus
4758:Falcipennis
4678:M. ocellata
4664:Wild turkey
4580:L. sclateri
4557:Lophophorus
4535:T. obscurus
4431:I. cruentus
4356:Phasianinae
4340:Galliformes
4310:Phasianidae
4267:WikiProject
4177:Piciformes
4060:Australaves
4039:Suliformes
3957:Gruiformes
3812:(flamingos)
3721:Tetraoninae
3692:Phasianidae
3681:Rhynchortyx
3646:Dactylortyx
3513:Megapodidae
3503:Penelopinae
3461:Galliformes
3203:Rheiformes
3197:(ostriches)
3147:individuals
3021:Ornithology
3008:interaction
2763:Preen gland
2427:The Goshawk
2332:: 141–151.
2154:Harjureitti
2075:10037/22006
1617:18 November
1543:water birds
1483:brown bears
1463:Canis lupus
1372:Scandinavia
1274:gastroliths
1225:blueberries
1077:deer fences
1045:countries.
1039:Anglo-Saxon
974:plantations
925:and in the
919:Switzerland
739:Description
685:(northwest
629:Snigerewski
598:Snigirevski
569:Scandinavia
261:wood grouse
156:Phasianidae
146:Galliformes
7801:Categories
7766:Xeno-canto
7108:P. nobilis
7075:Pternistis
6973:A. barbara
6963:A. philbyi
6854:Rain quail
6804:King quail
6794:Blue quail
6730:Ammoperdix
6688:T. caspius
6599:S. finschi
6464:O. gularis
6431:Ortygornis
6419:P. lathami
6406:Peliperdix
6319:B. fytchii
6066:P. muticus
5993:Argusianus
5958:Rheinardia
5933:Subfamily
5790:A. diversa
5760:A. gingica
5684:R. rouloul
5661:C. oculeus
5649:Caloperdix
5616:Xenoperdix
5604:Rollulinae
5602:Subfamily
5463:L. bulweri
5428:C. harmani
5408:C. auritum
5288:S. reevesi
5248:S. ellioti
5235:Syrmaticus
5180:Phasianini
5141:Rhizothera
5040:C. minimus
4970:T. bonasia
4863:L. leucura
4837:Red grouse
4831:L. lagopus
4721:Canachites
4707:Tetraonini
4606:Pucrasiini
4590:L. lhuysii
4470:T. blythii
4408:Ithaginini
4354:Subfamily
4017:(penguins)
3870:(bustards)
3708:Perdicinae
3653:Dendrortyx
3625:Callipepla
3557:Megapodius
3522:Aepypodius
3400:Tadorninae
3382:true geese
3213:(tinamous)
3172:Neornithes
3083:Pheasantry
3058:Aviculture
2826:Incubation
2816:Lek mating
2650:Xeno-canto
2510:2015-12-25
2276:2015-05-01
2022:2022-02-26
2017:NatureScot
1916:2012-06-21
1861:2012-06-21
1832:2012-12-26
1763:(Report).
1569:References
1495:Sus scrofa
1491:wild boars
1428:myriapodae
1393:tree crown
1382:Egg-laying
1364:copulation
1314:Female in
1282:appendixes
1069:NatureScot
994:brown bear
923:Swiss Alps
879:Palearctic
847:in mature
845:Palearctic
732:Rackelhahn
691:Kazakhstan
482:Subspecies
428:of German
408:name of a
338:extirpated
330:Palearctic
6995:Perdicula
6953:A. chukar
6943:A. graeca
6910:Alectoris
6499:F. pictus
6394:G. varius
6364:G. gallus
5935:Pavoninae
5850:A. davidi
5810:A. ardens
5513:L. ignita
5473:L. diardi
5335:Phasianus
5323:C. pictus
5268:S. mikado
5258:S. humiae
5203:P. perdix
5095:(extinct)
5093:Heath hen
5087:T. cupido
4957:Tetrastes
4935:L. tetrix
4655:Meleagris
4500:T. satyra
4480:T. caboti
4418:Ithaginis
4320:Kingdom:
4086:(parrots)
3930:(hoatzin)
3881:Strisores
3862:(turacos)
3854:(cuckoos)
3783:(mesites)
3702:(turkeys)
3674:Philortyx
3591:Agelastes
3584:Acryllium
3575:Numididae
3564:Talegalla
3474:gamebirds
3467:landfowls
3446:Anseranas
3410:Anhimidae
3369:Anserinae
3152:fictional
2874:dinosaurs
2869:Theropoda
2856:Evolution
2801:Migration
2783:Behaviour
2338:0003-455X
2102:The Local
2084:238773874
1999:216382815
1991:0570-7358
1547:White Sea
1531:Bubo bubo
1499:red foxes
1459:gray wolf
1455:Lynx lynx
1430:, ground
1413:butterfly
1405:precocial
1318:, Germany
1286:symbiotic
1236:herbivore
1152:species.
1150:Vaccinium
1133:livestock
1103:Vaccinium
1098:Vaccinium
1062:ski-lifts
990:gray wolf
905:; in the
883:latitudes
841:sedentary
715:urogallus
647:, 1907) -
631:, 1937) -
600:, 1957) -
426:homophone
422:Neo-Latin
418:urogallus
410:game bird
401:in 1843.
361:The word
357:Etymology
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
7680:22679487
7654:10214740
7501:22679487
7496:BirdLife
7485:BioLib:
7430:Wikidata
7401:Scotland
7050:Ophrysia
6933:A. magna
6845:Coturnix
6765:Synoicus
6534:C. coqui
6018:Afropavo
6006:A. argus
5948:Pavonini
5880:A. rolli
5707:M. niger
5672:Rollulus
4616:Pucrasia
4457:Tragopan
4392:L. lerwa
4328:Chordata
4326:Phylum:
4322:Animalia
4231:Category
4105:Afroaves
4033:(storks)
3835:Passerea
3820:(grebes)
3756:Columbea
3667:Oreortyx
3639:Cyrtonyx
3529:Alectura
3493:Cracinae
3485:Cracidae
3362:Oxyurini
3352:Aythyini
3347:Anatinae
3331:Anatidae
3078:Falconry
3041:big year
2896:Seabirds
2806:Foraging
2753:Feathers
2373:90693193
2243:23472006
2208:22285083
1742:(1758).
1563:Scotland
1554:gamebird
1346:ground.
1293:digested
1289:bacteria
1278:stomachs
1107:bilberry
1050:Scotland
1043:Germanic
913:and the
887:Scottish
835:, Italy.
803:snowshoe
788:feathers
782:family.
780:pheasant
776:bustards
708:Scotland
687:Mongolia
677:central
645:Buturlin
573:Scotland
560:Linnaeus
546:Bulgaria
512:Pyrenees
472:Mongolia
436:Taxonomy
430:Auerhuhn
424:partial
205:Linnaeus
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
7779:ZooBank
7615:2473577
7563:wescap1
7537:bob3350
7524:wescap1
7473:Avibase
7436:Q129059
7389:Biology
7377:Animals
7351:Portals
7318:P. afer
6983:A. rufa
6753:A. heyi
6619:S. afra
6296:Gallini
5450:Lophura
5370:Catreus
4922:Lyrurus
4853:L. muta
4818:Lagopus
4369:Lerwini
4338:Order:
4332:Class:
4243:Commons
3747:Neoaves
3632:Colinus
3598:Guttera
3536:Eulipoa
3357:Mergini
3221:(kiwis)
3205:(rheas)
3016:Ringing
2841:Hybrids
2836:Nesting
2791:Singing
2768:Plumage
2743:Dactyly
2713:Anatomy
2703:Outline
2693:: Aves)
2602:Avibase
2400:Bibcode
2200:1478639
1971:Ardeola
1432:beetles
1359:Swedish
1244:protein
1218:⁄
1204:⁄
1197:insects
1193:berries
1170:), 1886
986:red fox
951:Romania
943:Finland
931:Ireland
903:Bavaria
899:Germany
895:Swedish
891:extinct
852:forests
849:conifer
792:coverts
721:Hybrids
679:Siberia
614:Belarus
588:Karelia
584:Finland
550:Ukraine
535:Estonia
420:, is a
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
7837:Tetrao
7827:Grouse
7745:369189
7732:484331
7706:100830
7667:553893
7571:EURING
6653:Tribe
6351:Gallus
6294:Tribe
6115:Tribe
5946:Tribe
5190:Perdix
5178:Tribe
5129:Tribe
4992:Bonasa
4875:Tetrao
4711:Grouse
4705:Tribe
4643:Tribe
4604:Tribe
4445:Tribe
4406:Tribe
4367:Tribe
4255:Portal
4131:(owls)
3605:Numida
3543:Leipoa
3426:Chauna
3419:Anhima
3114:Genera
3088:Imping
3006:Human
2846:Colony
2773:Vision
2758:Flight
2458:
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1497:) and
1457:) and
1297:pellet
1251:spruce
1240:sedges
1229:faeces
978:fences
970:forest
959:region
947:Russia
939:Sweden
935:Norway
909:, the
651:Russia
635:Russia
618:Russia
520:France
468:Russia
346:Tetrao
326:grouse
167:Tetrao
7758:17593
7719:70403
7649:IRMNG
7589:96460
7558:eBird
7550:55QS7
7521:BOW:
7514:52495
7365:Birds
4379:Lerwa
3375:swans
3337:ducks
3307:fowls
3102:Lists
2726:Brain
2691:class
2687:Birds
2521:Notes
2369:S2CID
2326:(PDF)
2270:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2239:S2CID
2204:S2CID
2159:8 May
2134:8 May
2108:8 May
2080:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1420:pupae
1355:"lek"
1329:—eggs
1267:rowan
1263:beech
1035:holly
875:taiga
663:Urals
564:1758)
516:Spain
500:Spain
476:China
464:taiga
406:Latin
383:Scots
7701:NCBI
7675:IUCN
7662:ITIS
7641:1026
7610:GBIF
7576:3350
7509:BOLD
7488:8559
6043:Pavo
4334:Aves
2748:Eggs
2736:milk
2731:Crop
2721:Beak
2456:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2334:ISSN
2196:PMID
2161:2020
2136:2020
2110:2020
1987:ISSN
1950:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1619:2021
1602:2016
1424:ants
1418:and
1341:The
1265:and
1257:and
1255:pine
1187:Diet
982:deer
949:and
927:Jura
915:Harz
817:eggs
665:and
586:and
571:and
531:Alps
518:and
474:and
391:yogh
245:The
209:1758
136:Aves
7753:TSA
7688:NBN
7623:IBC
7545:CoL
7532:BTO
7460:ADW
6542:, (
2648:on
2639:at
2408:doi
2361:doi
2231:doi
2188:doi
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2070:hdl
2062:doi
1979:doi
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1765:doi
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1685:OUP
1606:doi
1561:in
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