Western world - Knowledge

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that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization

3874: 6209:"For some generations before Muhammad, the Arab mind had been, as it were, smouldering, it had been producing poetry and much religious discussion; under the stimulus of the national and racial successes it presently blazed out with a brilliance second only to that of the Greeks during their best period. From a new angle and with a fresh vigour it took up that systematic development of positive knowledge, which the Greeks had begun and relinquished. It revived the human pursuit of science. If the Greek was the father, then the Arab was the foster-father of the scientific method of dealing with reality, that is to say, by absolute frankness, the utmost simplicity of statement and explanation, exact record, and exhaustive criticism. Through the Arabs it was and not by the Latin route that the modern world received that gift of light and power." 9060:

2 Publication of literature that was critical of Christianity (in the Enlightenment era of the 18th century). 3 Separation of church and state (from the 18th century onward). 4 The "gradual loosening of the ties between church and society". At least since the mid-20th century, many European countries have experienced a decline in churched religion. In particular, declining church attendance has been an important aspect of this process, and a characteristic of the development that has been described as the secularization process. The secularization processes in the Western world involve a partial replacement of established Christianity by unchurched spirituality, characterized by á la carte religion and a focus on "me and my experiences".

2119: 1315: 1883: 1344: 3461: 616: 2446: 3379: 218: 2043:(although in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively. Meanwhile, the extent of both Christendoms expanded, as Germanic peoples, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, Finnic peoples, Baltic peoples, British Isles and the other non-Christian lands of the northwest were converted by the Western Church, while Eastern Slavic peoples, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Russian territories, 3687: 1128: 3388: 1829: 3370: 1532: 3888: 733: 1395: 1335: 97: 2480: 1772: 3470: 3695: 3196: 2393: 1719: 1262: 1019: 144: 7966:

Felix of Urgel, the chiefs of Adoptionism and Predestinationism, were condemned by councils, but were otherwise left unmolested. We may note, however, that the monk Gothescalch, after the condemnation of his false doctrine that Christ had not died for all mankind, was by the Synods of Mainz in 848 and Quiercy in 849 sentenced to flogging and imprisonment, punishments then common in monasteries for various infractions of the rule.

2055: 1930: 56: 586:, leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West (or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere") experienced a period of decline, and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development. 8324:

much to the Asians in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but after the Industrial Revolution the situation was completely different, and the European textile industry, for example, was easily able to sell its cheap products throughout Asia. Improved transport methods also meant that European products could reach the Asian market at a relatively low cost. From about 1800, what historians term 'the

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contemporary shared values, that together emerged as the intellectual descendants and transformers of Latin Christendom." Geographically, this entails Western Europe (including Poland and other central European countries), North America and many other parts of the world that share these traditions and histories, or have adopted them. Much of Central and South America seem to reflect these traditions and values.

7682: 1641:. The survival of the Eastern Roman Empire protected Roman legal and cultural traditions, combining them with Greek and Christian elements, for another thousand years. The name Byzantine Empire was first used centuries later, after the Byzantine Empire ended. The dissolution of the Western half, nominally ended in AD 476, but in truth a long process that ended by the rise of Catholic 9175: 8358:

industrialization in the empire-building countries came a shift in the strategy of trade with the colonial world. Instead of being primarily buyers of colonial products (and frequently under strain to offer sufficient salable goods to balance the exchange), as in the past, the industrializing nations increasingly became sellers in search of markets for the

3564:, and most Westerners nominally identify themselves as Christians (e.g. 59% in the United Kingdom) and attend church on major occasions, such as Christmas and Easter. In the Americas, Christianity continues to play an important societal role, though in areas such as Canada, a low level of religiosity is common due to a European-type secularization. The 3854:: The Occident would not exist without the Orient and vice versa. Further, Western writers created this irrational, feminine, weak "Other" to contrast with the rational, masculine, strong West because of a need to create a difference between the two that would justify imperialist ambitions, according to the Said-influenced Indian-American theorist 1649:) ruling from around the year AD 800, left only the Eastern Roman Empire alive. The Eastern half continued to think of itself as the Eastern Roman Empire until AD 610–800, when Latin ceased to be the official language of the empire. The inhabitants called themselves Romans because the term "Roman" was meant to signify all 2803:, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia (Western powers exploited their advantages in 3314:, though this is disputed, since the People's Republic of China, as communist, had friendly relations—at certain times—with the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics. Some Third World countries aligned themselves with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. 9059:

Hugh McLeod, emeritus professor of Church History at the University of Birmingham, provides a helpful summary of the decline of Christendom in Western Europe in four stages: 1 Toleration of alternative forms of Christianity (in the Reformation and post-Reformation era in the 16th century and onward).

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The global expansion of western Europe between the 1760s and the 1870s differed in several important ways from the expansionism and colonialism of previous centuries. Along with the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which economic historians generally trace to the 1760s, and the continuing spread of

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the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the

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But even after 1054 friendly relations between east and west continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them, and people on both sides still hoped that the misunderstandings could be cleared up without too much difficulty. The dispute remained

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that have historically existed and still exist today. Toynbee entered into quite an expansive mode, including as candidates those countries or cultures who became so heavily influenced by the West as to adopt these borrowings into their very self-identity. Carried to its limit, this would in practice

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people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as

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around the Cape of Good Hope. With the ensuing rise of the rival Dutch East India Company, Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually eclipsed; Dutch forces first established fortified independent bases in the East and then between 1640 and 1660 wrestled some southern Indian ports, and the lucrative

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or economic imperialism. Multinational corporations came to offer "a dramatic refinement of the traditional business enterprise", through "issues as far ranging as national sovereignty, ownership of the means of production, environmental protection, consumerism, and policies toward organized labor."

812:. While Western culture is a broad concept, and does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines, it generally relates to the cultures of countries with historical ties to a European country or a number of European countries, or to the variety of cultures within Europe itself. 8323:

The Western belief in progress, Enlightenment thinking and the scientific revolution were elements that enabled the Western economy to develop in the nineteenth century in a way that was fundamentally different from most of the economies in the rest of the world. Europeans had not been able to sell

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Western culture, which influenced the whole world, came from Europe. But its roots are not there. They are in Athens and Jerusalem… The Roman attitude senses its own incompleteness and recognizes the call to borrow from what went before it. Historically, it has led the West to borrow from the great

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New Zealand's immigration policy in the early 20th century was strongly influenced by racial ideology. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 required intending immigrants to apply for a permanent residence permit before they arrived in New Zealand. Permission was given at the discretion of

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is somewhat subjective in nature, depending on whether cultural, economic, spiritual or political criteria are employed. It is a generally accepted Western view to recognize the existence of at least three "major worlds" (or "cultures", or "civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the Western: the

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In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew

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Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western)

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societies were made to form nation-states (in the Western tradition), which often created arbitrary boundaries and borders that did not necessarily represent a whole nation, people, or culture (as in much of Africa), and are often the cause of international conflicts and friction even to this day.

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and Western (Catholic) churches spread their influence, the line between Eastern and Western Christianity was moving. Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome. The geographic line of religious division

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Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible

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While "Western Civilization" is a common theme in the curriculum of secondary and tertiary education, there is a great deal of disagreement about what the terms "West" or "Western" world signify. I have defined it as those "religious traditions, institutions, cultures and nations, including their

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was contrary to the spirit of the Gospel, and they themselves opposed its execution. For centuries this was the ecclesiastical attitude both in theory and in practice. Thus, in keeping with the civil law, some Manichæans were executed at Ravenna in 556. On the other hand, Elipandus of Toledo and

6248:"For many centuries the world of Islam was in the forefront of human civilization and achievement ... In the era between the decline of antiquity and the dawn of modernity, that is, in the centuries designated in European history as medieval, the Islamic claim was not without justification." 2761:

process (migration from villages in search of jobs in manufacturing centers) had begun, and the concentration of labor into factories led to the rise in the population of the towns. World population had been rising as well. It is estimated to have first reached one billion in 1804. Also, the new

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in Rome to send military aid to restore the lost territories to Christian rule. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, the crusaders (belonging to the members of nobility from France,

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The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored,

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ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence

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We are near a global watershed - a time when white people will not be in the majority in the developed world — Just 500 years ago, few had ventured outside their European homeland. clearing the way, they settled in North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand and, to a lesser extent,

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burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance

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Between 1896 and 1928, the Republicans won seven of nine presidential contests. Immigration restriction was an important part of their platform. Ethno-traditional nationalists favour slower immigration in order to permit enough immigrants to voluntarily assimilate into the ethnic majority,

300: 'origin, sunrise, east'). The West is considered an evolving concept; made up of cultural, political, and economic synergy among diverse groups of people, and not a rigid region with fixed borders and members. Definitions of "Western world" vary according to context and perspectives. 4346: 1492:) under Emperor Trajan. During its territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled about 5,000,000 square kilometres (1,900,000 sq mi) of land surface and had a population of 100 million. From the time of Caesar (100–44 BC) to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome dominated 558:

In ancient Greece and Rome, individuals identified primarily as subjects of states, city-states, or empires, rather than as members of Western civilization. The distinct identification of Western civilization began to crystallize with the rise of Christianity during the

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The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization

5949:, p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the Christian era. 3491:

Many anthropologists, sociologists and historians oppose "the West and the Rest" in a categorical manner. The same has been done by Malthusian demographers with a sharp distinction between European and non-European family systems. Among anthropologists, this includes

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tribes, often composed of well-trained Roman soldiers paid by Rome to guard the extensive borders, had become militarily sophisticated "Romanized barbarians", and mercilessly slaughtered the Romans conquering their Western territories while looting their possessions.

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are often considered a visible sign of Western nations' economic presence, especially in Third World countries, and represent a common institutional environment for powerful politicians, enterprises, trade unions and firms, bankers and thinkers of the Western world.

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remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and (with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade.

3846:, the West, or Occident, created a romanticized vision of the East, or Orient, to justify colonial and imperialist intentions. This Occident-Orient binary focuses on the Western vision of the East instead of any truths about the East. His theories are rooted in 4278:, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the 'Partition of Africa' and by some the 'Conquest of Africa'. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal Western/European control; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only 3808:

formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past. While often pointedly nationalist, these cultural and political leaders interacted within the West to such an extent as to change both themselves and the West.

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Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and

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In 1979, a friend of de Boer's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece — the cradle of Western civilization, a fresh example of tectonic forces at

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called for an influx of white, preferably northern-European, blood in order for Brazilian society to achieve its goals to become an advanced nation. To the chagrin of the thesis' supporters, "nonwhite" immigrants started arriving on Brazilian shores,

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and aimed to maintain Australia as a nation populated mainly by white Europeans. It included a dictation test of 50 words in a European language, which became the chief way unwanted migrants could be excluded. The policy remained in place for many

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of the United Kingdom and some Nordic countries are forms of Christianity, while the majority of European countries have no official religion. Despite this, Christianity, in its different forms, remains the largest faith in most Western countries.

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the occasional executions of heretics during this period must be ascribed partly to the arbitrary action of individual rulers, partly to the fanatic outbreaks of the overzealous populace, and in no wise to ecclesiastical law or the ecclesiastical

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something of which ordinary Christians in east and west were largely unaware. It was the Crusades which made the schism definitive: they introduced a new spirit of hatred and bitterness, and they brought the whole issue down to the popular level.

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Anglo-Americans, from Thomas Jefferson at the beginning of the nineteenth century to Joseph Pomeroy Widney at the century's end, envisioned the West as more than an ordinary place. They dreamed of it as home to a rugged, independent, white

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The fact that modern international law is one of the products of Western European civilization means that it rests, as all that civilization, upon the threefold heritage of the ancient Mediterranean world, the heritage of Rome, Athens and

2523:. But these journeys had little permanent effect on east–west trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia: namely the new 7626: 435:. The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a socio-political concept that had been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity. 5003:

maintaining the white ethno-tradition. rapid immigration of ethnic outsiders raises existential questions for the ethnic majority. In this case, around whether the white majority is losing predominance in 'its' perceived homeland.

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The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a sociopolitical concept, and has been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity.

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A common metanarrative of the Enlightenment is the "secularization theory". Modernity, as understood within the framework, means a total break with the past. Innovation and science are the good, representing the modern values of

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medieval Venetian Republic moneylenders and its rivals, such as the Republic of Genoa) rebelling against the Venetian economic domination. What followed dealt an irrevocable blow to the already weakened Byzantine Empire with the

6914:(1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant. 3642:

since the late 1960s. Earlier, between the eighteenth century to mid-twentieth century, prominent western countries like the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand have been once envisioned as

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lasted for only about a century and a half. Significant theological and ecclesiastical differences led Western Europeans to consider the Christians in the Byzantine Empire as heretics. In 1054 CE, when the church in Rome

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declared that "all male white inhabitants" would become citizens, a time when the country started enforcing its hierarchy of whiteness. while the concept of whiteness has changed since the 18th century, they say that

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described the 18th-century as one where "the sentiment grows that one age has come to its close and that a new age of Western civilization is about to be born". According to Voeglin the Enlightenment (also called the

964:). European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the 5177: 3560:(separating religion from politics and science) increased. However, while church attendance is in decline, in some Western countries (i.e. Italy, Poland, and Portugal), more than half of the people state that 2924:

held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km (13,700,000 sq mi), 24% of the Earth's total land area. At its apex, the phrase

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Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.

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The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curricula as to be taken for

4548:. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. 406:

Between the eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, prominent countries in the West such as the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand have been once envisioned as

2605:, almost a century after Portuguese and Spanish empires) was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. The 3125: 1108:), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the medieval times (or 2819:

to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" (

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The making of the West depended on cultural, political, and economic interaction among diverse groups. The West remains an evolving concept, not a fixed region with unchanging borders and members.

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by AD 117, ancient Rome expanded up to twenty-five times its area. The same time passed before its fall in AD 476. Rome had expanded long before the empire reached its zenith with the conquest of

9142: 7787: 662:'s expansion of peoples of Western and Central European empires, particularly the globe-spanning colonial empires of 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous times, this expansion was accompanied by 2974:

throughout the world, and with little or no sense of responsibility toward the peoples impacted by its multinational corporations in their exploitation of minerals and markets. The dictum of

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intellectuals solidified this concept, associating Western civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

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wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought... only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right." Over time, the

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Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–19, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the

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Western world racism inflated the values of "Europeanness" and "Whiteness" in areas of civilization, human worth, and culture, and deflated the values of "African-ness" and "Blackness".

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In the western world, racism evolved, twinned with the doctrine of white supremacy, and helped fuel the European exploration, conquest and colonization of much of the rest of the world.

3337:. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral; but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain, it was in the 2295:). There followed the discovery of the American continent, and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body, later resulting in the religious 6963:

accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."

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The Crusades, like the wars of Rome with Persia, were attempts of the West to capture trade routes to the East; the discovery of America was a result of the failure of the Crusades.

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Countries that are considered to constitute the West vary according to perspective rather than their geographical location. Countries like Australia and New Zealand, located in the

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between the 1490s and the 1800s, which also contributed to the development of African intertribal warfare and racist ideology. Before the abolition of its slave trade in 1807, the

5920:, "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". 3556:

in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere.

1871:) region then originating in the following 150 years in the Roman Empire officially splitting in two halves. Also the time of the formal acceptance of Christianity as Empire's 1453:

by eventual recognition of some form of Roman citizenship's privileges. Nonetheless, despite its great legacy, a number of factors led to the eventual decline and ultimately

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project was a successful endeavor in terms of the erasure of blackness," said Edwards. Argentina's pro-European immigration policy was initiated under its 1853 constitution

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spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods, by advancements in maritime technology such as the

2957:) international directives. Most of colonized nations received independence by 1960. Great Britain showed ongoing responsibility for the welfare of its former colonies as 4151:(after the Renaissance and fall of Constantinople) as a new civilization greatly influenced by the interpretation of Greek thought preserved in the Byzantine Empire, and 8212:

Specifically, these are 'Western' or 'White' values that find their foundation in Greco-Roman philosophy and espouse key notions such as individualism and enlightenment.

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what they believed to be heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, and seldom resorting to executions.

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German territories, the Low countries, England, Italy and Hungary) had no allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor and established their own states in the conquered regions,

9562: 9042: 4761: 539:, had also significantly influenced Western civilization through their advancements in writing, law codes, and societal structures. The convergence of Greek-Roman and 9102: 4921: 2747: 4645: 4486:

an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western) civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.

3656: 3111:, while faith is ruled by superstition and traditionalism. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment embodied the ideals of improvement and progress. 2929:" described the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun always shone on at least one of its territories. As a result, its political, 2374: 1528:

and all Catholic religious ceremonies all over Europe until 1967, as well as an or the official language of countries such as Italy and Poland (9th–18th centuries).

5147: 4061:. Greece, Cyprus, Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, and Libya were part of the "East". Italy itself was considered central, until the reforms of 2569:

with Asia, who had journeyed overland to the Far East contributing to geographical knowledge of parts of the Asian continent. They are of enormous significance in

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with population living outside. Ancient Rome has contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the

427:, which today constitutes much of the "geographical" Western world. Starting from the late 1960s, certain parts of the Western world have become notable for their 11231: 952:

brought classical traditions and philosophy. This major change for non-Western countries and their people saw a development in modernization in those countries.

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three centuries earlier, when Roman imperialism had just been born with the Roman Republic becoming "Roman Empire", but reached its zenith during 3rd century's

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Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even following the Protestant

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representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition

6415: 2716:(or been imposed upon) most nations of the world today. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most important events in history. 1961:(Latin Christian revival of the ancient Roman Empire, under perpetual Germanic rule from AD 962) inheriting ancient Roman Empire's prestige but offending the 307:, while others argue that such a projection constructs a false genealogy. A geographical concept of the West started to take shape in the 4th century CE when 4041:

By Rome's central location at the heart of the Empire, "West" and "East" were terms used to denote provinces west and east of the capital itself. Therefore,

8328:' took place, which was the separation of the economic development of the Western World, on the one hand, and of almost all of Asia and Africa on the other. 7108:

Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament

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made the schism definitive with hostility. The West during these crusades tried to capture trade routes to the East and failed, it instead discovered the

3333:) but remained neutral and was not communist, nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986, and was west of the 1441:

empire (27 BC – AD 476). Its Empire came to dominate Western, Central and Southeastern Europe, Northern Africa and, becoming an autocratic Empire a vast

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are also the most keen on digital and televisual media technologies, as they were in the postwar period on television and radio: from 2000 to 2014, the

2862:'s recognition of the strategic importance of European nations. Traditional Japanese society became an industrial and militarist power like the Western 11096: 6129: 5721:

Slavica viterbiensia 003: Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia

4253:, and their own acquisitions would gradually surpass those of the Dutch. In 1763, the British eliminated French influence in India and established the 5997:

The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...

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cultures, and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek

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The Oxford English dictionary noted that the earliest use of the term "Western world" in the English language was in 1586, found in the writings of

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gained in prestige as new observatories were funded by governments and more powerful telescopes developed, leading to the discovery of new planets,

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traditions of Jerusalem and Athens: primarily the Jewish and Christian tradition, on the one hand, and the classical Greek tradition on the other.

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In the 16th century, the Portuguese broke the (overland) medieval monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade (goods and slaves) between Asia and

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Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.

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Due to the reach of these empires, Western institutions expanded throughout the world. This process of influence (and imposition) began with the

6891: 6811: 804:, and later spread to different parts of the world. The core of Western civilization, broadly defined, is formed by the combined foundations of 368:

emerged. According to the Oxford English dictionary, the earliest reference to the term "Western world" was from 1586, found in the writings of

11236: 10061: 9015: 7034: 2846:", the established colonial powers in Asia (United Kingdom, France, Netherlands) added to their empires also vast expanses of territory in the 953: 917: 9119: 7499: 5018: 2549:

ship introduced in the mid-1400s. The charting of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and

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are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilization—Greece having heavily influenced Rome—the former due to its impact on

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community, but for Jews who sought out Jewish sources to guide their own path to secularism, Spinoza was as important as Voltaire and Kant.

10606: 9851: 8065:"How important was the role of the princes in bringing about the success of the Lutheran Reformation in Germany in the years 1525 to 1555?" 7355:

Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches

5913: 2958: 1322:

in 218 BC after having managed the conquest of most of the Italian Peninsula, on the eve of its most successful and deadliest war with the

634:

Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world, due to the successful

8459:

Coloma, Roland Sintos (2012). "White gazes, brown breasts: imperial feminism and disciplining desires and bodies in colonial encounters".

2260:

was established in AD 1229 on a permanent basis, run largely by clergymen in Rome, and abolished six centuries later. Before AD 1100, the

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are included in modern definitions of the Western world, as these regions and others like them have been significantly influenced by the

8968: 7679: 912:

Western culture continued to develop with the Christianization of European society during the Middle Ages, the reforms triggered by the

1973:, quintessential Roman Empire's spiritual heritage authority, establishing then, until the Protestant Reformation, the civilization of 1848: 563:. In this period, peoples in Europe started to perceive themselves as part of a unique civilization, differentiating from others like 11176: 8034: 6953:

and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,

4794: 4675: 4192: 10450: 5352: 605: 6376:"How Islam Created Europe; In late antiquity, the religion split the Mediterranean world in two. Now it is remaking the Continent" 3616: 3317:

A number of countries did not fit comfortably into this neat definition of partition, including Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and

2660:

colonial empires, and others. Even after demands for self-determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with

399:

as a great power and the development of communication–transportation technologies "shrinking" the distance between both the

10090: 3283:, including the Soviet Union (15 republics including the then-occupied and presently independent Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and 2304: 2208:, described as one of the most profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history. This paved the way for Muslim conquests in 9172: 9159: 8224: 5221:

the minister of customs. The Act enabled officials to prevent Indians and other non-white British subjects entering New Zealand.

1551:

one, each with their own emperors, capitals, and governments, although ostensibly they still belonged to one formal Empire. The

10538: 4156: 2926: 1886:

History of the spread of Christianity: in AD 325 (dark blue) and AD 600 (blue) following Western Roman Empire's collapse under

929: 333: 9073: 8739: 5829: 1783:

In the early 4th century, the central focus of power was on two separate imperial legacies within the Roman Empire: the older

1598:, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." There followed the 11116: 10037: 10007: 9902: 9758: 9593: 9261: 8180: 8159: 7589: 7545: 7468: 7437: 7309: 7282: 7255: 7082: 7057: 7010: 6985: 6873: 6840: 6783: 6740: 6711: 6681: 6660: 6635: 6610: 6573: 6548: 6523: 6489: 6309: 6241: 5895: 5759: 5729: 5700: 5670: 5621: 5591: 5561: 5504: 5477: 5446: 5415: 5384: 5038: 4959: 2625: 2590: 933: 361: 39: 9914: 9099: 6934: 2602: 2326:, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of 2039:

gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with

7604:

Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772, Cambridge University Press, 2000,

6962: 6923:

Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church", 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press,

6898:, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". 4918: 2504: 2100: 1980:

The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simple geographic term) is believed to have been formed by

1938: 828: 531:, has played a pivotal role in shaping the foundational framework of Western societies. Earlier civilizations, such as the 7770: 6143: 4653: 4394: 3172:

in arguing that God and the world were not of the same substance (equivalency). Spinoza was excommunicated from the Dutch

760:, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse 9664: 5108: 4229: 444: 391:—factors that grounded such countries to the West. Depending on the context and the historical period in question, 6375: 6326: 5137: 3452:

worlds are sometimes either a sub-civilization within Western civilization or separately considered "akin" to the West.

3071: 543:

influences in shaping Western civilization has led certain scholars to characterize it as emerging from the legacies of

9737: 9674: 9453: 9429: 9405: 9381: 9333: 9237: 8882: 8848: 8205: 8116: 7115: 5118: 4580: 4533: 4506: 4479: 4443: 4152: 4144: 2516: 1969:

and the East–West Schism. The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the

8627:"Securing the World's Commercial Sea Lanes | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously" 5628:

In short, Greece, despite having been the cradle of Western culture, was then an "other" space separate from the West.

2220:). The geographical identity of the Balkans is historically known as a crossroads of cultures, a juncture between the 395:

was sometimes seen as a part of the West, and at other times juxtaposed with it. Running parallel to the rise of the

11322: 11281: 9989: 9970: 9951: 9887: 9824: 9716: 9695: 9646: 9636: 9625: 9572: 9551: 9523: 9499: 9478: 9357: 9309: 9285: 9083: 9052: 8796: 8776: 8749: 8591: 8418: 8275: 8018: 7882: 7753: 7609: 7420: 7363: 7199: 5787: 5531: 5319: 5283: 5250: 5075: 5065: 4995: 4771: 4741: 4703: 4377: 4160: 3561: 3243: 3042: 2946: 2743: 2673:

Western culture in fact entered other global-spanning cultures during the colonial 15th–20th centuries. Historically

2432: 2361:, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order. 1758: 1704: 1301: 1058: 945: 202: 184: 83: 7220: 3225: 2527:

rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism by European missionaries and merchants. Meanwhile, the

1146:, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived 11307: 11111: 10472: 9958: 7140: 4513:

Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization.

3307: 2315: 1563: 1251: 1001: 973: 583: 500: 432: 7225: 5677:

and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture.

3156:). Bayle's criticisms garnered much attention for Spinoza. The pantheism controversy in the late 18th century saw 2682: 2118: 11211: 11146: 10191: 8515: 7557:

Sailen Debnath, 2010, "Secularism: Western and Indian", New Delhi, India:Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,

6433: 3593: 2751: 2570: 2558: 2131: 832: 8592:"Review of Global Reach: the Power of the Multinational Corporations, by Richard J. Barnet and Ronald E. Muller" 6262: 6199: 5804: 1402:

in AD 117. During 350 years the Roman Republic turned into an Empire expanding up to twenty-five times its area.

1314: 30:

This article is about the grouping of countries with an originally European shared culture. For other uses, see

10402: 9786: 7562: 6958: 6928: 4828: 4544:, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its 3620: 3221: 3217: 2414: 2410: 2197: 1844: 1740: 1736: 1283: 1279: 1040: 1036: 635: 69: 43: 31: 17: 9819:. INU societal research. Vol. 1. Global communication without universal civilization. Geneva: INU Press. 3341:

sphere of influence. Spain did not join the NATO until 1982, seven years after the death of the authoritarian

10555: 9844: 9171:

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations,

8374: 8341: 7639: 7338:

Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century",

3931: 3311: 2938: 1199: 5647:

Ancient Greece: Cradle of Western Culture (Series), disc. 6 strips with 3 discs, range: 44–60 fr., 17–18 min

4274:

was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of

2216:

in the coming centuries (only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the

1882: 886:

While traditionally shunned as a mainspring of Western civilization in favour of early Aegean cultures, the

11166: 11151: 11046: 9922: 8295: 3742:– in fact, a significant percentage of the Americas are developing countries. It is also used despite many 3521: 3482: 3447: 2839: 2637: 154: 9120:"Multinational Corporations in the Third World: Predators or Allies in Economic Development?" 20 July 2010 472: 10572: 10083: 9921:– where you can watch each episode on demand for free (Pop-ups required). Videos are also available as a 9391: 6352:

Eric Bond; Sheena Gingerich; Oliver Archer-Antonsen; Liam Purcell; Elizabeth Macklem (17 February 2003).

5326:

Intellectually and culturally, the Western world after 1965 was notable for its diversity and innovation.

5193:

The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was a landmark law which provided the cornerstone of the unofficial

2914: 2778:

s sustained economic development. Before the urbanization and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for

591: 9872: 9443: 8939: 8254: 7075:

Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period

4570: 1906:. This division into Eastern and Western Roman Empires was later reflected in the administration of the 1186:

colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included

11312: 10443: 10166: 9439: 5854: 5024: 4566: 4254: 3820: 3703: 3058: 2858:(1868–1912), though earlier contacts with the Portuguese, Spaniards and Dutch were also present in the 2649: 2614: 2108: 956:

is credited with creating the modern university, the modern hospital system, scientific economics, and

6899: 5925: 3141:

and the advancement to "the Period when the Sciences and Philosophy threw off the Yoke of Authority".

2640:), granting Portugal navigation, war and trade monopoly for any newly discovered lands, and competing 464: 11317: 11091: 11051: 10492: 9019: 7912: 6888: 6285: 5204: 4180: 3824: 3804:

include almost everyone within the West, in one way or another. In particular, Toynbee refers to the

3775: 3169: 3161: 2610: 2465: 1907: 704:. This influence persists through the exportation of mass culture, a phenomenon often referred to as 312: 109: 6670:

Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (1 January 2012).

1124:

became founding influences in the Eastern European world such as the East and South Slavic peoples.

11327: 11191: 10919: 10681: 10641: 10631: 10579: 8992: 8681: 7511: 7215: 7152: 5010: 4823:

Peter N. Stearns, Western Civilization in World History, Themes in World History, Routledge, 2008,

4176: 3206: 2878: 2739: 2645: 1454: 1343: 937: 512: 508: 225: Countries and territories that are generally considered as constituents of the Western world. 8899: 8626: 7918: 6944: 4556:

of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where

4132: 2910: 231: Countries and territories whose inclusion as constituents of the Western world is contested. 10969: 10877: 10176: 10171: 9840: 6229: 6011:"Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt" 6010: 5598:

The capital of Greece, one of the world's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture,

3916: 3210: 3050: 2767: 2403: 2358: 2249: 2201: 2048: 2011:(calling for a more central status of the Roman Catholic Church Institution), three months after 1985: 1918: 1729: 1272: 1203: 1029: 341: 8496:, pp. 97 "The total population of the Empire was 412 million ", 241 " 1 791 020". 11141: 11131: 10720: 10651: 10636: 10117: 10076: 10025: 7387: 6194: 5910: 5884:

Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012).

5855:"Athens. Rome. Jerusalem and Vicinity. Peninsula of Mt. Sinai.: Geographicus Rare Antique Maps" 5194: 4342: 4184: 3906: 3851: 3711: 3287:

countries like Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, East Germany (now united with Germany), and

3054: 2902: 2657: 2574: 2449: 2164: 1175: 949: 856: 701: 536: 7743: 7460: 6865: 5719: 5611: 5436: 5374: 3501: 2445: 615: 11251: 11226: 11156: 10839: 10567: 10340: 10298: 10268: 9271: 8964: 8766: 6975: 6123: 5690: 5551: 5494: 5405: 5358:

southern Africa. But now, around the world, whites are falling as a proportion of population.

5305: 4929: 3527: 3269: 3062: 2991: 2867: 2705: 2701: 2135: 1970: 1962: 1899: 1806: 1543:

In AD 395, a few decades before its Western collapse, the Roman Empire formally split into a

1450: 913: 895: 876: 685: 647: 643: 639: 369: 308: 217: 7452: 6857: 5749: 5581: 5467: 3738:. This usage occurs despite the fact that many countries that may be culturally Western are 3686: 1910:

churches, with Rome and Constantinople debating over whether either city was the capital of

11246: 11001: 10914: 10892: 10815: 10811: 10740: 10656: 10601: 10596: 10419: 10263: 10152: 9221: 6351: 6233: 6223: 5960: 4427: 4164: 4095: 3879: 3608: 3295: 3066: 2987: 2771: 2724: 2713: 2594: 2562: 2554: 2350: 2331: 2318:). In this context, the Protestant Reformation (1517) may be viewed as a schism within the 2292: 2261: 2040: 2036: 2020: 2016: 2004: 1989: 1690: 1626: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1385: 1381: 1369: 1365: 1127: 1121: 910:, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization. 880: 864: 681: 655: 597: 388: 345: 8550: 7627:

s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VI/The Letters of St. Jerome/Letter 127

3460: 8: 11271: 11136: 11006: 10796: 10725: 10482: 10455: 10438: 10426: 10248: 10204: 9894: 9247: 8042: 7699: 6771: 6397: 4667: 4605: 4307:(8th century BC – AD 6th century), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of a 4271: 4258: 4188: 4087: 4012:'s status as a part of the West is undisputed by most researchers and disputed by others. 3577: 3542: 3318: 3280: 2975: 2847: 2720: 2693: 2542: 2342: 2284: 2276: 1708: 1637:

after AD 476, the traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire and beginning of the

1594:, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and 1101: 1085: 941: 793: 627: 609: 9784:

Allardyce, Gilbert (June 1982). "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course".

5342: 10991: 10907: 10897: 10730: 10693: 10623: 10562: 10545: 10499: 10409: 10323: 10137: 10055: 9977: 9962: 9803: 9764: 9599: 8532: 8476: 8276:

Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics

8147:

Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

7028: 6038: 5988: 4965: 4900: 4892: 4622: 4200: 3941: 3739: 3735: 3675: 3639: 3632: 3378: 3004:) represents the "atrophy of Christian transcendental experiences and to enthrone the 2978:

is shown to have lasting relevance, that whoever controls the seas controls the world.

2491:

In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian

2176: 1887: 1828: 1658: 1599: 1587: 1426: 1414: 1155: 740: 677: 659: 560: 456: 428: 403:

shores, the US became more prominently featured in the conceptualizations of the West.

376: 166: 118: 114: 75: 6650: 6353: 3008:

method of science as the only valid method of arriving at truth". Its precursors were

2970:

nations, as comparatively rich, well-armed, and culturally powerful states, wielded a

2823:) by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule (a revival of colonial 2364: 972:. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of 890:

stimulated and fostered Western civilization. The expansion of Greek culture into the

38:"Western power" and "Westerners" redirect here. For historical politics in Korea, see 11121: 11023: 11011: 10996: 10976: 10887: 10834: 10806: 10788: 10591: 10467: 10460: 10273: 10221: 10199: 10127: 10043: 10033: 10013: 10003: 9985: 9966: 9947: 9943: 9898: 9883: 9834: 9820: 9754: 9733: 9712: 9691: 9670: 9642: 9621: 9589: 9568: 9547: 9519: 9495: 9474: 9449: 9425: 9401: 9377: 9353: 9329: 9305: 9281: 9257: 9233: 9079: 9048: 8878: 8844: 8772: 8745: 8480: 8414: 8228: 8201: 8155: 8112: 8014: 7961:... in this period the more influential ecclesiastical authorities declared that the 7878: 7870: 7749: 7605: 7585: 7558: 7541: 7464: 7453: 7416: 7369: 7359: 7323: 7305: 7278: 7251: 7195: 7156: 7121: 7111: 7088: 7078: 7053: 7016: 7006: 6981: 6954: 6924: 6869: 6858: 6836: 6779: 6736: 6707: 6677: 6656: 6631: 6606: 6569: 6544: 6519: 6485: 6237: 6107: 6042: 6030: 5992: 5980: 5891: 5783: 5755: 5725: 5696: 5666: 5617: 5587: 5557: 5527: 5500: 5473: 5442: 5411: 5380: 5315: 5279: 5246: 5114: 5071: 5029: 4991: 4955: 4904: 4824: 4767: 4737: 4699: 4576: 4529: 4502: 4475: 4439: 4373: 4111: 4091: 4042: 3967:

and territories of Western European nations geographically located near the coast of

3843: 3788: 3743: 3727: 3612: 3517: 3349: 3165: 2954: 2828: 2800: 2629: 2606: 2535: 2461: 2354: 2308: 2288: 2272: 2257: 2192: 2104: 2081: 2024: 2008: 2000: 1958: 1686: 1662: 1638: 1591: 1556: 1521: 1422: 1171: 1093: 961: 925: 872: 805: 785: 761: 663: 516: 496: 324: 316: 304: 11266: 7299: 7192:

The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn

5138:"Time to challenge Argentina's white European self-image, black history experts say" 3493: 672:

In the modern era, Western culture has undergone further transformation through the

10882: 10872: 10698: 10646: 10550: 10414: 10303: 10253: 10231: 10226: 10157: 9932: 9795: 9217: 8524: 8468: 8399:(Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), In the land of the Mad Mullah: Somalia 8325: 8151: 8145: 6099: 6022: 5972: 5370: 5126: 4884: 4614: 4423: 4279: 4204: 4148: 4143:

launched a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the

4124: 3926: 3921: 3597: 3553: 3546: 3387: 3342: 3157: 2934: 2621: 2565:. Such voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers after the European 2550: 2300: 2296: 2205: 2142: 2084: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1791: 1776: 1682: 1634: 1607: 1583: 1559: 1536: 1473: 1132: 1116: 781: 697: 520: 320: 257: 6835:(University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204. 6306: 5736:

The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture,

3020:

in 1638 left an enduring impact on John Milton and influenced Milton's great work

2141:

in AD 1202–04, considered to be one of the most important events, solidifying the

1531: 815:

Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and

11256: 11196: 11081: 10929: 10924: 10902: 10822: 10776: 10533: 10487: 10385: 10362: 10345: 10318: 10103: 9928: 9918: 9908: 9879: 9706: 9685: 9660: 9615: 9541: 9513: 9489: 9468: 9419: 9415: 9395: 9371: 9347: 9323: 9299: 9275: 9251: 9225: 9179: 9146: 9126: 9106: 8972: 8872: 8664: 8472: 8282: 8100: 7726: 7686: 7666: 7646: 7579: 7272: 6950: 6938: 6932: 6895: 6818: 6701: 6671: 6625: 6600: 6563: 6538: 6513: 6479: 6313: 6206: 5917: 5885: 5660: 5640: 5521: 5309: 5273: 5240: 5104: 4985: 4925: 4802: 4731: 4693: 4523: 4519: 4496: 4469: 4431: 4367: 4275: 4140: 4083: 3936: 3796: 3513: 3369: 2859: 2812: 2665: 2319: 2217: 1934: 1923: 1525: 1513: 1497: 1493: 1481: 1231: 1159: 820: 757: 725: 601: 575: 540: 337: 329: 303:

Some historians contend that a linear development of the West can be traced from

7048:

Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).

7047: 6144:"The Evolution of Civilizations – An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1979)" 6026: 5883: 3887: 11286: 11206: 11161: 11101: 11066: 10858: 10771: 10676: 10584: 10375: 10209: 10132: 9817:

Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and West

9656: 9509: 9367: 9343: 8510: 8506: 8141: 7533: 6627:

Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Båabåi-Bahåa'åi Faiths

5153: 5100: 4689: 4541: 4465: 4304: 4238: 4103: 3976: 3960: 3855: 3817: 3792: 3707: 3624: 3565: 3303: 3288: 3138: 3130: 3046: 3013: 2971: 2962: 2950: 2921: 2863: 2851: 2661: 2653: 2641: 2598: 2531: 2528: 2500: 2484: 2335: 2268: 2225: 2188: 2168: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2138: 2093: 2059: 1981: 1950: 1876: 1810: 1795: 1630: 1517: 1465: 1442: 1434: 1361: 1357: 1319: 1243: 1179: 1167: 1139: 1097: 985: 840: 797: 777: 744: 705: 448: 400: 293: 277: 265: 253: 249: 9768: 9748: 8105:

World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History

7413:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

6103: 5707:

Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization.

2664:, these institutions persisted. One specific example was the requirement that 1154:

as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the

11301: 11241: 11126: 11041: 10986: 10846: 10766: 10661: 10511: 10504: 10397: 10350: 10243: 10047: 10017: 9750:

A New Dawn for the Second Sex: Women's Freedom Practices in World Perspective

9611: 9295: 9140:"Why are most multinational corporations either from the US, Europe or Japan" 8449:. Revised second edition (New York: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005), 301. 8082: 7979: 7962: 7944: 7845: 7492: 7426: 7160: 7125: 7020: 6401: 6330: 6219: 6111: 6034: 5984: 5976: 5780:

Rome: the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments

5205:"White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online" 4981: 4363: 4283: 4212: 4196: 4009: 3771: 3478: 3441: 3423: 3400: 3038: 3001: 2996: 2898: 2871: 2816: 2731: 2689: 2678: 2452:

and explorations since 1336: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese

2323: 2312: 2180: 2069: 1446: 1410: 1323: 1114:), Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where 997: 977: 903: 860: 824: 769: 732: 712: 532: 524: 492: 396: 285: 269: 10068: 9861: 9603: 9585:

Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West

9583: 8528: 7828: 7538:

God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought

7373: 7092: 6556:

civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.

4969: 4951:

Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West

4949: 2334:, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the 1821:

as the "New Rome" when he picked it as capital of his Empire (later called "

1394: 1071: 11276: 11076: 10981: 10827: 10801: 10710: 10392: 10380: 10328: 10288: 10283: 10147: 10142: 9981: 9537: 9325:

Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Babi-Baha'i Faiths

9319: 6419: 5347: 5142: 5011:"How a shifting definition of 'white' helped shape U.S. immigration policy" 4727: 4545: 4498:

Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Babi-Baha'i Faiths

4492: 4115: 4107: 4078:, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative 4050: 3968: 3893: 3800: 3648: 3628: 3497: 3353: 3334: 3276: 3145: 3116: 3030:, inquisitorial forces will impose "an undeserved thraldom upon learning". 3022: 3005: 2855: 2843: 2758: 2578: 2524: 2508: 2457: 2378: 2346: 2280: 2229: 2146: 2123: 1996: 1903: 1611: 1461: 1406: 1399: 1377: 1353: 1247: 1207: 1183: 1089: 907: 809: 801: 765: 666: 567:, giving rise to the concept of Western civilization. By the 15th century, 564: 504: 452: 365: 9687:

Culture Clash: An International Legal Perspective on Ethnic Discrimination

9491:

Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis Studies in Gender, Power and Ideology

9173:"Multinational corporations and United States foreign policy Part 11" 1975 8511:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 5921: 5242:

Culture Clash: An International Legal Perspective on Ethnic Discrimination

1421:

region since about the 8th century BC, to a massive empire straddling the

1334: 792:

of the Western world. Anthropologically, the term "Western" refers to the

623: 311:, the first Christian Roman emperor, divided the Roman Empire between the 96: 11216: 10964: 10959: 10951: 10936: 10761: 10666: 10477: 10313: 10278: 10258: 10238: 10216: 10181: 9533: 9464: 8721: 7411:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

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in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of

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The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization

9100:"The Meaning of Privatization," Yale Law and Policy Review 6: 6–41" 1988 7274:

The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization

5568:

PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT:

3099:. Astronomy became the second most popular scientific profession, after 2669:

Although not part of Western colonization process proper, following the

1676: 688:. The widespread influence of Western culture extended globally through 348:. Even though friendly relations continued between the two parts of the 10747: 10735: 10705: 10671: 10611: 10293: 9807: 8536: 8108: 7772:

The Orthodox Imperative: Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.

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rounded the southern tip of Africa under the sponsorship of Portugal's

4062: 3813: 3644: 3557: 3429: 3404: 3299: 3260:, a new definition emerged. Earth was divided into three "worlds". The 3092: 2930: 2808: 2633: 2520: 2492: 2417: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2160: 2077: 1875:

policy, when the Emperors began actively banning and fighting previous

1784: 1743: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1650: 1505: 1286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1223: 1191: 1043: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 993: 965: 921: 868: 789: 747: 587: 488: 468: 408: 6057: 5939: 4626: 4600: 2961:. But the end of Western colonial imperialism saw the rise of Western 2838:

During the socioeconomically optimistic and innovative decades of the

2126:

after the Fourth Crusade (shown partly in Greece and partly in Turkey)

1988:

of the 9th century, but was limited to the territories that practised

582:, contend that Western civilization was born around AD 500, after the 11181: 11018: 10753: 10715: 10308: 10122: 9213: 8413:(Fifth ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1215. 7901: 7050:

Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789

6652:

The Founders of the Western World : A History of Greece and Rome

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conceived of the West as the set of civilizations descended from the

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and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe.

548: 460: 424: 9799: 9617:

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities

7175:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

4987:

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities

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were inspired and designed from transcriptions during this period.)

3774:

policies (involving government enterprises and public services) and

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Roman Empires on the eve of Western collapse in September of AD 476.

1261: 1237: 1018: 162: 11171: 10867: 10688: 10516: 10431: 10370: 10333: 9448:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International. 9160:"Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500" 2016 9075:

Mega-Events and Social Change: Spectacle, Legacy and Public Culture

8924: 7680:"How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity" 7405: 6655:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International. 5830:"9780500040034: The Birth of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome" 4857: 4618: 4575:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International. 3901: 3671: 3589: 3257: 3185: 3100: 3033:

The achievements of the 17th century included the invention of the

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Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries)

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parts, on the eve of the death of last emperor to rule on both the

1211: 1195: 1187: 1105: 969: 751: 596:

was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the

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also constitute the West. The Western world likewise is called the

9865: 9253:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

6481:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

6088:"The Influence of Judaism on the Development of International Law" 5613:

The Plastic Venuses: Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society

5438:

The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets

3799:

have identified and analyzed "Western civilization" as one of the

2913:. The Philippines continued to fight against colonial rule in the 2499:. With the Crusades came the relative contraction of the Orthodox 1929: 1843:

This internal conflict of legacies had possibly emerged since the

1622:

The Roman Empire is where the idea of "the West" began to emerge.

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Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World

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Post-Western World: How Emerging Powers Are Remaking Global Order

8840:

Empires of God: Religious Encounters in the Early Modern Atlantic

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M. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450–1789 (Cambridge, 2006)

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Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World

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has historically been a motivation behind U.S. immigration policy

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Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World

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Certain parts of the Western world have become notable for their

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were abolished in the 19th and 20th centuries, this hastened the

3585: 3322: 3153: 3084: 3017: 2949:, decolonizing efforts were employed by all Western powers under 2546: 2237: 2213: 2054: 1868: 1860: 1802: 1603: 1590:

who had been raiding Greece not long before, a shocking time for

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Sovereignty at Bay: the Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises

8035:"Background to Against the Sale of Indulgences by Martin Luther" 7477: 7345: 5178:"The Immigration Restriction Act and the White Australia policy" 3352:

led to the end of the Cold War following the dissolution of the

940:

by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), and the

11106: 9445:

The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome

8041:. West Chester University of Pennsylvania. 2012. Archived from 6166:"History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience | Britannica" 5519: 4572:

The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome

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Since the mid-twentieth century, the west became known for its

3581: 3538: 3435: 3408: 2708:, would produce powerful social transformations, political and 2496: 2088: 2066: 2044: 1818: 1787: 1646: 1595: 1575: 1501: 1418: 1076:

The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of

620: 544: 416: 412: 392: 289: 245: 8225:"Modern West Civ. 7: The Scientific Revolution of the 17 Cent" 6802:, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326 6565:

Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West

4090:, from which point he noticed that the coast swung northeast ( 4065:

dividing the Empire into true two halves: Eastern and Western.

3164:

over support for Spinoza's pantheism. Lessing was defended by

3119:

were regarded as exemplars of human intellectual achievement.

1794:) in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the newer most successful 1539:

on Roman Empire since the 2nd and throughout the 5th centuries

443:

The origins of Western civilization can be traced back to the

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Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization

5961:"Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens" 5403: 5275:

Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization

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The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World

9044:

The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World

8436:: "A leading or paramount power; a dominant state or person" 8009:

Lea, Henry Charles. "Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded".

6735:(Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156. 4763:

The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World

3439:

worlds, with no clearly specified boundaries. Additionally,

2723:

since Christopher Columbus' late 15th century's voyages, of

1673:(those inside the Roman remnant of the old Eastern Empire). 1472:

510–30 BC). In 350 years, from the successful and deadliest

1409:(6th century BC – AD 476) is a term to describe the ancient 11201: 9349:

Worlds at War The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West

8768:

Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought

8726:

Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought

8682:"Return to Paradise: The Enduring Relevance of John Milton" 6589: 6502: 4311:

over other city-states. The dominant state is known as the

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The Third World consisted of countries, many of which were

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The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World

7640:"On this day in AD 455: the beginning of the end for Rome" 6515:

The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World

5936:

Religions in Global Society – Page 146, Peter Beyer – 2006

4199:

made the first open voyage from Europe to India. In 1520,

4119:

in 1502. With the discovery of the American continent or '

2080:. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the 1894:

The Eastern Roman Empire included lands south-west of the

1564:

civil wars, corruption, and devastating Germanic invasions

1158:

as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world.

9857: 7889:

The judicial use of torture was as yet happily unknown...

7660:"Alaric, Barbarians and Rome: a Complicated Relationship" 7444: 7239: 6967: 6758:

Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2

6456: 6454: 5465: 3168:, although Mendelssohn diverged from pantheism to follow 2795: 2375:

Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization

2232:, the destination of a massive influx of pagans (meaning 1162:

were the first major religious group to immigrate to the

1072:

The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity

928:(including the transfer of technology from the East, and 743:, has influenced virtually all of subsequent Western and 654:

concepts). The West rose further with the 18th century's

484: 480: 9212: 7264: 7141:"The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World" 6977:

Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789

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Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715

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An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects

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for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...

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styles, flourished during this modern period throughout

3075:

is one of the great works of 18th-century Newtonianism.

2338:, in an attempt to reform corruption within the church. 2171:

targeting Latins. The extremely wealthy (after previous

2122:

The Greek Byzantine Empire split by a newly established

1953:

Franks established an empire that was recognized by the

1516:

continues to have a major influence on the world today.

11186: 10030:

Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization

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eliminates race as a bar to immigration or citizenship.

3730:, stressing the difference between First World and the 3137:, the invention of writing, the later invention of the 2774:

of 1700s. These are seen as fostering the 19th century

2357:. As European influence spread across the globe, these 2252:

Christianity met, as well as the meeting point between

1100:

as their common language (owing to the older empire of

711:

There was debate among some in the 1960s as to whether

503:. Western Civilization is also closely associated with 284: 'setting down, sunset, west') in contrast to the 8790: 8788: 8409:

Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A., eds. (1994).

7573: 7571: 7317: 6451: 5724:. Gangemi Editore spa. 10 November 2011. p. 148. 5658: 5300: 5298: 4560:

prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence.

4540:

In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a

3663:, which makes up much of the geographical West today. 2981: 2905:. The US quickly emerged as the new imperial power in 2561:

of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer

1413:

that conquered Central Italy assimilating the Italian

8744:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015. p. 293. 7700:"Charlemagne: Facts, Empire & Holy Roman Emperor" 7167: 6860:

The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity

6770: 6058:"Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization" 4919:

Russia Between East and West: Perceptions and Reality

1999:

of western and central Europe split with the eastern

1677:

The birth of the European West during the Middle Ages

1524:

evolved and it has been the official language of the

1445:

area, when it ended. Conquest was enforced using the

8977: 8319:

The Dutch Empire. An Essential Part of World History

7455:

Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals

6669: 5806:

The Birth Of Western Civilisation, Greece & Rome

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and other countries aligned with the United States.

1805:) in the Western Mediterranean. A turning point was 27:

Countries with an originally European shared culture

8785: 7775:(Kindle ed.). First Things Press. p. 224. 7568: 5911:

Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization

5549: 5404:Chiara Bottici; Benoît Challand (11 January 2013). 5397: 5295: 3678:in the West was twice that in non-Western regions. 1855:(part of the ancient Eastern European tribes named 1096:was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had 819:themes and traditions. Christianity, primarily the 507:, the dominant religion in the West, with roots in 9588:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 123–150. 8917: 8551:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 7827: 7502:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 7388:"Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture" 7208: 5645:. Vol. 97. Bowker. April 1972. p. 1588. 4954:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 123–150. 3572:Christianity remains the dominant religion in the 3291:(now split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia). 906:. This period overlapped with and was followed by 7814:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 7177:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 6864:(A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p. 6200:Section 31.8, The Intellectual Life of Arab Islam 5879: 5877: 5875: 5802: 5688: 5486: 5459: 5267: 5265: 5234: 5232: 5087: 1238:Ancient Roman world (6th century BC – AD 395–476) 839:. A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in 473:building designs and proportions and architecture 11299: 9352:. Oxford University Press. pp. xi, xv, 39. 8316: 7873:(1888). "Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded". 7748:. Wisconsin University Press. pp. 209–210. 7577: 7358:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 6778:. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface). 6283: 5609: 5434: 5369: 4873:"Russia and the West: A Comparison and Contrast" 4646:"There is no such thing as western civilisation" 3787:A series of scholars of civilization, including 3722:is sometimes interchangeably used with the term 2495:, had sought to cultivate trading with Asia and 2065:In 1071, the Byzantine army was defeated by the 739:, arguably the most influential figure in early 9935:of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: 8836: 8815: 8099: 8011:A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages 7875:A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages 6776:Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity 5662:Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History 5553:History of Philosophy Volume 1: Greece and Rome 4203:, a Portuguese navigator in the service of the 3264:, analogous in this context to what was called 2842:between the 1870s and 1914, also known as the " 2766:originated, in the wake of the previous Age of 2007:, also known as the "Great Schism", during the 9753:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 59–94. 8830: 8821: 8505: 8408: 7581:A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change 7540:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 6464:(Oxford 1966, 1969) at 153–56; also, Toynbee, 6128:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 5872: 5777: 5616:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 188. 5513: 5262: 5229: 4102:on behalf of the Spanish, and documenting the 3838:uses the term "Occident" in his discussion of 2644:navigators. It continued with the rise of the 1606:, retaining Rome's eternal spirit through the 968:of the Enlightenment and breakthroughs in the 336:, the politico-religious division between the 10098: 10084: 9655: 9071: 8708:Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopedia 7825: 7769:Dulles S.J., Avery (2012). Reno, R.R. (ed.). 7270: 7003:Western civilization : beyond boundaries 5543: 5169: 5167: 5099: 4257:as the most important political force on the 4147:and others. A 'Modern West' emerged from the 2815:", which saw a shift in focus from trade and 2271:Fourth Crusade had prompted the 14th century 2058:The Byzantine Empire in AD 1180 before Latin 1586:throughout Europe. The three-day Visigoths's 1425:. In its 10-centuries territorial expansion, 960:(which would later influence the creation of 669:, who attempted to proselytize Christianity. 9532: 8439: 8402: 7794:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 162 7724: 7436:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVerger1999 ( 6973: 6390: 5652: 5493:John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (2004). 5363: 4940: 4938: 4722: 4334:Espinosa, Emilio Lamo de (4 December 2017). 3123:wrote about the progress of humanity in the 3041:. 18th century scholars continued to refine 2959:member states of the Commonwealth of Nations 1602:lasting 14 days, this time conducted by the 1376:originated in the cultural division between 364:, an idea of the "West", as an inheritor of 9882:" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). 9729:Morality, Violence, and Ritual Circumcision 9462: 9230:The Making of the West: People and Cultures 8891: 8877:. Cambridge, UK. Malden, US: Polity Press. 8197:Morality, Violence, and Ritual Circumcision 7768: 7351: 7248:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age 7077:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. 6833:History of Western Civilization: A Handbook 6462:Change and Habit. The challenge of our time 5603: 5579: 5496:Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement 4436:The Making of the West: People and Cultures 3698:Map of the Western world consisting of the 3655:has been noted as a contributing factor to 3224:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2345:(1648), which enshrined the concept of the 2283:, on eve of the Protestant Reformation and 2094:including the heart of the Byzantine Empire 2015:'s death in April 1054. Following the 1054 84:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10091: 10077: 10060:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9897:" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). 9641:. McGill-Queen's University Press - MQUP. 9270: 8822:Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). 8771:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 8321:. BMGN – Low Countries Historical Review. 8179:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaus1983 ( 8093: 7483: 7033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6730: 6699: 5958: 5827: 5747: 5741: 5712: 5583:Art and History of Greece: And Mount Athos 5526:. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 337. 5520:Wayne C. Thompson; Mark H. Mullin (1983). 5499:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. 5304: 5164: 5070:. McGill-Queen's University Press - MQUP. 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 2966:Though the overt colonial era had passed, 2854:. Japan was involved primarily during the 2757:In the early-19th century, the systematic 2738:location, later developed into modern-day 2601:alone (which had started colonial efforts 1665:, and the West began thinking in terms of 264:; with some debate as to whether those in 9997: 9783: 9400:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 434. 9366: 9328:. BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 12. 8864: 7806: 7005:(7th ed.). Boston, MA. p. 107. 6856:Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007). 6540:The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others 6536: 6478:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). 5573: 5472:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. 5441:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 120. 5428: 5336: 5334: 4935: 4644:Appiah, Kwame Anthony (9 November 2016). 4501:. BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 12. 4464: 3244:Learn how and when to remove this message 3091:, and paving the way for improvements in 2538:, closing off key overland trade routes. 2433:Learn how and when to remove this message 2341:Both these religious wars ended with the 1908:Roman Catholic and Eastern Greek Orthodox 1759:Learn how and when to remove this message 1562:ruled kingdoms in the 5th century due to 1464:succeeded the approximately 500-year-old 1356:highlighting differences between western 1302:Learn how and when to remove this message 1059:Learn how and when to remove this message 203:Learn how and when to remove this message 185:Learn how and when to remove this message 10024: 9610: 9560: 9373:The Greeks A Portrait of Self and Others 9078:. Oxford University Press. p. 329. 9040: 9013: 8986: 8923: 8870: 8837:Gregerson, Linda; Juster, Susan (2011). 8728:. Princeton University Press. p. x. 8140: 7863: 7578:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 6941:, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface) 5945:Cambridge University Historical Series, 4980: 4759: 4471:The Greeks A Portrait of Self and Others 4333: 4127:and exploration was born, revisiting an 3693: 3685: 3298:, and important members included India, 3126:Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind 2742:, evolving from the ratification of the 2652:, and the creation and expansion of the 2626:colonization, conquest, and exploitation 2478: 2444: 2117: 2053: 2027:Church continued to consider themselves 1928: 1881: 1827: 1770: 1530: 1393: 1313: 1126: 855:in various spheres of life developed by 731: 715:as a whole is in a category of its own. 614: 323:, continued for a millennium, while the 216: 161:Relevant discussion may be found on the 9746: 9424:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9414: 9390: 9294: 8938:. Europa, web portal: 9. Archived from 8929:"Social values, Science and Technology" 8741:Science and Technology in World History 8362:volume of their machine-produced goods. 8168: 7977: 7942: 7304:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 7297: 6830: 6605:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 6598: 6511: 6085: 5904: 5751:Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy 5682: 5469:Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide 5355:from the original on 18 November 2022. 5150:from the original on 21 December 2022. 5021:from the original on 13 December 2022. 4870: 4834: 4789: 4787: 4678:from the original on 29 September 2023. 4528:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4518: 4362: 3541:and to areas whose populations largely 3179: 1008: 835:since at least the 4th century, as did 14: 11300: 9895:Historians Debate the Rise of the West 9814: 9725: 9704: 9683: 9581: 9567:. Routledge. pp. 26, 46, 76, 84. 9342: 9318: 9246: 8458: 8193: 7779: 7741: 7731:. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127. 7432: 7301:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 7105: 7072: 7001:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013). 6623: 6561: 6477: 6329:. Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999. Archived from 6055: 6008: 5407:The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations 5376:The Uniqueness of Western Civilization 5340: 5331: 5271: 5238: 5008: 4947: 4850:""The West": A Conceptual Exploration" 4643: 4598: 4491: 4237:trade from the Portuguese. Later, the 4123:' in 1492–1493, the European colonial 3681: 3627:of the Western world where unchurched 3600:) described themselves as Christians. 3507: 2927:the empire on which the sun never sets 2762:philosophical movement later known as 2677:had been justified with the values of 2534:consolidated control over the eastern 2305:various Protestant and Catholic states 2198:Crusader army's sack of Constantinople 2187:present-day Croatia (specifically the 2181:successful attempt to maintain control 1965:in Constantinople, and leading to the 1669:living in the old Western Empire, and 1555:provinces eventually were replaced by 604:; it was also greatly expanded by the 344:culminated in the Great Schism or the 10072: 9942:V. 1. From the earliest times to the 9836:"The West": A Conceptual Exploration 9487: 9438: 9301:Western Civilization in World History 8826:. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X. 8794: 8764: 8705: 8679: 7785: 7450: 7245: 7186: 7138: 7000: 6912:Christianity and Western Civilization 6760:(Newman Press ed.). p. 224. 6755: 6648: 6408: 6218: 5695:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. 5056:1952: Immigration and Nationality Act 4847: 4565: 4412: 4369:Western Civilization in World History 4131:view accompanied by the invention of 4049:(France), the Mediterranean coast of 3834:Palestinian-American literary critic 3359: 2591:European colonization of the Americas 2134:(13th–15th centuries) began with the 1809:'s decision to establish the city of 1614:) for centuries to come. The ancient 898:led to a synthesis between Greek and 626:(and mud), military fitting from the 475:; the latter due to its influence on 419:is cited as a contributing factor to 362:European colonization of the Americas 40:Westerners (Korean political faction) 9847:, 2011, retrieved: 28 November 2011. 9634: 9508: 9473:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2. 9256:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 8897: 8843:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 8493: 8174: 7846:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Inquisition" 7735: 7718: 7415:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 6484:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 6416:"A brief history of Western culture" 6261:. Es.flinders.edu.au. Archived from 6092:Netherlands International Law Review 5689:Murray Milner Jr. (8 January 2015). 5586:. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 7. 5466:Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004). 5341:Browne, Anthony (3 September 2000). 5135: 5063: 5009:Kelkar, Kamala (16 September 2017). 4848:Bavaj, Riccardo (21 November 2011). 4784: 4688: 4395:"Is Latin America part of the West?" 4392: 4336:"Is Latin America part of the West?" 4053:(Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and 3222:adding citations to reliable sources 3189: 2941:legacy is widespread throughout the 2573:as they marked the beginning of the 2415:adding citations to reliable sources 2386: 1741:adding citations to reliable sources 1712: 1284:adding citations to reliable sources 1255: 1041:adding citations to reliable sources 1012: 137: 90: 49: 9470:Decentering International Relations 9280:. Wadsworth. pp. xxxiii, 918. 9232:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 4. 8577: 8339: 8103:(2014). "Introduction and Chpt 1". 7869: 7742:Setton, Kenneth Meyer, ed. (1969). 7459:. Oxford University Press. p. 6537:Cartledge, Paul (10 October 2002). 6512:Freeman, Charles (September 2000). 6259:"Science, civilization and society" 5550:Frederick Copleston (1 June 2003). 5043:National Museum of American History 4438:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 4. 4352:from the original on 22 April 2019. 4230:discovery of the sea route to India 3746:not being culturally Western (e.g. 3576:, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 2982:Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries) 2557:expanded across the globe with the 2505:in favor of Catholic Western Europe 2076:, resulting in the loss of most of 992:movements) and increasing cultural 24: 10002:. New York: Monthly Review Press. 9777: 9684:Cotter, Anne-Marie Mooney (2016). 9047:. Routledge. pp. 46, 76, 84. 8589: 8285:, Library of Economics and Liberty 7834:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 7271:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013). 6980:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–. 6599:Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010). 5890:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. 5239:Cotter, Anne-Marie Mooney (2016). 3552:In the 20th century, Christianity 3329:military sphere of influence (see 2047:and Georgia were converted by the 1825:" by modern historians) in AD 330. 25: 11339: 11282:Western European and Others Group 9864:, 2017, retrieved: 8 March 2021 ( 8720: 8666:Enlightenment Essays: Volumes 1-4 8298:. United Nations. 12 October 1999 8150:. New York: Basic Books. p. 7728:A Handbook of Political Geography 7326:A Guide to the History of Science 7052:. Cengage Learning. p. 105. 6562:Pagden, Anthony (13 March 2008). 4135:, while marking the start of the 2947:aftermath of the Second World War 2744:Constitution of the United States 2087:. The Emperor sent a plea to the 1922:approximately followed a line of 1705:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 1166:, as settlers in the colonies of 65:This article has multiple issues. 9959:the defeat of the Spanish Armada 9666:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change 9185: 9165: 9152: 9132: 9112: 9092: 9065: 9034: 9007: 8957: 8898:Ford, Peter (22 February 2005). 8765:Biale, David (27 October 2015). 8758: 8732: 8714: 8699: 8673: 8657: 8652:From Enlightenment to Revolution 8644: 8619: 8606: 8583: 8571: 8543: 8499: 8487: 8452: 8427: 8389: 8367: 8333: 8310: 8288: 8269: 8243: 8217: 8187: 8134: 8125: 8075: 8057: 8027: 8002: 7971: 7936: 7900: 7894: 7838: 7819: 7762: 7692: 7672: 7652: 7632: 7615: 7598: 7551: 7526: 7451:Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999). 7145:Comparative Civilizations Review 6800:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte 6673:Western Civilization: Since 1400 6624:Sharon, Moshe (1 January 2004). 5887:Western Civilization: Since 1400 5610:Marxiano Melotti (25 May 2011). 5343:"The last days of a white world" 5110:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change 4871:Roberts, Henry L. (March 1964). 4599:Birken, Lawrence (August 1992). 4297: 4264: 4245:established some settlements in 4218: 4068: 4035: 3886: 3872: 3631:is gaining more prominence over 3468: 3459: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3194: 2754:before end of the 18th century. 2391: 2349:, and the principle of absolute 1717: 1633:, is usually referred to as the 1342: 1333: 1260: 1252:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 1017: 724:This section is an excerpt from 584:fall of the Western Roman Empire 580:"The Evolution of Civilizations" 142: 95: 54: 9205: 8680:Rosen, Jonathan (26 May 2008). 8516:International Studies Quarterly 8375:"European expansion since 1763" 8342:"European expansion since 1763" 8253:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from 8008: 7380: 7352:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). 7298:Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), 7277:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9. 7180: 7132: 7099: 7066: 7041: 6994: 6974:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012). 6882: 6849: 6824: 6805: 6792: 6764: 6749: 6731:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). 6724: 6700:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). 6693: 6471: 6426: 6368: 6345: 6319: 6300: 6277: 6251: 6212: 6183: 6158: 6136: 6079: 6049: 6002: 5952: 5930: 5847: 5821: 5796: 5771: 5659:Stanley Mayer Burstein (2002). 5633: 4911: 4864: 4817: 4753: 4716: 4682: 4660: 4637: 4601:"What Is Western Civilization?" 4211:'), found a sea route into the 4195:. In 1497 Portuguese navigator 4098:would land on an island in the 4026: 4015: 3594:Latin America and the Caribbean 3072:Treatise on Celestial Mechanics 3026:, where he warns that, without 2712:institutions that have come to 2402:needs additional citations for 2132:decline of the Byzantine Empire 2003:patriarchates in the Christian 1859:by the Romans) from modern-day 1728:needs additional citations for 1480:began in 218 BC to the rule of 1271:needs additional citations for 1028:needs additional citations for 833:shaping of Western civilization 438: 157:of non-free copyrighted sources 73:or discuss these issues on the 10000:Inventing Western Civilization 9787:The American Historical Review 9018:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 8991:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 8900:"What place for God in Europe" 8596:Catholic University Law Review 8089:. A&E Television Networks. 7221:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6756:Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). 5182:National Archives of Australia 4592: 4455: 4386: 4356: 4327: 4139:. During this long period the 4003: 3982: 3953: 3782: 3744:developed countries or regions 3621:separation of church and state 3043:Newton's theory of gravitation 2200:in April 1204, capital of the 2191:, a region of interest to the 1845:assassination of Julius Caesar 1504:, including the ancient trade 918:influence of the Islamic world 244:, primarily refers to various 44:Western Power (disambiguation) 32:Western World (disambiguation) 13: 1: 9998:Patterson, Thomas C. (1997). 9862:Institute of European History 9858:EGO - European History Online 9845:Institute of European History 9561:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019). 9304:. Routledge. pp. 91–95. 9041:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019). 9014:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011). 8987:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011). 8227:. Fordham.edu. Archived from 7792:The later Crusades, 1189–1311 7226:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6665:– via Internet Archive. 5959:Celermajer, Danielle (2010). 5556:. A&C Black. p. 13. 4760:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019). 4372:. Routledge. pp. 88–95. 4106:'s routes would be granted a 3932:Global North and Global South 3321:, which chose to be neutral. 2648:by the destabilizing Spanish 2609:was dissolved in 1806 by the 2469: 2275:(translated as 'Rebirth') of 1520:has been the base from which 1496:, the Mediterranean coast of 1469: 1372:halves. The concept of "East- 1352:Graphical map of post-AD 395 1088:tyrannical and imperialistic 9939:Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. 8473:10.1080/00309230.2010.547511 7508:National Review Book Service 7488:. London: Allen & Unwin. 7486:History of Economic Analysis 6831:McNeill, William H. (2010). 6518:. Penguin Publishing Group. 6468:(10 volumes, 2 supplements). 5828:HUXLEY, George; et al. 5665:. Regina Books. p. 15. 4932:. Published on 28 March 2003 4321: 4161:emigration of Greek scholars 3522:Culture of the United States 2840:Second Industrial Revolution 2638:fall of the Byzantine Empire 2103:on 6 August 1806, after the 2099:The Holy Roman Empire would 1851:. This is the time when the 1836:in AD 1025 before Christian 600:and the introduction of the 525:ethical and moral principles 112:, as neutrality is disputed. 7: 9669:. Oxford University Press. 9488:Lazar, Michelle M. (2005). 9376:. Oxford University Press. 8710:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–12. 8251:"The Industrial Revolution" 8071:. Marked by Teachers. 2009. 7623:Letter CXXVII. To Principia 7484:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). 7106:Porter, Stanley E. (2013). 6356:. The Industrial Revolution 6327:"The Scientific Revolution" 6146:. 10 March 2001. p. 84 6106:(inactive 27 August 2024). 6027:10.1080/1084877042000197921 5113:. Oxford University Press. 4474:. Oxford University Press. 3865: 3580:survey found that 76.2% of 2688:The concepts of a world of 2511:. The most famous of these 843:and continuing through the 700:by Western powers from the 650:revolutions (propellers of 551:, or Athens, Jerusalem and 527:of its historical roots in 445:ancient Mediterranean world 165:. Please help Knowledge by 108:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 11344: 9191:Cf., Teilhard de Chardin, 8797:"The Labyrinth of Kinship" 8706:Burns, William E. (2003). 8566:land: 148.94 million sq km 8296:"The World at Six Billion" 7790:. In Hazard, H. W. (ed.). 6774:; Farrugia, Maria (2003). 5803:Michael Ed. Grant (1964). 5748:Kim Covert (1 July 2011). 5314:. Wadsworth. p. 918. 4552:remains the basis for the 4393:Espinosa, Emilio Lamo de. 4286:(a portion of present-day 4255:British East India Company 3821:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 3776:multinational corporations 3607:sentiments, following the 3511: 3312:People's Republic of China 3183: 2985: 2650:discovery of the New World 2615:Roman Catholic Inquisition 2368: 2262:Catholic Church suppressed 2109:Confederation of the Rhine 1803:Ancient Latium and Tuscany 1698: 1680: 1241: 1178:) belonged to that faith. 723: 718: 36: 29: 11052:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11032: 10950: 10787: 10622: 10493:Standard Average European 10361: 10190: 10110: 9912:homepage at Annenberg/CPB 9732:. Routledge. p. 34. 9690:. Routledge. p. 12. 9582:Pierce, Jason E. (2016). 9105:28 September 2017 at the 8936:Special Eurobarometer 225 8871:Stuenkel, Oliver (2016). 8602:(2 Winter 1977): 449–456. 8434:Oxford English Dictionary 8411:The Columbia Encyclopedia 8377:. Encyclopædia Britannica 8317:Wim Van Den Doel (2010). 8200:. Routledge. p. 34. 7986:. Robert Appleton Company 7984:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7951:. Robert Appleton Company 7949:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7745:A History of the Crusades 7584:. Routledge. p. 48. 7329:Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952 7250:. Phoenix. p. xiii. 6104:10.1017/S0165070X00029685 6086:Rosenne, Shabtai (1958). 5817:– via Amazon.co.uk. 5435:William J. Broad (2007). 5410:. Routledge. p. 88. 5245:. Routledge. p. 12. 5136:Goñi, Uki (31 May 2021). 4948:Pierce, Jason E. (2016). 4766:. Routledge. p. 26. 4177:Renaissance architectural 3690:Countries by income group 3588:, and about 86.0% in the 3275:The Second World was the 3170:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3162:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 3152:(thereby accusing him of 2972:large degree of influence 2811:). This resulted in the " 2611:French Revolutionary Wars 2466:King John III of Portugal 1779:'s conquests (AD 527–565) 1661:of the newly established 684:, and the Industrial and 313:Greek East and Latin West 11323:Historiography of Europe 11192:Lancaster House Treaties 10682:Christian existentialism 10642:Ancient Roman philosophy 10632:Ancient Greek philosophy 9711:. Springer. p. 40. 9494:. Springer. p. 15. 9178:17 November 2022 at the 8397:Jihad in the Arabian Sea 7685:17 November 2022 at the 7153:Brigham Young University 6817:23 February 2018 at the 6460:Cf., Arnold J. Toynbee, 6378:. The Atlantic. May 2016 6205:14 December 2009 at the 5977:10.1177/0725513610371046 5278:. Springer. p. 40. 5195:'White Australia' policy 4924:13 November 2017 at the 4294:still being independent. 4193:Western colonial empires 3947: 3825:Nile Valley Civilization 3657:Westerners' colonization 3069:. Laplace's five-volume 2740:United States of America 2646:Dutch East India Company 2107:and the creation of the 1939:Charlemagne's coronation 1849:many internal civil wars 1566:from such tribes as the 1455:fall of the Roman Empire 1131:The main travels of the 806:Greco-Roman civilization 389:immigration of Europeans 121:may contain suggestions. 106:may need to be rewritten 11308:Country classifications 10970:Equality before the law 10177:Romano-Germanic culture 9841:European History Online 9747:Vintges, Karen (2017). 9726:Carlin, Na'ama (2022). 9158:Jackson J. Spielvogel, 8529:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8346:Encyclopædia Britannica 8194:Carlin, Na'ama (2022). 7788:"V: The Fourth Crusade" 7073:Hengel, Martin (2003). 6900:Encyclopædia Britannica 6812:The Protestant Heritage 6649:Grant, Michael (1991). 6316:, commercial revolution 6312:22 October 2008 at the 6230:Oxford University Press 5926:Encyclopædia Britannica 5754:. Capstone. p. 5. 5692:Elites: A General Model 3416:The exact scope of the 3148:denounced Spinoza as a 3067:Pierre-Simon de Laplace 3059:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert 3051:Pierre Louis Maupertuis 2915:Philippine–American War 2901:under the terms of the 2583:the American continents 2553:sea captains. In 1492, 2503:'s large silk industry 2287:(which established the 2049:Eastern Orthodox Church 2031:orthodox and catholic. 1986:Carolingian Renaissance 1135:(began in 15th century) 934:Arabic texts on science 871:later gave rise to the 305:Ancient Greece and Rome 11132:Eastern European Group 10721:Continental philosophy 10652:Judeo-Christian ethics 10637:Hellenistic philosophy 10118:Cradle of civilization 9963:the Battle of Waterloo 9705:Jalata, Asafa (2002). 9546:. Simon and Schuster. 9543:The Lessons of History 9272:Spielvogel, Jackson J. 9195:(1955), translated as 9118:James C. W. Ahiakpor, 9072:Maurice Roche (2017). 8631:The American Spectator 7914:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 7826:Goldstein, I. (1999). 7139:Scott, John C (2018). 6937:2 January 2023 at the 6195:The Outline of History 6009:Havers, Grant (2004). 5379:. BRILL. p. 297. 5306:Spielvogel, Jackson J. 5272:Jalata, Asafa (2002). 5039:"Defining Citizenship" 4801:. 2017. Archived from 4736:. Simon and Schuster. 4733:The Lessons of History 4399:Elcano Royal Institute 4343:Elcano Royal Institute 4045:(Portugal and Spain), 3998:Pacific island nations 3907:Anti-Western sentiment 3852:master-slave dialectic 3715: 3712:European Single Market 3691: 3055:Alexis-Claude Clairaut 2750:on the North American 2488: 2476: 2450:Portuguese discoveries 2359:Westphalian principles 2256:and Christianity. The 2127: 2062: 1942: 1891: 1840: 1780: 1540: 1488:in AD 106 (modern-day 1403: 1326: 1136: 1106:Hellenistic successors 950:fall of Constantinople 888:Phoenician city-states 857:Hellenistic philosophy 796:culture that arose in 754: 702:15th to 20th centuries 686:Scientific Revolutions 631: 360:. In the aftermath of 334:patriarch of Byzantium 233: 167:rewriting this article 42:. For other uses, see 11252:Three Seas Initiative 11227:Pacific Islands Forum 11092:British–Irish Council 10840:Greek Orthodox Church 10299:Industrial Revolution 10269:Scientific Revolution 9917:20 April 2019 at the 9910:The Western Tradition 9222:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 9145:25 March 2022 at the 8989:"Global Christianity" 8461:Paedagogica Historica 7816:, Introduction, xiii. 7786:Wolff, R. L. (1969). 7725:Sanjay Kumar (2021). 7612:, Google Print, p. 88 7342:, 14 (2001): 249–288. 6284:Richard J. Mayne Jr. 6056:Brague, Rémi (2009). 5809:. Thames & Hudson 4930:Brookings Institution 4428:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 4057:were all part of the 3697: 3689: 3562:religion is important 3554:declined in influence 3543:originate from Europe 3512:Further information: 3296:unaligned with either 3063:Joseph-Louis Lagrange 2992:Scientific Revolution 2870:, and similar to the 2868:French Third Republic 2770:of the 1600s and the 2725:deportation of slaves 2706:Industrial Revolution 2702:Scientific Revolution 2482: 2448: 2267:This very profitable 2179:in particular made a 2167:in 1182 broke out in 2121: 2057: 1963:Eastern Roman Emperor 1933:Rise of the Germanic 1932: 1900:Eastern Mediterranean 1898:and bordering on the 1885: 1831: 1807:Constantine the Great 1774: 1699:Further information: 1659:Emperor of the Romans 1534: 1451:cultural assimilation 1437:(509–27 BC), into an 1429:shifted from a small 1397: 1317: 1214:, German and Swedish 1130: 954:Medieval Christianity 914:medieval renaissances 896:eastern Mediterranean 877:scientific revolution 735: 618: 593:ancient Western world 421:European colonization 220: 11247:Special Relationship 10657:Christian philosophy 10602:Western Christianity 10264:Age of Enlightenment 10138:Hellenistic Kingdoms 9878:30 June 2017 at the 9815:Ankerl, Guy (2000). 9638:White Canada Forever 9635:Ward, Peter (2002). 9277:Western Civilization 9248:Hanson, Victor Davis 9197:The Phenomena of Man 9125:23 July 2018 at the 8971:23 July 2017 at the 8795:Goody, Jack (2005). 8395:Camille Pecastaing, 8340:Webster, Richard A. 8069:markedbyteachers.com 7978:Blötzer, J. (1910). 7943:Blötzer, J. (1910). 7665:23 July 2018 at the 7645:23 July 2018 at the 7504:by Thomas Woods, Jr" 7194:. Berlin: Springer. 6703:Western Civilization 6676:. Cengage Learning. 5916:9 March 2018 at the 5778:Henry Turner Inman. 5580:Mario Iozzo (2001). 5523:Western Europe, 1983 5311:Western Civilization 5067:White Canada Forever 5064:Ward, Peter (2002). 4165:Renaissance humanism 4155:from there by Latin 4096:Christopher Columbus 3880:Civilizations portal 3740:developing countries 3736:developing countries 3609:Age of Enlightenment 3348:The 1980s advent of 3310:); some include the 3218:improve this section 3180:Cold War (1947–1991) 2988:Age of Enlightenment 2879:Spanish–American War 2877:At the close of the 2632:enforced as well by 2622:voyages of discovery 2595:Atlantic slave trade 2581:and exploitation of 2563:Christopher Columbus 2555:European colonialism 2411:improve this article 2351:national sovereignty 2332:Late Medieval Period 2303:(1618–1648) between 2293:Medieval Inquisition 2124:Latin Crusader State 2041:Eastern Christianity 2037:Western Christianity 1990:Western Christianity 1863:penetrated into the 1737:improve this article 1627:Eastern Roman Empire 1553:Western Roman Empire 1280:improve this article 1122:Eastern Christianity 1037:improve this article 1009:Historical divisions 881:Age of Enlightenment 656:Age of Enlightenment 598:Eastern Roman Empire 574:Historians, such as 383:—derived from 169:with your own words. 11272:West Nordic Council 11137:Eastern Partnership 10726:Analytic philosophy 10427:Classical tradition 10249:Early modern period 10205:Classical antiquity 10200:European Bronze Age 10026:Williams, Robert A. 9515:The Orthodox Church 9193:Le Phenomene Humain 8995:on 26 December 2018 8445:Kevin Shillington, 8281:1 July 2013 at the 8257:on 14 December 2000 8045:on 19 December 2014 7924:on 26 November 2012 7658:Irina-Maria Manea, 6910:Caltron J.H Hayas, 6015:The European Legacy 5373:(7 February 2011). 4695:The Orthodox Church 4606:The History Teacher 4272:Scramble for Africa 4259:Indian Subcontinent 4100:Bahamas archipelago 3917:East–West dichotomy 3842:. According to his 3728:developed countries 3682:Economic definition 3578:Pew Research Center 3508:Cultural definition 3306:) and Switzerland ( 3281:sphere of influence 2976:Alfred Thayer Mahan 2848:Indian Subcontinent 2807:for example by the 2694:Peace of Westphalia 2613:; abolition of the 2462:territories claimed 2343:Peace of Westphalia 2313:religiously diverse 2285:Counter-Reformation 2277:Italian city-states 1975:Western Christendom 1888:Germanic migrations 1709:Peace of Westphalia 1653:. The Pope crowned 1588:AD 410 sack of Rome 1433:(753–509 BC), to a 1417:, growing from the 1102:Alexander the Great 1092:times. The Eastern 974:political pluralism 942:Italian Renaissance 774:traditional customs 636:Second Agricultural 628:Staffordshire Hoard 610:Ancient Greco-Roman 523:, drawing from the 352:for some time, the 319:, later called the 10731:Post-structuralism 10694:Christian humanism 10324:Universal suffrage 9978:American Civil War 8965:ARDA data archives 8509:(September 1997). 7871:Lea, Henry Charles 7830:Croatia: A History 7340:Science in Context 6894:6 May 2015 at the 6466:A Study of History 6170:www.britannica.com 5025:Naturalization Act 4668:"East-West Schism" 4201:Ferdinand Magellan 3942:Western Hemisphere 3716: 3692: 3676:market penetration 3633:organized religion 3566:official religions 3547:Age of Discovery's 3360:Modern definitions 3268:, was composed of 3037:and acceptance of 2911:Pacific Ocean area 2897:were ceded to the 2734:dominant northern- 2587:native inhabitants 2513:merchant travelers 2489: 2477: 2311:(and emergence of 2210:present-day Turkey 2183:over the coast of 2128: 2063: 1943: 1919:Eastern (Orthodox) 1892: 1841: 1781: 1541: 1427:Roman civilization 1404: 1327: 1156:Age of Exploration 1150:. Use of the term 1137: 1120:Greek culture and 1084:originated in the 948:fleeing after the 930:Latin translations 755: 741:Western philosophy 660:Age of Exploration 632: 377:Eastern Hemisphere 252:in the regions of 234: 155:close paraphrasing 11313:Cultural concepts 11295: 11294: 11122:Council of Europe 11024:International law 10977:Constitutionalism 10835:Eastern Orthodoxy 10341:Post–Cold War era 10274:Age of Revolution 10128:Greco-Roman world 10039:978-0-230-33876-0 10009:978-1-58367-409-3 9944:Battle of Lepanto 9903:978-1-13-877481-0 9893:Daly, Jonathan. " 9871:Daly, Jonathan. " 9833:Bavaj, Riccardo: 9760:978-90-8964-602-6 9620:. Penguin Books. 9595:978-1-60732-396-9 9518:. Penguin Books. 9296:Stearns, Peter N. 9263:978-0-307-42518-8 9218:Martin, Thomas R. 9022:on 4 January 2012 8590:Zamora, Stephen. 8447:History of Africa 8161:978-0-465-02329-5 8083:"The Reformation" 7638:Dominic Selwood, 7591:978-0-415-16112-1 7546:978-0-521-89057-1 7514:on 22 August 2006 7470:978-0-19-505523-8 7311:978-0-6747-6075-2 7284:978-1-4411-1851-6 7257:978-0-7538-2413-9 7246:Green, P (2008). 7216:"Hellenistic Age" 7110:. Leiden: Brill. 7084:978-1-59244-186-0 7059:978-1-305-44548-2 7012:978-1-133-60271-2 6987:978-1-111-83720-4 6889:Roman Catholicism 6875:978-0-8264-9482-5 6842:978-0-226-56162-2 6785:978-0-19-925995-3 6772:O'Collins, Gerald 6742:978-1-305-63347-6 6713:978-0-534-64602-8 6683:978-1-111-83169-1 6662:978-0-684-19303-8 6637:978-90-04-13904-6 6612:978-0-7425-6780-1 6575:978-0-19-923743-2 6550:978-0-19-157783-3 6525:978-0-14-029323-4 6491:978-0-307-42518-8 6398:"Western culture" 6243:978-0-06-051605-5 5897:978-1-111-83169-1 5761:978-1-4296-6831-6 5731:978-88-492-6909-3 5702:978-0-7456-8950-0 5672:978-1-930053-10-6 5623:978-1-4438-3028-7 5593:978-88-8029-435-1 5563:978-0-8264-6895-6 5506:978-0-313-32278-5 5479:978-0-8239-3999-2 5448:978-0-14-303859-7 5417:978-1-136-95119-0 5386:978-90-04-19248-5 5209:nzhistory.govt.nz 5030:white nationalism 4990:. Penguin Books. 4961:978-1-60732-396-9 4917:Alexander Lukin. 4860:on 2 August 2022. 4805:on 20 August 2024 4698:. Penguin Books. 4424:Martin, Thomas R. 4364:Stearns, Peter N. 4282:(Abyssinia), the 4112:Pope Alexander VI 4092:Cape of Good Hope 3789:Arnold J. Toynbee 3666:Countries in the 3613:French Revolution 3533:In modern usage, 3518:Culture of Europe 3350:Mikhail Gorbachev 3254: 3253: 3246: 3166:Moses Mendelssohn 3131:primitive society 2955:League of Nations 2829:African continent 2801:Industrialization 2636:in 1450s (by the 2607:Holy Roman Empire 2443: 2442: 2435: 2355:international law 2309:Holy Roman Empire 2289:Roman Inquisition 2258:Papal Inquisition 2165:anti-Western riot 2105:French Revolution 2009:Gregorian Reforms 1959:Holy Roman Empire 1902:and parts of the 1769: 1768: 1761: 1687:Holy Roman Empire 1663:Holy Roman Empire 1639:Early Middle Ages 1557:Northern European 1522:Romance languages 1449:and then through 1423:Mediterranean Sea 1312: 1311: 1304: 1204:English Catholics 1069: 1068: 1061: 962:international law 873:scientific method 851:, is the idea of 782:political systems 561:Late Roman Empire 533:ancient Egyptians 366:Latin Christendom 325:West Roman Empire 317:East Roman Empire 213: 212: 205: 195: 194: 187: 136: 135: 110:quality standards 88: 16:(Redirected from 11335: 11318:Cultural regions 11167:EU Customs Union 10699:Secular humanism 10647:Christian ethics 10597:East–West Schism 10580:Physical culture 10304:Great Divergence 10254:Age of Discovery 10093: 10086: 10079: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10051: 10021: 9933:Military History 9923:YouTube playlist 9850:Conze, Vanessa, 9830: 9811: 9772: 9743: 9722: 9701: 9680: 9661:Skidmore, Thomas 9652: 9631: 9607: 9578: 9557: 9529: 9505: 9484: 9463:Nayak, Meghana; 9459: 9435: 9416:Richard, Carl J. 9411: 9392:Freeman, Charles 9387: 9363: 9339: 9315: 9291: 9267: 9243: 9226:Smith, Bonnie G. 9200: 9199:(New York 1959). 9189: 9183: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9150: 9136: 9130: 9116: 9110: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8984: 8975: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8944: 8933: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8824:Society in Focus 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8661: 8655: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8623: 8617: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8561: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8456: 8450: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8406: 8400: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8326:great divergence 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8292: 8286: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7917:. 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Britannica.com 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6265:on 27 March 2016 6255: 6249: 6247: 6216: 6210: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5928: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5881: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5859:Geographicus.com 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5371:Ricardo Duchesne 5367: 5361: 5360: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5132: 5127:whitening thesis 5105:Skidmore, Thomas 5094: 5085: 5081: 5060: 5052: 5050: 5034: 5005: 4977: 4942: 4933: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4856:. Archived from 4845: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4656:on 8 April 2023. 4652:. Archived from 4641: 4635: 4634: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4562: 4520:Richard, Carl J. 4515: 4488: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4432:Smith, Bonnie G. 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4340: 4331: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4268: 4262: 4222: 4216: 4205:Crown of Castile 4149:Late Middle Ages 4145:Native Americans 4125:Age of Discovery 4072: 4066: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3996:, excluding the 3986: 3980: 3961:Central European 3957: 3927:Global Northwest 3896: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3598:Northern America 3472: 3463: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3308:Swiss Neutrality 3249: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3198: 3190: 3158:Gotthold Lessing 2559:exploring voyage 2507:and the rise of 2474: 2471: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2395: 2387: 2301:Thirty Years War 2299:(1568–1648) and 2297:Eighty Years War 2269:Central European 2244:, an area where 2234:"non-Christians" 2206:Byzantine Empire 2085:Byzantine Empire 2082:Eastern Orthodox 2005:East–West Schism 1945:In AD 800 under 1912:Western religion 1838:East-West Schism 1834:Byzantine Empire 1823:Byzantine Empire 1817:) in modern-day 1792:Classical Greece 1777:Byzantine Empire 1764: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1721: 1713: 1691:East–West Schism 1683:Byzantine Empire 1635:Byzantine Empire 1629:, governed from 1608:Holy See of Rome 1471: 1415:Etruscan culture 1346: 1337: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1264: 1256: 1133:Age of Discovery 1064: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1021: 1013: 698:Christianization 658:and through the 606:Arab importation 521:Christian ethics 346:East–West Schism 321:Byzantine Empire 258:Northern America 240:, also known as 230: 224: 208: 201: 190: 183: 179: 176: 170: 146: 145: 138: 131: 128: 122: 99: 91: 80: 58: 57: 50: 47: 21: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11328:Western culture 11298: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11257:UKUSA Agreement 11197:Lublin Triangle 11082:Baltic Assembly 11034: 11028: 10946: 10783: 10618: 10488:Eurolinguistics 10357: 10346:Information age 10319:Interwar period 10186: 10106: 10097: 10053: 10052: 10040: 10010: 9976:V. 3. From the 9929:J. F. C. Fuller 9919:Wayback Machine 9880:Wayback Machine 9827: 9800:10.2307/1864161 9780: 9778:Further reading 9775: 9761: 9740: 9719: 9698: 9677: 9657:Green, James N. 9649: 9628: 9596: 9575: 9554: 9526: 9510:Ware, Kallistos 9502: 9481: 9456: 9432: 9408: 9384: 9368:Cartledge, Paul 9360: 9344:Pagden, Anthony 9336: 9312: 9288: 9264: 9240: 9208: 9203: 9190: 9186: 9180:Wayback Machine 9170: 9166: 9157: 9153: 9147:Wayback Machine 9137: 9133: 9127:Wayback Machine 9117: 9113: 9107:Wayback Machine 9097: 9093: 9086: 9070: 9066: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9012: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8985: 8978: 8973:Wayback Machine 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8931: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8835: 8831: 8820: 8816: 8806: 8804: 8801:New Left Review 8793: 8786: 8779: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8719: 8715: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8678: 8674: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8611: 8607: 8588: 8584: 8580:, pp. 5–6. 8576: 8572: 8559: 8557: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8457: 8453: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8407: 8403: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8350: 8348: 8338: 8334: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8283:Wayback Machine 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8142:Ferguson, Niall 8139: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8101:Henry Kissinger 8098: 8094: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8013:. Vol. 1. 8007: 8003: 7989: 7987: 7976: 7972: 7954: 7952: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7908: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7877:. Vol. 1. 7868: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7824: 7820: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7784: 7780: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7687:Wayback Machine 7677: 7673: 7667:Wayback Machine 7657: 7653: 7647:Wayback Machine 7637: 7633: 7620: 7616: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7576: 7569: 7556: 7552: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7366: 7350: 7346: 7337: 7333: 7324:George Sarton: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7185: 7181: 7172: 7168: 7137: 7133: 7118: 7104: 7100: 7085: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7046: 7042: 7026: 7025: 7013: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6951:Thomas E. Woods 6949: 6945: 6939:Wayback Machine 6931:, preface, see 6922: 6918: 6909: 6905: 6896:Wayback Machine 6887: 6883: 6876: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6829: 6825: 6819:Wayback Machine 6810: 6806: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6769: 6765: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6729: 6725: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6663: 6638: 6613: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6551: 6526: 6507: 6503: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6459: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6314:Wayback Machine 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6225:What Went Wrong 6217: 6213: 6207:Wayback Machine 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6121: 6120: 6084: 6080: 6066: 6064: 6054: 6050: 6007: 6003: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5918:Wayback Machine 5909: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5642:Library Journal 5639: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5464: 5460: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5387: 5368: 5364: 5339: 5332: 5322: 5303: 5296: 5286: 5270: 5263: 5253: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5121: 5101:Green, James N. 5095: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5048: 5046: 5037: 4998: 4962: 4943: 4936: 4926:Wayback Machine 4916: 4912: 4889:10.2307/2492370 4869: 4865: 4846: 4835: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4795:"Western world" 4793: 4792: 4785: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4721: 4717: 4706: 4690:Ware, Kallistos 4687: 4683: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4642: 4638: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4536: 4509: 4482: 4466:Cartledge, Paul 4460: 4456: 4446: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4302: 4298: 4276:New Imperialism 4269: 4265: 4249:and trade with 4223: 4219: 4141:Catholic Church 4084:Bartolomeu Dias 4073: 4069: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3987: 3983: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3937:Monroe Doctrine 3892: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3797:Carroll Quigley 3785: 3720:"Western world" 3702:(as defined by 3684: 3524: 3514:Western culture 3510: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3215: 3199: 3188: 3182: 2994: 2986:Main articles: 2984: 2903:Treaty of Paris 2860:Japanese Empire 2813:New Imperialism 2748:thirteen States 2721:three centuries 2571:Western history 2517:East–west trade 2472: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2408: 2396: 2385: 2369:Main articles: 2367: 2320:Catholic Church 2291:to succeed the 2202:Greek Christian 2136:Latin Christian 1971:papal hierarchy 1957:in Rome as the 1935:Frankish Empire 1924:cultural divide 1877:pagan religions 1765: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1734: 1722: 1711: 1697: 1681:Main articles: 1679: 1526:Catholic Church 1498:Northern Africa 1494:Southern Europe 1482:Emperor Hadrian 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1308: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1277: 1265: 1254: 1242:Main articles: 1240: 1160:Roman Catholics 1148:civilized world 1074: 1065: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1034: 1022: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1002:human migration 996:resulting from 986:countercultures 821:Catholic Church 758:Western culture 729: 726:Western culture 721: 630:before cleaning 602:Catholic Church 590:culture of the 576:Carroll Quigley 541:Judeo-Christian 441: 232: 228: 226: 222: 209: 198: 197: 196: 191: 180: 174: 171: 160: 147: 143: 132: 126: 123: 113: 100: 59: 55: 48: 37: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11341: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11287:Westernization 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11267:Visegrád Group 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11207:Nordic Council 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11102:Bucharest Nine 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11067:Arctic Council 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10979: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10793: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10677:Existentialism 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10453: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10412: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10210:Late antiquity 10202: 10196: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10125: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10038: 10022: 10008: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9980:to the end of 9974: 9955: 9926: 9906: 9891: 9869: 9848: 9831: 9825: 9812: 9794:(3): 695–725. 9779: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9769:j.ctt1s475v4.6 9759: 9744: 9739:978-0367551957 9738: 9723: 9717: 9702: 9696: 9681: 9676:978-0190068981 9675: 9653: 9647: 9632: 9626: 9612:Kaufmann, Eric 9608: 9594: 9579: 9573: 9558: 9552: 9530: 9524: 9506: 9500: 9485: 9479: 9460: 9455:978-0684193038 9454: 9440:Grant, Michael 9436: 9431:978-0742567801 9430: 9412: 9407:978-0140293234 9406: 9388: 9383:978-0191577833 9382: 9364: 9358: 9340: 9335:978-9004139046 9334: 9316: 9310: 9292: 9286: 9268: 9262: 9244: 9239:978-1457681523 9238: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9184: 9164: 9151: 9138:Investopedia, 9131: 9111: 9091: 9084: 9064: 9053: 9033: 9006: 8976: 8956: 8945:on 24 May 2006 8916: 8890: 8884:978-1509504572 8883: 8863: 8850:978-0812222609 8849: 8829: 8814: 8784: 8777: 8757: 8750: 8731: 8713: 8698: 8686:The New Yorker 8672: 8656: 8643: 8618: 8605: 8582: 8570: 8542: 8507:Rein Taagepera 8498: 8486: 8451: 8438: 8426: 8419: 8401: 8388: 8366: 8332: 8309: 8287: 8268: 8242: 8231:on 11 May 2011 8216: 8207:978-0367551957 8206: 8186: 8167: 8160: 8133: 8124: 8118:978-0241004265 8117: 8092: 8074: 8056: 8026: 8019: 8001: 7970: 7935: 7893: 7883: 7862: 7837: 7818: 7805: 7778: 7761: 7754: 7734: 7717: 7706:. 22 July 2022 7691: 7678:Rodney Stark, 7671: 7651: 7631: 7614: 7597: 7590: 7567: 7550: 7548:, pp. 189, 208 7534:Jeremy Waldron 7525: 7491: 7476: 7469: 7443: 7425: 7404: 7379: 7364: 7344: 7331: 7316: 7310: 7290: 7283: 7263: 7256: 7238: 7207: 7200: 7179: 7173:Green, Peter. 7166: 7131: 7117:978-9004234765 7116: 7098: 7083: 7065: 7058: 7040: 7011: 6993: 6986: 6966: 6943: 6916: 6903: 6881: 6874: 6848: 6841: 6823: 6804: 6791: 6784: 6763: 6748: 6741: 6723: 6712: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6646: 6636: 6621: 6611: 6595: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6568:. OUP Oxford. 6559: 6549: 6543:. OUP Oxford. 6534: 6524: 6508: 6501: 6490: 6470: 6450: 6425: 6407: 6389: 6367: 6344: 6318: 6307:InfoPlease.com 6299: 6276: 6250: 6242: 6220:Lewis, Bernard 6211: 6182: 6157: 6135: 6098:(2): 119–149. 6078: 6062:philpapers.org 6048: 6001: 5951: 5938: 5929: 5903: 5896: 5871: 5846: 5820: 5795: 5788: 5770: 5760: 5740: 5730: 5711: 5701: 5681: 5671: 5651: 5632: 5622: 5602: 5592: 5572: 5562: 5542: 5532: 5512: 5505: 5485: 5478: 5458: 5447: 5427: 5416: 5396: 5385: 5362: 5330: 5320: 5294: 5284: 5261: 5251: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5201: 5173: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5133: 5120:978-0190068981 5119: 5096: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5076: 5061: 5035: 5006: 4996: 4982:Kaufmann, Eric 4978: 4960: 4944: 4934: 4910: 4863: 4833: 4816: 4783: 4772: 4752: 4742: 4715: 4704: 4681: 4672:britannica.com 4659: 4636: 4619:10.2307/494353 4613:(4): 451–459. 4591: 4588: 4587: 4582:978-0684193038 4581: 4567:Grant, Michael 4563: 4535:978-0742567801 4534: 4516: 4508:978-9004139046 4507: 4489: 4481:978-0191577833 4480: 4461: 4454: 4445:978-1457681523 4444: 4411: 4385: 4378: 4355: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4305:ancient Greece 4296: 4263: 4217: 4104:Atlantic Ocean 4067: 4034: 4025: 4014: 4002: 3981: 3977:Canary Islands 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3883: 3867: 3864: 3856:Homi K. Bhabha 3818:paleontologist 3806:intelligentsia 3793:Alfred Kroeber 3784: 3781: 3708:European Union 3683: 3680: 3625:secularization 3545:, through the 3528:William Warner 3509: 3506: 3477: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3442:Latin American 3395: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3339:United States' 3327:Soviet Union's 3325:was under the 3304:Finlandization 3289:Czechoslovakia 3279:in the Soviet 3252: 3251: 3202: 3200: 3193: 3184:Main article: 3181: 3178: 3144:French writer 3139:printing press 3047:Leonhard Euler 3014:Baruch Spinoza 2983: 2980: 2963:neocolonialism 2951:United Nations 2922:British Empire 2864:British Empire 2852:Southeast Asia 2782:goods such as 2776:Western world' 2719:The course of 2662:decolonization 2599:British Empire 2509:Western Papacy 2485:Spanish Empire 2456:routes in the 2441: 2440: 2399: 2397: 2390: 2366: 2363: 2336:printing press 2322:. German monk 2279:including the 2228:bodies of the 2169:Constantinople 2154:Byzantine Rite 2139:Fourth Crusade 2070:Turco-Persians 2060:Fourth Crusade 1982:Alcuin of York 1951:Early Medieval 1811:Constantinople 1796:Tyrrhenian Sea 1767: 1766: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1678: 1675: 1671:Eastern Greeks 1667:Western Latins 1631:Constantinople 1600:sack of AD 455 1582:by their late 1518:Latin language 1466:Roman Republic 1443:Middle Eastern 1362:Greek Orthodox 1358:Roman Catholic 1351: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1320:Roman Republic 1310: 1309: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1244:Roman Republic 1239: 1236: 1200:nonconformists 1140:Roman Catholic 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1010: 1007: 946:Greek scholars 841:ancient Greece 829:prominent role 798:Ancient Greece 778:belief systems 770:ethical values 745:Middle Eastern 730: 722: 720: 717: 706:Westernization 652:modern banking 517:Jewish thought 449:Ancient Greece 440: 437: 401:Atlantic Ocean 370:William Warner 342:Eastern church 338:Western church 330:excommunicated 266:Eastern Europe 254:Western Europe 227: 221: 211: 210: 193: 192: 150: 148: 141: 134: 133: 127:September 2015 103: 101: 94: 89: 63: 62: 60: 53: 26: 18:Western Powers 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11340: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11232:PROSUR/PROSUL 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11127:Craiova Group 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11042:ABCANZ Armies 11040: 11039: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10847:Protestantism 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10767:Sovereigntism 10765: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10662:Scholasticism 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10352: 10351:War on terror 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10244:Modern period 10242: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10100:Western world 10094: 10089: 10087: 10082: 10080: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10063: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9990:0-306-80306-2 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9971:0-306-80305-4 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9952:0-306-80304-6 9949: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9888:9781441161314 9885: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9828: 9826:2-88155-004-5 9822: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9724: 9720: 9718:9780312299071 9714: 9710: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9697:9781317155867 9693: 9689: 9688: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9648:9780773523227 9644: 9640: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9627:9780241317105 9623: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9574:9780367891381 9570: 9566: 9565: 9559: 9555: 9553:9781439170199 9549: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9538:Durant, Ariel 9535: 9531: 9527: 9525:9780140146561 9521: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9501:9780230599901 9497: 9493: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9480:9781848132405 9476: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9359:9780199237432 9355: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9320:Sharon, Moshe 9317: 9313: 9311:9781134374755 9307: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9287:9780534646028 9283: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9168: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9095: 9087: 9085:9781526117083 9081: 9077: 9076: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9054:9780367891381 9050: 9046: 9045: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8981: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8833: 8825: 8818: 8803:(36): 127–139 8802: 8798: 8791: 8789: 8780: 8778:9780691168043 8774: 8770: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8751:9781421417752 8747: 8743: 8742: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8709: 8702: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8650:Voeglin, E., 8647: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8615: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8574: 8567: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8494:Maddison 2001 8490: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8422: 8420:0-231-08098-0 8416: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8376: 8370: 8363: 8361: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8297: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8190: 8182: 8176: 8171: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8137: 8128: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8020:1-152-29621-3 8016: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7985: 7981: 7980:"Inquisition" 7974: 7967: 7964: 7963:death penalty 7950: 7946: 7945:"Inquisition" 7939: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7886: 7884:1-152-29621-3 7880: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7851: 7850:Newadvent.org 7847: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7755:9780299048341 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7729: 7721: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7635: 7629:paragraph 12. 7628: 7624: 7618: 7611: 7610:0-521-58335-7 7607: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7447: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7421:0-521-36105-2 7418: 7414: 7408: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7365:0-299-11880-0 7361: 7357: 7356: 7348: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7294: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7267: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7203: 7201:3-540-20396-6 7197: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6852: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6798:Karl Heussi, 6795: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6706:. Wadsworth. 6705: 6704: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6402:Science Daily 6399: 6393: 6377: 6371: 6355: 6354:"Innovations" 6348: 6333:on 1 May 2011 6332: 6328: 6322: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6287: 6286:"Middle Ages" 6280: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6145: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965:Thesis Eleven 5962: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5789:9781177738538 5785: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5533:9780943448114 5529: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5321:9780534646028 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5285:9780312299071 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5252:9781317155867 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5233: 5222: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5079: 5077:9780773523227 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4997:9780241317105 4993: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Slavic Review 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4773:9780367891381 4769: 4765: 4764: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4743:9781439170199 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4728:Durant, Ariel 4725: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4705:9780140146561 4701: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4493:Sharon, Moshe 4490: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4379:9781134374755 4375: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284:Dervish state 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4213:Pacific Ocean 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197:Vasco da Gama 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:imperialistic 4126: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4018: 4011: 4010:Latin America 4006: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3801:civilizations 3798: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772:Privatization 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714:members, 2017 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704:James Bennett 3701: 3696: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:Western world 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3596:and 77.4% in 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Western world 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3549:imperialism. 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Western world 3531: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3484: 3480: 3479:Latin America 3471: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3424:Eastern world 3419: 3418:Western world 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401:Eastern world 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3248: 3245: 3237: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3203:This section 3201: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3129:(1794), from 3128: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:heliocentrism 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:Age of Reason 2998: 2997:Eric Voegelin 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943:Western world 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920:By 1913, the 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:United States 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2872:German Empire 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844:Beautiful Era 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817:indirect rule 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772:Enlightenment 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690:nation-states 2686: 2684: 2683:enlightenment 2680: 2679:individualism 2676: 2672: 2667: 2666:post-colonial 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577:exploration, 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2536:Mediterranean 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519:was Venetian 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2434: 2426: 2423:November 2021 2416: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2400:This section 2398: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Martin Luther 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1992:at the time. 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801:heritage (of 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790:heritage (of 1789: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1752: 1749:November 2021 1742: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1726:This section 1724: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Western world 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Roman legions 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:Roman society 1408: 1401: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1336: 1325: 1324:Carthaginians 1321: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1295: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1269:This section 1267: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218:, as well as 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Presbyterians 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:Mediterranean 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1063: 1060: 1052: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1026:This section 1024: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1003: 999: 998:globalization 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978:individualism 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 904:New Testament 901: 897: 894:world of the 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:scholasticism 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827:has played a 826: 825:Protestantism 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:classical era 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 727: 716: 714: 713:Latin America 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Enlightenment 679: 675: 670: 668: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 629: 625: 622: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:Mesopotamians 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493:republicanism 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471:, as well as 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 404: 402: 398: 397:United States 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 288:known as the 287: 286:Eastern world 283: 279: 275: 271: 270:Latin America 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Western world 219: 215: 207: 204: 189: 186: 178: 168: 164: 158: 156: 151:This article 149: 140: 139: 130: 120: 116: 111: 107: 104:This article 102: 98: 93: 92: 87: 85: 78: 77: 72: 71: 66: 61: 52: 51: 45: 41: 33: 19: 11277:Western Bloc 11077:AUSCANNZUKUS 11033:Contemporary 10982:Human rights 10828:Latin Church 10802:Christianity 10752: 10711:Conservatism 10556:contemporary 10393:Architecture 10329:World War II 10289:Emancipation 10284:Abolitionism 10172:Romanization 10167:Roman legacy 10148:Roman Empire 10099: 10032:. New York. 10029: 9999: 9982:World War II 9909: 9852: 9835: 9816: 9791: 9785: 9749: 9728: 9707: 9686: 9665: 9637: 9616: 9604:j.ctt19jcg63 9584: 9563: 9542: 9534:Durant, Will 9514: 9490: 9469: 9465:Selbin, Eric 9444: 9420: 9396: 9372: 9348: 9324: 9300: 9276: 9252: 9229: 9206:Bibliography 9196: 9192: 9187: 9167: 9154: 9134: 9114: 9098:Paul Starr, 9094: 9074: 9067: 9058: 9043: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9020:the original 9009: 8997:. Retrieved 8993:the original 8959: 8947:. Retrieved 8940:the original 8935: 8919: 8907:. Retrieved 8903: 8893: 8873: 8866: 8854:. Retrieved 8839: 8832: 8823: 8817: 8805:. Retrieved 8800: 8767: 8760: 8740: 8734: 8725: 8722:Biale, David 8716: 8707: 8701: 8689:. Retrieved 8685: 8675: 8665: 8659: 8651: 8646: 8634:. Retrieved 8630: 8621: 8613: 8608: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8573: 8565: 8560:10 September 8558:. Retrieved 8554: 8545: 8520: 8514: 8501: 8489: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8446: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8410: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8379:. Retrieved 8369: 8359: 8356: 8349:. Retrieved 8345: 8335: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8300:. Retrieved 8290: 8271: 8259:. Retrieved 8255:the original 8245: 8233:. Retrieved 8229:the original 8219: 8211: 8196: 8189: 8177:, p. 33 8170: 8146: 8136: 8127: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8047:. Retrieved 8043:the original 8038: 8029: 8010: 8004: 7997:authorities. 7995: 7988:. Retrieved 7983: 7973: 7960: 7953:. Retrieved 7948: 7938: 7926:. Retrieved 7919:the original 7913: 7896: 7888: 7874: 7865: 7853:. Retrieved 7849: 7840: 7829: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7796:. Retrieved 7791: 7781: 7771: 7764: 7744: 7737: 7727: 7720: 7708:. Retrieved 7703: 7694: 7674: 7654: 7649:2 June 2017. 7634: 7622: 7617: 7600: 7580: 7553: 7537: 7528: 7518:16 September 7516:. Retrieved 7512:the original 7507: 7501: 7494: 7485: 7479: 7454: 7446: 7428: 7423:, pp. xix–xx 7412: 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7391: 7382: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7334: 7325: 7319: 7300: 7293: 7273: 7266: 7247: 7241: 7219: 7210: 7191: 7188:Russo, Lucio 7182: 7174: 7169: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7107: 7101: 7074: 7068: 7049: 7043: 7002: 6996: 6976: 6969: 6946: 6919: 6911: 6906: 6884: 6859: 6851: 6832: 6826: 6821:, Britannica 6807: 6799: 6794: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6732: 6726: 6717: 6702: 6695: 6672: 6651: 6641: 6626: 6616: 6601: 6591: 6579: 6564: 6554: 6539: 6529: 6514: 6504: 6495: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6441:. Retrieved 6437: 6428: 6420:Khan Academy 6410: 6392: 6380:. Retrieved 6370: 6358:. Retrieved 6347: 6335:. Retrieved 6331:the original 6321: 6302: 6290:. Retrieved 6279: 6267:. Retrieved 6263:the original 6253: 6224: 6214: 6193: 6185: 6173:. Retrieved 6169: 6160: 6148:. Retrieved 6138: 6124:cite journal 6115: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6072: 6065:. Retrieved 6061: 6051: 6021:(1): 19–29. 6018: 6014: 6004: 5996: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5932: 5906: 5886: 5862:. Retrieved 5858: 5849: 5837:. Retrieved 5834:AbeBooks.com 5833: 5823: 5811:. Retrieved 5805: 5798: 5779: 5773: 5765: 5750: 5743: 5735: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5522: 5515: 5495: 5488: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5406: 5399: 5390: 5375: 5365: 5356: 5348:The Guardian 5346: 5325: 5310: 5289: 5274: 5256: 5241: 5219: 5212:. Retrieved 5208: 5192: 5185:. Retrieved 5181: 5151: 5143:The Guardian 5141: 5124: 5109: 5066: 5054: 5047:. Retrieved 5045:. 9 May 2017 5042: 5022: 5014: 5001: 4986: 4973: 4970:j.ctt19jcg63 4950: 4913: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4858:the original 4854:academia.edu 4853: 4831:, pp. 91-95. 4819: 4807:. Retrieved 4803:the original 4798: 4777: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4732: 4724:Durant, Will 4718: 4709: 4694: 4684: 4671: 4662: 4654:the original 4650:The Guardian 4649: 4639: 4629:– via 4610: 4604: 4594: 4571: 4539: 4524: 4512: 4497: 4485: 4470: 4457: 4449: 4435: 4414: 4402:. Retrieved 4398: 4388: 4368: 4358: 4329: 4312: 4299: 4266: 4220: 4157:translations 4116:motu proprio 4114: 4108:coat of arms 4070: 4058: 4051:North Africa 4037: 4028: 4017: 4005: 3984: 3969:North Africa 3955: 3894:World portal 3860: 3833: 3811: 3805: 3786: 3719: 3717: 3667: 3665: 3637: 3629:spirituality 3617:inquisitions 3602: 3573: 3571: 3551: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3502:Lévi-Strauss 3490: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3354:Soviet Union 3347: 3338: 3335:Iron Curtain 3326: 3316: 3293: 3277:Eastern bloc 3274: 3270:NATO members 3265: 3255: 3240: 3231: 3216:Please help 3204: 3160:attacked by 3146:Pierre Bayle 3143: 3124: 3117:Isaac Newton 3105: 3070: 3032: 3023:Areopagitica 3021: 2995: 2967: 2942: 2919: 2881:in 1898 the 2876: 2856:Meiji period 2837: 2775: 2759:urbanization 2756: 2718: 2692:born by the 2687: 2619: 2579:colonization 2540: 2493:missionaries 2490: 2458:Indian Ocean 2429: 2420: 2409:Please help 2404:verification 2401: 2379:Mercantilism 2347:nation-state 2340: 2281:Papal States 2266: 2233: 2230:Roman Empire 2204:-controlled 2149:churches of 2145:between the 2129: 2098: 2072:of medieval 2064: 2028: 2017:Great Schism 1997:Latin Church 1994: 1979: 1944: 1916: 1904:Adriatic Sea 1893: 1867:(modern-day 1856: 1842: 1782: 1755: 1746: 1735:Please help 1730:verification 1727: 1670: 1666: 1645:(modern-day 1624: 1621: 1612:Latin Church 1592:Greco-Romans 1542: 1509: 1462:Roman Empire 1459: 1407:Ancient Rome 1405: 1400:Roman Empire 1373: 1360:and eastern 1354:Roman Empire 1298: 1289: 1278:Please help 1273:verification 1270: 1248:Roman Empire 1174:(and later, 1151: 1147: 1138: 1115: 1109: 1090:Graeco-Roman 1081: 1077: 1075: 1055: 1046: 1035:Please help 1030:verification 1027: 980:, prominent 900:Near-Eastern 885: 823:, and later 814: 810:Christianity 802:Ancient Rome 790:technologies 766:social norms 756: 710: 671: 667:missionaries 633: 608:of both the 592: 579: 573: 557: 505:Christianity 453:Ancient Rome 442: 439:Introduction 409:ethnocracies 405: 385:colonization 374: 302: 297: 281: 241: 237: 235: 214: 199: 181: 172: 152: 124: 115:You can help 105: 81: 74: 68: 67:Please help 64: 11217:Open Balkan 11035:integration 10965:Rule of law 10960:Natural law 10937:Agnosticism 10915:Hellenistic 10893:Anglo-Saxon 10823:Catholicism 10762:Atlanticism 10667:Rationalism 10473:Immigration 10456:Esotericism 10314:World War I 10279:Romanticism 10259:Reformation 10239:Renaissance 10217:Middle Ages 10182:Christendom 10111:Foundations 9957:V. 2. From 8691:27 February 8636:13 November 8612:R. Vernon, 8555:www.cia.gov 8087:history.com 7906:"Chapter V" 7621:St Jerome, 7500:"Review of 7433:Verger 1999 7397:17 February 7231:8 September 6190:H. G. Wells 6067:17 December 5187:19 December 5049:19 December 5023:By 1790, a 4975:population. 4883:(1): 1–12. 4799:www.oed.com 4554:legal codes 4404:27 December 4167:. (Popular 4153:transmitted 4094:). In 1492 4082:. In 1488, 4080:spice trade 3994:New Zealand 3988:Comprising 3963:countries, 3912:Atlanticism 3840:Orientalism 3836:Edward Said 3783:Other views 3756:South Korea 3732:Third World 3724:First World 3700:anglosphere 3605:irreligious 3584:, 73.3% in 3331:FCMA treaty 3302:, Finland ( 3285:Warsaw Pact 3262:First World 3256:During the 3135:agrarianism 3109:rationalism 3097:cartography 3028:free speech 3010:John Milton 2909:and in the 2887:Puerto Rico 2883:Philippines 2833:Middle East 2825:imperialism 2764:Romanticism 2728:from Africa 2675:colonialism 2671:Middle Ages 2634:papal bulls 2593:led to the 2567:spice trade 2473: 1536 2454:spice trade 2383:Imperialism 2328:indulgences 2316:confessions 2273:Renaissance 2023:Church and 2019:, both the 2013:Pope Leo IX 1984:during the 1947:Charlemagne 1701:Christendom 1695:Reformation 1655:Charlemagne 1478:Phoenicians 1206:, Scottish 1144:Reformation 1111:Middle Ages 1104:and of the 982:subcultures 966:experiments 958:natural law 892:Hellenistic 853:rationalism 849:Renaissance 845:Middle Ages 694:colonialism 690:imperialism 674:Renaissance 569:Renaissance 497:engineering 433:immigration 350:Christendom 309:Constantine 262:Australasia 175:August 2024 11302:Categories 11237:Rio Treaty 10748:Relativism 10706:Liberalism 10672:Empiricism 10624:Philosophy 10612:Secularism 10563:Philosophy 10500:Literature 10294:Capitalism 9214:Hunt, Lynn 8523:(3): 502. 8467:(2): 243. 8109:Allen Lane 7902:Foxe, John 7855:13 October 7812:Phillips, 7798:9 November 7710:27 January 7563:8126913665 7229:Retrieved 6959:1596983280 6929:1851821252 6443:15 January 6232:. p. 6175:15 January 6150:31 January 6117:Jerusalem. 5971:(1): 3–5. 4829:1134374755 4558:common law 4420:Hunt, Lynn 4309:city-state 4137:Modern Era 4063:Diocletian 3971:, such as 3959:Including 3814:theologian 3558:Secularism 3537:refers to 3405:Arab world 3300:Yugoslavia 3234:April 2021 3093:navigation 3045:, notably 3016:. Meeting 2935:linguistic 2809:Opium Wars 2752:East Coast 2617:followed. 2585:and their 2543:Portuguese 2521:Marco Polo 2161:Roman Rite 2078:Asia Minor 1857:barbarians 1785:Aegean Sea 1651:Christians 1596:St. Jerome 1512:, and its 1439:autocratic 1380:Churches. 1292:April 2018 1224:Mennonites 1198:and other 1194:, English 1192:Calvinists 994:syncretism 938:philosophy 922:Al-Andalus 879:, and the 869:Empiricism 748:philosophy 676:, Ages of 648:Industrial 644:Scientific 640:Commercial 489:governance 469:aesthetics 457:philosophy 292:(from 276:(from 70:improve it 11182:Five Eyes 11177:EU–UK TCA 11019:Democracy 10908:Old Norse 10797:Abrahamic 10754:Peritrope 10736:Tolerance 10716:Socialism 10546:Mythology 10534:Classical 10483:Languages 10461:Astrology 10309:Modernism 10123:Old World 10056:cite book 10048:760975009 10018:606950598 9860:, Mainz: 9853:Abendland 9843:, Mainz: 9026:17 August 8999:17 August 8904:USA Today 8481:145129186 8175:Daus 1983 8039:Wcupa.edu 7990:26 August 7955:26 August 7161:0733-4540 7126:851653645 7029:cite book 7021:858610469 6630:. 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