Abenaki language - Knowledge

4408: 4180: 457: 631: 1379: 374: 36: 5596: 87: 623: 1258:, Bruchac notes that Abenaki is a polysynthetic language, which allows for virtually unlimited means to express oneself. Abenaki consists of both dependent and independent grammar which addresses the gender of the speaker. Abenaki has nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. The structure of the sentence or phrase varies depending on whether the noun is animate or inanimate. 938:(Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Anasaguniticook, Arosaguntacook, Asschincantecook). Important note - Main village, on the river of the same name was called Arosaguntacook Town. Arosaguntacook is sometimes applied in error to the St. Francois Indians. Kennebec (Caniba, Sagadahoc, Kanibesinnoak, Norridgewock, Nurhantsuak) lived along the Kennebec River in northern Maine. 1880:, voiceless in word-initial and word-final positions and before a fortis consonant, unaspirated but become aspirated when they close a strongly accented syllable, which includes all final syllables) represented as . The lenis consonants generally exist between vowels and at the end of words but rarely next to each other or at the beginning of words. 942:

Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus. Pigwacket (Pegouakki, Peguaki, Pequawket). Main village called Pequawket Town was located on the upper Saco River. Rocameca Upper Androscoggin River. Wewenoc (Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock) Coastal areas of southern Maine. Wolinak (Becancour) Trois-Rivieres, Quebec.

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speakers of Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006. A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.

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being in close contact with summer resorts in Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as continued contact with French-Canadians. Notably, plural English nouns were borrowed into Western Abenaki as a singular form that were then made plural by adding Abenaki plural endings. For example, the word oxen was borrowed as

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After winning the landmark case, similar cases were filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States. Among the Passamaquoddy's assets was $ 13.5 million in federal funds that were allocated to the tribe in 1980 through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, which was settled for $ 81.5 million.

558:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture, which enabled them to support populations large enough to raise sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest. 1294:

means 'Speaking Abenaki'). Issues of the quarterly newsletter from 2003–2010 were published by the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki on their website. According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support

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Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and Wacoogo. ...end of section needing

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axis. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $ 3 million Canadian dollars. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from

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is important to distinguish in Western Abenaki. Animate nouns refer to animals, people, and other living or powerful things. Inanimate nouns refer to lifeless things. This is necessary to know because the animacy of a noun plays a large role in what form the endings of other words connected to them

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Western Abenaki was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec. Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s. The few remaining

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As with most Indigenous languages, due to residential schooling and colonialism, and with the fading of generations, the number of speakers has declined. Abenaki had as few as twelve native speakers in 2015, but with recent focus and extra efforts in the Abenaki community, this number seems to be

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Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans. Others worried that the Abenaki may use recognition as a step toward opening a casino. But the bill specifically says that "this act shall not be interpreted to provide any

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by the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs on January 19, 2011, as a result of a process established by the Vermont legislature in 2010. Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for the bands'

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Due to French and English contact with Western Abenaki people in the 1640s and earlier, many loan words were quickly incorporated into Western Abenaki and have stayed for nearly four centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, word borrowing increased due to many Western Abenaki people

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Tribe of Maine was recognized by the federal courts as a tribe, but not having a land trust with the government since never entering into a formal treaty. This launched the very long legal battle that paved the way for many other tribes across America to file suits regarding asset mismanagement.

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This list is just a handful of Western Abenaki roots. Roots attached to the front of a stem are written with a hyphen at the front (typically refer people or parts of the body), roots that are attached to the end of a stem are written with a hyphen at the end, and roots that constitute the only

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sometimes appears between a conjunction and the word that could potentially host the clitic, in this case the clitic will not be attached to the conjunction, but to the word after the noun phrase. In general, though they may typically exist in the second word of the sentence, clitics are mainly

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The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the

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Penobscot (Pentagoet, Panaomeska). Meaning "rocky place", or "ledge place". Penobscot Tribe subdivisions and villages included: Moosehead Lake area tribes were known as "Moosehead Lake Indians". Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown,

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Sokoki is often confused with the Saco, a name given to eastern Abenaki who lived near the Saco River (a combination of Pigwacket, Kennebec, and Androscoggin). Cowasuck (Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, Koes). Hoosac was a mixed settlement with the Mahican. Missisquoi (Mazipskoik, Misiskuoi,

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with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake. Villages: Gunasquamekook, Imnarkuan, Machias, Sebaik, and Sipayik. There were other towns at Lewis Island and Calais in Maine with a few locations on the Canadian side of the St. Croix River.

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The council would be under the Department of Cultural Resources, so it would be in the same department as the State Council on the Arts. The bill would allow for the creation and sale of goods to be labeled as native-made to create a source of income for the natives in New Hampshire.

1030:. Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese. Some accounts include groups of the western Pennacook as Sokoki: Amoskeag, Naamkeek, Nashaway, Souheyan, and Winnipesaukee. 2869:

The first person plural exclusive and inclusive pronouns are very important distinctions in Western Abenaki. The inclusive form means you are including the person you are talking to in the "we" or "us". While the exclusive form means you are excluding them from the "we" or "us".

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and pronounced like in English word 'body'; at the start of a word it is voiceless and pronounced that a weak English /t/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word is it voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like in English

1044:. It was located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Schaghticoke. Mixed Mahican and New England Algonquin on the Hudson River north of Albany, New York. Squakheag (Squaeg, Squawkeag). Mixed population and probably at various times was occupied by any of these tribes. 1299:

included community-related information such as updates on governance issues, notices of social events, and obituaries. The newsletter also included Band history, genealogy, language lessons, recipes, plant and animal studies, books reviews, and writings by Band members.

516:. The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993. However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools; much of the language was preserved by 1916:; between resonants is it pronounced like in English 'ago'; beginning a word it is pronounced like a weak unaspirated /k/; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like /k/ in 'score'. 961:

Closer in language and culture to the Micmac, the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have been listed as Abenaki for historical reasons. The French usually referred to both tribes as the Etchemin. Maliseet (Aroostook, Malecite, Malicite, St. John's Indians). From the

1887:; between it is voiced and pronounced like in the English word 'habit'; beginning a word it is voiceless and pronounced like a weak English /p/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long by the stress assigned on the final syllable. 998:. They were located along the St. John River in northeastern Maine and western New Brunswick. Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock. 1269:

was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. It was started in 1993 by Paul Pouilot, Sagamo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. The word

1226:, and non-Abenaki people who are trying to revitalize Abenaki culture, including their language and basket-making traditions. Currently, there are about 12,000 people of varying Abenaki heritage in the Canadian and New England regions. In 3601:

In general, the sentence structure appears to be SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), but word order is largely free, being mainly dependent on pragmatic factors. While the verb phrase tends to not have a common, basic order, there are still

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Native American or Abenaki person with any other special rights or privileges that the state does not confer on or grant to other state residents." New Hampshire has considered expanding gambling separate from the Native Americans.

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When a word is pronounced on its own, its stressed final syllable is typically high pitched. However, this is not necessarily characteristic of the specific word, because as stated above, declarative sentences end on a low pitch.

1128:. Vermont granted recognition of the council the same year, but later withdrew it. In 1982, the band applied for federal recognition, which is still pending. Four Abenaki communities are located in Vermont. In 2006, the state of 1180:. Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill. 3398:

In thinking about these two verb types along with Western Abenaki's distinction between animate and inanimate things, this results in a split of four different types of verbs in Western Abenaki (which is true of all

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people. Over the next hundred years, conflicts between the French and the English often included their colonies and their respective native allies. The French treated their Abenaki allies with some respect; in 1706,

1117:. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki who chose to remain in the United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts. 3688:

because they come after the first word within the complementizer phrase or inflectional phrase. However, clitics do not always simply follow the first word of a sentence. Clitics can also attach to clause-initial

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occurs only before a vowel or /l/ and is pronounced like in English word 'heel', 'hat', or 'hit'; lax consonants before it become voiceless; when is it between vowels it is usually dropped by speakers in most

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Vowel truncation –– the initial vowel of a suffix is deleted when it follows a vowel. The only exception is -wi followed by peripheral formatives, here the initial vowel of the suffix is not deleted.

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In addition to Brink and others, Jesse Bruchac is a loud voice in the Abenaki culture. Along with writing and publishing various Abenaki books, he created a movie and sound piece telling the

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and inflectional phrases that are more clear. In Abenaki, there are no apparent complementizers, but it is assumed that wh-words (who, what, when, why) start complementizer phrases, while

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landed and English settlers began to establish colonies in the southern end of Abenaki territory, relations between the settlers and natives remained guarded. The religious leaders of the

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is a lateral sonorant; it is pronounced with a lot of tongue tension and is influenced by the vowel which follows it, or, in syllable-final position, by the vowel that precedes it.

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like the /dz/ in English word 'adze'; at the start of a word it is pronounced like /ts/ in the English word 'lets'; at the end of a word it is pronounced like the /ts/ in 'hats'.

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that is voiced, and between resonants is pronounced like English /z/; voiceless when it is at the beginning of a word, both voiceless and long when it is at the end of a word.

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attached. Often a single word will translate to a phrase in English. The affixes themselves typically do not translate to just one word either. Western Abenaki utilizes both

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There are seven morphological processes in Western Abenaki. These processes are used to describe the changes to affixes that occur when they are combined in different ways.

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In New Hampshire the Abenaki, along with other Native American groups, have proposed legislation for recognition as a minority group. This bill was debated in 2010 in the

4805: 1972:, tense, voiceless, unaspirated, and long in all positions; it is similar to the combined sounds of a /p/ ending a word and beginning the next, like in 'stop payment'. 704:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678. 606:

in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives. Intermarriage between the French and natives gave rise to the

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arts and crafts. On May 7, 2012, the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont.

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Ossipee: located on a lake of the same name in east-central New Hampshire. Other names associated with the eastern Abenaki are Arsikantegou, Kwupahag (Kwapahag).

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phonemes /ts/ and /dz/. More than half of the population pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ts/ and ⟨j⟩ like /dz/ and the rest pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ʃ/ and ⟨j⟩ like /ʒ/.

4898: 1196:. They have created several Abenaki books, audio, video, and web-based media to help others learn the language. In July 2013, the Penobscot Nation, the 5037: 1251:

story from a new tongue and perspective offered a more original and full version of what Thanksgiving might have really been like so many years ago.

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A new generation is actively preserving and revitalizing the language. The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker,

7041: 4460: 1247:, the three actors not only memorized their lines in Abenaki but also learned the syntax behind the language. This revitalization of the famous 1342:

and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving". It contained a considerable amount of dialogue in Western Abenaki. Several actors, including

6368: 1575:; normally pronounced between the English words 'peat' and 'pit', it varies between the high front tense vowel and the mid front lax vowel . 784:

The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British colonial settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during

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Stress is initially assigned to the final syllable and then to every other syllable from right to left. Yet this assignment skips the vowel

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Passamaquoddy (Machias Tribe, Opanango, Pesmokant, Quoddy, Scotuks, Scootuck, St. Croix Indians, Unchechauge, Unquechauge). The name means

4474: 7036: 851: 1556:; normally pronounced like in the English word 'label'; occurs only in the middle of a word between consonants, except for three words–– 7031: 863: 5717: 871: 5638: 4628: 867: 1176:

The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and

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clause dependent, and are situated according to what clauses are functioning in a sentence and where, according to conjunctions.

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when it appears at the beginning or end of a word before a consonant or between two consonants. It is sometimes written as

1161:. The bill would have created a state commission on Native American relations, which would act as an advisory group to the 5229: 2512:

Questions have a low-high pitch at the end of the sentence, yet the entire sentence is generally said with a higher pitch.

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non-syllabic with a similar sound to ; occurs before or after a vowel; at the end of a word after /k/ or /g/ it becomes a

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is a high front non-syllabic with a similar sound to but is pronounced before a vowel with greater tongue tension than .

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as the prefix. Possessive pronoun prefixes are written with an apostrophe before the word (as shown in examples below).

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results instead in a lengthening of the preceding consonant and the vowel is often deleted in writing and rapid speech.

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that is generally accepted by linguists or Abenaki speakers, but speakers typically do understand the orthographies of

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Enclitic particles function in a syntactically interesting way. In Western Abenaki, there are ten enclitic particles.

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Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.

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Coalescence of wV –– w coalescence that explains why the plural peripheral formative -ak occasionally becomes -ok.

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Personal prefixes ne-, ke-, we- are not stressed, thus in words containing these prefixes, the stress shift with

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arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including

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Vocalization –– glide w changes to a vowel o when the glide becomes the nucleus of a syllable due to affixation.

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is a higher mid-back vowel pronounced like in the English word 'poke', however some speakers pronounce it like .

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Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means

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As of 2004, linguists are unsure if a minimum syllable count is present in order for a word to be stressed.

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meaning like a stem does. In other words, a root is dependent on other pieces of meaning to create a word.

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Stressed syllables that exist in the middle of a sentence tend to be pronounced at a standard pitch level.

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It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the

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in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week

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settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rasles, the Abenaki raided the settlements at

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LeSourd, Philip S. (June 2011). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: The Syntax of Second Position".

3693:, such as tta 'and', ni 'and then', and ala 'or' or to the word that follows the conjunction. A focused 1588:

Historically, it was common for speakers to drop h between vowels and to drop w before the nasal vowel .

1124:(also called the "Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation") organized a tribal council in 1976 at 781:

brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River.

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stop that is always voiceless and long, longer than the English /t/, similarly to the Western Abenaki .

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stop, long, voiceless and unaspirated in all positions and pronounced like /k/ in English word 'score'.

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helped to preserve the Abenaki language through the inclusion of Abenaki words and their translations.

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and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.

700:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years there was fighting along the Maine frontier in the 3577:

Final glide delegation –– suffix-final glide w is deleted after a vowel when the suffix is word-final.

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attached to other words. However, separate words are sometimes used to emphasize the pronoun in use.

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The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

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and the state government in general. The Abenaki want to gain formal state recognition as a people.

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in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from

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Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and

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in 1750: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois and Nipissing), St. Francois (

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that is voiceless in all positions and pronounced by most speakers like /ts/ in English 'hats'.

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Eastern Abenaki dialects include Penobscot, Norridgewock, Caniba, Androscoggin, and Pequawket.

1317:. About 500 Penobscot words are still being used in the community in everyday language such as 679: 129: 4602: 5913: 5886: 5525: 3690: 3603: 2480: 1786: 1779: 1334: 1243: 1114: 1110: 793: 62: 6559: 5496:

LeSourd, Philip S. (July 2015). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: Form and Function".

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Coalescence of a+a –– long /a:/ becomes nasalized ɔ̃ in some instances such as -ba+ab(ani).

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Two main verb distinctions in Western Abenaki are intransitive verbs and transitive verbs.

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Grammatical Notes on the Penobscot Language from Frank Speck's Penobscot Transformer Tales

5375:. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. 5122: 5096: 899: 661: 8: 6967: 6931: 6607: 6476: 6377: 6184: 6176: 6151: 6087: 6032: 5991: 5892: 5809: 5757: 5743: 5429: 4849:"Native Languages of the Americas: Penobscot (Eastern Abnaki, Penawahpskewi, Penobscott)" 4134: 1735: 1705: 1197: 963: 935: 835: 759: 708: 612: 521: 45: 5648: 5455: 5148: 4632: 1234:

Native Americans, and this group is a large driving force of the language resurrection.

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enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring

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The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations

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Coalescence of aw+a –– the preterit -ob is created from the combination of aw+ab(ani).

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Western Abenaki dialects are Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Sokoki, Pennacook, and Odanak.

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Both the Eastern and Western dialects of Abenaki have 18 consonant sounds in total.

1144:) bands' applications for official recognition were recommended and referred to the 754:. The Massachusetts government then declared war, and bloody battles were fought at 735: 456: 398: 6916: 6906: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6756: 6698: 6645: 6592: 6554: 6499: 6461: 6391: 6233: 5964: 5920: 5850: 5751: 5563: 5505: 5484: 5341: 4732: 4573: 4236: 3331: 1869: 1865: 1137: 1072: 751: 743: 588: 5205: 4577: 4395: 4167: 6911: 6901: 6896: 6855: 6764: 6731: 6688: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6574: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6514: 6466: 6456: 6321: 6096: 6083: 5948: 5942: 5726: 3323: 1621: 1339: 911: 903: 763: 747: 727: 716: 272: 264: 6524: 5674: 4848: 4371: 3583:

Coalescence of aw+e –– the combination of aw+e results in a single vowel o or 8.

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There are a few exceptions to these rules that have to be learned individually.

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only need one participant that is doing the action or has the quality, such as

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affix you must use depends on the sound it is supposed to attach to. The forms

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Stress within words in Western Abenaki is based on an alternating stress rule:

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will take. However, some classifications are arbitrary. For example, the word

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that is always voiceless and long, much like the English /s/ in all positions.

650:(large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). The first was on the 630: 528:, which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period. 7010: 6835: 6441: 6436: 6066: 5880: 5791: 5782: 4529: 4241: 3671: 3636: 2945:

Examples of the possessive pronoun affixes on an animate and inanimate noun:

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of Ndakinna Education Center was hired as a language consultant on the film.

1363: 1343: 1189: 1097: 915: 847: 720: 580: 576: 517: 227: 215: 201: 102: 2598:

is inanimate. So the animacy of certain nouns must be learned individually.

497:. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and 6936: 6840: 6597: 6061: 6053: 5668: 5182: 5003: 4874:"Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online: Home of the Abenaki Language" 4828:"The New Hampshire Inter-Tribal Native American Council: Mission Statement" 4708:"Passamaquoddy tribe awarded $ 11.4 million in asset mismanagement dispute" 1358:) spoke the language exclusively throughout the series, and Kalani Qweypo ( 1248: 1223: 755: 712: 525: 310: 122: 6741: 5488: 5413:. Vol. 2: English to Abenaki. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization. 2528:

The words of Western Abenaki are generally made up of a central core (the

1087: 339: 332: 6582: 3694: 2027: 1938: 1582: 1572: 1513: 1447: 1430: 1310: 1063: 693: 616: 494: 4827: 1568:'a spear'–– in these words is pronounced like in the English word 'end'. 1549:; before /m/ in a final syllable it becomes close to in English 'goose' 1378: 1113:, and only small remnants remained on reservations during and after the 619:

for his service, thus elevating him as a member of the French nobility.

6673: 5845: 5824: 4400: 4214: 4200: 4172: 1913: 1773: 1521: 1440: 767: 643: 603: 543: 508:

Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the

6346: 5568: 5332:

Day, Gordon M. (1981). "Abenaki Place-Names in the Champlain Valley".

2483:

of that syllable is also /ə/. In fact, the presence of the unstressed

6587: 5799: 4899:"Penobscot Nation, UMaine win grants to help revive tribe's language" 4231:

Bruchac, Margaret (2006). "Malian's Song–Abenaki Language Glossary".

3763: 2056: 2015: 1994: 1927: 1894: 1833: 1482: 1355: 1347: 1231: 891: 859: 855: 778: 738:(or Rasles, 1657?–1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of 689: 685: 568: 563: 550:, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the 509: 498: 349: 323: 242: 4453:"How did a self-taught linguist come to own an indigenous language?" 1132:

officially recognized the Abenaki as a people, but not a tribe. The

373: 5509: 5345: 5059:

Bruchac, Jesse; Brink, Jeanne; Joubert, Joseph (January 31, 2011).

4733:"Vermont: Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States" 1962: 1952: 1931: 1905: 1877: 1362:) spoke both Abenaki and English. Western Abenaki language teacher 1067: 843: 639: 547: 448: 443: 410: 5695: 4951:"Middlebury College launches program to preserve Abenaki language" 4545:

The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675-1678

607: 5606: 4873: 4147: 2741: 2560: 2051: 1359: 1279: 1133: 1129: 666: 572: 520:. Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the 425: 406: 238: 223: 6325: 5804: 5595: 5030:"Telling Thanksgiving's Story in a Vanishing American Language" 3685: 2607: 2541: 2537: 2039: 1177: 887: 774: 731: 656: 490: 211: 197: 2631:

Each suffix is used according to the final sound of the noun:

379:

Western Abenaki is classified as critically endangered by the

5062:

L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making

2745: 2533: 1305: 1256:

L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making

1227: 692:, also called "King Philip", fought the English colonists in 584: 513: 219: 7027:

Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

5562:. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers. Vol. 24. 4129:= hello; lit. you appear new to me (after long separations) 1192:, lead partial immersion classes in the language across the 602:

By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of

5690: 5123:"Aln8bak News Vol 2003 Issue 1 January February March 2003" 4657:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs 2564: 1082: 622: 4892: 4890: 409:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

170:

Western: Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki

5207:

A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

2942:

in these situations and is still considered a consonant.

1152: 4806:"Gambling Bill Would Create 6 Casinos, Allow Black Jack" 1222:

growing. Today, there are some passionate Abenaki, like

4887: 1241:

side of Thanksgiving, spoken in Abenaki. In this film,

1088:

The Penobscot Indian Nation and the Passamaquoddy Tribe

5373:"Wôbanakiôdwawôgan: Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar" 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 1868:(always voiceless and aspirated) represented as , and 1208:

to expand and publish the first Penobscot Dictionary.

4756:"Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition" 4254: 4252: 2901:

form needs to be attached to a word that begins with

2038:––Western Abenaki writers who taught the language at 168:

Eastern: Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock

5284: 5282: 5280: 5203: 4354: 3546: 3530: 3512: 3496: 3475: 3459: 3441: 3425: 3380: 3365: 3306: 3291: 3229: 3213: 3192: 3176: 3155: 3139: 3116: 3100: 3074: 3058: 3037: 3021: 3000: 2984: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2623: 2615: 2584: 2569: 1313:

in the 1630s, is probably borrowed from the Abenaki

824: 476: 469: 257:

Last fluent speaker of Eastern Abenaki died in 1993.

185: 177: 5294: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5058: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 43:It has been suggested that this article should be 5091: 5089: 4678:"Federal Recognition - A Historical Twist of Fate" 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4249: 1864:In Western Abenaki there is a distinction between 1183: 1047: 945: 5277: 4133:* letters in square brackets often lost in vowel 1585:and is sometimes written as ⟨ô⟩ or simply as “8”. 983: 967: 762:at Pequawket, an Indian village near present-day 599:discouraged social interaction with the natives. 501:and are sometimes considered distinct languages. 128:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 7008: 5244: 4331: 4074: 3774:element of a stem are written without a hyphen. 2690:and the w drops (also sometimes words ending in 660:Indian Reservation; the second was founded near 7047:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas 5086: 4264: 882:Seven mission orientated communities along the 813:. Similarly, the word potatoes was borrowed as 546:argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact 524:who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect, and the 5639:"Native American Audio Collections: Penobscot" 2883:are used if the word begins with a vowel. The 6362: 5711: 5691:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs 5498:International Journal of American Linguistics 5334:International Journal of American Linguistics 5179:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People 5175:"Aln8bak Quarterly News Special Announcement" 5127:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People 3326:need two participants: one doing the action ( 1965:pronounced in all positions like English /n/. 1955:pronounced in all positions like English /m/. 5613:"Native American Audio Collections: Abenaki" 4572:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3407:Transitivity and Animacy in Western Abenaki 2479:and falls to the next syllable, even if the 1071:this area include the documentary filmmaker 918:), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk). 642:of new infectious diseases. The governor of 5607:Western Abenaki Online Dictionary and Radio 1015: 6369: 6355: 5718: 5704: 4778: 4776: 4753: 3823:- 'unintentional, accidental, by mistake' 3684:These are also known as 'second-position' 3565: 877: 726:The Third Abenaki War (1722–1725), called 372: 5567: 4240: 1109:Many Abenaki living in Vermont have been 921: 5541:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names 5383:The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki 4798: 4725: 4567: 3610:are assumed to be inflectional phrases. 3134: 3095: 1527: 1466: 1083:United States federal tribal recognition 829: 758:(1724), where Rasles was killed, and at 629: 621: 455: 7042:Native American language revitalization 6376: 5557: 5495: 5474: 5453: 5319: 5271: 5027: 4773: 4450: 4258: 4230: 1261:Although written primarily in English, 1092:These two tribes are officially listed 403:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7009: 5447:A History of the New Hampshire Abenaki 5181:. COWASS North America. Archived from 4948: 4896: 4784:"HB 1610-FN – As Amended by the House" 4754:Hallenbeck, Terri (January 20, 2011). 4600: 4542: 2723:after other consonants and the vowels 1282:. Initially the newsletter was called 1153:New Hampshire and minority recognition 1034:Missiassik, Missique, Missisco) means 552:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex 6350: 5699: 5576: 5538: 5444: 5380: 5288: 5210:. Harper & Brothers. p. 440. 5004:"Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)" 4978:"Preserving Abenaki Language Culture" 4820: 4705: 4358: 4191: 4189: 3780:- 'dishonest, uncertain, unreliable' 3613: 1206:National Endowment for the Humanities 799: 5460:. Vancouver: Global Language Press. 5449:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. 5408: 5389: 5370: 5259: 5103:. Dawn Land Voices. November 3, 2012 5028:Johnson, Scott (November 17, 2015). 4975: 4922: 4503: 4325: 1373: 1096:as tribes in the United States. The 80: 29: 5725: 5331: 4675: 2740:In most Western Abenaki sentences, 2494:occur on the syllable to the right. 2045:Masta and Laurent's orthographies. 956: 255:14 Western Abenaki (2007–2012) 24: 7037:Extinct languages of North America 5543:. Toronto: Global Language Press. 5427: 4186: 4161: 2559:Like all Algonquin languages, the 1338:told the story of the founding of 817:'potato' that was pluralized into 118:for transliterated languages, and 98:of its non-English content, using 25: 7058: 7032:First Nations languages in Canada 5664:Abenaki orthography and phonology 5588: 5580:A historical phonology of Abenaki 5065:. lulu.com. pp. 1–4, 34–39. 4504:Muir, Diana (February 22, 2024). 4451:Gregory, Alice (April 19, 2021). 3798:- 'fight as in battle, make war' 3670: 3665: 3635: 2601: 2026:There is not one Western Abenaki 1851: 1842: 1813: 1785: 1778: 1764: 1749: 1743: 1718: 1712: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1534: 1528: 1512: 1494: 1487: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1452: 825:Abenaki tribes and confederations 809:'an ox' that was pluralized into 5594: 5153:University of Kentucky Libraries 5008:Native Languages of the Americas 4949:Cooney, Melissa (July 3, 2023). 4923:Asch, Sarah (January 29, 2020). 4601:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). 4406: 4376:Native Languages of the Americas 4178: 3757: 1377: 1278:) is often used as a synonym to 85: 34: 5377:— this paper has been withdrawn 5325: 5214: 5197: 5167: 5141: 5115: 5097:"Digitizing Tribal Newsletters" 5052: 5021: 4996: 4969: 4942: 4916: 4866: 4841: 4812:. March 4, 2010. Archived from 4747: 4699: 4669: 4647: 4621: 4594: 4561: 4536: 4512:University Press of New England 4497: 4467: 4444: 3364:. Western Abenaki examples are 3290:. Western Abenaki examples are 2509:, the pitch goes from high-low. 1184:Language revitalization efforts 1048:Other names of Abenaki villages 946:Eastern Abenaki tribal villages 790:Northeast Coast Campaign (1750) 673: 5681:Western Abenaki grammar sketch 5644:American Philosophical Society 5618:American Philosophical Society 5583:(MA thesis). McGil University. 5558:Voorhis, Paul (October 1979). 4897:McCrea, Nick (July 11, 2013). 4631:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from 4507:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 4414: 4389: 4364: 4224: 4106: 3841:- 'must, certain, need, want' 3792:- 'continuing, going farther' 2021: 1202:American Philosophical Society 561:In 1614, six years before the 539:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 134:multilingual support templates 13: 1: 5530:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 5364: 5204:Walter William Skeat (1882). 4687:. Native American Rights Fund 4475:"Arosaguntacook Indian Tribe" 4075:Place names (Western Abenaki) 2895:in front of consonants. If a 2523: 1592: 1077:National Film Board of Canada 7022:Eastern Algonquian languages 6851:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 5539:Masta, Henry Lorne (2008) . 5385:(Thesis). Dartmouth College. 4706:Walsh, Tom (April 2, 2012). 3941:- 'seem, feel, appear like' 3804:- 'change, exchange, trade' 2832:1st person plural inclusive 2818:1st person plural exclusive 1904:stop that is voiced between 1850: 1841: 1837: 1711: 1511: 1493: 1486: 1451: 1415: 626:Abenaki couple, 18th-century 381:Endangered Languages Project 343: – Western Abenaki 336: – Eastern Abenaki 7: 6973:Plains Indian Sign Language 6332:language • 5921:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog 5900:Massachusett Pidgin English 5477:Anthropological Linguistics 4141: 3701: 2765:Possessive Pronoun Affixes 2735: 1554:mid-central unrounded vowel 1369: 1330:National Geographic Channel 579:in what would later become 493:and the northern states of 487:Eastern Algonquian language 10: 7063: 6824:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 5686:Western Abenaki morphology 5411:Western Abenaki Dictionary 5392:Western Abenaki Dictionary 4568:Morrison, Kenneth (1984). 4027:- 'arrest, make prisoner' 4021:- 'early, in the morning' 3810:- 'near in space or time' 3762:A root is an element in a 3330:) and one being acted on ( 2913:, they fuse into a single 2583:is animate while the word 1204:received a grant from the 1194:Northeastern United States 1104: 926:Amaseconti (between upper 730:, erupted when the French 677: 531: 470: 178: 6988: 6950: 6864: 6823: 6783: 6755: 6717: 6654: 6606: 6573: 6485: 6412: 6405: 6384: 6319: 6294: 6269: 6246: 6197: 6175: 6095: 6082: 6052: 6001: 5974: 5930: 5872: 5863: 5833: 5790: 5781: 5742: 5733: 5454:Laurent, Joseph (2006) . 4607:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249. 4547:. Atheneum. p. 214. 3829:- 'ignite, kindle, burn' 3640:a 'they say, it is said' 3596: 3492: 3421: 3209: 3172: 3091: 3054: 3017: 2980: 2950: 2863:w- (o-) / wd- ... -(o)wô 2501:Stress within sentences: 2466: 2369: 2288: 2264: 2239: 2215: 2190: 2166: 2141: 2118: 2093: 2068: 1420: 1230:, there are about 3,000 1056: 634:Eastern Abenaki territory 460:Western Abenaki territory 439: 431: 421: 389: 371: 347: 321: 316: 300: 261: 249: 233: 207: 193: 174: 167: 162: 6831:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 6206:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 6147:North of Superior Ojibwa 5409:Day, Gordon M. (1994b). 5390:Day, Gordon M. (1994a). 5155:. University of Kentucky 4543:Bourne, Russell (1990). 4154: 3643:=nawa 'then, therefore' 3248: 2966:Possessed inanimate noun 2554: 1547:low back unrounded vowel 1284:Aln8ba8dwa National News 1146:Vermont General Assembly 1122:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe 1016:Western Abenaki (Sokoki) 654:and is now known as the 597:Massachusetts Bay Colony 591:. As a result, when the 58:Eastern Abenaki language 52:Western Abenaki language 6054:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo 5783:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi 5677:at Native-languages.org 5671:at Native-languages.org 5226:National Geographic.com 4735:. University of Vermont 4233:Vermont Folklife Center 4220:(subscription required) 4206:(subscription required) 4082:'Lake Champlain River' 3817:'the back of the body' 3656:=hki 'contrast, focus' 3566:Morphological processes 3547: 3531: 3513: 3497: 3476: 3460: 3442: 3426: 3389:to understand something 3381: 3366: 3307: 3292: 3230: 3214: 3193: 3177: 3156: 3140: 3117: 3101: 3075: 3059: 3038: 3022: 3001: 2985: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2624: 2616: 2585: 2570: 1218:program in the summer. 984: 968: 878:Seven Nations of Canada 477: 186: 18:Western Abnaki language 6996:Canadian dictionaries 6979:Maritime Sign Language 6958:American Sign Language 6447:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 6028:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy 5129:. COWASS North America 5034:NationalGeographic.com 4984:. Vermont Public Radio 4760:Burlington Free Press 4578:2027/heb93675.0001.001 4071:'exhaust, run out of' 3917:- 'outside, outdoors' 3678:=tahki 'but, however' 3604:complementizer phrases 2953:Possessed animate noun 1335:Saints & Strangers 1244:Saints & Strangers 1006:pollock spearing place 922:Eastern Abenaki tribes 786:Father Le Loutre's War 680:French and Indian Wars 635: 627: 461: 391:This article contains 367: Western Abenaki 360: Eastern Abenaki 6992:Canadian style guides 5577:Warne, Janet (1975). 5489:10.1353/anl.2011.0009 5457:New Familiar Abenakis 5381:Beach, Jesse (2004). 4816:on February 26, 2021. 3608:declarative sentences 1295:from online readers. 1115:French and Indian War 830:Abenaki Confederation 794:French and Indian War 773:Peace conferences at 633: 625: 459: 447: 49:into articles titled 6963:Quebec Sign Language 6406:Indigenous languages 5873:Southern New England 5603:at Wikimedia Commons 5371:Bach, Emmon (2014). 5185:on November 18, 2016 5040:on November 20, 2015 4853:native-languages.org 3866:- 'ready, prepared' 3505:to listen to someone 2849:k- / kd- ... -(o)wô 2835:k- / kd- ... -na(w) 2821:n- / nd- ... -na(w) 2804:3rd person singular 2790:2nd person singular 2776:1st person singular 2610:of both noun forms: 2507:declarative sentence 1094:federally recognized 1025:people who separated 670:Indian Reservation. 426:Alnôbak (Wôbanakiak) 96:specify the language 94:This article should 6932:Pennsylvania German 6378:Languages of Canada 6152:Northwestern Ojibwa 6115:Border Lakes Ojibwa 6110:Berens River Ojibwa 6015:Carolina Algonquian 5893:Massachusett Pidgin 5232:on November 6, 2015 5101:Dawnland Voices 2.0 4015:- 'wait and watch' 3878:- 'respect, honor' 3766:; it does not have 3622: 3408: 2829:we, us (inclusive) 2815:we, us (exclusive) 2752: 1995:voiceless fricative 1930:pronounced between 1806:Lateral approximant 1340:Plymouth Plantation 1198:University of Maine 652:Saint Francis River 583:, and took them to 485:, is an endangered 27:Algonquian language 6968:Inuk Sign Language 6927:Newfoundland Irish 6892:Tagalog (Filipino) 6865:Minority languages 6737:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 6495:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 6385:Official languages 5865:Eastern Algonquian 5625:on August 14, 2013 5445:Heald, B. (2014). 5356:– via JSTOR. 4786:. NH General Court 4655:"Tribal Directory" 4485:on January 9, 2024 4463:on April 12, 2021. 3991:'spine, backbone' 3651:=pa 'conditional' 3621: 3614:Enclitic particles 3406: 3258:Intransitive verbs 2875:possessive pronoun 2860:3rd person plural 2846:2nd person plural 2801:he, she, him, her 2751: 2744:are expressed as 2005:alveolar fricative 1977:alveolar fricative 1389:. You can help by 1321:for 'grandpa' and 1212:Middlebury College 932:Androscoggin River 894:, and New England 884:St. Lawrence River 846:, Ouarastegouiak, 800:Language borrowing 664:and is called the 636: 628: 556:Algonquian peoples 462: 283:Eastern Algonquian 7004: 7003: 6922:Doukhobor Russian 6819: 6818: 6344: 6343: 6338:extinct languages 6242: 6241: 6193: 6192: 6121:Broken Oghibbeway 6048: 6047: 5859: 5858: 5669:Abenaki-Penobscot 5599:Media related to 5550:978-1-897367-18-6 5420:978-0-660-14030-8 5401:978-0-660-14024-7 4957:. Gray Television 4903:Bangor Daily News 4712:Bangor Daily News 4685:NARF Legal Review 4521:978-0-87451-909-9 4432:on March 20, 2016 4404:(16th ed., 2009) 4242:20.500.14332/1418 4218:(18th ed., 2015) 4204:(18th ed., 2015) 4176:(16th ed., 2009) 4138: 4094:'Missisquoi Bay' 3984:'smoke dry meat' 3911:'shoe, moccasin' 3682: 3681: 3626:=ahto 'probably' 3563: 3562: 3246: 3245: 2940:⟨o⟩ 2930:is pronounced as 2867: 2866: 2625:-al, -il, -ol, -l 2617:-ak, -ik, -ok, -k 2464: 2463: 2036:Henry Lorne Masta 1866:fortis consonants 1861: 1860: 1542: 1541: 1407: 1406: 1303:The English word 1159:state legislature 993:good river people 982:. Their own name 934:, western Maine) 752:Merry-Meeting Bay 702:First Abenaki War 698:King Philip's War 481:), also known as 454: 453: 417: 416: 399:rendering support 395:phonetic symbols. 156: 155: 136:may also be used. 79: 78: 16:(Redirected from 7054: 6917:Hutterite German 6410: 6409: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6310:Proto-Algonquian 6142:Nipissing Ojibwa 6093: 6092: 5870: 5869: 5788: 5787: 5740: 5739: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5651:on March 2, 2013 5647:. Archived from 5634: 5632: 5630: 5621:. Archived from 5601:Abenaki language 5598: 5584: 5573: 5571: 5554: 5535: 5529: 5521: 5492: 5471: 5450: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5424: 5405: 5386: 5376: 5358: 5357: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5292: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5228:. Archived from 5218: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5036:. Archived from 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4976:Lindholm, Jane. 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4682: 4676:Roessel, Faith. 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4635:on July 20, 2012 4629:"Administration" 4625: 4619: 4618: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4481:. Archived from 4479:Native Languages 4471: 4465: 4464: 4459:. Archived from 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4428:. Archived from 4418: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4396:Abenaki language 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4329: 4323: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4207: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4165: 4132: 4127:pahakwinôgwezian 4124:= hello (casual) 4059:'mother-in-law' 4003:- 'proud, vain' 3898:'sinew, tendon' 3872:- 'speak, talk' 3674: 3669: 3639: 3623: 3620: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3409: 3405: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3324:Transitive verbs 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2873:The form of the 2753: 2750: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2627: 2619: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2486: 2478: 2048: 2047: 1991:mid-back rounded 1870:lenis consonants 1855: 1846: 1817: 1789: 1782: 1768: 1753: 1747: 1722: 1716: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1600: 1599: 1571:is a lower-high 1538: 1532: 1516: 1498: 1491: 1477: 1471: 1462: 1456: 1425: 1424: 1402: 1399: 1381: 1374: 1277: 1140:) and Nulhegan ( 1126:Swanton, Vermont 1073:Alanis Obomsawin 1053:more work--> 1043: 1040: 1037: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1010: 1007: 1004: 997: 994: 991: 987: 981: 978: 975: 971: 957:Maritime Abenaki 760:a daylong battle 709:Queen Anne's War 480: 473: 472: 471:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan 419: 418: 376: 366: 359: 342: 335: 326: 306: 267: 189: 181: 180: 179:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan 160: 159: 151: 148: 142: 127: 121: 117: 111: 107: 101: 89: 88: 81: 74: 71: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7017:Abenaki culture 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6984: 6946: 6912:Canadian Gaelic 6860: 6815: 6811:Coast Tsimshian 6779: 6751: 6713: 6650: 6602: 6569: 6481: 6401: 6380: 6375: 6345: 6340: 6315: 6295:Proto-languages 6290: 6265: 6238: 6189: 6171: 6078: 6044: 5997: 5970: 5949:Pidgin Delaware 5926: 5855: 5829: 5777: 5729: 5727:Algic languages 5724: 5654: 5652: 5637: 5628: 5626: 5611: 5591: 5551: 5523: 5522: 5468: 5435: 5433: 5432:. Language Geek 5428:Harvey, Chris. 5421: 5402: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5295: 5287: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4895: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4522: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4332: 4324: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4210:Western Abenaki 4208: 4205: 4196:Eastern Abenaki 4194: 4187: 4177: 4168:Eastern Abenaki 4166: 4162: 4157: 4144: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4080:bitawabagwizibo 4077: 4034:'Adam's apple' 3904:- 'let, allow' 3760: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3659:=ta 'emphasis' 3616: 3599: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3251: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3011: 3008: 3005: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2939: 2787:you (singular) 2738: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2557: 2526: 2469: 2024: 1628: 1595: 1583:nasalized vowel 1423: 1418: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1387:needs expansion 1372: 1272:Aln8bak/Alnôbak 1239:Native American 1186: 1155: 1107: 1090: 1085: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1008: 1005: 1002: 995: 992: 989: 979: 976: 973: 959: 948: 924: 904:Eastern Abenaki 880: 832: 827: 802: 766:, on the upper 764:Fryeburg, Maine 682: 676: 615:knighted Chief 534: 512:of what is now 478:Alnôbaôdwawôgan 446: 435:Alnôbadôwawôgan 397:Without proper 385: 384: 362: 361: 355: 338: 337: 331: 330: 322: 307: 302: 296: 268: 265:Language family 263: 256: 252: 251:Native speakers 187:Alnôbaôdwawôgan 183: 169: 152: 146: 143: 137: 125: 119: 115: 113:transliteration 109: 105: 99: 90: 86: 75: 69: 66: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7002: 7001: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6951:Sign languages 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6846:Chinook Jargon 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6747:Nuu-chah-nulth 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6228:Miami–Illinois 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6167:Western Ojibwa 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6137:Eastern Ojibwa 6134: 6129: 6127:Central Ojibwa 6124: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6062:Mesquakie–Sauk 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5907:Mohegan–Pequot 5903: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5876: 5874: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5635: 5609: 5604: 5590: 5589:External links 5587: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5555: 5549: 5536: 5510:10.1086/681577 5504:(3): 301–335. 5493: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5442: 5425: 5419: 5406: 5400: 5387: 5378: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5346:10.1086/465683 5340:(2): 143–171. 5324: 5293: 5276: 5264: 5243: 5213: 5196: 5166: 5140: 5114: 5085: 5072:978-0557632107 5071: 5051: 5020: 4995: 4968: 4941: 4915: 4886: 4865: 4840: 4819: 4797: 4772: 4746: 4724: 4698: 4668: 4646: 4620: 4613: 4593: 4586: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4520: 4496: 4466: 4457:The New Yorker 4443: 4413: 4388: 4363: 4330: 4263: 4248: 4223: 4185: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4140: 4108: 4105: 4088:'Sorel River' 4086:masisoliantegw 4076: 4073: 3891:- 'incapable' 3759: 3756: 3703: 3700: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3615: 3612: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3544: 3527: 3526: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3473: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3396: 3395: 3321: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3231:w'paskhiganowô 3227: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3190: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3153: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3114: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3014: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2807:w- (o-) / wd- 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2716: 2703: 2677: 2664: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2603: 2602:Noun plurality 2600: 2556: 2553: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2032:Joseph Laurent 2023: 2020: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1987: 1984:apico-alveolar 1980: 1973: 1966: 1960:apico-alveolar 1956: 1945: 1942: 1935: 1925:apico-alveolar 1921: 1917: 1910: 1902:apico-alveolar 1898: 1892:apico-alveolar 1888: 1881: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1685: 1672: 1669: 1656: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1569: 1550: 1540: 1539: 1526: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504:Open-mid nasal 1500: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1465: 1463: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1384: 1382: 1371: 1368: 1352:Raoul Trujillo 1309:, attested in 1254:In his novel, 1185: 1182: 1154: 1151: 1106: 1103: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1039:place of flint 1017: 1014: 958: 955: 947: 944: 928:Kennebec River 923: 920: 879: 876: 831: 828: 826: 823: 801: 798: 736:Sébastien Rale 678:Main article: 675: 672: 646:allocated two 533: 530: 452: 451: 441: 437: 436: 433: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 401:, you may see 387: 386: 378: 377: 369: 368: 353: 345: 344: 327: 319: 318: 317:Language codes 314: 313: 308: 304:Writing system 301: 298: 297: 295: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 271: 269: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 235: 231: 230: 209: 205: 204: 195: 194:Native to 191: 190: 172: 171: 165: 164: 154: 153: 132:. Knowledge's 93: 91: 84: 77: 76: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7059: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:Broken Slavey 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5772:Nawathinehena 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483:(2): 91–131. 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5467:0-9738924-7-1 5463: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5236:September 12, 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4717:September 12, 4713: 4709: 4702: 4691:September 12, 4686: 4679: 4672: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4614:9781851096978 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4587:9780520051263 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4554:0-689-12000-1 4550: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4104: 4101: 4100:'Burlington' 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052:'bear's den' 4051: 4047: 4046:- 'slippery' 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786:'sow, plant' 3785: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3758:List of roots 3755: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3648:=ci 'future' 3647: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3549: 3545: 3539:I see him/her 3533: 3529: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484:you will work 3478: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3422:Intransitive 3420: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3383: 3368: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3309: 3294: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3232: 3228: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3195: 3194:k'paskiganowô 3191: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3157:k'paskhiganna 3154: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3119: 3118:n'paskhiganna 3115: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3073: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2965: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2889:forms become 2887: 2881: 2880:nd-, kd-, wd- 2876: 2871: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2843:you (plural) 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2599: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2549:agglutinative 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1970:bilabial stop 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1885:bilabial stop 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1587: 1584: 1581:is a rounded 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1385:This section 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1364:Jesse Bruchac 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Tatanka Means 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276:/'al.nɔ̃.bak/ 1274:(pronounced: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:Jesse Bruchac 1181: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1099: 1098:Passamaquoddy 1095: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1054: 1045: 1031: 1013: 999: 986: 977:broken talker 970: 965: 954: 951: 943: 939: 937: 933: 929: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Passamaquoddy 845: 841: 837: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 681: 671: 669: 668: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 632: 624: 620: 618: 614: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Massachusetts 578: 577:Patuxet tribe 574: 570: 566: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540: 529: 527: 523: 519: 518:Frank Siebert 515: 511: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 474: 466: 458: 450: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 424: 420: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 394: 388: 382: 375: 370: 365: 358: 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 334: 328: 325: 320: 315: 312: 309: 305: 299: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 274: 270: 266: 260: 254: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 228:New Hampshire 225: 221: 217: 216:New Brunswick 213: 210: 206: 203: 202:United States 199: 196: 192: 188: 182: 173: 166: 161: 158: 150: 147:December 2022 140: 135: 131: 124: 114: 104: 97: 92: 83: 82: 73: 64: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6990: 6977: 6937:Plautdietsch 6598:Inuvialuktun 6421: 6333: 6308: 6301: 6283: 6276: 6253: 6226: 6204: 6119: 6037: 6020: 6013: 6008: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5919: 5914:Narragansett 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5887:Massachusett 5879: 5770: 5756: 5653:. Retrieved 5649:the original 5642: 5627:. Retrieved 5623:the original 5616: 5579: 5559: 5540: 5526:cite journal 5501: 5497: 5480: 5476: 5456: 5446: 5434:. Retrieved 5410: 5391: 5382: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5320:LeSourd 2011 5272:Voorhis 1979 5267: 5234:. Retrieved 5230:the original 5225: 5216: 5206: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5183:the original 5178: 5169: 5157:. Retrieved 5152: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5126: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5100: 5076:. Retrieved 5061: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5038:the original 5033: 5023: 5011:. Retrieved 5007: 4998: 4986:. Retrieved 4981: 4971: 4959:. Retrieved 4954: 4944: 4932:. Retrieved 4928: 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4902: 4879:November 11, 4877:. Retrieved 4868: 4858:November 11, 4856:. Retrieved 4852: 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4822: 4814:the original 4809: 4800: 4788:. Retrieved 4763:. Retrieved 4759: 4749: 4739:December 31, 4737:. Retrieved 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4684: 4671: 4661:December 26, 4659:. Retrieved 4649: 4637:. 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Retrieved 4375: 4366: 4259:LeSourd 2015 4232: 4226: 4213: 4199: 4171: 4163: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3691:conjunctions 3683: 3675:a 'in fact' 3629:=ka 'focus' 3617: 3600: 3569: 3403:languages). 3397: 3252: 2944: 2921: 2872: 2868: 2739: 2731: 2630: 2605: 2558: 2527: 2518: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2470: 2044: 2025: 2010: 1937:is a tense, 1748: 1717: 1692: 1679: 1663: 1650: 1596: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1411: 1408: 1398:January 2015 1395: 1391:adding to it 1386: 1333: 1327: 1325:for 'deer'. 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1297:Aln8bak News 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1271: 1267:Aln8bak News 1266: 1263:Aln8bak News 1262: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249:Thanksgiving 1242: 1236: 1224:Jeanne Brink 1220: 1210: 1187: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1156: 1119: 1108: 1091: 1060: 1051: 1032: 1019: 1000: 985:Wulastegniak 960: 952: 949: 940: 936:Androscoggin 925: 881: 836:Androscoggin 834:Amaseconti, 833: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 783: 772: 756:Norridgewock 728:Dummer's War 725: 706: 683: 674:Abenaki wars 665: 655: 637: 601: 592: 562: 560: 542:, historian 537: 535: 522:Amoscocongon 507: 503: 482: 468: 464: 463: 390: 348: 311:Latin script 287: 176: 157: 144: 130:ISO 639 code 126:}} 120:{{ 116:}} 110:{{ 106:}} 100:{{ 95: 67: 56: 50: 44: 6775:Assiniboine 6664:Bella Coola 6583:Inuinnaqtun 6303:Proto-Algic 5976:Nanticockan 5820:Swampy Cree 5815:Plains Cree 5766:Gros Ventre 4765:January 20, 4639:October 30, 4426:Abbe Museum 4422:"Penobscot" 4381:October 25, 4372:"Penobscot" 4107:Other words 3959:- 'sneeze' 3929:- 'travel' 3847:- 'enough' 3695:noun phrase 3493:Transitive 3477:kd’aloka-ji 3334:), such as 3285:to be angry 3076:w'paskhigan 3039:k'paskhigan 3002:n'paskhigan 2857:they, them 2622:Inanimate: 2606:The plural 2571:zegweskimen 2306:c / j / dz 2028:orthography 2022:Orthography 1982:is a tense 1975:is a tense 1939:dorso-velar 1890:is a tense 1573:front vowel 1332:miniseries 1311:New England 1142:Brownington 1111:assimilated 908:Oswegatchie 734:missionary 696:in 1675 in 694:New England 648:seigneuries 617:Assacumbuit 587:to sell as 495:New England 475:, Western: 405:instead of 70:August 2024 7011:Categories 6674:Halkomelem 6487:Athabaskan 6477:Potawatomi 6414:Algonquian 6185:Potawatomi 6177:Potawatomi 6088:Potawatomi 5992:Piscataway 5846:Innu-aimun 5825:Woods Cree 5810:Moose Cree 5758:Besawunena 5735:Algonquian 5569:1993/18305 5365:References 5289:Warne 1975 4489:January 9, 4401:Ethnologue 4359:Beach 2004 4215:Ethnologue 4201:Ethnologue 4173:Ethnologue 4092:masipskwbi 4009:- 'vomit' 3978:'village' 3953:- 'grass' 3935:- 'dream' 3923:'be true' 3835:- 'sweep' 3434:it is good 3401:Algonquian 3215:w'kaozemwô 3178:k'kaozemwô 3141:k'kaozemna 3102:n'kaozemna 2922:Note that 2551:language. 2524:Morphology 2365:w / u / ' 1914:velar stop 1593:Consonants 1564:'who' and 1292:Alnôbaôdwa 1288:Aln8ba8dwa 792:) and the 768:Saco River 644:New France 604:New France 573:Tisquantum 544:Diana Muir 483:Wôbanakiak 467:(Eastern: 278:Algonquian 6942:Ukrainian 6877:Cantonese 6742:Kwakʼwala 6641:Tuscarora 6608:Iroquoian 6588:Inuktitut 6560:Tsuutʼina 6510:Chipewyan 6505:Chilcotin 6432:Blackfoot 6427:Algonquin 6336:indicate 6278:Nansemond 6270:Uncertain 6222:Menominee 6212:Blackfoot 6105:Algonquin 5985:Nanticoke 5931:Delawaran 5841:Atikamekw 5800:East Cree 5744:Arapahoan 5675:Penobscot 5518:141980112 5436:March 12, 5430:"Abenaki" 5354:143643483 5260:Bach 2014 5189:April 17, 5159:April 17, 5133:April 17, 5107:April 17, 5078:April 19, 5044:April 18, 5013:April 18, 4988:April 17, 4833:March 22, 4790:March 22, 4530:651847175 4326:Day 1994a 4119:* = woman 4040:- 'kiss' 3972:- 'with' 3885:'tongue' 3853:- 'wake' 3468:it is hot 3414:Inanimate 3238:their gun 3222:their cow 3060:w'kaozema 2793:k- / kd- 2779:n- / nd- 2614:Animate: 2593:blueberry 2578:raspberry 2546:synthetic 2057:Allophone 2016:affricate 2003:is a lax 1932:resonants 1928:affricate 1912:is a lax 1906:resonants 1900:is a lax 1895:affricate 1883:is a lax 1878:resonants 1834:Semivowel 1736:Fricative 1706:Affricate 1560:'which', 1416:Phonology 1356:Massasoit 1348:Hobbamock 1328:The 2015 1232:Penobscot 1216:immersion 900:Becancour 896:Algonquin 892:Pennacook 860:Pigwacket 856:Penobscot 852:Patsuiket 819:badadesak 779:Casco Bay 748:Arrowsick 744:Brunswick 690:Metacomet 686:Wampanoag 684:When the 662:Bécancour 640:epidemics 613:Louis XIV 593:Mayflower 575:from the 569:Wampanoag 564:Mayflower 510:Penobscot 499:phonology 350:Glottolog 324:ISO 639-3 243:Penobscot 234:Ethnicity 184:Western: 175:Eastern: 6872:Mandarin 6727:Ditidaht 6719:Wakashan 6709:Thompson 6704:Squamish 6694:shíshálh 6684:Okanagan 6679:Lillooet 6656:Salishan 6631:Onondaga 6565:Tutchone 6520:Gwichʼin 6285:Pamunkey 6217:Cheyenne 6157:Oji-Cree 6132:Chippewa 6074:Kickapoo 6039:Powhatan 6022:Etchemin 5938:Delaware 4961:July 14, 4934:July 14, 4929:VTDigger 4908:July 23, 4142:See also 4103:Source: 3997:- 'ice' 3966:'child' 3947:- 'bad' 3860:'mouth' 3702:Numerals 3461:gezabeda 3417:Animate 3201:your gun 3185:your cow 3023:k'kaozem 2986:n'kaozem 2759:English 2756:Pronoun 2742:pronouns 2736:Pronouns 2720:-ak, -al 2687:-gw, -kw 2681:-ok, -ol 2608:suffixes 2542:prefixes 2538:suffixes 2064:Laurent 2013:alveolar 1963:sonorant 1953:sonorant 1949:bilabial 1876:between 1612:Alveolar 1607:Bilabial 1370:Dialects 1200:and the 1163:governor 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