4422:
4194:
457:
631:
1389:
374:
36:
5610:
87:
623:
1268:, Bruchac notes that Abenaki is a polysynthetic language, which allows for virtually unlimited means to express oneself. Abenaki consists of both dependent and independent grammar which addresses the gender of the speaker. Abenaki has nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. The structure of the sentence or phrase varies depending on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.
940:(Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Anasaguniticook, Arosaguntacook, Asschincantecook). Important note - Main village, on the river of the same name was called Arosaguntacook Town. Arosaguntacook is sometimes applied in error to the St. Francois Indians. Kennebec (Caniba, Sagadahoc, Kanibesinnoak, Norridgewock, Nurhantsuak) lived along the Kennebec River in northern Maine.
1890:, voiceless in word-initial and word-final positions and before a fortis consonant, unaspirated but become aspirated when they close a strongly accented syllable, which includes all final syllables) represented as . The lenis consonants generally exist between vowels and at the end of words but rarely next to each other or at the beginning of words.
944:
Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and
Wabigganus. Pigwacket (Pegouakki, Peguaki, Pequawket). Main village called Pequawket Town was located on the upper Saco River. Rocameca Upper Androscoggin River. Wewenoc (Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock) Coastal areas of southern Maine. Wolinak (Becancour) Trois-Rivieres, Quebec.
505:
speakers of
Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006. A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.
805:
being in close contact with summer resorts in
Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as continued contact with French-Canadians. Notably, plural English nouns were borrowed into Western Abenaki as a singular form that were then made plural by adding Abenaki plural endings. For example, the word oxen was borrowed as
1111:
After winning the landmark case, similar cases were filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States. Among the
Passamaquoddy's assets was $ 13.5 million in federal funds that were allocated to the tribe in 1980 through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, which was settled for $ 81.5 million.
558:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture, which enabled them to support populations large enough to raise sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.
1304:
means 'Speaking
Abenaki'). Issues of the quarterly newsletter from 2003–2010 were published by the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki on their website. According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support
1054:
Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and
Wacoogo. ...end of section needing
1072:
axis. Over 5,000 people visit the
Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $ 3 million Canadian dollars. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from
2577:
is important to distinguish in
Western Abenaki. Animate nouns refer to animals, people, and other living or powerful things. Inanimate nouns refer to lifeless things. This is necessary to know because the animacy of a noun plays a large role in what form the endings of other words connected to them
504:
Western
Abenaki was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec. Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s. The few remaining
1231:
As with most
Indigenous languages, due to residential schooling and colonialism, and with the fading of generations, the number of speakers has declined. Abenaki had as few as twelve native speakers in 2015, but with recent focus and extra efforts in the Abenaki community, this number seems to be
1178:
Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans. Others worried that the Abenaki may use recognition as a step toward opening a casino. But the bill specifically says that "this act shall not be interpreted to provide any
1158:
by the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs on January 19, 2011, as a result of a process established by the Vermont legislature in 2010. Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for the bands'
804:
Due to French and English contact with Western Abenaki people in the 1640s and earlier, many loan words were quickly incorporated into Western Abenaki and have stayed for nearly four centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, word borrowing increased due to many Western Abenaki people
1110:
Tribe of Maine was recognized by the federal courts as a tribe, but not having a land trust with the government since never entering into a formal treaty. This launched the very long legal battle that paved the way for many other tribes across America to file suits regarding asset mismanagement.
3787:
This list is just a handful of Western Abenaki roots. Roots attached to the front of a stem are written with a hyphen at the front (typically refer people or parts of the body), roots that are attached to the end of a stem are written with a hyphen at the end, and roots that constitute the only
3707:
sometimes appears between a conjunction and the word that could potentially host the clitic, in this case the clitic will not be attached to the conjunction, but to the word after the noun phrase. In general, though they may typically exist in the second word of the sentence, clitics are mainly
1063:
The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the
943:
Penobscot (Pentagoet, Panaomeska). Meaning "rocky place", or "ledge place". Penobscot Tribe subdivisions and villages included: Moosehead Lake area tribes were known as "Moosehead Lake Indians". Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown,
1035:
Sokoki is often confused with the Saco, a name given to eastern Abenaki who lived near the Saco River (a combination of Pigwacket, Kennebec, and Androscoggin). Cowasuck (Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, Koes). Hoosac was a mixed settlement with the Mahican. Missisquoi (Mazipskoik, Misiskuoi,
1013:
with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake. Villages: Gunasquamekook, Imnarkuan, Machias, Sebaik, and Sipayik. There were other towns at Lewis Island and Calais in Maine with a few locations on the Canadian side of the St. Croix River.
1182:
The council would be under the Department of Cultural Resources, so it would be in the same department as the State Council on the Arts. The bill would allow for the creation and sale of goods to be labeled as native-made to create a source of income for the natives in New Hampshire.
1032:. Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese. Some accounts include groups of the western Pennacook as Sokoki: Amoskeag, Naamkeek, Nashaway, Souheyan, and Winnipesaukee.
2879:
The first person plural exclusive and inclusive pronouns are very important distinctions in Western Abenaki. The inclusive form means you are including the person you are talking to in the "we" or "us". While the exclusive form means you are excluding them from the "we" or "us".
1918:
and pronounced like in English word 'body'; at the start of a word it is voiceless and pronounced that a weak English /t/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word is it voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like in English
1046:. It was located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Schaghticoke. Mixed Mahican and New England Algonquin on the Hudson River north of Albany, New York. Squakheag (Squaeg, Squawkeag). Mixed population and probably at various times was occupied by any of these tribes.
1309:
included community-related information such as updates on governance issues, notices of social events, and obituaries. The newsletter also included Band history, genealogy, language lessons, recipes, plant and animal studies, books reviews, and writings by Band members.
516:. The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993. However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools; much of the language was preserved by
1926:; between resonants is it pronounced like in English 'ago'; beginning a word it is pronounced like a weak unaspirated /k/; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like /k/ in 'score'.
963:
Closer in language and culture to the Micmac, the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have been listed as Abenaki for historical reasons. The French usually referred to both tribes as the Etchemin. Maliseet (Aroostook, Malecite, Malicite, St. John's Indians). From the
1897:; between it is voiced and pronounced like in the English word 'habit'; beginning a word it is voiceless and pronounced like a weak English /p/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long by the stress assigned on the final syllable.
1000:. They were located along the St. John River in northeastern Maine and western New Brunswick. Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock.
1279:
was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. It was started in 1993 by Paul Pouilot, Sagamo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. The word
1236:, and non-Abenaki people who are trying to revitalize Abenaki culture, including their language and basket-making traditions. Currently, there are about 12,000 people of varying Abenaki heritage in the Canadian and New England regions. In
3611:
In general, the sentence structure appears to be SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), but word order is largely free, being mainly dependent on pragmatic factors. While the verb phrase tends to not have a common, basic order, there are still
1179:
Native American or Abenaki person with any other special rights or privileges that the state does not confer on or grant to other state residents." New Hampshire has considered expanding gambling separate from the Native Americans.
2529:
When a word is pronounced on its own, its stressed final syllable is typically high pitched. However, this is not necessarily characteristic of the specific word, because as stated above, declarative sentences end on a low pitch.
1138:. Vermont granted recognition of the council the same year, but later withdrew it. In 1982, the band applied for federal recognition, which is still pending. Four Abenaki communities are located in Vermont. In 2006, the state of
1190:. Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill.
3408:
In thinking about these two verb types along with Western Abenaki's distinction between animate and inanimate things, this results in a split of four different types of verbs in Western Abenaki (which is true of all
610:
people. Over the next hundred years, conflicts between the French and the English often included their colonies and their respective native allies. The French treated their Abenaki allies with some respect; in 1706,
1127:. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki who chose to remain in the United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts.
3698:
because they come after the first word within the complementizer phrase or inflectional phrase. However, clitics do not always simply follow the first word of a sentence. Clitics can also attach to clause-initial
1929:
occurs only before a vowel or /l/ and is pronounced like in English word 'heel', 'hat', or 'hit'; lax consonants before it become voiceless; when is it between vowels it is usually dropped by speakers in most
2554:, often in combination (prefix-…-suffix; …-suffix -suffix; etc). The affixes tend to be quite short compared to the root of the word. With these observations in mind, Western Abenaki can be considered a
3584:
Vowel truncation –– the initial vowel of a suffix is deleted when it follows a vowel. The only exception is -wi followed by peripheral formatives, here the initial vowel of the suffix is not deleted.
5043:
1247:
In addition to Brink and others, Jesse Bruchac is a loud voice in the Abenaki culture. Along with writing and publishing various Abenaki books, he created a movie and sound piece telling the
7040:
4466:
3616:
and inflectional phrases that are more clear. In Abenaki, there are no apparent complementizers, but it is assumed that wh-words (who, what, when, why) start complementizer phrases, while
595:
landed and English settlers began to establish colonies in the southern end of Abenaki territory, relations between the settlers and natives remained guarded. The religious leaders of the
1954:
is a lateral sonorant; it is pronounced with a lot of tongue tension and is influenced by the vowel which follows it, or, in syllable-final position, by the vowel that precedes it.
1944:
like the /dz/ in English word 'adze'; at the start of a word it is pronounced like /ts/ in the English word 'lets'; at the end of a word it is pronounced like the /ts/ in 'hats'.
2017:
that is voiced, and between resonants is pronounced like English /z/; voiceless when it is at the beginning of a word, both voiceless and long when it is at the end of a word.
2546:
attached. Often a single word will translate to a phrase in English. The affixes themselves typically do not translate to just one word either. Western Abenaki utilizes both
3580:
There are seven morphological processes in Western Abenaki. These processes are used to describe the changes to affixes that occur when they are combined in different ways.
1167:
In New Hampshire the Abenaki, along with other Native American groups, have proposed legislation for recognition as a minority group. This bill was debated in 2010 in the
4819:
1982:, tense, voiceless, unaspirated, and long in all positions; it is similar to the combined sounds of a /p/ ending a word and beginning the next, like in 'stop payment'.
704:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678.
606:
in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives. Intermarriage between the French and natives gave rise to the
5235:
4435:
1159:
arts and crafts. On May 7, 2012, the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont.
7060:
955:
Ossipee: located on a lake of the same name in east-central New Hampshire. Other names associated with the eastern Abenaki are Arsikantegou, Kwupahag (Kwapahag).
4721:
5699:
4938:
4769:
2028:
phonemes /ts/ and /dz/. More than half of the population pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ts/ and ⟨j⟩ like /dz/ and the rest pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ʃ/ and ⟨j⟩ like /ʒ/.
4912:
1206:. They have created several Abenaki books, audio, video, and web-based media to help others learn the language. In July 2013, the Penobscot Nation, the
5051:
1261:
story from a new tongue and perspective offered a more original and full version of what Thanksgiving might have really been like so many years ago.
133:
1198:
A new generation is actively preserving and revitalizing the language. The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker,
7055:
4474:
1257:, the three actors not only memorized their lines in Abenaki but also learned the syntax behind the language. This revitalization of the famous
1352:
and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving". It contained a considerable amount of dialogue in Western Abenaki. Several actors, including
6382:
1585:; normally pronounced between the English words 'peat' and 'pit', it varies between the high front tense vowel and the mid front lax vowel .
784:
The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British colonial settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during
2485:
Stress is initially assigned to the final syllable and then to every other syllable from right to left. Yet this assignment skips the vowel
1003:
Passamaquoddy (Machias Tribe, Opanango, Pesmokant, Quoddy, Scotuks, Scootuck, St. Croix Indians, Unchechauge, Unquechauge). The name means
4488:
7050:
851:
1566:; normally pronounced like in the English word 'label'; occurs only in the middle of a word between consonants, except for three words––
7045:
863:
5731:
871:
5652:
4642:
867:
17:
1186:
The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and
5626:
4964:
3708:
clause dependent, and are situated according to what clauses are functioning in a sentence and where, according to conjunctions.
5694:
7035:
7009:
5562:
5432:
5413:
4827:
4533:
1463:
1248:
1215:
4668:
2948:
when it appears at the beginning or end of a word before a consonant or between two consonants. It is sometimes written as
1171:. The bill would have created a state commission on Native American relations, which would act as an advisory group to the
5243:
2522:
Questions have a low-high pitch at the end of the sentence, yet the entire sentence is generally said with a higher pitch.
2003:
non-syllabic with a similar sound to ; occurs before or after a vowel; at the end of a word after /k/ or /g/ it becomes a
4443:
2935:
2010:
is a high front non-syllabic with a similar sound to but is pronounced before a vowel with greater tongue tension than .
1862:
1824:
1103:
402:
2929:
as the prefix. Possessive pronoun prefixes are written with an apostrophe before the word (as shown in examples below).
5084:
2497:
results instead in a lengthening of the preceding consonant and the vowel is often deleted in writing and rapid speech.
2040:
that is generally accepted by linguists or Abenaki speakers, but speakers typically do understand the orthographies of
1484:
719:, killing about 300 settlers over ten years. The raids stopped when the war ended. Some captives were adopted into the
3628:
Enclitic particles function in a syntactically interesting way. In Western Abenaki, there are ten enclitic particles.
952:
Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.
7005:
6375:
5614:
5545:
5479:
4626:
4599:
4566:
538:
6160:
5074:
647:
5188:
3602:
Coalescence of wV –– w coalescence that explains why the plural peripheral formative -ak occasionally becomes -ok.
6460:
6041:
4525:
2500:
Personal prefixes ne-, ke-, we- are not stressed, thus in words containing these prefixes, the stress shift with
1498:
789:
567:
arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including
392:
3590:
Vocalization –– glide w changes to a vowel o when the glide becomes the nucleus of a syllable due to affixation.
1588:
is a higher mid-back vowel pronounced like in the English word 'poke', however some speakers pronounce it like .
6940:
5657:
5631:
1211:
6508:
5724:
1078:
1022:
Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means
2508:
As of 2004, linguists are unsure if a minimum syllable count is present in order for a word to be stressed.
6864:
6844:
6368:
6219:
6028:
5878:
3784:
meaning like a stem does. In other words, a root is dependent on other pieces of meaning to create a word.
2943:
1754:
1723:
1478:
486:
380:
282:
2525:
Stressed syllables that exist in the middle of a sentence tend to be pronounced at a standard pitch level.
2494:
2486:
2021:
It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the
1285:
6986:
6750:
6241:
6128:
6123:
5913:
1775:
1469:
1339:
1224:
in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week
1168:
742:
settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rasles, the Abenaki raided the settlements at
551:
5489:
LeSourd, Philip S. (June 2011). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: The Syntax of Second Position".
3703:, such as tta 'and', ni 'and then', and ala 'or' or to the word that follows the conjunction. A focused
1598:
Historically, it was common for speakers to drop h between vowels and to drop w before the nasal vowel .
1134:(also called the "Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation") organized a tribal council in 1976 at
781:
brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River.
4991:
1996:
stop that is always voiceless and long, longer than the English /t/, similarly to the Western Abenaki .
1951:
stop, long, voiceless and unaspirated in all positions and pronounced like /k/ in English word 'score'.
1853:
1669:
1656:
1636:
1539:
1400:
1275:
helped to preserve the Abenaki language through the inclusion of Abenaki words and their translations.
1203:
723:
and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.
700:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years there was fighting along the Maine frontier in the
3587:
Final glide delegation –– suffix-final glide w is deleted after a vowel when the suffix is word-final.
6410:
6323:
2941:
2933:
2758:
attached to other words. However, separate words are sometimes used to emphasize the pronoun in use.
1760:
1729:
1556:
1545:
1172:
785:
4618:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
4421:
4193:
1175:
and the state government in general. The Abenaki want to gain formal state recognition as a people.
711:
in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from
7030:
6155:
5717:
1155:
1131:
638:
Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and
596:
112:
57:
51:
6824:
6760:
6180:
6150:
6140:
5920:
1685:
1675:
1662:
1135:
888:
in 1750: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois and Nipissing), St. Francois (
878:
6518:
651:
6992:
6971:
6707:
5785:
4797:
4496:
2558:
2516:
2000:
1907:
that is voiceless in all positions and pronounced by most speakers like /ts/ in English 'hats'.
1419:
Eastern Abenaki dialects include Penobscot, Norridgewock, Caniba, Androscoggin, and Pequawket.
1327:. About 500 Penobscot words are still being used in the community in everyday language such as
679:
129:
4616:
5927:
5900:
5539:
3700:
3613:
2490:
1796:
1789:
1344:
1253:
1124:
1120:
793:
62:
6573:
5510:
LeSourd, Philip S. (July 2015). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: Form and Function".
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6788:
6677:
6500:
6465:
6427:
6316:
5833:
5828:
5779:
5748:
3617:
3599:
Coalescence of a+a –– long /a:/ becomes nasalized ɔ̃ in some instances such as -ba+ab(ani).
3410:
3263:
Two main verb distinctions in Western Abenaki are intransitive verbs and transitive verbs.
1691:
1151:
739:
697:
277:
6533:
5677:
5592:
5574:
Grammatical Notes on the Penobscot Language from Frank Speck's Penobscot Transformer Tales
5389:. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
5136:
5110:
901:
661:
8:
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6490:
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6190:
6165:
6101:
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6005:
5906:
5823:
5771:
5757:
5443:
4863:"Native Languages of the Americas: Penobscot (Eastern Abnaki, Penawahpskewi, Penobscott)"
4148:
1745:
1715:
1207:
965:
937:
835:
759:
708:
612:
521:
45:
5662:
5469:
5162:
4646:
1244:
Native Americans, and this group is a large driving force of the language resurrection.
554:
enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring
6955:
6890:
6732:
6669:
6654:
6523:
6445:
6440:
6291:
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6225:
6118:
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5951:
5854:
5527:
5363:
4584:
The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations
3773:
2884:
2555:
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2022:
2014:
1986:
1958:
1621:
1616:
1225:
1221:
933:
909:
897:
885:
555:
138:
5636:
4691:
4519:
3596:
Coalescence of aw+a –– the preterit -ob is created from the combination of aw+ab(ani).
1422:
Western Abenaki dialects are Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Sokoki, Pennacook, and Odanak.
363:
356:
6935:
6885:
6740:
6722:
6717:
6697:
6692:
6644:
6578:
6298:
6230:
6170:
6145:
6134:
6087:
6052:
6035:
5558:
5531:
5475:
5428:
5409:
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5080:
4622:
4595:
4562:
4539:
4529:
3781:
3676:
3337:
3267:
2045:
1883:
1815:
1650:
1643:
1626:
1563:
1505:
701:
1607:
Both the Eastern and Western dialects of Abenaki have 18 consonant sounds in total.
1154:) bands' applications for official recognition were recommended and referred to the
754:. The Massachusetts government then declared war, and bloody battles were fought at
735:
456:
398:
6930:
6920:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6819:
6814:
6804:
6770:
6712:
6659:
6606:
6568:
6513:
6475:
6405:
6247:
5978:
5934:
5864:
5765:
5577:
5519:
5498:
5355:
4746:
4587:
4250:
3341:
1879:
1875:
1147:
1074:
751:
743:
588:
242:
5219:
4591:
4409:
4181:
6925:
6915:
6910:
6869:
6778:
6745:
6702:
6649:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6588:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6528:
6480:
6470:
6335:
6110:
6097:
5962:
5956:
5740:
3333:
1631:
1349:
913:
905:
763:
747:
727:
716:
272:
264:
6538:
5688:
4862:
4385:
3593:
Coalescence of aw+e –– the combination of aw+e results in a single vowel o or 8.
2742:
There are a few exceptions to these rules that have to be learned individually.
6859:
6809:
6783:
6682:
6543:
6485:
6351:
6343:
6274:
6268:
6175:
5969:
5163:"Ethnic and Alternative Newspaper Collections - Online: Native North Americans"
4939:"Middlebury College adds Abenaki language program to prestigious summer roster"
3270:
only need one participant that is doing the action or has the quality, such as
2887:
affix you must use depends on the sound it is supposed to attach to. The forms
2481:
Stress within words in Western Abenaki is based on an alternating stress rule:
2041:
1993:
1969:
1934:
1911:
1901:
1513:
1361:
929:
839:
303:
238:
5408:. Vol. 1: Abenaki to English. Hull, QC: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
4223:
4209:
2578:
will take. However, some classifications are arbitrary. For example, the word
1989:
that is always voiceless and long, much like the English /s/ in all positions.
650:(large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). The first was on the
630:
528:, which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period.
7024:
6849:
6455:
6450:
6080:
5894:
5805:
5796:
4543:
4255:
3681:
3646:
2955:
Examples of the possessive pronoun affixes on an animate and inanimate noun:
1979:
1894:
1704:
1698:
1445:
1376:
of Ndakinna Education Center was hired as a language consultant on the film.
1373:
1353:
1199:
1107:
1095:
917:
847:
720:
580:
576:
517:
227:
215:
201:
102:
2608:
is inanimate. So the animacy of certain nouns must be learned individually.
497:. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and
6950:
6854:
6611:
6075:
6067:
5682:
5196:
5017:
4888:"Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online: Home of the Abenaki Language"
4842:"The New Hampshire Inter-Tribal Native American Council: Mission Statement"
4722:"Passamaquoddy tribe awarded $ 11.4 million in asset mismanagement dispute"
1368:) spoke the language exclusively throughout the series, and Kalani Qweypo (
1258:
1233:
755:
712:
525:
310:
122:
6755:
5502:
5427:. Vol. 2: English to Abenaki. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
2538:
The words of Western Abenaki are generally made up of a central core (the
1089:
339:
332:
6596:
3704:
2037:
1948:
1592:
1582:
1523:
1457:
1440:
1320:
1065:
693:
616:
494:
4841:
1578:'a spear'–– in these words is pronounced like in the English word 'end'.
1559:; before /m/ in a final syllable it becomes close to in English 'goose'
1388:
1123:, and only small remnants remained on reservations during and after the
619:
for his service, thus elevating him as a member of the French nobility.
6687:
5859:
5838:
4414:
4228:
4214:
4186:
1923:
1783:
1531:
1450:
767:
643:
603:
543:
508:
Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the
6360:
5582:
2493:
of that syllable is also /ə/. In fact, the presence of the unstressed
6601:
5813:
5346:
Day, Gordon M (1981). "Abenaki Place-Names in the Champlain Valley".
4913:"Penobscot Nation, UMaine win grants to help revive tribe's language"
4245:
Bruchac, Margaret (2006). "Malian's Song–Abenaki Language Glossary".
3777:
2066:
2025:
2004:
1937:
1904:
1843:
1492:
1365:
1357:
1241:
1091:
893:
859:
855:
778:
738:(or Rasles, 1657?–1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of
689:
685:
568:
563:
550:, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the
509:
498:
349:
323:
4467:"How did a self-taught linguist come to own an indigenous language?"
1142:
officially recognized the Abenaki as a people, but not a tribe. The
373:
5523:
5359:
5073:
Bruchac, Jesse; Brink, Jeanne; Joubert, Joseph (January 31, 2011).
4747:"Vermont: Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States"
1972:
1962:
1941:
1915:
1887:
1372:) spoke both Abenaki and English. Western Abenaki language teacher
1069:
843:
639:
547:
448:
443:
410:
5709:
4965:"Middlebury College launches program to preserve Abenaki language"
4559:
The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675-1678
607:
5620:
4887:
4161:
2751:
2570:
2061:
1369:
1289:
1143:
1139:
666:
572:
520:. Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the
425:
406:
223:
6339:
5818:
5609:
5044:"Telling Thanksgiving's Story in a Vanishing American Language"
3695:
2617:
2551:
2547:
2049:
1187:
889:
774:
731:
656:
490:
211:
197:
2641:
Each suffix is used according to the final sound of the noun:
379:
Western Abenaki is classified as critically endangered by the
5076:
L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making
2755:
2543:
1315:
1266:
L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making
1237:
692:, also called "King Philip", fought the English colonists in
584:
513:
219:
7041:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
5576:. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers. Vol. 24.
4143:= hello; lit. you appear new to me (after long separations)
1202:, lead partial immersion classes in the language across the
602:
By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of
5704:
5137:"Aln8bak News Vol 2003 Issue 1 January February March 2003"
4671:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs
2574:
1084:
622:
4906:
4904:
409:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
170:
Western: Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki
5221:
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
2952:
in these situations and is still considered a consonant.
1162:
4820:"Gambling Bill Would Create 6 Casinos, Allow Black Jack"
1232:
growing. Today, there are some passionate Abenaki, like
4901:
1251:
side of Thanksgiving, spoken in Abenaki. In this film,
5387:"Wôbanakiôdwawôgan: Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar"
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
1878:(always voiceless and aspirated) represented as , and
1218:
to expand and publish the first Penobscot Dictionary.
4770:"Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition"
4268:
4266:
2911:
form needs to be attached to a word that begins with
2048:––Western Abenaki writers who taught the language at
168:
Eastern: Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock
5298:
5296:
5294:
5217:
4368:
3556:
3540:
3522:
3506:
3485:
3469:
3451:
3435:
3390:
3375:
3316:
3301:
3239:
3223:
3202:
3186:
3165:
3149:
3126:
3110:
3084:
3068:
3047:
3031:
3010:
2994:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2633:
2625:
2594:
2579:
1323:
in the 1630s, is probably borrowed from the Abenaki
824:
476:
469:
257:
Last fluent speaker of Eastern Abenaki died in 1993.
185:
177:
5308:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5072:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
43:It has been suggested that this article should be
5105:
5103:
4692:"Federal Recognition - A Historical Twist of Fate"
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4263:
1874:In Western Abenaki there is a distinction between
1193:
1049:
947:
5291:
4147:* letters in square brackets often lost in vowel
1595:and is sometimes written as ⟨ô⟩ or simply as “8”.
985:
969:
762:at Pequawket, an Indian village near present-day
599:discouraged social interaction with the natives.
501:and are sometimes considered distinct languages.
128:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
7022:
5258:
4345:
4088:
3788:element of a stem are written without a hyphen.
2700:and the w drops (also sometimes words ending in
660:Indian Reservation; the second was founded near
7061:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
5100:
4278:
884:Seven mission orientated communities along the
813:. Similarly, the word potatoes was borrowed as
546:argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact
524:who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect, and the
5653:"Native American Audio Collections: Penobscot"
2893:are used if the word begins with a vowel. The
6376:
5725:
5705:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
5512:International Journal of American Linguistics
5348:International Journal of American Linguistics
5193:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People
5189:"Aln8bak Quarterly News Special Announcement"
5141:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People
3336:need two participants: one doing the action (
1975:pronounced in all positions like English /n/.
1965:pronounced in all positions like English /m/.
5627:"Native American Audio Collections: Abenaki"
4586:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3417:Transitivity and Animacy in Western Abenaki
2489:and falls to the next syllable, even if the
1073:this area include the documentary filmmaker
920:), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk).
642:of new infectious diseases. The governor of
5621:Western Abenaki Online Dictionary and Radio
1017:
6383:
6369:
5732:
5718:
4792:
4790:
4767:
3837:- 'unintentional, accidental, by mistake'
3694:These are also known as 'second-position'
3575:
877:
726:The Third Abenaki War (1722–1725), called
372:
5581:
4254:
1119:Many Abenaki living in Vermont have been
923:
5555:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names
5397:The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki
4812:
4739:
4581:
3620:are assumed to be inflectional phrases.
3144:
3105:
1537:
1476:
1085:United States federal tribal recognition
829:
758:(1724), where Rasles was killed, and at
629:
621:
455:
7056:Native American language revitalization
6390:
5571:
5509:
5488:
5467:
5333:
5285:
5041:
4787:
4464:
4272:
4244:
1271:Although written primarily in English,
1102:These two tribes are officially listed
403:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7023:
5461:A History of the New Hampshire Abenaki
5195:. COWASS North America. Archived from
4962:
4910:
4798:"HB 1610-FN – As Amended by the House"
4768:Hallenbeck, Terri (January 20, 2011).
4614:
4556:
2733:after other consonants and the vowels
1292:. Initially the newsletter was called
1163:New Hampshire and minority recognition
1036:Missiassik, Missique, Missisco) means
552:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex
6364:
5713:
5590:
5552:
5458:
5394:
5302:
5224:. Harper & Brothers. p. 440.
5018:"Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)"
4992:"Preserving Abenaki Language Culture"
4834:
4719:
4372:
4205:
4203:
3794:- 'dishonest, uncertain, unreliable'
3623:
1216:National Endowment for the Humanities
799:
5474:. Vancouver: Global Language Press.
5463:. Charleston, SC: The History Press.
5422:
5403:
5384:
5273:
5117:. Dawn Land Voices. November 3, 2012
5042:Johnson, Scott (November 17, 2015).
4989:
4936:
4517:
4339:
1383:
1106:as tribes in the United States. The
80:
29:
5739:
5345:
4689:
2750:In most Western Abenaki sentences,
2504:occur on the syllable to the right.
2055:Masta and Laurent's orthographies.
958:
255:14 Western Abenaki (2007–2012)
24:
7051:Extinct languages of North America
5557:. Toronto: Global Language Press.
5441:
4200:
4175:
2569:Like all Algonquin languages, the
1348:told the story of the founding of
817:'potato' that was pluralized into
118:for transliterated languages, and
98:of its non-English content, using
25:
7072:
7046:First Nations languages in Canada
5678:Abenaki orthography and phonology
5602:
5594:A historical phonology of Abenaki
5079:. lulu.com. pp. 1–4, 34–39.
4518:Muir, Diana (February 22, 2024).
4465:Gregory, Alice (April 19, 2021).
3812:- 'fight as in battle, make war'
3680:
3675:
3645:
2611:
2036:There is not one Western Abenaki
1861:
1852:
1823:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1728:
1722:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
825:Abenaki tribes and confederations
809:'an ox' that was pluralized into
5608:
5167:University of Kentucky Libraries
5022:Native Languages of the Americas
4963:Cooney, Melissa (July 3, 2023).
4937:Asch, Sarah (January 29, 2020).
4615:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011).
4420:
4390:Native Languages of the Americas
4192:
3767:
1387:
1288:) is often used as a synonym to
85:
34:
5391:— this paper has been withdrawn
5339:
5228:
5211:
5181:
5155:
5129:
5111:"Digitizing Tribal Newsletters"
5066:
5035:
5010:
4983:
4956:
4930:
4880:
4855:
4826:. March 4, 2010. Archived from
4761:
4713:
4683:
4661:
4635:
4608:
4575:
4550:
4526:University Press of New England
4511:
4481:
4458:
3374:. Western Abenaki examples are
3300:. Western Abenaki examples are
2519:, the pitch goes from high-low.
1194:Language revitalization efforts
1050:Other names of Abenaki villages
948:Eastern Abenaki tribal villages
790:Northeast Coast Campaign (1750)
673:
5695:Western Abenaki grammar sketch
5658:American Philosophical Society
5632:American Philosophical Society
5597:(MA thesis). McGil University.
5572:Voorhis, Paul (October 1979).
4911:McCrea, Nick (July 11, 2013).
4645:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from
4521:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
4428:
4403:
4378:
4238:
4120:
3855:- 'must, certain, need, want'
3806:- 'continuing, going farther'
2031:
1212:American Philosophical Society
561:In 1614, six years before the
539:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
134:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
5544:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5378:
5218:Walter William Skeat (1882).
4701:. Native American Rights Fund
4489:"Arosaguntacook Indian Tribe"
4089:Place names (Western Abenaki)
2905:in front of consonants. If a
2533:
1602:
1079:National Film Board of Canada
7036:Eastern Algonquian languages
6865:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
5553:Masta, Henry Lorne (2008) .
5399:(Thesis). Dartmouth College.
4720:Walsh, Tom (April 2, 2012).
3955:- 'seem, feel, appear like'
3818:- 'change, exchange, trade'
2842:1st person plural inclusive
2828:1st person plural exclusive
1914:stop that is voiced between
1860:
1851:
1847:
1721:
1521:
1503:
1496:
1461:
1425:
626:Abenaki couple, 18th-century
381:Endangered Languages Project
343: – Western Abenaki
336: – Eastern Abenaki
7:
6987:Plains Indian Sign Language
6346:language •
5935:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
5914:Massachusett Pidgin English
5491:Anthropological Linguistics
4155:
3711:
2775:Possessive Pronoun Affixes
2745:
1564:mid-central unrounded vowel
1379:
1340:National Geographic Channel
579:in what would later become
493:and the northern states of
487:Eastern Algonquian language
10:
7077:
6838:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
5700:Western Abenaki morphology
5425:Western Abenaki Dictionary
5406:Western Abenaki Dictionary
4582:Morrison, Kenneth (1984).
4041:- 'arrest, make prisoner'
4035:- 'early, in the morning'
3824:- 'near in space or time'
3340:) and one being acted on (
2923:, they fuse into a single
2593:is animate while the word
1214:received a grant from the
1204:Northeastern United States
1114:
928:Amaseconti (between upper
730:, erupted when the French
677:
531:
470:
178:
7002:
6964:
6878:
6837:
6797:
6769:
6731:
6668:
6620:
6587:
6499:
6426:
6419:
6398:
6333:
6308:
6283:
6260:
6211:
6189:
6109:
6096:
6066:
6015:
5988:
5944:
5886:
5877:
5847:
5804:
5795:
5756:
5747:
5468:Laurent, Joseph (2006) .
4621:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249.
4561:. Atheneum. p. 214.
3843:- 'ignite, kindle, burn'
3650:a 'they say, it is said'
3606:
3502:
3431:
3219:
3182:
3101:
3064:
3027:
2990:
2960:
2873:w- (o-) / wd- ... -(o)wô
2511:Stress within sentences:
2476:
2379:
2298:
2274:
2249:
2225:
2200:
2176:
2151:
2128:
2103:
2078:
1430:
1240:, there are about 3,000
1058:
634:Eastern Abenaki territory
460:Western Abenaki territory
439:
431:
421:
389:
371:
347:
321:
316:
300:
261:
249:
233:
207:
193:
174:
167:
162:
6845:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
6220:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
6161:North of Superior Ojibwa
5423:Day, Gordon M. (1994b).
5404:Day, Gordon M. (1994a).
5169:. University of Kentucky
4557:Bourne, Russell (1990).
4168:
3653:=nawa 'then, therefore'
3258:
2976:Possessed inanimate noun
2564:
1557:low back unrounded vowel
1294:Aln8ba8dwa National News
1156:Vermont General Assembly
1132:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1018:Western Abenaki (Sokoki)
654:and is now known as the
597:Massachusetts Bay Colony
591:. As a result, when the
58:Eastern Abenaki language
52:Western Abenaki language
18:Western Abenaki language
6068:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
5797:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
5691:at Native-languages.org
5685:at Native-languages.org
5240:National Geographic.com
4749:. University of Vermont
4247:Vermont Folklife Center
4234:(subscription required)
4220:(subscription required)
4096:'Lake Champlain River'
3831:'the back of the body'
3666:=hki 'contrast, focus'
3576:Morphological processes
3557:
3541:
3523:
3507:
3486:
3470:
3452:
3436:
3399:to understand something
3391:
3376:
3317:
3302:
3240:
3224:
3203:
3187:
3166:
3150:
3127:
3111:
3085:
3069:
3048:
3032:
3011:
2995:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2634:
2626:
2595:
2580:
1228:program in the summer.
1092:Penobscot Indian Nation
986:
970:
879:Seven Nations of Canada
477:
186:
7010:Canadian dictionaries
6993:Maritime Sign Language
6972:American Sign Language
6461:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
6042:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
5143:. COWASS North America
5048:NationalGeographic.com
4998:. Vermont Public Radio
4774:Burlington Free Press
4592:2027/heb93675.0001.001
4085:'exhaust, run out of'
3931:- 'outside, outdoors'
3688:=tahki 'but, however'
3614:complementizer phrases
2963:Possessed animate noun
1345:Saints & Strangers
1254:Saints & Strangers
1008:pollock spearing place
924:Eastern Abenaki tribes
786:Father Le Loutre's War
680:French and Indian Wars
635:
627:
461:
391:This article contains
367: Western Abenaki
360: Eastern Abenaki
7006:Canadian style guides
5591:Warne, Janet (1975).
5503:10.1353/anl.2011.0009
5471:New Familiar Abenakis
5395:Beach, Jesse (2004).
4830:on February 26, 2021.
3618:declarative sentences
1305:from online readers.
1125:French and Indian War
830:Abenaki Confederation
794:French and Indian War
773:Peace conferences at
633:
625:
459:
447:
49:into articles titled
6977:Quebec Sign Language
6420:Indigenous languages
5887:Southern New England
5617:at Wikimedia Commons
5385:Bach, Emmon (2014).
5199:on November 18, 2016
5054:on November 20, 2015
4867:native-languages.org
3880:- 'ready, prepared'
3515:to listen to someone
2859:k- / kd- ... -(o)wô
2845:k- / kd- ... -na(w)
2831:n- / nd- ... -na(w)
2814:3rd person singular
2800:2nd person singular
2786:1st person singular
2620:of both noun forms:
2517:declarative sentence
1104:federally recognized
1027:people who separated
670:Indian Reservation.
426:Alnôbak (Wôbanakiak)
96:specify the language
94:This article should
6946:Pennsylvania German
6392:Languages of Canada
6166:Northwestern Ojibwa
6129:Border Lakes Ojibwa
6124:Berens River Ojibwa
6029:Carolina Algonquian
5907:Massachusett Pidgin
5246:on November 6, 2015
5115:Dawnland Voices 2.0
4029:- 'wait and watch'
3892:- 'respect, honor'
3780:; it does not have
3776:is an element in a
3632:
3418:
2839:we, us (inclusive)
2825:we, us (exclusive)
2762:
2005:voiceless fricative
1940:pronounced between
1816:Lateral approximant
1350:Plymouth Plantation
1208:University of Maine
652:Saint Francis River
583:, and took them to
485:, is an endangered
27:Algonquian language
6982:Inuk Sign Language
6941:Newfoundland Irish
6906:Tagalog (Filipino)
6879:Minority languages
6751:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
6509:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
6399:Official languages
5879:Eastern Algonquian
5639:on August 14, 2013
5459:Heald, B. (2014).
5370:– via JSTOR.
4800:. NH General Court
4669:"Tribal Directory"
4499:on January 9, 2024
4477:on April 12, 2021.
4005:'spine, backbone'
3661:=pa 'conditional'
3631:
3624:Enclitic particles
3416:
3268:Intransitive verbs
2885:possessive pronoun
2870:3rd person plural
2856:2nd person plural
2811:he, she, him, her
2761:
2754:are expressed as
2015:alveolar fricative
1987:alveolar fricative
1399:. You can help by
1331:for 'grandpa' and
1222:Middlebury College
934:Androscoggin River
896:, and New England
886:St. Lawrence River
846:, Ouarastegouiak,
800:Language borrowing
664:and is called the
636:
628:
556:Algonquian peoples
462:
283:Eastern Algonquian
7018:
7017:
6936:Doukhobor Russian
6833:
6832:
6358:
6357:
6352:extinct languages
6256:
6255:
6207:
6206:
6135:Broken Oghibbeway
6062:
6061:
5873:
5872:
5683:Abenaki-Penobscot
5613:Media related to
5564:978-1-897367-18-6
5434:978-0-660-14030-8
5415:978-0-660-14024-7
4971:. Gray Television
4917:Bangor Daily News
4726:Bangor Daily News
4699:NARF Legal Review
4535:978-0-87451-909-9
4446:on March 20, 2016
4418:(16th ed., 2009)
4256:20.500.14332/1418
4232:(18th ed., 2015)
4218:(18th ed., 2015)
4190:(16th ed., 2009)
4152:
4108:'Missisquoi Bay'
3998:'smoke dry meat'
3925:'shoe, moccasin'
3692:
3691:
3636:=ahto 'probably'
3573:
3572:
3256:
3255:
2950:⟨o⟩
2940:is pronounced as
2877:
2876:
2635:-al, -il, -ol, -l
2627:-ak, -ik, -ok, -k
2474:
2473:
2046:Henry Lorne Masta
1876:fortis consonants
1871:
1870:
1552:
1551:
1417:
1416:
1313:The English word
1169:state legislature
995:good river people
984:. Their own name
936:, western Maine)
752:Merry-Meeting Bay
702:First Abenaki War
698:King Philip's War
481:), also known as
454:
453:
417:
416:
399:rendering support
395:phonetic symbols.
156:
155:
136:may also be used.
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
7068:
6931:Hutterite German
6424:
6423:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6362:
6361:
6324:Proto-Algonquian
6156:Nipissing Ojibwa
6107:
6106:
5884:
5883:
5802:
5801:
5754:
5753:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5711:
5710:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5665:on March 2, 2013
5661:. Archived from
5648:
5646:
5644:
5635:. Archived from
5615:Abenaki language
5612:
5598:
5587:
5585:
5568:
5549:
5543:
5535:
5506:
5485:
5464:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5438:
5419:
5400:
5390:
5372:
5371:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5306:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5242:. Archived from
5232:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5050:. Archived from
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4990:Lindholm, Jane.
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4696:
4690:Roessel, Faith.
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:on July 20, 2012
4643:"Administration"
4639:
4633:
4632:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4495:. Archived from
4493:Native Languages
4485:
4479:
4478:
4473:. Archived from
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4442:. Archived from
4432:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4410:Abenaki language
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4343:
4337:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4221:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4179:
4146:
4141:pahakwinôgwezian
4138:= hello (casual)
4073:'mother-in-law'
4017:- 'proud, vain'
3912:'sinew, tendon'
3886:- 'speak, talk'
3684:
3679:
3649:
3633:
3630:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3334:Transitive verbs
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2883:The form of the
2763:
2760:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2637:
2629:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2496:
2488:
2058:
2057:
2001:mid-back rounded
1880:lenis consonants
1865:
1856:
1827:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1732:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1610:
1609:
1581:is a lower-high
1548:
1542:
1526:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1435:
1434:
1412:
1409:
1391:
1384:
1287:
1150:) and Nulhegan (
1136:Swanton, Vermont
1075:Alanis Obomsawin
1055:more work-->
1045:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1012:
1009:
1006:
999:
996:
993:
989:
983:
980:
977:
973:
959:Maritime Abenaki
760:a daylong battle
709:Queen Anne's War
480:
473:
472:
471:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan
419:
418:
376:
366:
359:
342:
335:
326:
306:
267:
189:
181:
180:
179:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan
160:
159:
151:
148:
142:
127:
121:
117:
111:
107:
101:
89:
88:
81:
74:
71:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7031:Abenaki culture
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
6998:
6960:
6926:Canadian Gaelic
6874:
6829:
6825:Coast Tsimshian
6793:
6765:
6727:
6664:
6616:
6583:
6495:
6415:
6394:
6389:
6359:
6354:
6329:
6309:Proto-languages
6304:
6279:
6252:
6203:
6185:
6092:
6058:
6011:
5984:
5963:Pidgin Delaware
5940:
5869:
5843:
5791:
5743:
5741:Algic languages
5738:
5668:
5666:
5651:
5642:
5640:
5625:
5605:
5565:
5537:
5536:
5482:
5449:
5447:
5446:. Language Geek
5442:Harvey, Chris.
5435:
5416:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5309:
5301:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4909:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4555:
4551:
4536:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4346:
4338:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4224:Western Abenaki
4222:
4219:
4210:Eastern Abenaki
4208:
4201:
4191:
4182:Eastern Abenaki
4180:
4176:
4171:
4158:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4094:bitawabagwizibo
4091:
4048:'Adam's apple'
3918:- 'let, allow'
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3669:=ta 'emphasis'
3626:
3609:
3578:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2797:you (singular)
2748:
2614:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2567:
2536:
2479:
2034:
1638:
1605:
1593:nasalized vowel
1433:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1397:needs expansion
1382:
1282:Aln8bak/Alnôbak
1249:Native American
1196:
1165:
1117:
1100:
1087:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1010:
1007:
1004:
997:
994:
991:
981:
978:
975:
961:
950:
926:
906:Eastern Abenaki
882:
832:
827:
802:
766:, on the upper
764:Fryeburg, Maine
682:
676:
615:knighted Chief
534:
512:of what is now
478:Alnôbaôdwawôgan
446:
435:Alnôbadôwawôgan
397:Without proper
385:
384:
362:
361:
355:
338:
337:
331:
330:
322:
307:
302:
296:
268:
265:Language family
263:
256:
252:
251:Native speakers
187:Alnôbaôdwawôgan
183:
169:
152:
146:
143:
137:
125:
119:
115:
113:transliteration
109:
105:
99:
90:
86:
75:
69:
66:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7074:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7016:
7015:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6965:Sign languages
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6860:Chinook Jargon
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6761:Nuu-chah-nulth
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:Miami–Illinois
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6181:Western Ojibwa
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6151:Eastern Ojibwa
6148:
6143:
6141:Central Ojibwa
6138:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6076:Mesquakie–Sauk
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5921:Mohegan–Pequot
5917:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5762:
5760:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5675:
5649:
5623:
5618:
5604:
5603:External links
5601:
5600:
5599:
5588:
5569:
5563:
5550:
5524:10.1086/681577
5518:(3): 301–335.
5507:
5486:
5480:
5465:
5456:
5439:
5433:
5420:
5414:
5401:
5392:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5360:10.1086/465683
5354:(2): 143–171.
5338:
5307:
5290:
5278:
5257:
5227:
5210:
5180:
5154:
5128:
5099:
5086:978-0557632107
5085:
5065:
5034:
5009:
4982:
4955:
4929:
4900:
4879:
4854:
4833:
4811:
4786:
4760:
4738:
4712:
4682:
4660:
4634:
4627:
4607:
4600:
4574:
4567:
4549:
4534:
4510:
4480:
4471:The New Yorker
4457:
4427:
4402:
4377:
4344:
4277:
4262:
4237:
4199:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4154:
4122:
4119:
4102:'Sorel River'
4100:masisoliantegw
4090:
4087:
3905:- 'incapable'
3769:
3766:
3713:
3710:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3625:
3622:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3483:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3406:
3405:
3331:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3241:w'paskhiganowô
3237:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3163:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3124:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:w- (o-) / wd-
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2687:
2674:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2613:
2612:Noun plurality
2610:
2566:
2563:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2042:Joseph Laurent
2033:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1997:
1994:apico-alveolar
1990:
1983:
1976:
1970:apico-alveolar
1966:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1935:apico-alveolar
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:apico-alveolar
1908:
1902:apico-alveolar
1898:
1891:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:Open-mid nasal
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1473:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1362:Raoul Trujillo
1319:, attested in
1264:In his novel,
1195:
1192:
1164:
1161:
1116:
1113:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1041:place of flint
1019:
1016:
960:
957:
949:
946:
930:Kennebec River
925:
922:
881:
876:
831:
828:
826:
823:
801:
798:
736:Sébastien Rale
678:Main article:
675:
672:
646:allocated two
533:
530:
452:
451:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
415:
414:
401:, you may see
387:
386:
378:
377:
369:
368:
353:
345:
344:
327:
319:
318:
317:Language codes
314:
313:
308:
304:Writing system
301:
298:
297:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
271:
269:
262:
259:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
235:
231:
230:
209:
205:
204:
195:
194:Native to
191:
190:
172:
171:
165:
164:
154:
153:
132:. Knowledge's
93:
91:
84:
77:
76:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7073:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:Broken Slavey
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5786:Nawathinehena
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5497:(2): 91–131.
5496:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5481:0-9738924-7-1
5477:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5250:September 12,
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5023:
5019:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4889:
4883:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4748:
4742:
4731:September 12,
4727:
4723:
4716:
4705:September 12,
4700:
4693:
4686:
4670:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4630:
4628:9781851096978
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4601:9780520051263
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4568:0-689-12000-1
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4115:
4114:'Burlington'
4113:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4066:'bear's den'
4065:
4061:
4060:- 'slippery'
4059:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:'sow, plant'
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:List of roots
3765:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:=ci 'future'
3657:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3559:
3555:
3549:I see him/her
3543:
3539:
3538:
3525:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:you will work
3488:
3484:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3454:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3432:Intransitive
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3393:
3378:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3319:
3304:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3242:
3238:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3205:
3204:k'paskiganowô
3201:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3168:
3167:k'paskhiganna
3164:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3128:n'paskhiganna
3125:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3087:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2975:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2899:forms become
2897:
2891:
2890:nd-, kd-, wd-
2886:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:you (plural)
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2559:agglutinative
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:bilabial stop
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:bilabial stop
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1591:is a rounded
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1395:This section
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1374:Jesse Bruchac
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:Tatanka Means
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:/'al.nɔ̃.bak/
1284:(pronounced:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Jesse Bruchac
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1108:Passamaquoddy
1105:
1097:
1096:Passamaquoddy
1093:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1033:
1015:
1001:
988:
979:broken talker
972:
967:
956:
953:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Passamaquoddy
845:
841:
837:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
624:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Massachusetts
578:
577:Patuxet tribe
574:
570:
566:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:Frank Siebert
515:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
466:
458:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
388:
382:
375:
370:
365:
358:
354:
352:
351:
346:
341:
334:
328:
325:
320:
315:
312:
309:
305:
299:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
275:
274:
270:
266:
260:
254:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:New Hampshire
225:
221:
217:
216:New Brunswick
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:United States
199:
196:
192:
188:
182:
173:
166:
161:
158:
150:
147:December 2022
140:
135:
131:
124:
114:
104:
97:
92:
83:
82:
73:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7004:
6991:
6951:Plautdietsch
6612:Inuvialuktun
6435:
6347:
6322:
6315:
6297:
6290:
6267:
6240:
6218:
6133:
6051:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6004:
5997:
5989:
5977:
5968:
5961:
5933:
5928:Narragansett
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5901:Massachusett
5893:
5784:
5770:
5667:. Retrieved
5663:the original
5656:
5641:. Retrieved
5637:the original
5630:
5593:
5573:
5554:
5540:cite journal
5515:
5511:
5494:
5490:
5470:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5424:
5405:
5396:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5334:LeSourd 2011
5286:Voorhis 1979
5281:
5248:. Retrieved
5244:the original
5239:
5230:
5220:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5192:
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5166:
5157:
5145:. Retrieved
5140:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5114:
5090:. Retrieved
5075:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:the original
5047:
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5021:
5012:
5000:. Retrieved
4995:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4968:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4942:
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4916:
4893:November 11,
4891:. Retrieved
4882:
4872:November 11,
4870:. Retrieved
4866:
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4836:
4828:the original
4823:
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4777:. Retrieved
4773:
4763:
4753:December 31,
4751:. Retrieved
4741:
4729:. Retrieved
4725:
4715:
4703:. Retrieved
4698:
4685:
4675:December 26,
4673:. Retrieved
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4637:
4617:
4610:
4583:
4577:
4558:
4552:
4520:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4497:the original
4492:
4483:
4475:the original
4470:
4460:
4450:February 21,
4448:. Retrieved
4444:the original
4439:
4430:
4413:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:
4380:
4273:LeSourd 2015
4246:
4240:
4227:
4213:
4185:
4177:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3771:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3701:conjunctions
3693:
3685:a 'in fact'
3639:=ka 'focus'
3627:
3610:
3579:
3413:languages).
3407:
3262:
2954:
2931:
2882:
2878:
2749:
2741:
2640:
2615:
2568:
2537:
2528:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2480:
2054:
2035:
2020:
1947:is a tense,
1758:
1727:
1702:
1689:
1673:
1660:
1606:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1421:
1418:
1408:January 2015
1405:
1401:adding to it
1396:
1343:
1337:
1335:for 'deer'.
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:Aln8bak News
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1277:Aln8bak News
1276:
1273:Aln8bak News
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:Thanksgiving
1252:
1246:
1234:Jeanne Brink
1230:
1220:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1129:
1118:
1101:
1062:
1053:
1034:
1021:
1002:
987:Wulastegniak
962:
954:
951:
942:
938:Androscoggin
927:
883:
836:Androscoggin
834:Amaseconti,
833:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
783:
772:
756:Norridgewock
728:Dummer's War
725:
706:
683:
674:Abenaki wars
665:
655:
637:
601:
592:
562:
560:
542:, historian
537:
535:
522:Amoscocongon
507:
503:
482:
468:
464:
463:
390:
348:
311:Latin script
287:
176:
157:
144:
130:ISO 639 code
126:}}
120:{{
116:}}
110:{{
106:}}
100:{{
95:
67:
56:
50:
44:
6789:Assiniboine
6678:Bella Coola
6597:Inuinnaqtun
6317:Proto-Algic
5990:Nanticockan
5834:Swampy Cree
5829:Plains Cree
5780:Gros Ventre
4779:January 20,
4653:October 30,
4440:Abbe Museum
4436:"Penobscot"
4395:October 25,
4386:"Penobscot"
4121:Other words
3973:- 'sneeze'
3943:- 'travel'
3861:- 'enough'
3705:noun phrase
3503:Transitive
3487:kd’aloka-ji
3344:), such as
3295:to be angry
3086:w'paskhigan
3049:k'paskhigan
3012:n'paskhigan
2867:they, them
2632:Inanimate:
2616:The plural
2581:zegweskimen
2316:c / j / dz
2038:orthography
2032:Orthography
1992:is a tense
1985:is a tense
1949:dorso-velar
1900:is a tense
1583:front vowel
1342:miniseries
1321:New England
1152:Brownington
1121:assimilated
910:Oswegatchie
734:missionary
696:in 1675 in
694:New England
648:seigneuries
617:Assacumbuit
587:to sell as
495:New England
475:, Western:
405:instead of
70:August 2024
7025:Categories
6688:Halkomelem
6501:Athabaskan
6491:Potawatomi
6428:Algonquian
6199:Potawatomi
6191:Potawatomi
6102:Potawatomi
6006:Piscataway
5860:Innu-aimun
5839:Woods Cree
5824:Moose Cree
5772:Besawunena
5749:Algonquian
5583:1993/18305
5379:References
5303:Warne 1975
4503:January 9,
4415:Ethnologue
4373:Beach 2004
4229:Ethnologue
4215:Ethnologue
4187:Ethnologue
4106:masipskwbi
4023:- 'vomit'
3992:'village'
3967:- 'grass'
3949:- 'dream'
3937:'be true'
3849:- 'sweep'
3444:it is good
3411:Algonquian
3225:w'kaozemwô
3188:k'kaozemwô
3151:k'kaozemna
3112:n'kaozemna
2932:Note that
2561:language.
2534:Morphology
2375:w / u / '
1924:velar stop
1603:Consonants
1574:'who' and
1302:Alnôbaôdwa
1298:Aln8ba8dwa
792:) and the
768:Saco River
644:New France
604:New France
573:Tisquantum
544:Diana Muir
483:Wôbanakiak
467:(Eastern:
278:Algonquian
6956:Ukrainian
6891:Cantonese
6756:Kwakʼwala
6655:Tuscarora
6622:Iroquoian
6602:Inuktitut
6574:Tsuutʼina
6524:Chipewyan
6519:Chilcotin
6446:Blackfoot
6441:Algonquin
6350:indicate
6292:Nansemond
6284:Uncertain
6236:Menominee
6226:Blackfoot
6119:Algonquin
5999:Nanticoke
5945:Delawaran
5855:Atikamekw
5814:East Cree
5758:Arapahoan
5689:Penobscot
5532:141980112
5450:March 12,
5444:"Abenaki"
5368:143643483
5274:Bach 2014
5203:April 17,
5173:April 17,
5147:April 17,
5121:April 17,
5092:April 19,
5058:April 18,
5027:April 18,
5002:April 17,
4847:March 22,
4804:March 22,
4544:651847175
4340:Day 1994a
4133:* = woman
4054:- 'kiss'
3986:- 'with'
3899:'tongue'
3867:- 'wake'
3478:it is hot
3424:Inanimate
3248:their gun
3232:their cow
3070:w'kaozema
2803:k- / kd-
2789:n- / nd-
2624:Animate:
2603:blueberry
2588:raspberry
2556:synthetic
2067:Allophone
2026:affricate
2013:is a lax
1942:resonants
1938:affricate
1922:is a lax
1916:resonants
1910:is a lax
1905:affricate
1893:is a lax
1888:resonants
1844:Semivowel
1746:Fricative
1716:Affricate
1570:'which',
1426:Phonology
1366:Massasoit
1358:Hobbamock
1338:The 2015
1242:Penobscot
1226:immersion
902:Becancour
898:Algonquin
894:Pennacook
860:Pigwacket
856:Penobscot
852:Patsuiket
819:badadesak
779:Casco Bay
748:Arrowsick
744:Brunswick
690:Metacomet
686:Wampanoag
684:When the
662:Bécancour
640:epidemics
613:Louis XIV
593:Mayflower
575:from the
569:Wampanoag
564:Mayflower
510:Penobscot
499:phonology
350:Glottolog
324:ISO 639-3
243:Penobscot
234:Ethnicity
184:Western:
175:Eastern:
6886:Mandarin
6741:Ditidaht
6733:Wakashan
6723:Thompson
6718:Squamish
6708:shíshálh
6698:Okanagan
6693:Lillooet
6670:Salishan
6645:Onondaga
6579:Tutchone
6534:Gwichʼin
6299:Pamunkey
6231:Cheyenne
6171:Oji-Cree
6146:Chippewa
6088:Kickapoo
6053:Powhatan
6036:Etchemin
5952:Delaware
4975:July 14,
4948:July 14,
4943:VTDigger
4922:July 23,
4156:See also
4117:Source:
4011:- 'ice'
3980:'child'
3961:- 'bad'
3874:'mouth'
3712:Numerals
3471:gezabeda
3427:Animate
3211:your gun
3195:your cow
3033:k'kaozem
2996:n'kaozem
2769:English
2766:Pronoun
2752:pronouns
2746:Pronouns
2730:-ak, -al
2697:-gw, -kw
2691:-ok, -ol
2618:suffixes
2552:prefixes
2548:suffixes
2074:Laurent
2023:alveolar
1973:sonorant
1963:sonorant
1959:bilabial
1886:between
1622:Alveolar
1617:Bilabial
1380:Dialects
1210:and the
1173:governor
1094:and the
1070:Montreal
974:meaning
914:Onondaga
864:Rocameca
844:Maliseet
840:Kennebec
770:(1725).
548:Iroquois
449:Wabanaki
444:Ndakinna
432:Language
411:Help:IPA
364:west2630
357:east2544
6921:Italian
6901:Spanish
6896:Punjabi
6820:Tlingit
6815:Kutenai
6805:Beothuk
6713:Shuswap
6703:Saanich
6660:Wyandot
6607:Inupiaq
6569:Tahltan
6514:Carrier
6476:Naskapi
6466:Miꞌkmaq
6436:Abenaki
6406:English
6348:Italics
6248:Shawnee
6047:Mi'kmaq
6023:Abenaki
5979:Mahican
5865:Naskapi
5766:Arapaho
5669:May 20,
5643:May 20,
4249:(152).
4162:Abenaki
4149:syncope
4112:baliten
4079:'sour'
3829:beskwan
3782:lexical
3754:= eight
3749:= seven
3747:tôbawôz
3742:ngwedôz
3729:= three
3696:clitics
3542:n’namiô
3531:to read
3508:giktawa
3369:to love
3338:subject
3325:to work
3285:to jump
3174:our gun
3158:our cow
3135:our gun
3119:our cow
3093:his gun
3077:his cow
3056:thy gun
3040:thy cow
2864:agmôwô
2756:affixes
2668:become
2656:; both
2571:animacy
2544:affixes
2542:) with
2491:nucleus
2305:c / ts
2291:c / ts
2242:s / ss
2193:k / kk
2144:t / tt
2099:p / pp
2062:Phoneme
1838:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1710:
1681:
1651:Plosive
1644:Glottal
1627:Palatal
1613:
1576:enigakw
1446:Central
1370:Squanto
1360:), and
1290:Abenaki
1188:powwows
1148:Jamaica
1144:Vermont
1140:Vermont
1115:Vermont
971:malisit
966:Mi'kmaq
872:Wewenoc
815:badades
811:aksenak
707:During
667:Wolinak
571:member
532:History
465:Abenaki
440:Country
407:Unicode
329:Either:
288:Abenaki
224:Vermont
163:Abenaki
139:See why
63:discuss
6916:German
6911:Arabic
6870:Michif
6855:Bungee
6779:Stoney
6771:Siouan
6746:Haisla
6650:Seneca
6640:Oneida
6635:Mohawk
6630:Cayuga
6564:Tagish
6559:Slavey
6554:Sekani
6549:Nicola
6529:Dogrib
6486:Ottawa
6481:Ojibwe
6471:Munsee
6411:French
6340:Pidgin
6336:Creole
6261:Others
6212:Others
6176:Ottawa
6111:Ojibwa
6098:Ojibwa
6016:Others
5957:Munsee
5848:Others
5819:Michif
5561:
5530:
5478:
5431:
5412:
5366:
5083:
4625:
4598:
4565:
4542:
4532:
4164:people
4131:phanem
4126:sanôba
4083:zôkwta
4071:zegwes
4039:tekwen
4015:pôlôba
4003:ôwigan
3996:ômilka
3947:legwas
3941:lakann
3764:= ten
3759:= nine
3757:noliwi
3752:nsôzek
3739:= five
3734:= four
3717:pazekw
3607:Syntax
3565:to eat
3453:nd’abi
3437:wligen
3392:wawtam
3384:to see
3377:namiha
3359:to see
3349:to hit
3342:object
3310:to sit
3275:to run
3220:their
3019:my gun
3003:my cow
2850:kiowô
2836:kiona
2822:niona
2783:I, me
2720:after
2717:-k, -l
2694:after
2681:after
2650:after
2477:Stress
2467:o / w
2428:e / u
2408:i (ɛ)
2405:i (ɛ)
2372:w / u
2267:s / z
2218:k / g
2169:t / d
2121:p / b
2071:Masta
2050:Odanak
1968:is an
1961:nasal
1933:is an
1930:words.
1919:'hit'.
1884:voiced
1637:Labio-
1431:Vowels
1329:Muhmum
1325:segôkw
1146:Elnu (
1066:Quebec
1059:Canada
990:means
918:Oneida
890:Sokoki
870:, and
868:Sokoni
775:Boston
750:, and
740:Yankee
732:Jesuit
721:Mohawk
688:under
657:Odanak
589:slaves
526:Caniba
491:Quebec
422:People
383:(ELP).
245:(1982)
239:Abnaki
237:1,800
212:Quebec
208:Region
198:Canada
6810:Haida
6798:other
6784:Sioux
6683:Comox
6589:Inuit
6544:Kaska
6344:Mixed
6275:Yurok
6269:Wiyot
5970:Unami
5528:S2CID
5364:S2CID
4695:(PDF)
4169:Notes
4128:= man
4064:wôgas
4058:wazas
4046:tôgan
4027:skoôb
4021:segag
4009:pkwam
3990:odana
3978:nijôn
3971:nakwh
3929:kwaji
3923:kezen
3903:jajal
3897:ilalo
3890:gwesi
3841:cegas
3822:basoj
3798:akika
3762:mdala
3744:= six
3737:nôlan
3724:= two
3719:= one
3524:agida
3460:I sit
3318:aloka
3290:, or
3259:Verbs
3183:your
2808:agma
2772:Term
2575:nouns
2565:Nouns
2515:In a
1999:is a
1978:is a
1957:is a
1784:Nasal
1639:velar
1632:Velar
1562:is a
1555:is a
1458:Close
1441:Front
1333:nolke
1316:skunk
1238:Maine
1098:Tribe
968:word
807:asken
788:(see
717:Casco
713:Wells
608:Métis
585:Spain
514:Maine
273:Algic
220:Maine
46:split
6456:Innu
6451:Cree
6081:Sauk
5895:Loup
5806:Cree
5671:2013
5645:2013
5559:ISBN
5546:link
5476:ISBN
5452:2007
5429:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5252:2019
5236:"TV"
5205:2017
5175:2017
5149:2017
5123:2017
5094:2017
5081:ISBN
5060:2017
5029:2017
5004:2017
4977:2023
4969:WCAX
4950:2023
4924:2013
4895:2012
4874:2012
4849:2010
4824:WMUR
4806:2010
4781:2011
4755:2014
4733:2019
4707:2019
4677:2012
4655:2012
4623:ISBN
4596:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4540:OCLC
4530:ISBN
4505:2024
4452:2016
4397:2011
4136:kwai
4077:zowi
4052:waja
4033:spôz
3953:lina
3884:gelo
3878:gata
3816:azow
3810:aodi
3804:alem
3792:adag
3778:stem
3774:root
3558:miji
3389:and
3315:and
3145:incl
3106:excl
3102:our
3065:his
3028:thy
2794:kia
2780:nia
2736:o, i
2723:a, ô
2684:g, k
2671:-jik
2665:-tik
2662:and
2659:-dik
2653:d, t
2596:zata
2550:and
2540:root
2044:and
1572:enna
1568:enni
1532:Open
1451:Back
1130:The
1090:The
932:and
916:and
777:and
241:and
103:lang
55:and
6539:Hän
5578:hdl
5520:doi
5499:doi
5356:doi
4996:VPR
4588:hdl
4412:at
4251:hdl
4226:at
4212:at
4184:at
3984:nsp
3965:msk
3959:mad
3916:jig
3910:jat
3872:don
3865:dok
3859:dab
3853:cow
3847:cik
3835:bid
3732:iaw
3727:nas
3722:nis
3674:=hp
3303:abi
2991:my
2982:gun
2969:cow
2917:or
2706:or
2678:-il
2647:-ik
2573:of
2502:not
2495:/ə/
2487:/ə/
2450:ɔ̃
2447:ɔ̃
2400:hl
2397:lh
2394:'l
2294:ch
2281:ch
2278:'c
2232:sh
2229:'s
2183:kh
2180:'k
2132:'t
2088:--
2085:ph
2082:'p
1730:d͡z
1724:t͡s
1493:Mid
1403:.
1300:or
1081:).
908:),
821:.
715:to
536:In
489:of
393:IPA
340:abe
333:aaq
123:IPA
65:)
61:. (
7027::
7008:-
5655:.
5629:.
5542:}}
5538:{{
5526:.
5516:81
5514:.
5495:53
5493:.
5362:.
5352:47
5350:.
5310:^
5293:^
5260:^
5238:.
5191:.
5165:.
5139:.
5113:.
5102:^
5046:.
5020:.
4994:.
4967:.
4941:.
4915:.
4903:^
4865:.
4822:.
4789:^
4772:.
4724:.
4697:.
4594:.
4538:.
4528:.
4524:.
4491:.
4469:.
4438:.
4388:.
4347:^
4280:^
4265:^
4202:^
3935:la
3772:A
3682:kʷ
3647:kʷ
3644:=a
3364:,
3354:,
3280:,
2926:k-
2920:k-
2914:g-
2908:k-
2902:o-
2896:w-
2470:o
2464:o
2461:o
2456:ô
2453:8
2442:a
2439:a
2436:a
2433:a
2425:e
2422:ə
2419:ə
2414:i
2411:i
2389:l
2386:l
2383:l
2380:l
2369:w
2366:w
2361:h
2358:h
2355:h
2352:h
2347:n
2344:n
2341:n
2338:n
2333:m
2330:m
2327:m
2324:m
2319:j
2313:j
2308:c
2302:c
2299:j
2288:c
2275:c
2270:z
2264:z
2259:s
2256:s
2253:s
2250:z
2245:s
2239:s
2226:s
2221:g
2215:g
2210:k
2207:k
2204:k
2201:g
2196:k
2190:k
2177:k
2172:d
2166:d
2161:t
2158:t
2155:t
2152:d
2147:t
2141:t
2129:t
2124:b
2118:b
2113:p
2110:p
2107:p
2104:b
2096:p
2093:p
2079:p
2052:.
1705:ɡʷ
1699:kʷ
1524:ɔ̃
900:,
892:,
874:.
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
842:,
838:,
796:.
746:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
200:,
108:,
7012:
6384:e
6377:t
6370:v
6342:/
6338:/
6100:–
5733:e
5726:t
5719:v
5673:.
5647:.
5586:.
5580::
5567:.
5548:)
5534:.
5522::
5505:.
5501::
5484:.
5454:.
5437:.
5418:.
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5305:.
5288:.
5276:.
5254:.
5207:.
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4851:.
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4507:.
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4275:.
4259:.
4253::
4151:.
4069:-
4044:-
4001:-
3976:-
3921:-
3908:-
3895:-
3870:-
3827:-
3677:ə
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3552:'
3546:'
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1882:(
1863:w
1854:j
1825:l
1797:n
1790:m
1776:h
1761:z
1755:s
1692:ɡ
1686:k
1676:d
1670:t
1663:b
1657:p
1546:ɑ
1543:~
1540:a
1506:ə
1499:e
1485:ʊ
1482:~
1479:o
1470:i
1467:~
1464:ɪ
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1364:(
1356:(
1296:(
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