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is the essence of liberty. Nor does it deny the possibility that B might accept a duty to A to give a benefit to C. In that situation, C would have no right and would have to rely on A to enforce the duty. The truth is that liberty is significant from both a legal and a moral point of view because only liberty ensures that an individual has control over his or her choices on whether and how to act. If something interferes with this choice, the natural reaction is to resent it and to seek a remedy. The correlative between right and duty inevitably describes the way in which two people are limited in their choices to act, and the outside observer cannot capture the legal and moral implications without examining the nature of the right held by A. Hence, this relationship is qualitatively different. An interference with liberty would be considered wrongful without having to ask for detailed evidence. Yet whether A's relationship with B is morally suspect could only be determined by evaluating evidence on precisely what B's duty requires B to do or not to do.
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people are multital (or "in rem"). A contract right is paucital (or "in personam") because it can be enforced only against the specific parties to the contract. A property right is multital (or "in rem") because a landowner has the right to exclude not only specific people from his land but the "whole world". The landowner has many rights, privileges, powers, and immunities; his multital rights are composed of many paucital rights. For example, the owner has a right that others do not step on his land but there is not just one such right against a mass of persons (the community), but many separate although usually identical paucital rights with this content (as many instances as there are people in the community). This is what
Hohfeld calls "multital" rights.
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pleases because B has no duty to refrain from doing it. Each individual is located within a matrix of relationships with other individuals. By summing the rights held and duties owed across all these relationships, the analyst can identify both the degree of liberty — A would have perfect liberty if A has no duty to refrain from acting and others have a duty never to interfere with A's actions — and whether the concept of liberty is comprised by commonly followed practices, thereby establishing general moral principles and
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understanding rights in general is wrong. In particular, Hohfeld demonstrates that there is no such thing as a legal relation between a person and a thing, since a legal relation always operates between two people. As the legal relations between any two people are complex, it is helpful to break them down into their simplest forms. Legal rights do not correspond to single
Hohfeldian relations, but are compounds of them. A right can be defined as an aggregate of the Hohfeldian relations with other people.
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had to play mediator, calm down a frustrated
Hohfeld, and explain to the president the deal which Hohfeld had worked out between the two law schools. Hohfeld then exercised his right to stay at Yale, apparently because he believed Yale students would come around, like his former Stanford students who had already begun to express their gratitude for the utility of his ideas. He continued to teach at Yale until his death in 1918. He died on October 21, 1918, in
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which deals with principles of law and the legal systems through which the law is applied. Hohfeld's contribution was to simplify; he created a very precise analysis which distinguished between fundamental legal concepts and then identified the framework of relationships between them. His work offers
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Consider also the definition of liberty. In
Hohfeldian analysis, liberty is defined by an absence both of a duty and of a right. B is free because he has no duty to refrain from acting and because A has no right that he not act. That does not deny that B might decide to do what A wants because that
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Hohfeld replaces the concept of "right in personam" by "paucital right" and "right in rem" by a compound or aggregate of "multital rights". Rights held by a person against one or a few definite persons are paucital (or "in personam"), and rights held by a person against a large indefinite class of
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rights", there is a direct relationship between a person and a thing. Real rights are in this respect unlike claim rights or "rights in personam", which by nature must be exercised against a person, the best example being when someone is owed money by another. Hohfeld demonstrates that this way of
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When
Hohfeld started teaching at Yale in 1914, many of his students signed a petition to Yale's president to send him back to Stanford. They were terrified he would flunk them for their inability to master his strange ideas. When the president told Hohfeld to take it easy on his students, Corbin
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Hohfeld argued that right and duty are correlative concepts, i.e. the one must always be matched by a claim about the other. If A has a right against B, this is equivalent to B having a duty to honor A's right. If B has no duty, that means that B has a privilege, i.e. B can do whatever he or she
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offered
Hohfeld a professorship on the basis of that article. Hohfeld cleverly applied his own ideas about "rights" and "privileges" to the deal he struck with Yale and Stanford: after one academic year, he would have the "right" to a permanent faculty appointment at Yale and the "privilege" of
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a sophisticated method for deconstructing broad legal principles into their component elements. By showing how legal relationships are connected to each other, the resulting analysis illuminates policy implications and identifies the issues which arise in practical decision making.
47:(1913) and (1917) that had been partially revised in anticipation of publication in longer form. Editorial work was undertaken to complete the revisions and the book was published with the inclusion of the manuscript notes that Hohfeld had left, plus seven other essays.
111:(which collapsed in 2003). After Alexander Morrison died in 1921, Hohfeld's brother Edward obtained the permission of Morrison's widow, May Treat Morrison, to use the Morrison name for his new law firm: Morrison, Hohfeld, Foerster, Shuman and Clark.
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by breaking it into eight distinct concepts. To eliminate ambiguity, he defined these terms relative to one another, grouping them into four pairs of jural opposites and four pairs of jural correlatives.
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Luca
Fiorito and Massimiliano Vatiero (2011), "Beyond Legal Relations: Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's Influence on American Institutionalism". Journal of Economics Issues, 45 (1): 199-222.
122:, where he became a full-time professor and taught from 1905 to 1914. He also continued to work as a consultant to the Morrison firm on various matters, such as the division of
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Hohfeld's obituary, "Wesley
Newcomb Hohfeld", 28 Yale Law Journal 166 (1918) and Walter W. Cook, "Hohfeld's Contributions to the Science of Law", 28 Yale Law Journal 721 (1918).
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returning to
Stanford, while Stanford agreed to grant him the "privilege" of leave for one year or longer, with the "right" to return to Stanford after one academic year.
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Dictionary of
American Biography 5:124 (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1933); Guide to American Law 6:58 (St. Paul, West Publishing 1984);
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Vatiero, Massimiliano (2010), "From W. N. Hohfeld to J. R. Commons, and Beyond? A "Law and Economics" Enquiry on Jural Relations",
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In 1958, Edward Hohfeld, as trustee of the May Treat Morrison Foundation, endowed a chair at Yale in his late brother's memory.
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published Hohfeld's landmark article, "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning". According to
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for one year with the San Francisco law firm of Morrison, Cope & Brobeck, the distant ancestor of two large law firms:
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Perry, Thomas. "A Paradigm of Philosophy: Hohfeld on Legal Rights", 14 American Philosophical Quarterly 41 (January 1977).
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Hohfeld, Wesley. "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Legal Reasoning," 23 Yale Law Journal 16 (1913).
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Cullison, Allen. "A Review of Hohfeld's Fundamental Legal Concepts", 16 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 559 (1967).
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Hohfeld defines the correlatives in terms of the relationships between two individuals. In the theory of "
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Cook, Walter Wheeler. "Hohfeld's Contribution to the Science of Law," 28 Yale Law Journal 721 (1918).
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is named after him. The chair is currently occupied by Gideon Yaffe as of 2019 and was last held by
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896:, Yale University Press (1946). The article appeared earlier at 26 Yale Law Journal 710 (1917).
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Wesley Hohfeld A Century Later: Edited Work, Select Personal Papers, and Original Commentaries
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Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays
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Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays
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Perry, Thomas. "Reply in Defense of Hohfeld," 37 Philosophical Studies 203 (1980).
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Hohfeld noticed that even respected jurists conflate various meanings of the term
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The work remains a powerful contribution to modern understanding of the nature of
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931:"How to Do Things With Hohfeld," 78 Law and Contemporary Problems 185 (2015).
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The Legal Rights Debate in Analytical Jurisprudence from Bentham to Hohfeld
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Hohfeld briefly taught as an instructor at the law school then called the
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786:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
756:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
710:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
673:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
640:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
582:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
549:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
519:. In Smith, Henry E.; Balganesh, Shyamkrishna; Sichelman, Ted M. (eds.).
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708:"Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld: On the Difficulty of Becoming a Law Professor"
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Taking the Right Seriously: Hohfeldian Semiotics and Rights Discourse
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22:(August 9, 1879 – October 21, 1918) was an American
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Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning
886:. "Legal Analysis and Terminology", 29 Yale Law Journal 163 (1919).
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502:"Gideon Yaffe to Present Inaugural Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld Lecture"
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Hohfeld is also credited as the progenitor of the concept of the
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903:. Arthur Corbin, ed. (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press (1978)
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Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning
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articles. After his death the material forming the basis of
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714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 494–517.
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Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb & Cook, Walter Wheeler (ed.):
790:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
760:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
677:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
644:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
586:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
553:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
523:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–96.
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58:. To reflect Hohfeld's continuing importance, a chair at
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Morrison & Foerster LLP: The Evolution of a Law Firm
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After returning to California after graduation, Hohfeld
854:. St. Paul: American Law Institute Publishers (1936).
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During his brief life, he published only a handful of
188:, although Hohfeld himself never used the term. The
78:, in 1879. He graduated first in his class from the
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was derived from two articles first published in the
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Merrill, Thomas W.; Smith, Henry E. (January 2014).
784:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
754:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
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671:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
638:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
614:. San Francisco: Morrison & Foerster. p. 32
580:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
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517:"Selected Personal Papers of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
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Teaching Wesley Hohfeld's Theory of Legal Relations
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26:. He was the author of the seminal
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393:Claim rights and liberty rights
361:Examples of Hohfeldian analysis
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192:'s first Reporter of Property,
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107:(still in business today), and
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870:University of Miami Law Review
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84:Phi Beta Kappa
71:
68:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1785:
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1570:Legal realism
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1096:Legal history
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1037:Jurisprudence
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867:
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862:Balkin, J. M.
859:
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849:
848:
836:(2): 681–708.
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453:November 2008
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194:Harry Bigelow
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174:Jurisprudence
166:
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135:Arthur Corbin
132:
129:In 1913, the
127:
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101:practiced law
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64:Jules Coleman
61:
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48:
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31:
29:
25:
21:
1668:Usul al-Fiqh
1666:
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1645:Legal system
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1513:Law's Empire
1511:
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1116:Philosophers
1058:Legal theory
985:
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736:
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726:(At p. 510.)
711:
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616:. Retrieved
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388:Civil rights
376:
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355:civil rights
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152:endocarditis
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42:
38:
32:
27:
19:
18:
1748:1918 deaths
1743:1879 births
1590:Paternalism
1585:Natural law
1447:(c. 355 BC)
1294:Montesquieu
1086:Legal norms
802:(At p. 91.)
772:(At p. 90.)
689:(At p. 87.)
656:(At p. 81.)
618:October 29,
598:(At p. 80.)
565:(At p. 79.)
535:(At p. 76.)
445:introducing
331:Disability
268:Disability
126:'s estate.
1737:Categories
1697:Law portal
1324:Petrażycki
1314:Pashukanis
1309:Olivecrona
1244:Hägerström
1159:Blackstone
997:at HIIT.fi
876:(5): 1119.
428:references
409:References
326:Liability
273:Liability
178:philosophy
35:law review
1457:(c. 1270)
1339:Pufendorf
1274:Llewellyn
1134:Aristotle
343:privilege
321:No-right
319:Privilege
261:Privilege
258:No-right
1687:Category
1609:Concepts
1575:Legalism
1527:Theories
1414:Voegelin
1384:Scaevola
1344:Radbruch
1319:Perelman
1304:Nussbaum
1249:Jellinek
1214:Habermas
1209:Gurvitch
1179:Durkheim
1149:Beccaria
991:Archived
919:42893752
864:(1990).
737:see also
403:Property
382:See also
329:Immunity
271:Immunity
205:Overview
30:(1919).
1722:changes
1635:Justice
1389:Schmitt
1379:Savigny
1359:Reinach
1284:Maistre
1279:Luhmann
1254:Jhering
1204:Grotius
1189:Ehrlich
1184:Dworkin
1174:Cardozo
1154:Bentham
1144:Bastiat
1129:Aquinas
441:improve
285:
282:
227:
224:
56:liberty
1617:Dharma
1517:(1986)
1507:(1980)
1497:(1961)
1487:(1934)
1477:(1820)
1467:(1748)
1419:Walzer
1399:Suárez
1364:Renner
1329:Posner
1299:Müller
1264:Kelsen
1239:Hobbes
1219:Haller
1199:Fuller
1194:Finnis
1164:Bobbio
1139:Austin
917:
856:Review
794:
764:
718:
681:
648:
590:
557:
527:
430:, but
367:in rem
215:rights
158:. The
70:Career
52:rights
24:jurist
1434:Works
1424:Weber
1409:Unger
1404:Stahl
1394:Shang
1349:Rawls
1334:Pound
1269:Leoni
1234:Hegel
1124:Alexy
1048:Index
915:JSTOR
339:right
324:Power
316:Duty
314:Right
266:Power
263:Duty
256:Right
211:right
150:, of
1443:Laws
1374:Rumi
1369:Ross
1289:Marx
1259:Kant
1229:Hart
1169:Bork
792:ISBN
762:ISBN
716:ISBN
679:ISBN
646:ISBN
620:2023
588:ISBN
555:ISBN
525:ISBN
483:The
341:and
1354:Raz
1224:Han
956:doi
1739::
1651:Li
1624:Fa
952:69
950:,
938:.
874:44
872:.
868:.
834:79
832:.
828:.
816:^
744:^
694:^
661:^
628:^
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357:.
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137:,
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
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466:)
460:(
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451:(
437:.
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