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However, he never altered his campaign message in 1972, even after the
Republican-controlled Colorado General Assembly redrew the state's district lines to include largely liberal precincts in the Fourth District. "Wayne Aspinall represents all the interests because all the people have interest in our resources," his campaign said, continuing to target the miners, ranchers, and loggers that lived on the Western Slope. He never attempted to alter his message to assuage the concerns of his new liberal constituents.
354:, the proposed 525-foot (160 m) high dam would have created a 43,000 acre (170 km) lake, flooding the Green River Canyon for 63 miles (101 km) and the Yampa River Canyon for 44 miles (71 km). However, because of increased environmental awareness around the country, the majority of the public opposed the project. In 1954 alone, the Department of the Interior received 20,000 pieces of mail about the plan, and one insider estimated the letters ran 80 to 1 in opposition of the project.
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however, pushed the plan through because he realized that as a strong proponent of public water development, it seemed contradictory for him to block reclamation projects that benefited others. The bill passed in August 1962 when
Aspinall attained a plan calling for the construction of a 28,000 acre-foot (35,000,000 m) reservoir on the Roaring Fork River near Aspen, which would compensate the Western Slope for its loss of water.
621:, employed the same strategy that Perchlik and Barnes used two years previously. Merson attacked Aspinall for being slow to recognize developing energy problems, promoting policies that fed constant growth, building needless water projects, and being a tool of special interests. Merson received extensive external aid, accepting endorsements from
478:(Bridge Canyon Dam), with the other on the edge of the Grand Canyon (Marble Canyon Dam). Aspinall originally supported this, claiming it would generate revenue for all Colorado River Basin states. In turn, however, he demanded that his district receive five reclamation projects for his support. Several congressmen, including Arizona senator
508:" water projects, eliminating the other three (among others). Furthermore, no new major reclamation projects were approved during the rest of the era, partly because Aspinall's heavy-handed demands that constrained the legislation broke apart the western coalition of politicians that supported the construction of water projects.
520:(PLLRC) in 1965. The PLLRC reviewed all federal regulations affecting the control and uses of the nation's public lands and recommended changes that would help the federal government manage these areas more efficiently. Aspinall served as the commission's chair for the entirety of its existence, from 1965 until 1970.
222:, said that the environmental movement had seen "dream after dream dashed on the stony continents of Wayne Aspinall." The congressman returned the animosity, calling environmentalists "over-indulged zealots" and "aristocrats" to whom "balance means nothing." This battle shaped Aspinall's congressional career.
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Environmentalists vehemently opposed the CAP because of its detriment to the scenery of the Grand Canyon. Aspinall would later say "We viewed the development of the river as the only reasonable, practicable, safe, and logical way for millions of
Americans and visitors to enjoy the canyon bottom which
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From 1966 to 1968, Aspinall took on the final significant water project battle of his congressional career. The purpose of the
Colorado River Basin Project, according to supporters, was to build dams to generate revenue and energy for communities in the Lower Basin of the Colorado River without using
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Fry-Ark demonstrated
Aspinall's resolve to proliferate the amount of publicly funded water projects throughout the West, pitting him against the wishes of the majority of his constituents in the early 1960s. He quickly regained favor with them, however, when its precedent eventually brought more dams
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for president in 1976. He also pressed for further exploration of oil shale in the late 1970s, serving on the board of directors for the Paraho Oil Shale
Demonstration, Inc., hoping to lead the country to an alternative energy source to end American reliance on oil during the energy crisis caused by
401:, which flowed to a drier climate in the southeast part of the state. Because the Front Range (Boulder, Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo) had a tremendous population advantage over the Western Slope, most of the state favored the project. Precedent for this maneuver had been set in 1937 with the
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Aspinall favored dams and water reclamation projects for several reasons: (1) the power they generated; (2) general recreational use; and (3) he felt the key to
Western economic prosperity lay in obtaining permanent stored supply of water for economic purposes. In Aspinall's mind, Americans had many
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of
Colorado's First District, did not survive 1970's primary season, however. A young liberal lawyer from Denver, Craig Barnes, defeated Rogers (although Barnes himself lost the general election). Rogers had a similar philosophy and legislative record to Aspinall, seemingly foreshadowing Aspinall's
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philosophy. He believed in limited federal involvement in western land and water issues; to him, localities could better decide the uses of their resources. "When I was young…I lived outside the little town of
Palisade, and the townspeople always seemed to call the shots. Then I moved to Palisade,
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Aspinall proposed HR 9211 in his final session in
Congress to implement many of the PLLRC's recommendations, but it failed to pass. During the height of the environmental movement, many of these suggestions were unacceptable to the public. However, later bills spawned from the ideas in the PLLRC,
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Because he wanted to focus the House's efforts on the CRSP in the mid-'50s, Aspinall tabled Fry-Ark until 1960. However, when the issue resurfaced, Aspinall's opinion created controversy in his own district. Many of his constituents disapproved of sending their water to the Front Range. Aspinall,
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In 1954 and 1955, environmentalists defeated the controversial aspects of the CRSP. In '55, Aspinall conceded that for the bill to pass, he needed to sacrifice the Echo Park plan. Several more compromises between the two sides gave way to the Colorado River Storage Act of 1956 (Public Law 485, in
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Environmentalists blasted its findings. The Sierra Club accused the study of being "oriented toward maximum immediate commercial exploitation..." predicated upon a world with an "ever-expanding economy and unlimited resources." Others stated that the report only considered studies and opinions
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pass, he dropped the original request of 55 million acres (220,000 km) of protected wilderness to only 9.1 million acres (37,000 km). He also inserted a clause, called the "1984 clause," that allowed mining interests to still have access to many of these areas until December 31, 1983.
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The degree to which Aspinall appreciated the challenge of liberal Democrats is debated. He did say that "this drive toward liberalism, organization of committees, etc., is causing me to wonder if I haven't reached the place where I should let some younger and more militant person take over."
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challenged Aspinall in the Fourth District Democratic primary. Although Aspinall won by over 11,000 votes in his first primary challenge since 1948, Perchlik's campaign portrayed Aspinall as old (74 at the time) and out of touch with the ideals of liberals on the war and the environment. The
429:
and western politicians like Aspinall. When the Wilderness bill first came to the House in 1961, Aspinall employed various stall tactics to never allow the popular bill out of the Interior Committee. He continued this through 1962 and into '63, earning him the wrath of the country's
437:. Aspinall greatly desired a public land review commission (see below), while one of Kennedy's primary goals was the passage of the Wilderness Act. Aspinall agreed to release the bill in exchange for the administration's cooperation with the land commission. (Also,
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opportunities to enjoy scenic areas, so damming a few of them would not hurt the country. After his career, he boasted that he had brought over $ 1 billion worth of water projects to his district. According to his observers, he "never met a dam he didn't like."
305:
Colorado history remembers Aspinall as one of the state's most influential politicians. Known as "The Chairman," he led the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee during a period that defined future water and land policy in the United States. Colorado governor
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His service in the U.S. House ended in 1972 with his loss in the Fourth District Democratic primary. However, Aspinall remained active in politics. He voiced his opinions on the need for the United States to become self-reliant for its energy needs, pushing
457:
Despite these concessions, the House passed it 373-1 and Lyndon Johnson signed it in September. The act also refused to turn over exclusive power to the executive branch, keeping some power in Congress for public land oversight. Ironically, the
1984:
486:
to date so few have had an opportunity to visit or view." However, during the debate, the Sierra Club mocked that philosophy, purchasing an ad in national newspapers in July 1966. "Should we also flood the
246:, when he enlisted in the armed services (the Air Service of the Signal Corps). He returned to DU after his discharge and graduated in 1919. After several years of teaching around the state, he enrolled in
657:
However, redistricting still favored Republicans, despite the liberal Merson's victory. Moving urban voters into the Fourth split the Democratic vote and consolidated Republican strength. Merson lost to
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challenger also accused "The Chairman" of being too connected to the extractive special interests and railed against him for his role in what reformers viewed as a flawed seniority system in Congress.
1979:
294:
always seemed to call the shots. Then I went to the state Legislature, and the Eastern Slope…seemed to call the shots. And in Congress, the big metropolitan areas seemed to hold all the marbles."
500:
Of those five, only two were eventually built (Dolores and Dallas Creek). The Animas-La Plata project is currently under construction, and is one of the last major water projects in the West.
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reservoirs. For his compromise, Aspinall gained five other reclamation projects and three hydroelectric dams for the Fourth District. The bill passed the House 256–136 in March 1956 and then-
1316:
698:
310:, a Democrat who had several ideological differences with Aspinall, remarked that "o one in our history has done more to win Colorado a place at the table in Washington." He had a son,
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Sturgeon, Steven Craig. Wayne Aspinall and the Politics of Western Water. Doctoral Thesis. History, 1998, University of Colorado at Boulder. Directed by Prof. Patricia Nelson Limerick.
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in California for half of the decade until its passage in 1968, and they saw this as more evidence that he served as a mouthpiece for the extractive industries' interests in Congress.
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Sensing that he couldn't break the stalemate, Aspinall dropped the Grand Canyon dams from the CRPB in late August 1967. The bill eventually passed in the middle of 1968, creating the
743:
Aspinall, Wayne N. Papers, Election Files and Grand Junction Office Files. 1948–1973. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries, Archives. Accessed February 27, 2006.
334:(CRSP) came before Congress in the early to mid-1950s. The bill, sponsored by Wayne Aspinall and several western allies, called for damming several areas in the Upper Basin of the
497:. However, in exchange for this compromise, Aspinall did receive five projects for Colorado (the Dallas Creek, Animas-La Plata, West Divide, San Miguel, and Dolores projects).
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2009:
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Using the young, liberal vote on the Front Range, Merson defeated Aspinall in the primary 53% to 47%. History credits Aspinall's loss to his age, the strength of the
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as a captain in Military Government during 1943 and 1944 as well. In 1948, he chose to run for national office, hoping for it to be a stepping stone to
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1974:
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594:, reformers gained control of the Democratic Party. They jumped on the opportunity to remove one of the party's most conservative members.
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One of the first comprehensive pieces of environmental legislation during the era faced a lengthy battle in Congress between Presidents
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474:(CAP). CAP supporters, among other demands, wanted to build two dams, one that would flood Grand Canyon National Monument and part of
2004:
1989:
647:, having named Aspinall to their 1972 "Dirty Dozen" list of biggest congressional enemies to the environment, also endorsed Merson.
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All public-land issues should be concentrated under a new Department of Natural Resources, with committees in the House and Senate
1994:
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favorable to Aspinall's political ideology. Many citizens were also still unhappy with Aspinall for blocking the creation of the
207:, of which he was the chairman from 1959 to 1973. Aspinall focused the majority of his efforts on Western land and water issues.
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The Secretary of the Interior's power to withdraw public lands from development without Congressional approval should be limited
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Congress should have greater say in the uses of public land because the executive branch exerted too much singular influence
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Aspinall resumed the practice of law, was a resident of Palisade, Colo., until his death there October 9, 1983; he was
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The final report came out on June 23, 1970. Titled "One Third of the Nation's Lands," it gave 137 recommendations to
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Kennedy's concession in 1963 to enact the Wilderness Act gave Aspinall the go-ahead to organize his pet project, the
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Schulte, Steven C. Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002.
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After over two decades in office, the turbulent forces of the 1960s and early '70s caught up with Aspinall. With
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in 1972, and the redistricting that cost "The Chairman" much of his conservative support on the Western Slope.
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Regional mining, timber, and grazing needs should be supported to increase economic growth in local communities
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chapter 203), which called for the creation of other irrigation projects and several large dams, including the
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662:, who had been Aspinall's unsuccessful Republican opponent in 1966, in the general election in November 1972.
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named Aspinall their "Conservationist of the Year" in 1964 for his role in the eventual passage of the bill.
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346:. This became a volatile issue between environmentalists and water project advocates. Located just below the
273:
Living on Colorado's Western Slope defined Aspinall's political ideology. His family had traditionally voted
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Aspinall stayed relatively active after leaving office in January 1973. He crossed party lines and endorsed
1244:
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639:. The environmental lobby provided most of the support to Merson's campaign, with $ 20,000 coming from the
482:, saw this as action as a move that held the state hostage, and many would come to resent Aspinall for it.
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735:(Finding Aid), University of Denver Libraries, Anderson Academic Commons, University of Denver, 2013
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disillusioned Aspinall. However, despite becoming a Democrat, his rural roots shaped a relatively
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This plan, originally proposed in 1951, called for water diversion out of the Frying Pan and
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His actions supporting resource development often drew the ire of the increasingly powerful
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http://digital.library.du.edu/findingaids/view?docId=ead/m008.xml;query=;brand=default
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Guide to the Wayne Aspinall Papers at the University of Denver, retrieved 2014-09-25.
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took up and pushed through many of his legislative goals because of public empathy.)
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
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on November 22, 1963 created an ethos in Washington that essentially made Kennedy a
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environmentalists, preservationist politicians, and a large amount of the public.
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much of the Upper Basin's river water. The primary focus of the project was the
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The politics of western water: the congressional career of Wayne Aspinall
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The politics of western water: the congressional career of Wayne Aspinall
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declared a "Hit List" in 1977 on what he felt was wasteful spending on "
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Members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
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693:, and his ashes were interred at Orchard Mesa Municipal Cemetery,
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Democratic Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives
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States should have a greater say in how public lands are managed
465:
Colorado River Basin Act of 1968 and the Central Arizona Project
442:
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in Denver and graduated in 1925. In 1930, he won a seat in the
180:
1888:
578:
gaining strength throughout the country by protesting the
270:. However, he would stay in the U.S. House for 24 years.
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Aspinall's friend and colleague, Democratic congressman
179:(April 3, 1896 – October 9, 1983) was an American
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and reclamation projects back to the Fourth District.
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However, in November 1963 Aspinall made a deal with
366:. Other projects created from the CRSP included the
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490:so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" it asked.
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909:United States House Committee on Natural Resources
2010:Speakers of the Colorado House of Representatives
546:The federal government should help stimulate the
203:. Aspinall became known for his direction of the
1936:
397:Rivers on the Western Slope of Colorado to the
564:Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
277:, but the party's in-fighting in 1912 between
1310:
892:
617:His opponent in the 1972 Democratic primary,
1965:United States Army personnel of World War II
857:House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
815:U.S. House of Representatives
205:House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
191:. He is largely known for his tenure in the
1960:United States Army personnel of World War I
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70:January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1973
29:
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45:U.S. House of Representatives
1975:Democratic Party Colorado state senators
218:, a prominent executive director of the
252:Colorado State House of Representatives
1937:
527:and Congress. Among its suggestions:
258:in 1937 and 1938 before moving to the
193:United States House of Representatives
1298:
880:
821:Colorado's 4th congressional district
302:development until his death in 1983.
385:signed it into law soon thereafter.
732:Wayne N. Aspinall Papers; 1925-1976
389:Frying Pan Arkansas Project of 1962
13:
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699:Wayne N. Aspinall Federal Building
570:1970 and 1972 Democratic primaries
322:Colorado River Storage Act of 1956
14:
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2030:20th-century Colorado politicians
2000:People from Mesa County, Colorado
1955:20th-century American legislators
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518:Public Land Law Review Commission
512:Public Land Law Review Commission
2005:School board members in Colorado
1990:Military personnel from Colorado
1433:
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262:from 1939 to 1948. He served in
597:In 1970 a young Democrat named
1995:People from Logan County, Ohio
710:
332:Colorado River Storage Project
232:Middleburg, Logan County, Ohio
125:Middleburg, Logan County, Ohio
1:
2025:20th-century American lawyers
813:Member of the
798:U.S. House of Representatives
704:
641:League of Conservation Voters
403:Colorado-Big Thompson Project
780:Biography at the US Congress
720:(U of Arizona Press, 2002).
682:He proudly took part in the
459:National Wildlife Federation
225:
195:, serving twelve terms as a
7:
2020:United States Army officers
2015:Sturm College of Law alumni
763:(U of Arizona Press, 2002).
238:in 1904. He studied at the
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476:Grand Canyon National Park
344:Dinosaur National Monument
316:Governor of American Samoa
201:Colorado's Fourth District
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452:Before Aspinall let the
314:, who went on to become
666:Post-Congressional life
472:Central Arizona Project
439:Kennedy's assassination
362:in Utah, which created
290:and the bigger town of
268:Colorado's governorship
199:from 1949 to 1973 from
592:equal rights for women
454:Wilderness Act of 1964
417:Wilderness Act of 1964
177:Wayne Norviel Aspinall
112:Wayne Norviel Aspinall
23:Wayne Norviel Aspinall
556:Redwood National Park
234:in 1896 and moved to
230:Aspinall was born in
645:Environmental Action
240:University of Denver
214:lobby in the 1960s.
165:University of Denver
684:Sagebrush Rebellion
652:environmental issue
16:American politician
839:Political offices
832:James Paul Johnson
807:Robert F. Rockwell
660:James Paul Johnson
624:The New York Times
548:oil shale industry
338:. It included the
279:Theodore Roosevelt
236:Palisade, Colorado
142:Palisade, Colorado
93:James Paul Johnson
81:Robert F. Rockwell
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435:John F. Kennedy
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1745:6th district
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1635:4th district
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1445:2nd district
1335:1st district
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789:Find a Grave
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395:Roaring Fork
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352:Yampa Rivers
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308:Richard Lamm
304:
296:
287:conservative
272:
264:World War II
260:State Senate
229:
216:David Brower
209:
176:
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137:(1983-10-09)
88:Succeeded by
65:
1950:1983 deaths
1945:1896 births
1474:Seldomridge
847:Clair Engle
672:Gerald Ford
633:, and even
619:Alan Merson
580:Vietnam War
506:pork barrel
480:Carl Hayden
364:Lake Powell
244:World War I
220:Sierra Club
76:Preceded by
1939:Categories
1794:Perlmutter
1479:Timberlake
1040:McClernand
955:Poindexter
861:1959–1973
850:California
705:References
576:liberalism
275:Republican
248:law school
185:politician
160:Alma mater
153:Democratic
118:1896-04-03
1924:Patterson
1890:Territory
1844:Patterson
1799:Pettersen
1719:Armstrong
1584:Chenoweth
1574:Chenoweth
1414:Schroeder
1394:Gillespie
1275:Westerman
1235:G. Miller
1210:A. Miller
980:Wickliffe
950:Robertson
701:in 1972.
380:President
376:Curecanti
300:oil shale
226:Biography
66:In office
1914:Bradford
1909:Chilcott
1904:Bradford
1859:Townsend
1830:At-large
1789:Beauprez
1759:Tancredo
1754:Schaefer
1679:Musgrave
1674:Schaffer
1654:Aspinall
1649:Rockwell
1604:Campbell
1594:Kogovsek
1579:Marsalis
1509:Brotzman
1504:McVicker
1499:Brotzman
1494:Dominick
1484:Cummings
1409:McKevitt
1369:Hilliard
1349:Shafroth
1270:Grijalva
1260:Hastings
1220:Aspinall
1200:Peterson
1185:Peterson
1175:De Rouen
1110:Converse
1105:Morrison
1095:Townsend
1045:Collamer
960:Anderson
691:cremated
197:Democrat
189:Colorado
59:district
51:Colorado
1919:Chaffee
1879:Keating
1849:Belford
1839:Belford
1819:Caraveo
1764:Coffman
1734:Lamborn
1689:Gardner
1659:Johnson
1624:Boebert
1614:Salazar
1609:McInnis
1554:Keating
1464:Haggott
1419:DeGette
1399:Carroll
1354:Bonynge
1205:Murdock
1160:Sinnott
1145:Mondell
1120:T. Cobb
1090:Ketcham
1070:W. Cobb
1065:Bennett
1025:Chapman
1015:Johnson
870:Florida
427:Johnson
423:Kennedy
256:Speaker
1899:Bennet
1874:Taylor
1864:Brooks
1729:Hefley
1724:Kramer
1684:Markey
1669:Allard
1644:Taylor
1619:Tipton
1599:Strang
1569:Burney
1564:Martin
1534:Neguse
1519:Skaggs
1469:Martin
1404:Rogers
1364:Kindel
1359:Rucker
1265:Bishop
1255:Rahall
1245:Hansen
1195:Somers
1165:Colton
1155:Ferris
1130:Payson
1125:Holman
1100:Sayler
1085:Julian
1080:Potter
1075:Thayer
1060:Disney
1050:Bowlin
1030:Morrow
1020:Morrow
1010:Morrow
1000:Corwin
975:Isacks
965:Rankin
940:Morrow
818:from
443:martyr
374:, and
372:Navajo
242:until
181:lawyer
144:, U.S.
127:, U.S.
1854:Symes
1699:Lopez
1664:Brown
1589:Evans
1559:Hardy
1529:Polis
1524:Udall
1514:Wirth
1389:Lewis
1384:Eaton
1379:White
1374:Vaile
1344:Pence
1250:Pombo
1240:Young
1230:Udall
1225:Haley
1215:Engle
1190:Welch
1170:Evans
1140:Lacey
1135:McRae
1115:Pound
1035:Davis
1005:Mason
995:Casey
970:Scott
945:McKee
935:Boyle
930:Gregg
925:Boyle
920:Gregg
348:Green
187:from
49:from
1869:Cook
1769:Crow
1694:Buck
1489:Hill
1459:Hogg
1454:Bell
1055:Hall
990:Boon
985:Clay
675:the
590:and
586:for
425:and
350:and
330:The
281:and
183:and
132:Died
108:Born
787:at
56:4th
53:'s
1941::
679:.
643:.
627:,
566:.
445:.
370:,
318:.
1318:e
1311:t
1304:v
900:e
893:t
886:v
120:)
116:(
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