442:' house one night in 1617 and stayed 'drinking and taking tobacco all night longe'. Like other officers, watchmen could become the focus for trouble themselves, adding to the hullabaloo at night instead of ordering others to keep the noise down and go to bed. And as by day, there were more than a few crooked officers policing the streets at night, quite happy to turn a blind eye to trouble for a bribe. Watchman Edward Gardener was taken before the recorder with 'a common nightwalker' – Mary Taylor – in 1641 after he 'tooke 2s to lett' her 'escape' when he was escorting her to Bridewell late at night. Another watchman from over the river in Southwark took advantage of the tricky situation people suddenly found themselves in if they stumbled into the watch, 'demanding money for passing the watch'.
297:, known as 'Robinson's Act' from the name of the sitting lord mayor, was promulgated in October 1663. It confirmed the duty of all householders in the City to take their turn at watching in order 'to keep the peace and apprehend night-walkers, malefactors and suspected persons'. For the most part the Common Council act of 1663 reiterated the rules and obligations that had long existed. The number of watchmen required for each ward, it declared, was to be the number 'established by custom' – in fact, by an act of 1621. Even though it had been true before the civil war that the watch had already become a body of paid men, supported by what were in effect the fines collected from those with an obligation to serve, the Common Council did not acknowledge this in the confirming act of 1663.
458:
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century, however, many householders avoided these obligations by hiring deputies to serve in their place. As this practice increased, some men were able to make a living out of acting as deputy constables or as paid night watchmen. In the case of the watch, this procedure was formalized in many parts of London by the passage of "Watch Acts", which replaced householders' duty of service by a tax levied specifically for the purpose of hiring full-time watchmen. Some voluntary prosecution societies also hired men to patrol their areas.
538:
449:, with some still doing so through the late seventeenth century. But it seems clear that few did, because the halberd was no longer suitable for the work they were being called upon to do. It was more often observed that watchmen failed to carry them, and it is surely the case that the halberd was no longer a useful weapon for a watch that was supposed to be mobile. By the second quarter of the 18th century, watchmen were equipped with a staff, along with their lantern.
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of wind and weather', and holding-places for suspects until morning when justices examined the night's catch. There were watch houses next to Temple Bar (1648), 'neere the
Granaryes' by Bridewell (1648), 'neere Moregate' (1648), and next to St. Paul's south door (1649). They were not big; the one on
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The watch was affected by this changing urban world since policing the night streets become more complicated when larger number of people were moving around. And what was frequently thought to be poor quality of the watchman—and in time, the lack of effective lighting—came commonly to be blamed when
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that aimed to prevent those without legitimate reason to be abroad from wandering the streets at night. That task was becoming increasingly difficult in the 17th century because of the growth of the population and variety of ways in which the social and cultural life was being transformed. The shape
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The implications and consequences of changes in the watch were worked out in practice and in legislation in two stages between the
Restoration and the middle decades of the 18th century. The first involved the gradual recognition that a paid (and full-time) watch needed to be differently constituted
300:
The act of 1663 confirmed that watch on its old foundations, and left its effective management to the ward authorities. The important matter to be arranged in the wards was who was going to serve and on what basis. How the money was to be collected to support a force of paid constables, and by whom,
401:
by
Shakespeare, who would 'rather sleep than talk', may be dismissed as merely a dramatic device or a caricature, but successful dramatists nevertheless work with characters who strike a chord with their audience. A hundred years later such complaints were still commonplace. Daniel Defoe wrote four
321:
The second stage was the recognition that watchmen could not be sustained without a major shift in the way local services were financed. This led to the City's acquisition of taxing power by means of an act of parliament in 1737 which changed the obligation to serve in person into an obligation to
261:
By order of the King of
England the Winchester Act Mandating The Watch. Part Four and the King commandth that from henceforth all Watches be made as it hath been used in past times that was to wit from the day of Ascension unto the day of St. Michael in every city by six men at every gate in every
382:
Traditionally, householders served in the office of constable by appointment or rotation. During their year of office they performed their duties part-time alongside their normal employment. Similarly, householders were expected to serve by rotation on the nightly watch. From the late seventeenth
182:
The streets in London were dark and had a shortage of good quality artificial light. It had been recognized for centuries that the coming of darkness to the unlit streets of a town brought a heightened threat of danger, and that the night provided cover to the disorderly and immoral, and to those
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The fact that the 1705 act called for watchmen to be strong and able-bodied men seems further confirmation that the watch was now expected to be made up of hired hands rather than every male house holder serving in turn. The act of 1705 laid out the new quotas of watchmen and the disposition of
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From the mid-1690s the City authorities made several attempts to replace
Robinson's Act and establish the watch on a new footing. Though they did not say it directly, the overwhelming requirement was to get quotas adjusted to reflect the reality that the watch consisted of hired men rather than
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borough by twelve men in every town by six or four according to the number of inhabitants of the town. They shall keep the Watch all night from sun setting unto sun rising. And if any stranger do pass them by them he shall be arrested until morning and if no suspicion be found he shall go quit.
326:
they would patrol. But the implementation of the new Watch Act did have the effect of imposing some uniformity on the watch over the whole City, making in the process some modest incursions into the local autonomy of the wards. One of the leading elements in the regime that emerged from the
318:
watch-stands agreed to each ward. To discourage the corruption that had been blamed for earlier under-manning, it forbade constables to collect and disturbs the money paid in for hired watchmen: that was now supposed to be the responsibility of the deputy and common councilmen of the ward.
498:
London had a system of night policing in place before 1660, although it was improved over the next century through better lighting, administrations, finances, and better and more regular salaries. But the essential elements of the night-watch were performing completely by the middle of the
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in charge of the watch that he would box him on the ears if he did not let his coach carry on back to his house. 'It is impossible' to 'distinguish a lord from another man by the outside of a coach', the constable said later in his defence, 'especially at unreasonable times'.
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Night watchmen patrolled the streets from 9 or 10 pm until sunrise, and were expected to examine all suspicious characters. These controls continued in the late 17th century. Guarding the streets to prevent crime, to watch out for fires, and – despite the absence of a formal
27:
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pay to support a force of salaried men. Under the new act, the ward authorities also continued to hire their own watchmen and to make whatever local rules seemed appropriate—establishing, for example, the places in their wards where the watchmen would stand and the
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clearly expected to pass through London's streets untroubled at 1am one night in 1641, and he quickly became piqued when his coach was stopped by the watch, shouting huffily that it was a 'disgrace' to stop someone of such high standing as he, and telling the
857:
The origin of the exception goes back in
English history to the Ordinance of 1233 which instituted night-watchmen, and directed them 'to arrest those who enter vills at night and go about armed.' Later the Ordinance of 1252 mentions 'disturbers of our
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Another step in the evolution of the watch involved building 'watch howses' as the country lurched towards revolution after 1640. A City committee was asked to look into the question 'what watchhouses are necessary' and where 'for the safety of this
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or a constable and it seems to have been increasingly the case that rather than individuals paying directly for a substitute, when their turn came to serve, the eligible householders were asked to contribute to a watch fund that supported hired man.
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those persons found about the town or city during hours of darkness. Only people with good reason to be out could then travel through the city. Anyone outside at night without reason or permission was considered suspect and potentially criminal.
649:
watchmen called "Tanod" is common. Their role is to serve as frontline law enforcement officers in
Barangays, especially those far from city or town centres. They are mainly supervised by the Barangay Captain and may be armed with bolo knife.
402:
pamphlets and a broadsheet on the issue of street crime in which, among other things, he roundly attacked the efficacy of the watch and called for measures to ensure it 'be compos'd of stout, able-body'd Men, and of those a sufficient Number'.
194:
In the 13th
Century, the anxieties created by darkness gave rise to rules about who could use the streets after dark and the formation of a night watch to enforce them. These rules had for long been underpinned in London and other towns by the
1554:
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As of the 1660s, it was already common practice to avoid night-time service in the watch by paying for a substitute. Substitution had become so common by the late 17th century that the night watch was virtually by then a fully paid force.
391:
While the societies for the reformation of manners showed there was a good deal of support for the effective policing of morality, they also suggested that the existing mechanisms of crime control were regarded by some as ineffective.
495:. However, their low wages and the uncongenial nature of the job attracted a fairly low standard of person, and they acquired a possibly exaggerated reputation for being old, ineffectual, feeble, drunk or asleep on the job.
491:
The watchmen patrolled the streets at night, calling out the hour, keeping a lookout for fires, checking that doors were locked and ensuring that drunks and other vagrants were delivered to the watch
445:
A common complaint in the 1690s was that watchmen were inadequately armed. This was another aspect of the watch in the process of being transformed. The Common
Council acts required watchmen to carry
483:
St. Paul's side was 'a small house or shed'. This was a time of experimentation, and people (including those in authority) were learning how to make best use of these new structures in their midst.
941:
The
Statute of Winchester was the only general public measure of any consequence enacted to regulate the policing of the country between the Norman Conquest and the Metropolitan Police Act, 1829…
476:' in 1642. Workmen began building watch houses in strategic spots soon after. They provided assembly-points for watchmen to gather to hear orders for the night ahead, somewhere to shelter from '
114:
were organised groups of men, usually authorised by a state, government, city, or society, to deter criminal activity and provide law enforcement as well as traditionally perform the services of
405:
Watchmen on roads leading to London had a reputation for clumsiness in the late 1580s. It was a temptation on cold winter nights to slip away early from watching stations to catch some sleep.
1442:
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in 1609 and again three decades later when someone sent out to spy on watches reported that they 'break up longe before they ought'. 'The greatest parte of constables' broke up watches '
134:. Watchmen have existed since earliest recorded times in various guises throughout the world and were generally succeeded by the emergence of formally organised professional
199:, the time (announced by the ringing of a bell) at which the gates closed and the streets were cleared. These rules, where codified by law, would come to be known as the
314:
from one made up of unpaid citizens, a point accepted in practice in legislation passed by the Common Council in 1705, though it was not articulated in as direct a way.
327:
implementation of the new act was an agreement that every watchman would be paid the same amount and that the wages should be raised to thirteen pounds a year.
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230:
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From 1485 to the 1820s, in the absence of a police force, it was the parish-based watchmen who were responsible for keeping order in London's streets.
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and other places of entertainment. All these places remained open in the evening and extended their hours of business and pleasure into the night.
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The principal task of the watch in 1660 and for long after continued to be the control of the streets at night imposing a form of moral or social
343:– to ensure that suspicious and unauthorised people did not prowl around under cover of darkness was still the duty of night watch and the
1468:
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citizens doing their civic duty—the assumption upon which the 1663 act of Common Council, and all previous acts, had been based.
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During the 1820s, mounting crime levels and increasing political and industrial disorder prompted calls for reform, led by
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Watchmen often counted off the hours until sunrise on chilly nights. Alehouses offered some warmth, even after
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1469:"National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund - Facts and Figures - Important Dates in Police History"
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was the first settlement in the thirteen colonies to establish a night watch in 1631 (replaced in 1838);
507:
131:
65:
1443:"Touching tribute to Greyfriars Bobby and Edinburgh watchman John Gray hosted at Greyfriars Kirkyard"
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513:
425:' at exactly the time 'when most danger' was 'feared' in the long night, leaving the dark streets to
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Police in the Age of Improvement: Police Development and the Civic Tradition in Scotland, 1775-1865
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states that it was the duty of the watch to blow the horn and sound the alarm. (Ezekiel 33:1-6)
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who carried decorated battle maces as a badge of office. By 1415 a watch was appointed to the
1508:. Local Government Regional Resource Center Region VI, Dept. of Interior and Local Government
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of 1285. In 1252 a royal writ established a watch and ward with royal officers appointed as
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or who in other ways threatened physical harm to people in the streets and in their houses.
674:
279:
8:
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http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
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http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
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623:), such formations became increasingly incorporated into state-run police forces (see
506:, which culminated in the demise of the watchmen and their replacement by a uniformed
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249:, is cited as one of the earliest creations of an English police force, as was the
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Allowances were usually made for people who had some social status on their side.
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That is, from the Thursday 39 days after Easter Sunday to the 29th of September.
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of the urban day was being altered after the Restoration by the development of
203:; such statutes empowered and required night watchmen (and their assistants) to
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Philip McCouat, "Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night",
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Philip McCouat, "Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night",
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street crimes and night-time disorders seemed to be growing out of control.
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in charge sometimes let watches go home early. 'The late placing and early
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550-1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550-1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660
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Lost Londons Change, Crime and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660
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bells told people to drink up. A group of watchmen sneaked into a '
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A rare and unusually fine Georgian watchman's box of about 1810.
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368:
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With the unification of laws and centralization of state power (
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were crucial issues. The 1663 Common Council act left it to the
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Vol. 1 (2 ed.). The Lawbook Exchange. p. 565.
640:
426:
372:
147:
1735:"Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night"
26:
1267:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 354–355.
584:
was based on practices developed in England. The City of
1666:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I.
1664:
Pollock, Frederick; Maitland, Frederic William (1898).
1597:
Clarkson, Charles Tempest; Richardson, J. Hall (1889).
1320:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 181.
1189:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 172.
1161:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
1119:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 196.
1094:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 186.
1069:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 173.
1041:. Great Brirain: Oxford University Press. p. 182.
1016:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 177.
991:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 175.
966:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 172.
914:. History of the Art of War. Vol. 3. p. 177.
870:
Clarkson, Charles Tempest; Richardson, J. Hall (1889).
817:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I.
736:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 169.
282:
established a household watch that became known as the
1699:
Essays on the Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice
1399:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 359.
1345:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 359.
1295:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 355.
843:
Essays on the Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice
1635:DelbrĂĽck, Hans (1990). Renfroe, Walter J. Jr, ed.
1609:http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp
869:
146:An early reference to a watch can be found in the
1741:
806:
1318:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
1187:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660-1750
1117:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
1092:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
1067:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
1039:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
1014:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
989:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
734:Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750
580:The first form of societal protection in the
486:
1720:The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913
1606:.oldbaileyonline,retrieved 22 November 2015,
523:
1578:Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750
1159:Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750
964:Policing and Punishment in London 1660'1750
845:. University Press of America. p. 50.
786:. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.
761:. Cambridge University Press. p. 333.
709:Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750
528:
177:
233:required the appointment of watchmen. The
1394:
1340:
1290:
1262:
934:
781:
756:
1615:A History of Police in England and Wales
1237:
1209:
937:A History of Police in England and Wales
904:
711:. Oxford University Press. p. 169.
567:
456:
224:
1369:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001
1315:
1184:
1156:
1114:
1089:
1064:
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986:
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572:Receipt for payment to the watchman of
31:A night watchman by Thomas Dekker from
1742:
1592:At Day’s Close: A History of Nighttime
1494:
1367:At Day’s Close: A History of Nighttime
1242:. USA: Willan Publishing. p. 65.
1217:. USA: Willan Publishing. p. 64.
172:
1506:] for Outstanding Barangay Tanod"
1286:
1284:
1180:
1178:
1138:
1136:
1060:
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908:(1990). Renfroe, Walter J. Jr (ed.).
840:
702:
700:
532:
520:, was a nightwatchman in the 1850s.
237:, which required the appointment of
347:who were supposed to command them.
13:
1604:"Constables and the Night Watch".
1594:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1553:. Chapter "Watching and Warding",
1535:
1528:This can be verified by England's
1281:
1175:
1133:
1055:
245:, and to deliver offenders to the
14:
1761:
1713:
1524:
697:
1725:Biblical Watchman News Reporters
1144:"Constables and the Night Watch"
536:
141:
25:
1613:Critchley, Thomas Alan (1978).
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935:Critchley, Thomas Alan (1978).
452:
1730:Constables and the Night Watch
1658:, retrieved 22 October 2015,
1624:. Cambridge University Press.
928:
898:
863:
834:
800:
775:
750:
725:
634:
395:Constable Dogberry's men from
1:
876:. Garland Pub. pp. 1–2.
690:
415:' of night-watches concerned
386:
270:formed a special guard of 20
241:to summon men to arms, quell
1639:. History of the Art of War
592:in 1633 (replaced in 1861);
7:
1580:. Oxford University Press.
1545:, Willan Publishing, 2008,
653:
10:
1766:
1686:. USA: Willan Publishing.
812:Maitland, Frederic William
638:
487:Policing the night streets
478:
472:
438:
421:
411:
16:Law enforcement occupation
1682:Rawlings, Philip (2002).
1656:Journal of Art in Society
1423:, Willan Publishing, 2002
1421:Policing: A Short History
1380:Journal of Art in Society
1238:Rawlings, Philip (2002).
600:) (replaced in 1845) and
524:Watchmen around the world
508:metropolitan police force
333:
85:
71:
64:, criminal apprehension,
45:
40:
24:
1697:Rich, Robert M. (1977).
1684:Policing A Short History
1620:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
1560:Second Thoughts are Best
1395:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
1341:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
1291:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
1263:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
1240:Policing A Short History
1215:Policing A Short History
841:Rich, Robert M. (1977).
782:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
757:Griffiths, Paul (2010).
529:United States of America
178:The problem of the night
132:recovery of stolen goods
66:recovery of stolen goods
1576:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1490:Plymouth Police History
1316:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1185:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1157:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1115:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1090:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1065:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1037:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
1012:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
987:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
962:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
707:Beattie, J. M. (2001).
590:Plymouth, Massachusetts
169:, literally the watch.
1590:Ekirch A. R. (2001).
1447:Edinburgh Evening News
1146:. oldbaileyonline.org.
732:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
577:
466:
422:earlie in the morninge
398:Much Ado About Nothing
264:
235:Assize of Arms of 1252
1555:Google Print, p.34-41
571:
499:seventeenth century.
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276:Parliament of England
259:
251:Statute of Winchester
243:breaches of the peace
225:Formation of watchmen
675:Night-watchman state
645:In the Philippines,
613:Municipal Police Act
201:nightwalker statutes
33:The Belman of London
670:Nightwalker statute
625:metropolitan police
173:Watchmen in England
21:
1565:Augusta Triumphans
808:Pollock, Frederick
604:followed in 1658.
578:
548:. You can help by
467:
150:where the Prophet
19:
1707:978-0-8191-0235-5
1677:978-1-58477-718-2
1449:. 15 January 2020
1432:McCouat, op. cit.
1419:Philip Rawlings,
1365:A. Roger Ekirch,
1352:978-0-521-17411-4
1302:978-0-521-17411-4
1274:978-0-521-17411-4
852:978-0-8191-0235-5
827:978-1-58477-718-2
793:978-0-521-17411-4
768:978-0-521-17411-4
566:
565:
272:sergeants at arms
231:Ordinance of 1233
109:
108:
1757:
1637:Medieval Warfare
1601:. OCLC 60726408
1527:
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1502:"Seach [
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159:Roman Empire
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104:fire lookout
87:Related jobs
46:Competencies
32:
1512:November 6,
635:Philippines
615:of 1844 in
574:Newburyport
303:ward beadle
92:Thief-taker
41:Description
1692:1903240263
1530:Old Bailey
1196:0198208677
1168:0198208677
691:References
660:City watch
479:extremitye
407:Constables
387:Reputation
345:constables
293:An act of
284:Beefeaters
239:constables
120:fire watch
75:employment
54:fire watch
1671:(2 ed.).
602:Jamestown
557:June 2020
514:John Gray
493:constable
218:constable
73:Fields of
1744:Category
1453:2 August
1213:(2002).
892:60726408
814:(1898).
665:Dogberry
654:See also
647:Barangay
594:New York
447:halberds
369:theatres
189:burglary
183:bent on
165:and the
136:policing
112:Watchmen
20:Watchman
1599:Police!
873:Police!
858:peace.'
439:vitlers
427:thieves
371:, the
361:taverns
247:sheriff
185:robbery
167:Vigiles
152:Ezekiel
35:(1608).
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586:Boston
473:cittye
434:curfew
352:curfew
341:curfew
334:Duties
205:arrest
197:curfew
130:, and
641:Tanod
373:opera
357:shops
324:beats
148:Bible
1703:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1514:2012
1455:2021
1401:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1121:ISBN
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1071:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1018:ISBN
993:ISBN
968:ISBN
916:ISBN
888:OCLC
878:ISBN
847:ISBN
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763:ISBN
738:ISBN
713:ISBN
627:and
611:the
609:e.g.
465:, UK
463:Bath
363:and
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157:The
1504:sic
631:).
552:.
187:or
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555:(
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