225:
154:
393:
1244:
342:
1137:
201:
130:
272:
304:
237:
166:
249:
178:
406:
419:
799:
323:
213:
142:
1284:
285:
380:
32:
361:
844:
478:
1303:, argued that Japan should remain in the treaty. His opinion was more complex, however, in that he believed the United States could outproduce Japan by a greater factor than the 5:3 ratio because of the huge American production advantage of which he had expert knowledge since he had served with the Japanese embassy in Washington. After the signing of the treaty, he commented, "Anyone who has seen the auto factories in
1148:. Treaty limits were respected and then extended by the London Naval Treaty of 1930. It was not until the mid-1930s that navies began to build battleships once again, and the power and the size of new battleships began to increase once again. The Second London Naval Treaty of 1936 sought to extend the Washington Treaty limits until 1942, but the absence of Japan or Italy made it largely ineffective.
795:, preferred to accept the latter to the prospect of an arms race with the United States, as the relative industrial strength of the two nations would cause Japan to lose such an arms race and possibly suffer an economic crisis. At the beginning of the negotiations, the Japanese had only 55% of the capital ships and 18% of the GDP of the Americans.
815:, the president of the Naval Staff College, who acted as his chief naval aide at the delegation and represented the influential "big navy" opinion that Japan had to prepare as thoroughly as possible for an inevitable conflict against the United States, which could build indefinitely more warships because of its huge industrial power.
1070:
purposes of the treaty, an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tons constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft. Carriers lighter than 10,000 tons, therefore, did not count towards the tonnage limits (Article XX, part 4). Moreover, all aircraft carriers then in service or building (
3025:
791:. It calculated that a 7:5 ratio in the first battle would produce enough of a margin of victory to be able to win the subsequent engagement and so a 3:5 ratio was unacceptable because a 3:5 total fleet size ratio would imply a 6:5 ratio in the first battle. Nevertheless, the director of the delegation,
632:
News of the scuttling angered the French and the
Italians, with the French particularly unimpressed with British explanations that the fleet guarding the Germans had then been away on exercises. Nevertheless, the British joined their allies in condemning the German actions, and no credible evidence
825:
Another issue that was considered critical by the French representatives was the
Italian request of substantial parity, which was considered to be unsubstantiated; however, pressure from the American and the British delegations caused the French to accept it. That was considered a great success by
1123:
Chapter II, part 2, detailed what was to be done to render a ship ineffective for military use. In addition to sinking or scrapping, a limited number of ships could be converted as target ships or training vessels if their armament, armour and other combat-essential parts were removed completely.
731:
presented his country's proposals. Hughes provided a dramatic beginning for the conference by stating with resolve: "The way to disarm is to disarm". The ambitious slogan received enthusiastic public endorsement and likely abbreviated the conference while helping ensure his proposals were largely
1069:
Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns, of a maximum calibre of 8 inches. However, each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers, with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each (Articles IX and X). For the
821:
The French delegation initially responded negatively to the idea of reducing their capital ships' tonnage to 175,000 tons and demanded 350,000, slightly above the
Japanese limit. In the end, concessions regarding cruisers and submarines helped persuade the French to agree to the limit on capital
1311:
knows that Japan lacks the power for a naval race with
America." He later added, "The ratio works very well for Japan – it is a treaty to restrict the other parties." He believed that other methods than a spree of construction would be needed to even the odds, which may have contributed to his
1271:
opponents, who were also allied with the ultranationalists of the
Japanese army and other parts of the Japanese government. For the Treaty Faction, the treaty was one of the factors that had contributed to the deterioration of the relationship between the American and the Japanese governments.
782:
The
Japanese delegation was divided. Japanese naval doctrine required the maintenance of a fleet 70% the size of that of the United States, which was felt to be the minimum necessary to defeat the Americans in any subsequent war. The Japanese envisaged two separate engagements, first with the
2367:
1334:
As the treaty was unpopular with much of the
Imperial Japanese Navy and with the increasingly active and important ultranationalist groups, the value that the Japanese government accepted was the cause of much suspicion and accusation among Japanese politicians and naval officers.
935:
could remain. That was a significant victory for Japan, as newly-fortified
British or American bases would be a serious problem for the Japanese in the event of any future war. That provision of the treaty essentially guaranteed that Japan would be the dominant power in the
1331:, was spying on the delegations' communications with their home capitals. In particular, Japanese communications were deciphered thoroughly, and American negotiators were able to get the absolute minimum possible deal that the Japanese had indicated they would ever accept.
1151:
There were fewer effects on cruiser building. The treaty specified 10,000 tons and 8-inch guns as the maximum size of a cruiser, but that was also the minimum size cruiser that any navy was willing to build. The treaty began a building competition of 8-inch, 10,000-ton
2488:
2483:
2327:
1198:
in
December 1936, albeit less than three weeks before the treaty expired, increased the magnitude of France's violation by another 35,000 tons. The French government dismissed British objections to the violations by pointing out that Britain had signed the
2555:
2347:
2503:
2352:
2422:
2392:
2609:
2407:
2307:
2397:
2498:
770:
Nevertheless, there was huge demand for the
British to agree to the limits and reductions: the risk of war with the Americans was increasingly regarded as merely theoretical as there were very few policy differences between the two
2518:
877:) in the same proportions as capital ships. However, that was unacceptable to both the British and the French. The British counterproposal, in which the British would be entitled to 450,000 tons of cruisers in consideration of its
1127:
Part 3, Section II specified the ships to be scrapped to comply with the treaty and when the remaining ships could be replaced. In all, the United States had to scrap 30 existing or planned capital ships, Britain 23 and Japan 17.
2592:
671:, with eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers. The Japanese started work on four battleships and four battlecruisers, all of which were much larger and more powerful than those of the classes that they were replacing.
2869:
2297:
1251:
The naval treaty had a profound effect on the Japanese. With superior American and British industrial power, a long war would very likely end in a Japanese defeat. Thus, gaining strategic parity was not economically possible.
2342:
2250:
2942:
2302:
2478:
2927:
2740:
2473:
2446:
2412:
884:
Instead, the British suggested a qualitative limit of future cruiser construction. The limit proposed, of a 10,000 ton maximum displacement and 8-inch calibre guns, was intended to allow the British to retain the
625:, with the French and Italians wanting the German fleet divided between the victorious powers and the Americans and British wanting the ships destroyed. The negotiations became mostly moot after the German crews
2708:
2461:
2332:
1163:. Although it was not part of the Washington Treaty in any way, the American delegates had made it clear that they would not agree to the treaty unless the British ended their alliance with the Japanese. The
2947:
2937:
2807:
1275:
Some have also argued that the treaty was one major factor in prompting Japanese expansionism by the Fleet Faction in the early 1930s. The perception of unfairness resulted in Japan's renunciation of the
3040:
2780:
911:. That proved impossible, particularly as a result of French opposition, which demanded an allowance of 90,000 tons of submarines, and the conference ended without an agreement to restrict submarines.
2922:
2847:
2434:
2984:
2377:
2211:
1315:
On December 29, 1934, the Japanese government gave formal notice that it intended to terminate the treaty. Its provisions remained in force formally until the end of 1936 and were not renewed.
835:, which had been funded with great public enthusiasm, including donations from schoolchildren. That resulted in provisions to allow the Americans and the British to construct equivalent ships.
3020:
755:
The proposals for capital ships were largely accepted by the British delegation. However, they were controversial with the British public. Britain could no longer have adequate fleets in the
2270:
2228:
1055:
The tonnage limits defined by Articles IV and VII (tabulated) gave a strength ratio of approximately 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 for the UK, the United States, Japan, Italy, and France, respectively.
2842:
2260:
881:
but the United States and Japan to only 300,000 and 250,000 respectively, proved equally contentious. Thus, the idea of limiting total cruiser tonnage or numbers was rejected entirely.
2802:
609:
Immediately after World War I, Britain still had the world's largest and most powerful navy, followed by the United States and more distantly by Japan, France and Italy. The British
2964:
2240:
1224:
in the late 1920s and early 1930s, it had abandoned all pretense and built ships that topped 11,000 long tons (11,000 t) by a wide margin. The violations continued with the
2969:
2822:
2775:
2750:
2713:
1207:. German naval rearmament threatened France, and according to the French perspective, if Britain freely violated treaty obligations, France would similarly not be constrained.
743:
The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5:5:3:1.67:1.67 ratio of tonnage with respect to Britain, the United States, Japan, France and Italy respectively.
2989:
2832:
2275:
693:
of the prewar era, with little enthusiasm for continued naval expansion. Britain also could ill afford any resumption of battleship construction, given the exorbitant cost.
1113:
The treaty also detailed by Chapter II the individual ships to be retained by each navy, including the allowance for the United States to complete two further ships of the
2223:
2827:
818:
Katō Tomosaburō was finally able to persuade the Japanese high command to accept the Hughes proposals, but the treaty was for years a source of controversy in the navy.
3166:
2817:
2451:
829:
There was much discussion about the inclusion or exclusion of individual warships. In particular, the Japanese delegation was keen to retain their newest battleship
2128:
2095:
1192:
also under construction, which placed the total tonnage over the 70,000-ton limit on new French battleships until the expiration of the treaty. The keel laying of
644:
The Americans, the British, the French, the Italians, and the Japanese had been allies during World War I, but with the German threat seemingly finished, a naval
3141:
2999:
2245:
2523:
2427:
2265:
1144:
The treaty marked the end of a long period of increases of battleship construction. Many ships that were being constructed were scrapped or converted into
1052:
The treaty strictly limited both the tonnage and construction of capital ships and aircraft carriers and included limits of the size of individual ships.
3176:
2902:
585:
Later naval arms limitation conferences sought additional limitations of warship building. The terms of the Washington Naval Treaty were modified by the
576:
The treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in the
2051:
892:, then being constructed. That coincided with the American requirements for cruisers for Pacific Ocean operations and also with Japanese plans for the
919:
Article XIX of the treaty also prohibited the British, the Japanese and the Americans from constructing any new fortifications or naval bases in the
675:
3045:
2614:
2402:
3101:
775:
powers; continued naval spending was unpopular in Britain throughout the empire; and Britain was implementing major budget reductions due to the
1156:", which gave further cause for concern. Subsequent naval treaties sought to address that by limiting cruiser, destroyer and submarine tonnage.
3161:
1380:
2932:
3211:
3096:
2088:
3206:
3186:
2874:
2785:
2466:
2255:
2171:
626:
3181:
3151:
2994:
907:
A major British demand during the negotiations was the complete abolition of the submarine, which had proved so effective against them
2952:
2619:
2337:
1109:
All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches (Articles XI and XII).
1255:
Many Japanese considered the 5:5:3 ratio of ships as another snub by the West, but it can be argued that the Japanese had a greater
3231:
3171:
2859:
2535:
686:
1210:
Italy repeatedly violated the displacement limits on individual ships and attempted to remain within the 10,000-ton limit for the
2917:
2081:
3216:
3146:
2852:
2668:
1140:
The treaty arrested the continuing upward trend of battleship size and halted new construction entirely for more than a decade.
696:
In late 1921, the US became aware that Britain was planning a conference to discuss the strategic situation in the Pacific and
2653:
2018:
2000:
1982:
1964:
1946:
1927:
1909:
1891:
1869:
1831:
1813:
1564:
807:(Japanese ship originally planned as a battlecruiser but converted during construction to an aircraft carrier) in April 1925.
637:, signed a week later on 28 June 1919, imposed strict limits on the sizes and numbers of warships which the newly-installed
481:
2735:
2063:
1102:
3221:
3201:
3191:
3131:
3091:
3081:
2864:
2979:
3196:
3126:
2582:
1193:
3116:
3066:
2663:
2560:
2439:
2357:
2233:
2216:
2068:
1850:
1693:
690:
1604:
Birn, Donald S. (1970). "Open Diplomacy at the Washington Conference of 1921–2: The British and French Experience".
2974:
2881:
2567:
2201:
1243:
633:
emerged to suggest that the British had collaborated actively with the Germans with respect to the scuttling. The
3156:
3136:
3121:
2164:
803:
578:
3106:
2604:
2577:
2572:
2550:
2530:
2456:
2382:
2372:
2362:
776:
678:
planned four battleships and four battlecruisers, with another four battleships to follow the subsequent year.
1235:
nevertheless misrepresented the displacement of the vessels as being within the limits imposed by the treaty.
3086:
3246:
2765:
2760:
2133:
1200:
601:
which had limited its navy. Naval arms limitation became increasingly difficult for the other signatories.
241:
1939:
Arms Control During the Pre-Nuclear Era: The United States and Naval Limitation Between the Two World Wars
2673:
2648:
2587:
1180:
518:
2797:
2545:
2157:
2138:
2026:
1288:
1277:
1231:
of the mid-1930s, which had a standard displacement in excess of 40,000 long tons (41,000 t). The
1186:
590:
445:
3241:
746:
Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5:5:3 ratio.
740:(battleships and battlecruisers), including the immediate suspension of all building of capital ships.
2683:
2633:
2493:
1783:
Baker, A. D. III (1989). "Battlefleets and Diplomacy: Naval Disarmament Between the Two World Wars".
1225:
1114:
830:
80:
2629:
1477:
1259:
than the US Navy or the Royal Navy. The terms also contributed to controversy in high ranks of the
1164:
3226:
3111:
3071:
2907:
2745:
2597:
2513:
2290:
2118:
1160:
1136:
908:
3076:
2792:
2387:
2280:
2196:
1300:
1260:
893:
664:
614:
3026:
South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
2730:
2417:
1063:
937:
886:
858:
618:
534:
502:
398:
224:
153:
2658:
2540:
1211:
1204:
940:
and was crucial in gaining Japanese acceptance of the limits on capital ship construction.
792:
728:
634:
622:
598:
182:
134:
8:
2812:
2755:
2123:
1256:
788:
760:
586:
570:
229:
2688:
656:
from 1916 to 1919 that would have resulted in a massive fleet of 50 modern battleships.
529:(including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India),
2725:
2643:
2368:
US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
2285:
2040:
1621:
1218:
1096:
798:
784:
3236:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2206:
2014:
1996:
1978:
1960:
1942:
1923:
1905:
1887:
1865:
1846:
1827:
1809:
1792:
1689:
1625:
1560:
1372:
1145:
847:
716:
712:
668:
205:
2948:
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
1880:
700:
regions. To forestall the British plan and to satisfy domestic demands for a global
253:
2959:
2912:
1613:
1296:
1084:
1078:
554:
538:
522:
462:
411:
236:
165:
84:
652:'s administration had already announced successive plans for the expansion of the
2837:
2678:
2073:
1993:
The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War
1824:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
1328:
1090:
1072:
638:
542:
457:
424:
248:
177:
2489:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
3030:
2508:
1902:
Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930
1264:
1153:
1120:
and for the UK to complete two new ships in accordance with the treaty limits.
878:
705:
649:
648:
between the erstwhile allies seemed likely in the next few years. US President
526:
290:
212:
170:
158:
146:
141:
2333:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
1617:
1323:
What was unknown to the participants of the Conference was that the American "
1283:
569:, were not limited by the treaty, but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons
3060:
2781:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
1796:
1324:
1268:
920:
660:
550:
530:
277:
200:
129:
2484:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
2328:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
1203:
in 1935, which unilaterally dismantled the naval disarmament clauses of the
2770:
2556:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
2348:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
2064:
EDSITEment lesson Postwar Disillusionment and the Quest for Peace 1921–1929
1344:
1232:
1062:
Capital ships (battleships and battlecruisers) were limited to 35,000 tons
737:
727:
At the first plenary session held November 21, 1921, US Secretary of State
708:'s administration called the Washington Naval Conference in November 1921.
594:
557:
by the signatories. The numbers of other categories of warships, including
347:
45:
1557:
Uomini sul fondo: storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi
31:
1292:
during sea trials, October 1941. It displaced 72,800 tonnes at full load.
1176:
928:
772:
701:
682:
593:
of 1936. By the mid-1930s, Japan and Italy renounced the treaties, while
525:
from November 1921 to February 1922 and signed by the governments of the
506:
366:
55:
2965:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
1806:
From Wilson to Roosevelt: Foreign Policy of the United States, 1913-1945
843:
812:
610:
546:
485:
1247:
Japanese denunciation of the Washington Naval Treaty, 29 December 1934
2317:
2271:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
2261:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
2186:
1975:
Treaty Cruisers: The First International Warship Building Competition
924:
874:
854:
826:
the Italian government, but parity would never actually be attained.
767:
simultaneously, which provoked outrage from parts of the Royal Navy.
756:
645:
566:
562:
510:
328:
2149:
3010:
2892:
2393:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
1713:
1167:
earlier in the year had already decided not to renew the Alliance.
973:
764:
697:
217:
2610:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
2408:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
711:
The Conference agreed to the Five-Power Naval Treaty as well as a
663:
in 1920 finally authorised construction of warships to enable the
2504:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
2398:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
1701:
1304:
870:
653:
558:
2499:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
1686:
Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations 1908–23
3035:
2519:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
1882:
Crucible of power: a history of US foreign relations since 1897
1519:
1327:" (the Cypher Bureau, a US intelligence service), commanded by
1066:
and guns of no larger than 16-inch calibre. (Articles V and VI)
978:
932:
621:
had differing opinions concerning the final disposition of the
309:
2593:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
1106:) were declared "experimental" and not counted (Article VIII).
3000:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
2870:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
2353:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
2298:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
2276:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
1308:
1058:
The qualitative limits of each type of ship were as follows:
385:
2423:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
2343:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
2266:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
2251:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
689:
campaign resulted in politicians in Washington resuming the
681:
The new arms race was unwelcome to the American public. The
2308:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
2303:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
1749:
1632:
1573:
862:
685:
disapproved of Wilson's 1919 naval expansion plan, and the
514:
2903:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
2479:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1507:
1422:
2246:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
1585:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1159:
Unofficial effects of the treaty included the end of the
2741:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
2474:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2447:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2129:
Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments
2069:
In depth video discussion of the Washington Naval Treaty
1761:
1725:
2615:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
2413:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
2403:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
1400:
1398:
1737:
1665:
1531:
1841:
Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980).
1653:
1458:
1446:
1124:
Some could also be converted into aircraft carriers.
736:
A ten-year pause or "holiday" of the construction of
2709:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
2462:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1495:
1434:
1410:
1395:
2938:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
2256:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
2103:
2013:(2nd ed.), Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
1879:
501:, was a treaty signed during 1922 among the major
2995:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
1843:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
899:. The suggestion was adopted with little debate.
732:adopted. He subsequently proposed the following:
3058:
2943:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
2338:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
1840:
1719:
3046:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
2928:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
2923:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
2918:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
2848:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
2435:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
36:Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty (1922).
2165:
2089:
1318:
1312:advocacy of the plan to attack Pearl Harbor.
3167:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
2654:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
2378:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
2212:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
2060:: on warships provided for under the treaty.
1821:
1755:
1638:
1579:
1525:
1428:
2985:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
2808:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
1917:
1707:
3142:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
3041:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
2583:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
2229:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
2172:
2158:
2096:
2082:
1957:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery
1688:, London: The Athlone Press, p. 334,
1606:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1554:
869:Hughes proposed to limit secondary ships (
838:
30:
2933:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
2843:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
2620:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2197:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
1918:Jordan, John & Dumas, Robert (2009).
1822:Evans, David & Peattie, Mark (1997),
1803:
1767:
1470:
1373:"Part V. Military, Naval and Air Clauses"
1365:
2860:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
2664:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
2042:Conference on the Limitation of Armament
1972:
1659:
1591:
1542:
1464:
1404:
1282:
1242:
1238:
1217:built in the mid-1920s. However, by the
1135:
842:
797:
2882:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
2803:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
2736:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
2202:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
1995:, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge,
1954:
1941:, New York: Columbia University Press,
1936:
1859:
1743:
1671:
1513:
1452:
517:construction. It was negotiated at the
3177:United Kingdom–United States relations
3102:United States Navy in the 20th century
3059:
2865:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
2669:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
2008:
1899:
1440:
1416:
3162:Treaties of the French Third Republic
2953:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
2241:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
2179:
2153:
2077:
1990:
1877:
1782:
1731:
1559:. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 84–85.
1501:
865:, probably during the interwar period
641:had the right to build and maintain.
3021:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
2970:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
2751:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
2536:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
1862:The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun
1845:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1826:, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
1683:
1603:
811:His opinion was opposed strongly by
3097:Treaties entered into force in 1923
2980:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
2761:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
1478:"Washington Conference | 1921–1922"
1383:from the original on 24 August 2023
923:region. Existing fortifications in
13:
2990:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
2975:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
2674:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
1922:. Barnsley: Seaforth Punblishing.
14:
3258:
2457:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
2358:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
2224:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
2033:
1804:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (1963),
545:. It limited the construction of
2828:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
914:
750:
476:
417:
404:
391:
378:
359:
340:
321:
302:
283:
270:
247:
235:
223:
211:
199:
176:
164:
152:
140:
128:
3232:Presidency of Warren G. Harding
3212:France–United Kingdom relations
3172:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
2766:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
1937:Kaufman, Robert Gordon (1990),
1677:
1644:
1597:
1548:
722:
579:League of Nations Treaty Series
3207:Japan–United Kingdom relations
3187:France–United States relations
2908:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
2833:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
2818:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
2721:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
2649:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
2588:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
2573:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
2514:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
2452:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
2104:Interwar Naval Arms Limitation
2047:: the Washington Naval Treaty.
1362:Feb. 6, 1922, 25 L.N.T.S. 202.
1356:
947:
861:of heavy cruisers alongside a
16:1922 pact by the Allies of WWI
1:
3217:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
3182:Italy–United States relations
3152:Japan–United States relations
3147:Treaties of the United States
2823:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
2798:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
2776:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
2568:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
2546:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
2388:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
2134:Anglo-German Agreement (1935)
1977:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword,
1379:. Wikisource. June 28, 1919.
1350:
1299:, who later masterminded the
1170:
902:
669:"eight-eight" fleet programme
604:
509:, which agreed to prevent an
482:Washington Naval Treaty, 1922
2494:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
2418:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
2058:(article): 738–48. May 1929.
2027:Limitation of Naval Armament
1920:French Battleships 1922–1956
1886:, Rowman & Littlefield,
1808:, Harvard University Press,
1720:Gardiner & Chesneau 1980
1555:Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002).
1201:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
627:scuttled most of their ships
25:Limitation of Naval Armament
7:
2659:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
2541:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
2045:(full text). iBiblio. 1922.
1338:
519:Washington Naval Conference
109:December 31, 1936
10:
3263:
3222:League of Nations treaties
3132:History of the French Navy
3092:Treaties concluded in 1922
3082:1922 in the United Kingdom
2813:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
2756:London Naval Treaty (1930)
2746:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
2731:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
2644:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
2605:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2578:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
2551:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2531:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2383:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
2373:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2363:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2011:Sea Power: A Naval History
1776:
1319:Influences of cryptography
1278:Second London Naval Treaty
1131:
777:post–World War I recession
687:1920 presidential election
591:Second London Naval Treaty
65:February 6, 1922
3127:History of the Royal Navy
3036:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
3008:
2890:
2793:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
2726:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
2684:Gongota Agreement of 1920
2628:
2316:
2286:Agreement of Paris (1864)
2185:
2109:
1860:Howarth, Stephen (1983),
1618:10.1017/S0010417500005879
1179:laid down the battleship
950:
667:to attain its goal of an
475:
470:
451:
441:
433:
262:
191:
120:
105:
94:August 17, 1923
90:
81:Memorial Continental Hall
76:
61:
51:
41:
29:
24:
3117:Interwar-period treaties
3067:1922 in military history
2704:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
2699:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
2694:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
2207:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
2119:Geneva Conference (1927)
2114:Washington Treaty (1922)
1756:Evans & Peattie 1997
1639:Evans & Peattie 1997
1580:Evans & Peattie 1997
1526:Evans & Peattie 1997
1429:Evans & Peattie 1997
1185:; combined with the two
1165:1921 Imperial Conference
943:
2960:Tokyo Convention (1963)
2913:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
2689:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
2009:Potter, E, ed. (1981),
1904:, Seaforth Publishing,
1708:Jordan & Dumas 2009
1482:Encyclopedia Britannica
1161:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
839:Cruisers and destroyers
495:Washington Naval Treaty
20:Washington Naval Treaty
3202:France–Japan relations
3192:France–Italy relations
3157:Imperial Japanese Navy
3137:Naval history of Italy
3122:Naval history of Japan
2838:Tripartite Pact (1940)
2679:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
2281:London Protocol (1862)
1991:Paine, S.C.M. (2017),
1973:Marriott, Leo (2005),
1955:Kennedy, Paul (1983),
1878:Jones, Howard (2001),
1710:, pp. 98–99, 152.
1650:25 L.N.T.S. at 205–06.
1307:and the oil-fields in
1301:attack of Pearl Harbor
1293:
1261:Imperial Japanese Navy
1248:
1141:
866:
808:
665:Imperial Japanese Navy
617:in November 1918. The
615:German High Seas Fleet
613:interned the defeated
3197:Italy–Japan relations
3107:Arms control treaties
3031:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
2509:Boxer Protocol (1901)
1959:, London: Macmillan,
1900:Jordan, John (2011),
1785:Warship International
1684:Nish, Ian H. (1972),
1286:
1246:
1239:Japanese denunciation
1139:
1064:standard displacement
938:Western Pacific Ocean
846:
801:
691:non-interventionalism
399:French Third Republic
3087:February 1922 events
2139:London Treaty (1936)
2124:London Treaty (1930)
1377:Treaty of Versailles
1205:Treaty of Versailles
879:imperial commitments
729:Charles Evans Hughes
635:Treaty of Versailles
623:Imperial German Navy
599:Treaty of Versailles
497:, also known as the
135:Charles Evans Hughes
3247:Victor Emmanuel III
2771:Tanggu Truce (1933)
1722:, pp. 290–292.
1528:, pp. 193–196.
1516:, pp. 275–276.
1267:officers and their
1257:force concentration
952:Tonnage limitations
789:U.S. Atlantic Fleet
587:London Naval Treaty
582:on April 16, 1924.
242:Victor Emmanuel III
230:Alexandre Millerand
21:
1734:, p. 104-105.
1294:
1249:
1229:-class battleships
1190:-class battleships
1142:
964:Aircraft carriers
867:
809:
787:and then with the
785:U.S. Pacific Fleet
19:
3054:
3053:
2180:Treaties of Japan
2147:
2146:
2056:Popular Mechanics
2020:978-0-87021-607-7
2002:978-1-107-01195-3
1984:978-1-84415-188-2
1966:978-0-333-35094-2
1948:978-0-231-07136-9
1929:978-1-84832-034-5
1911:978-1-84832-117-5
1893:978-0-8420-2918-6
1871:978-0-689-11402-1
1833:978-0-87021-192-8
1815:978-0-67432-650-7
1594:, pp. 10–11.
1566:978-88-04-50537-2
1146:aircraft carriers
1050:
1049:
1001:(137,000 tonnes)
986:(137,000 tonnes)
717:Nine-Power Treaty
713:Four-Power Treaty
674:The 1921 British
659:In response, the
639:German government
629:on 21 June 1919.
555:aircraft carriers
499:Five-Power Treaty
491:
490:
437:League of Nations
206:Warren G. Harding
3254:
2878:
2856:
2789:
2717:
2601:
2564:
2527:
2470:
2443:
2431:
2294:
2237:
2220:
2187:Bakumatsu period
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2059:
2052:"The New Navies"
2046:
2023:
2005:
1987:
1969:
1951:
1933:
1914:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1856:
1836:
1818:
1800:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1297:Isoroku Yamamoto
1046:(61,000 tonnes)
1041:(178,000 tonnes)
1031:(61,000 tonnes)
1026:(178,000 tonnes)
1016:(82,000 tonnes)
1011:(320,000 tonnes)
996:(533,000 tonnes)
948:
589:of 1930 and the
523:Washington, D.C.
480:
479:
423:
421:
420:
412:Kingdom of Italy
410:
408:
407:
397:
395:
394:
384:
382:
381:
376:
373:
365:
363:
362:
357:
354:
346:
344:
343:
338:
335:
327:
325:
324:
319:
316:
308:
306:
305:
300:
297:
289:
287:
286:
276:
274:
273:
252:
251:
240:
239:
228:
227:
216:
215:
204:
203:
181:
180:
169:
168:
157:
156:
145:
144:
133:
132:
116:
114:
101:
99:
85:Washington, D.C.
72:
70:
34:
22:
18:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3013:
3004:
2895:
2886:
2872:
2850:
2783:
2711:
2636:
2624:
2595:
2558:
2521:
2464:
2437:
2425:
2320:
2312:
2288:
2231:
2214:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2148:
2143:
2105:
2102:
2050:
2039:
2036:
2021:
2003:
1985:
1967:
1949:
1930:
1912:
1894:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1816:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1329:Herbert Yardley
1321:
1241:
1222:-class cruisers
1215:-class cruisers
1173:
1154:treaty cruisers
1134:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1006:Empire of Japan
1000:
995:
985:
976:
946:
917:
905:
841:
793:Katō Tomosaburō
753:
725:
715:on Japan and a
676:Naval Estimates
607:
477:
446:25 L.N.T.S. 202
429:
425:Empire of Japan
418:
416:
405:
403:
392:
390:
379:
377:
374:
371:
360:
358:
355:
352:
341:
339:
336:
333:
322:
320:
317:
314:
303:
301:
298:
295:
284:
282:
271:
269:
258:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
187:
183:Katō Tomosaburō
175:
163:
151:
139:
127:
112:
110:
97:
95:
68:
66:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3242:Emperor Taishō
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Arthur Balfour
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Naval treaties
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:1922 in France
3069:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2034:External links
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:, treaty, 1922
2024:
2019:
2006:
2001:
1988:
1983:
1970:
1965:
1952:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1910:
1897:
1892:
1875:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1832:
1819:
1814:
1801:
1791:(3): 217–255.
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1770:, p. 156.
1768:Duroselle 1963
1760:
1758:, p. 298.
1748:
1746:, p. 152.
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1676:
1674:, p. 167.
1664:
1652:
1643:
1641:, p. 199.
1631:
1612:(3): 297–319.
1596:
1584:
1582:, p. 197.
1572:
1565:
1547:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1504:, p. 119.
1494:
1469:
1457:
1455:, p. 274.
1445:
1443:, p. 233.
1433:
1431:, p. 174.
1421:
1419:, p. 232.
1409:
1394:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1320:
1317:
1265:Treaty Faction
1240:
1237:
1172:
1169:
1133:
1130:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1067:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
987:
982:
970:
969:British Empire
966:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
945:
942:
916:
913:
904:
901:
840:
837:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
741:
724:
721:
706:Warren Harding
650:Woodrow Wilson
606:
603:
597:renounced the
551:battlecruisers
527:British Empire
489:
488:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
428:
427:
414:
401:
388:
369:
350:
331:
312:
293:
291:British Empire
280:
266:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
244:
232:
220:
208:
195:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
173:
171:Carlo Schanzer
161:
159:Albert Sarraut
149:
147:Arthur Balfour
137:
124:
122:
118:
117:
107:
103:
102:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
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3078:
3077:1922 in Italy
3075:
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3034:
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3019:
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3012:
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3001:
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2500:
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2259:
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2239:
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2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2094:
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2087:
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2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1873:
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1863:
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1854:
1852:0-87021-913-8
1848:
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1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:0-485-13133-1
1691:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1660:Marriott 2005
1656:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1592:Marriott 2005
1588:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1545:, p. 11.
1544:
1543:Marriott 2005
1539:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1467:, p. 10.
1466:
1465:Marriott 2005
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1405:Marriott 2005
1401:
1399:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:Black Chamber
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1269:Fleet Faction
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:In 1935, the
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
993:
991:United States
990:
989:
983:
980:
975:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:Capital ships
960:
957:
956:
953:
949:
941:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Pacific Ocean
915:Pacific bases
912:
910:
900:
898:
896:
891:
889:
882:
880:
876:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
836:
834:
833:
827:
823:
819:
816:
814:
806:
805:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
762:
761:Mediterranean
758:
751:Capital ships
745:
742:
739:
738:capital ships
735:
734:
733:
730:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:Japanese Diet
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:United States
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
487:
483:
474:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
450:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
415:
413:
402:
400:
389:
387:
370:
368:
351:
349:
332:
330:
313:
311:
294:
292:
281:
279:
278:United States
268:
267:
265:
261:
255:
250:
245:
243:
238:
233:
231:
226:
221:
219:
214:
209:
207:
202:
197:
196:
194:
190:
184:
179:
174:
172:
167:
162:
160:
155:
150:
148:
143:
138:
136:
131:
126:
125:
123:
119:
108:
104:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
33:
28:
23:
2720:
2113:
2055:
2041:
2010:
1992:
1974:
1956:
1938:
1919:
1901:
1881:
1864:, Atheneum,
1861:
1842:
1823:
1805:
1788:
1784:
1763:
1751:
1744:Howarth 1983
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1672:Howarth 1983
1667:
1662:, p. 3.
1655:
1646:
1634:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1521:
1514:Kennedy 1983
1509:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1460:
1453:Kennedy 1983
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1407:, p. 9.
1385:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1358:
1345:Arms control
1333:
1322:
1314:
1295:
1287:
1274:
1263:between the
1254:
1250:
1233:Italian Navy
1226:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1039:175,000 tons
1024:175,000 tons
1009:315,000 tons
999:135,000 tons
994:525,000 tons
984:135,000 tons
951:
918:
906:
894:
887:
883:
868:
849:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
810:
802:
781:
769:
754:
726:
723:Negotiations
710:
704:conference,
695:
680:
673:
658:
643:
631:
608:
584:
577:
575:
571:displacement
513:by limiting
498:
494:
492:
348:South Africa
46:Arms control
2896:(1945–1989)
2891:During the
2873: [
2851: [
2784: [
2712: [
2637:(1913–1945)
2630:World War I
2596: [
2559: [
2522: [
2465: [
2438: [
2426: [
2321:(1868–1912)
2289: [
2232: [
2215: [
2190:(1854–1868)
1441:Potter 1981
1417:Potter 1981
1177:French Navy
1044:60,000 tons
1029:60,000 tons
1014:81,000 tons
929:Philippines
702:disarmament
683:US Congress
547:battleships
507:World War I
367:New Zealand
192:Signatories
121:Negotiators
56:World War I
3061:Categories
1732:Paine 2017
1502:Jones 2001
1351:References
1171:Violations
909:in the war
903:Submarines
875:destroyers
813:Katō Kanji
773:Anglophone
719:on China.
611:Royal Navy
605:Background
567:submarines
563:destroyers
486:Wikisource
434:Depositary
113:1936-12-31
106:Expiration
98:1923-08-17
69:1922-02-06
2318:Meiji era
1797:0043-0374
1626:143583522
1387:24 August
1280:in 1936.
1195:Jean Bart
1188:Dunkerque
1182:Richelieu
977:(533,000
925:Singapore
859:her class
855:lead ship
848:HMS
757:North Sea
646:arms race
511:arms race
471:Full text
452:Languages
442:Citations
329:Australia
254:Yoshihito
91:Effective
3237:George V
3011:Cold War
2893:Cold War
1381:Archived
1339:See also
1227:Littorio
1116:Colorado
972:525,000
895:Furutaka
871:cruisers
765:Far East
763:and the
698:Far East
559:cruisers
218:George V
77:Location
3014:(1989–)
1777:Sources
1487:6 April
1305:Detroit
1132:Effects
1097:Langley
1085:Furious
958:Country
888:Hawkins
850:Hawkins
822:ships.
654:US Navy
595:Germany
463:English
263:Parties
111: (
96: (
67: (
52:Context
2017:
1999:
1981:
1963:
1945:
1926:
1908:
1890:
1868:
1849:
1830:
1812:
1795:
1692:
1624:
1563:
1289:Yamato
1213:Trento
1091:Hermes
1021:France
979:tonnes
933:Hawaii
927:, the
759:, the
619:Allies
573:each.
565:, and
541:, and
535:France
503:Allies
458:French
422:
409:
396:
383:
375:
372:
364:
356:
353:
345:
337:
334:
326:
318:
315:
310:Canada
307:
299:
296:
288:
275:
62:Signed
3009:Post-
2877:]
2855:]
2788:]
2716:]
2600:]
2563:]
2526:]
2469:]
2442:]
2430:]
2293:]
2236:]
2219:]
1622:S2CID
1309:Texas
1118:class
1103:Hōshō
1079:Eagle
1073:Argus
1036:Italy
944:Terms
897:class
890:class
832:Mutsu
804:Akagi
543:Japan
539:Italy
515:naval
386:India
2015:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1793:ISSN
1789:XXVI
1690:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1489:2019
1389:2023
1220:Zara
1100:and
974:tons
931:and
873:and
863:quay
857:for
553:and
493:The
42:Type
1614:doi
521:in
505:of
484:at
3063::
2875:ja
2853:ja
2786:ja
2714:ja
2634:II
2598:ja
2561:ja
2524:ja
2467:ja
2440:ja
2428:ja
2291:ja
2234:ja
2217:ja
2054:.
1787:.
1620:.
1610:12
1608:.
1533:^
1480:.
1397:^
1375:.
1094:,
1088:,
1082:,
1076:,
853:,
779:.
561:,
549:,
537:,
533:,
83:,
2632:–
2173:e
2166:t
2159:v
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
1932:.
1855:.
1837:.
1799:.
1628:.
1616::
1569:.
1491:.
1391:.
1152:"
981:)
115:)
100:)
71:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
