War of Jenkins' Ear

3535: 52: 3266: 1431: 1186: 142: 2817: 5885: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 194: 176: 154: 404: 392: 380: 362: 350: 338: 320: 6010: 3396:, while Washington's Virginians took up positions in the nearby hill of La Popa. Vernon, believing the victory at hand, sent a message to Jamaica stating that he had taken the city. The report was subsequently forwarded to London, where there was much celebration. Commemorative medals were minted, depicting the defeated Spanish defenders kneeling before Vernon. The robust image of the enemy depicted in the British medals bore little resemblance to Admiral Lezo. Maimed by years of battle, he was one-eyed and lame, with limited use of one hand. 3758: 2904: 2992: 3285: 4098: 3965: 3862:, the war soon engulfed most of the major powers of Europe, who joined two competing alliances. The scale of this new war dwarfed any of the fighting in the Americas, and drew Britain and Spain's attention back to operations on the European continent. The return of Vernon's fleet in 1742 marked the end of major offensive operations in the War of Jenkins' Ear. France entered the war in 1744, emphasizing the European theatre and planning an 3169: 2264: 4301: 3993:. British territorial and economic ambitions on the Caribbean had been repelled, while Spain, although unprepared at the start of the war, proved successful in defending its American possessions. Moreover, the war put an end to the British smuggling, and the Spanish fleet was able to dispatch three treasure convoys to Europe during the war and off-balance the British squadron at Jamaica. The issue of the 2278: 2553: 4945:"Spain's fortifications, fleet and merchant marine were able to repel Great Britain's offensive. England's design to detach the Americas from the Spanish monarchy failed, for the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the war in 1748, left the Spanish empire intact while cancelling British trading privileges in Spanish territory". Chavez, Thomas E.: 4280:"Spain's fortifications, fleet and merchant marine were able to repel Great Britain's offensive. England's design to detach the Americas from the Spanish monarchy failed, for the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the war in 1748, left the Spanish empire intact while cancelling British trading privileges in Spanish territory". Chavez, Thomas E.: 4985:"The Franco/Spanish alliance still owned most of the Caribbean in terms of geographical area and produced more sugar, the golden crop, than the Anglo/Dutch alliance. The Protestant powers had failed to seize hegemony in the Caribbean from the Catholic powers by the end of the first half of the eighteenth century". Mirza, Rocky M.: 2923:, governor of Jamaica, considered the Spanish gold shipping port to be a prime objective. Since the outbreak of the war, and Vernon's arrival in the Caribbean, the British had made a concerted effort to gain intelligence on the defences of Cartagena. In October 1739, Vernon sent First Lieutenant Percival to deliver a letter to 5005:"The Spanish archives reveal that Spain was not prepared for war but willing to take measures to defend her colonies in America. Her men fought well, and for the most part successfully, when the chips were down. That they were aided, in part, by English errors and indecision, should not detract from their victories". 4300:"The Spanish archives reveal that Spain was not prepared for war but willing to take measures to defend her colonies in America. Her men fought well, and for the most part successfully, when the chips were down. That they were aided, in part, by English errors and indecision, should not detract from their victories". 2732:. According to some accounts, he produced the severed ear as part of his presentation, although no detailed record of the hearing exists. The incident was considered alongside various other cases of "Spanish Depredations upon the British Subjects", and was perceived as an insult to Britain's honour and a clear 3391:

and artillery to take Fort de San Luis de Bocachica. In support of that action, the British ships simultaneously opened with cannon fire, at a rate of 62 shots per hour. In turn, Lezo ordered four of the Spanish ships to aid 500 of his troops defending Desnaux's position, but the Spanish eventually

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was within range and then simultaneously opened fire. After three hours of heavy shelling, Waterhouse ordered a withdrawal. The battered British squadron sailed to Jamaica to undertake emergency repairs. Trying later to explain his actions, Waterhouse argued that the capture of a few small Spanish

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itself was marginally profitable and has been described as a 'commercial illusion'; between 1717 and 1733, only eight ships were sent from Britain to the Americas. Previous holders made money by carrying smuggled goods that evaded customs duties, demand from Spanish colonists creating a large and

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some of his ships in an effort to block the harbour entrance). The Spanish thwarted any British attempt to land another ground assault force. The British troops were forced to remain aboard ship for a month, without sufficient reserves. With supplies running low, and with the outbreak of disease

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and to reconnoitre the Spanish squadron anchored in Playa Grande, west of Cartagena. Having not seen any reaction from the Spanish, on 18 March Vernon ordered the three bomb vessels to open fire on the city. Vernon intended to provoke a response that might give him a better idea of the defensive

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set out on the journey. Hearing the news, Vernon immediately sent four ships to intercept the Spanish. They were unsuccessful in their mission. The Spanish managed to circumvent the British interceptors and entered the port of Cartagena on 21 April 1740, landing there with the new governor and

3834:. The commodore angrily followed them in. On 28 March, he sent his smaller ships to cruise off Puerto Cabello, and once his main body had been refitted, went to sea again on 31 March. He struggled against contrary winds and currents for two weeks before finally diverting to the eastern tip of 2584:

admitted those involved in what he described as "clandestine trade" could not complain if their cargoes were confiscated and often indulged in violence themselves. Such incidents were seen as the cost of doing business and it was quickly forgotten after the Spanish eased restrictions in 1732.

4965:"Naval and continental campaigns had not shattered the Spanish empire nor modified their pretensions to protect their colonies from interlopers. The war had opened with massive expectations of quick victory based on naval power. It ended with failures and disappointments". Harding, Richard: 3419:

too short for the task. The British advance was stymied since the fort's walls had not been breached, and the ramparts could not be topped. Neither could the British easily withdraw in the face of intense Spanish fire and under the weight of their own equipment. The Spanish seized on this

3300:). Vernon's expedition was hampered by inefficient organisation, his rivalry with the commander of his land forces, and the logistical problems of mounting and maintaining a major trans-Atlantic expedition. The strong fortifications in Cartagena and the able strategy of Spanish Commander 3681:

When war broke out in 1739, both Britain and Spain expected that France would join the war on the Spanish side. This played a large role in the tactical calculations of the British. If the Spanish and French were to operate together, they would have a superiority of ninety

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for 7 October 1731, says it was Lieutenant Dorce). Fandiño told Jenkins, "Go, and tell your King that I will do the same, if he dares to do the same." In March 1738, Jenkins was ordered to testify before Parliament, presumably to repeat his story before a committee of the

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blockade to prevent supplies reaching the settlement was a crucial factor in the collapse of the siege. Oglethorpe began preparing Georgia for an expected Spanish assault. The Battle of Bloody Mose, where the Spanish and free black forces repelled Oglethorpe's forces at

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so that the British fleet was forced into ranges where they could only make short or long shots that were of little value. Vernon withdrew, asserting that the attack was merely a manoeuver. The main consequence of this action was to help the Spanish test their defences.

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and capture the city. Vernon clashed with the army commander, and the expedition withdrew when faced with heavier Spanish opposition than expected. Vernon remained in the Caribbean until October 1742, before heading back to Britain; he was replaced by admiral

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charge at first light, inflicting heavy casualties on the British. The surviving British forces retreated to the safety of their ships. The British maintained a naval bombardment, sinking what remained of the small Spanish squadron (after Lezo's decision to

3475:. Vernon maintained his naval career for another four years before retiring in 1746. In an active Parliamentary career, Vernon advocated for improvements in naval procedures. He continued to hold an interest in naval affairs until his death in 1757. 3099:

During this time of British victories along the Caribbean coast, events taking place in Spain would prove to have a significant effect on the outcome of the largest engagement of the war. Spain had decided to replace Don Pedro Hidalgo as governor of

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had prepared the port defences, and Spanish troops were well-commanded by Captain Don Francisco Saucedo. On 22 October, Waterhouse entered the port of La Guaira flying the Spanish flag. Expecting attack, the port gunners were not deceived by his

3561:. Before they reached the Pacific, numerous men were killed by disease, they had to outrun pursuing Spanish naval vessels, and ultimately the fleet found itself in no shape to launch any sort of attack. Anson reassembled his force in the 3949:

to the throne, and he was more willing to be conciliatory over the issues of trade. Because of their commitments to their Austrian allies, the British were unable to agree to Spanish demands for territory in Italy and talks broke down.

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whose ships had rendered great assistance to the Spanish navy during War in carrying troops, arms, stores and ammunition from Spain to her colonies, and its destruction would be a severe blow both to the Company and the Spanish Crown.

3336:), bearing 2,620 artillery pieces and more than 27,000 men. Of that number, 10,000 were soldiers responsible for initiating the assault. There were also 12,600 sailors, 1,000 Jamaican slaves and macheteros, and 4,000 recruits from 4545: 3501:

to Italy, which he failed to do having only 10 ships. With the arrival of additional ships from Britain in February 1742, Haddock successfully blockaded the Spanish coast failing to force the Spanish fleet into an action.

3739:, forcing them to withdraw. Border clashes between the colonies of Florida and Georgia continued for the next few years, but neither Spain nor Britain undertook offensive operations on the North American mainland. 3311:

The extreme ease with which the British destroyed Porto Bello led to a change in British plans. Instead of Vernon concentrating his next attack on Havana as expected, in order to conquer Cuba, he planned to attack

2842:. One way to impact Spanish trade was by attacking or blockading these ports but as many ships carried cargoes financed by foreign merchants, the strategy also risked damaging British and neutral interests. 10369: 2927:

and Don Pedro Hidalgo, governor of Cartagena. Percival was to use the opportunity to make a detailed study of the Spanish defences. This effort was thwarted when Percival was denied entry to the port.

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We have already lost seven millions of money and thirty thousand men in the Spanish war and all the fruit of all this blood and treasure is the glory of having Admiral Vernon's head on alehouse signs!

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were about to combine and launch an invasion of England. Although this proved not to be the case, the British kept the bulk of their naval and land forces in or near southern England to act as a

607: 10364: 2545:, French ships carrying contraband were let through, while British ships were stopped and severe restrictions imposed on British merchants in Cadiz. This was reversed during the 1733 to 1735 2959:

capabilities of the Spanish. Understanding Vernon's motives, Lezo did not immediately respond. Instead, Lezo ordered the removal of guns from some of his ships, in order to form a temporary

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viewed trade as a finite resource; since countries could in theory only increase their share at the expense of their rivals, wars were often fought over purely commercial issues. The 1713

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route. They seized hundreds of British ships, looting their goods and slaves, and operated with virtual impunity in the West Indies; they were also active in European waters. The Spanish

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set up a Commission to resolve the Georgia-Florida boundary dispute and agreed Spain would pay damages of £95,000 for ships seized. In return, the South Sea Company would pay £68,000 to

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Accepting that smuggling was too lucrative and widespread to stop altogether, the Spanish tried to manage it and sometimes used it as an instrument of policy. During the 1727 to 1729

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The British attacked several locations in the Caribbean with little consequence to the geopolitical situation in the Atlantic. The weakened British forces under Vernon launched an

3093:, began to bombard the Spanish fortress. Given the overwhelming superiority of the British forces, Captain Cevallos surrendered the fort on 24 March, after resisting for two days. 2394:, used it seven years later to incite support for a war against Spain, hoping to improve British trading opportunities in the Caribbean. They also wanted to retain the lucrative 3596:

in the process. Less than a tenth of his forces had survived the expedition. Anson's achievements helped establish his name and wealth in Britain, leading to his appointment as

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launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's principal gold-trading ports in their colony of New Granada (today

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Many in the British government were afraid to launch a major offensive against the Spanish, for fear that a major British victory would draw France into the war to protect the

6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 840: 7698: 835: 10162: 533: 474: 2857:; it fell within twenty-four hours and the British occupied the town for three weeks before withdrawing, having first destroyed its fortifications, port and warehouses. 2612:

as the first step in being replaced by France as Spain's largest trading partner. A second round of Spanish "depredations" in 1738 led to demands for compensation, with

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Colonial officials assigned Admiral Blas de Lezo to defend the fortified city. He was a marine veteran hardened by numerous naval battles in Europe, beginning with the

2616:-backed newsletters and pamphlets presenting them as being inspired by France. Linking these allowed the opposition to imply the government's failure to act was due to 1809: 947: 3806:'s troops, Commodore Knowles, having suffered 97 killed and 308 wounded over three days, decided to retire west before sunrise on 6 March. He decided to attack nearby 850: 1004: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 3866:. While it ultimately failed, the threat persuaded British policymakers of the dangers of sending significant forces to the Americas which might be needed at home. 2872:

in London are among the places in Britain named after this success, while more medals were awarded for its capture than any other event in the eighteenth century.

977: 784: 673: 1825: 3581:, which had been one of the principal objectives of the expedition. He retreated across the Pacific, running into a storm that forced him to dock for repairs in 1061: 1024: 915: 4009:

in exchange for a payment of £100,000. The South Sea Company ceased its activity, although the treaty also allowed favourable conditions for British trade with

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in the Mediterranean Sea. Assisting in that effort were Melchor de Navarrete and Carlos Desnaux, with a squadron of six ships of the line (the flagship vessel

1467: 1056: 972: 952: 9292: 3534: 2431:, after 1742 the conflict was largely subsumed into the War of the Austrian Succession, which involved most of the powers of Europe, and ended with the 1748 2015: 1066: 6705: 890: 875: 2580:

later alleged he had been tortured and his ear partially amputated by coastguard officers. While deprecating such treatment, the Royal Naval commander in

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were decisive in repelling the attack. Heavy losses on the British side were due in large part to virulent tropical diseases, primarily an outbreak of

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Prior to 1739, trade between mainland Spain and its colonies was conducted only through specific ports; twice a year, outward bound ships assembled in

2645:. Despite being controlled by the government, the company refused and Walpole reluctantly accepted that war could not be avoided. On 10 July 1739, the 5417:

Trade and Peace with Old Spain, 1667–1750: A study of the influence of commerce on Anglo-Spanish diplomacy in the first half of the eighteenth century

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of Parma, also shifted to a European focus, to recover lost Spanish possessions in Italy from the Austrians. In 1742, a large British fleet under

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Following the strategy previously applied at Porto Bello, the British destroyed the fort and seized the guns along with two Spanish patrol boats.

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After the destruction of Portobelo the previous November, Vernon proceeded to remove the last Spanish stronghold in the area. He attacked the

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All in all, the war cost Britain 20,000 casualties and 407 ships, primarily merchantmen, in exchange for little commercial or strategic gain.

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wanted to shift the focus of Britain's war effort away from the Americas and into the Mediterranean. Spanish policy, dictated by the queen

3276:). This fortress, though incomplete during the war, was integral to Spain's effort to maintain the link with its colonies via the Atlantic 666: 1133: 4814: 4036: 3929:

proved almost unstoppable. During the Austrian phase of the war, the British fleet attacked poorly protected French merchantmen instead.

460: 1767: 5051: 3706: 2310: 10274: 4744: 4725: 4116: 3863: 3525: 2440: 518: 3873:

of New England led a colonial expedition, supported by a British fleet under Commodore Peter Warren, against the French fortress of

3233: 10334: 10142: 9246: 7924: 7806: 7325: 6928: 6698: 6580: 5921: 2071: 1328: 738: 3205: 2971:, but in the face of strong resistance, the attempt to land 400 soldiers was unsuccessful. The British then undertook a three-day 2864:" was written in 1740 to mark the occasion and performed for the first time at a dinner in London honouring Vernon. The suburb of 10359: 9226: 5851: 3486: 3388: 3186: 2891:

with a larger number of smaller convoys, calling at more ports and Portobelo's economy did not recover until the building of the

2435:. Great Britain failed to achieve its territorial and economic ambitions, and Spain successfully defended its possessions in the 1495: 659: 276: 198: 1138: 17: 7788: 5866: 5047:"El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico" 2568:, the Spanish were allowed to board British vessels trading with the Americas and check them for contraband. In 1731, the brig 2455:. More recent historians argue trade was only one of a number of issues, including tensions over British colonial expansion in 2178: 2102: 1886: 8364: 2165: 10000: 8111: 7121: 5732: 5147: 3803: 3212: 2789: 2459:. They suggest the decisive factor in turning an economic dispute into war was the domestic political campaign to remove the 1941: 1170: 753: 8962: 8831: 8458: 8454: 6795: 5848:– a document suggesting strategies by which General James Oglethorpe might defeat the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear 3999:

was not mentioned in the treaty, as its importance had lessened for both nations. The issue was finally settled by the 1750

3482:. Walpole's anti-war views were considered by the Opposition to have contributed to his poor prosecution of the war effort. 1601: 10095: 10090: 9458: 8864: 8507: 7960: 7878: 7151: 6964: 6478: 6089: 4111: 2781: 2468: 1640: 4708:"Commission of Lawrence Washington as captain in provincial forces serving under Admiral Vernon in the Cartegena Campaign" 1460: 1185: 10324: 10157: 9277: 7794: 7728: 6691: 5705: 3921:, but this was more than offset by the numerous Spanish privateering attacks on British shipping along the transatlantic 3585:. After this he tried again the following year to intercept the Manila galleon. He accomplished this on 20 June 1743 off 3505: 3392:

had to retire to the city. Civilians were already evacuating it. After leaving Fort Bocagrande, the Spanish regrouped at

3341: 2188: 2142: 300: 8146: 4546:"I want...a record confirming that Robert Jenkins exhibited his severed ear to Parliament in 1738 (War of Jenkins' Ear)" 2527:, either for sale locally or re-export to Spanish colonies, with Spanish dye and wool going in the other direction. The 1529: 9924: 9241: 9177: 8899: 8879: 8354: 8086: 8049: 7006: 5665: 5646: 5627: 5608: 5589: 5550: 5529: 5424: 5405: 5269: 5128: 5109: 5090: 3219: 3017:, and was armed with four guns and about thirty soldiers under Captain of Infantry Don Juan Carlos Gutiérrez Cevallos. 10289: 9393: 6009: 2519:

The value of these rights was insignificant compared to the trade between Britain and mainland Spain, which a leading

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to the British in 1762; although both were returned as part of the peace settlement, in exchange the Spanish ceded

3984: 3882: 3787: 3762: 2613: 2432: 2349: 1672: 1333: 597: 264: 10314: 9566: 9501: 3407:, supported by Jamaicans and several British companies, moved under cover of darkness, with the aid of an intense 3201: 10127: 9919: 9706: 9506: 9055: 8990: 8576: 8478: 7872: 7457: 6789: 6490: 5987: 5772:

Mobilizing Resources for War: The British and Spanish Intelligence Systems in the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1744)

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Relations between Britain and Spain improved temporarily, in subsequent years, due to a concerted effort by the

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The success of the Porto Bello operation led the British, in September 1740, to send a squadron under Commodore

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off Canada. Pepperrell was knighted for his achievement, but Britain returned Louisbourg to the French by the

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The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: A Re-Interpretation of History, Economics and Philosophy: 1492–2006

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Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; Fruchtman (Jr. ), Jack; Graham Cummings, A.J.; Tasch, Peter A. (1997).

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News of the defeat at Cartagena was a significant factor in the downfall of the British Prime Minister

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in charge of 13 warships, with the intention of bombarding the city. Lezo reacted by deploying his six

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between Britain and France, Spain remained neutral. However, it later joined the French side and lost

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but retreated after heavy losses from disease. On 22 November 1739, Vernon attacked the port with six

2780:. He decided to attack a number of vessels that he observed at La Guaira, which was controlled by the 1617: 9959: 9909: 9767: 9666: 9162: 9035: 9000: 8952: 8854: 8466: 8350: 8039: 8009: 8004: 7529: 6916: 6843: 6759: 6636: 6044: 5958: 5831: 3593: 2296: 2232: 2217: 2110: 2055: 1410: 1341: 1284: 8584: 5700: 4025: 3592:

Anson sailed home, arriving in London more than three and a half years after he had set out, having

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on 9 May and return to Jamaica. Six thousand British died while only one thousand Spanish perished.

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where they discovered that the Spanish had dug deep trenches. This effectively rendered the British

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to French attack. In support of their campaign against Walpole, the Tories exhibited Jenkins in the

2596:, vital to protect shipping routes with mainland Spain. For their part, the British viewed the 1733 10354: 10349: 9904: 9787: 9747: 9686: 9681: 9621: 9040: 9030: 8816: 8519: 8430: 8131: 7782: 7595: 7541: 7427: 7415: 7385: 7127: 7018: 6819: 6813: 6468: 6463: 5889: 4229:(1858), most notably in Book XI, chap VI, where he refers specifically to "the War of Jenkins' Ear" 3807: 3752: 3226: 2747:, in 1858, 110 years after hostilities ended. Carlyle mentioned the ear in several passages of his 2565: 2345: 1965: 1957: 1894: 1568: 1511: 1230: 1029: 560: 141: 10284: 9363: 8596: 8116: 5881: 5561: 2772:

Vernon sent three ships commanded by Captain Thomas Waterhouse to intercept Spanish ships between

2707:(effectively privateer) Juan de León Fandiño. After boarding, Fandiño cut off the left ear of the 9954: 9812: 9656: 9596: 9546: 9448: 9045: 9010: 8957: 8592: 8462: 8426: 8156: 8029: 8014: 7910: 7746: 7680: 7517: 7481: 7283: 7259: 7217: 7090: 7078: 7000: 6994: 6777: 6651: 6590: 5838:. Military strategies to defeat the Spanish. Georgia Archives, University System of Georgia. 1740 3770: 3179: 2975:

of the city. In total, the campaign lasted 21 days. Vernon then withdrew his forces, leaving HMS

2008: 1357: 1316: 1215: 1148: 942: 860: 630: 612: 580: 528: 370: 328: 304: 202: 184: 9147: 7367: 7060: 5140:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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off the coast. General Oglethorpe rallied the local forces and defeated the Spanish regulars at

3652:

in Florida, supported by a British naval blockade, but were repelled. The British forces led by

3448:, Cuba. On 5 March 1742, with the help of reinforcements from Europe, he launched an assault on 2986: 2451:

The war was traditionally seen as a dispute between Britain and Spain over access to markets in

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The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon (Lyrasis)

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the survivors would later take part in a sensational public inquiry concerning allegations of

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one of the largest fleets ever assembled. It consisted of 186 ships (60 more than the famous

2865: 2785: 2666: 2621: 2237: 2227: 2157: 1949: 1279: 1110: 1039: 900: 830: 825: 10225: 9626: 9413: 9373: 9332: 8306: 5787:. "Authentic papers related to the expedition against Carthagena", by Jorge Orlando Melo in 4575: 2416:

in 1741 resulted in heavy British casualties, primarily from disease, and was not repeated.

1743: 10200: 9869: 9832: 9822: 9762: 9661: 9641: 9536: 9348: 9167: 8044: 8034: 7776: 7565: 7511: 7439: 7361: 7349: 7145: 6904: 6825: 5999: 4083: 4055:, in an effort to avoid a repeat of hostilities. As a result, during the early part of the 3969: 3894: 3468: 3026: 2401: 1933: 1688: 1536: 1269: 1143: 1098: 895: 9726: 9516: 9438: 4729: 3355:, and by confrontations with European pirates in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, and 2915:

Following the success of Portobelo, Vernon decided to focus his efforts on the capture of

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ships. On 13 March 1741, he landed a contingent of troops under command of Major General

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to advance the position of the Spanish Empire in the area. Forts were thus built in the

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The War of Jenkins' Ear: The Forgotten Struggle for North and South America, 1739–1742

5601:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783

2875:

Taking a port in Spain's American empire was considered a foregone conclusion by many

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Mobilizing Resources for War: The Intelligence Systems during the War of Jenkins' Ear

5265: 5246: 5225: 5162: 5143: 5124: 5105: 5086: 4990: 4970: 4950: 4838: 4754: 4285: 4159: 4079: 3959: 3942: 3699: 3683: 3616: 3490: 3464: 3437:), which took the lives of many on the crowded ships, Vernon was forced to raise the 3408: 3345: 3321: 3316:. Located in Colombia, it was the main port of the Viceroyalty and main point of the 2972: 2854: 2835: 2720: 2646: 2636: 2609: 2523:

merchant called 'the best flower in our garden.' British goods were imported through

2513: 2485: 2479: 2396: 2391: 2063: 1902: 1817: 1210: 1051: 885: 758: 324: 8231: 3774: 3445: 9842: 9837: 9802: 9782: 9541: 9418: 9317: 9221: 8683: 8523: 7860: 7848: 7842: 7800: 7704: 7674: 7589: 7409: 7391: 7373: 7343: 6958: 6807: 6747: 6039: 5975: 5477: 5349: 5215: 5207: 3922: 3791: 3778: 3728: 3653: 3601: 3494: 3380:) and a force of 3,000 soldiers, 600 militia and a group of native Indian archers. 3145: 3021: 3002: 2995: 2983:

in the vicinity, with a mission to intercept any Spanish ship that might approach.

2964: 2954:. Reaching Cartagena on 13 March, Vernon immediately landed several men to map the 2939: 2798: 2649:

was authorised to begin naval operations against Spain. On the 20th, a force under

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and found to be carrying an illegal cargo of sugar; during the search, its captain

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George Anson's expedition to the Southeast Pacific led the Spanish authorities in

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The incident that gave its name to the war had occurred in 1731, off the coast of

2560:

in 1733 raised tensions by threatening Spanish possessions in the Caribbean Basin.

2360:, with major operations largely ended by 1742. It was related to the 1740 to 1748 396: 10285:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10035: 9975: 9889: 9797: 9671: 9651: 9616: 9398: 9368: 9307: 8917: 8907: 8803: 8688: 8580: 8537: 8297: 8205: 8076: 7752: 7692: 7631: 7625: 7553: 7433: 7337: 7319: 6970: 6892: 6626: 6027: 5941: 5784: 5444: 5211: 4618: 4136: 4068: 4060: 4010: 3695: 3412: 3356: 3117: 3113: 2883:. They now pressed a reluctant Walpole to launch larger naval expeditions to the 2869: 2593: 2505: 2420: 2405: 2344:'War of the Agreement') was a conflict lasting from 1739 to 1748 between 2126: 2087: 1777: 1264: 962: 865: 769: 85: 9944: 4074:

The War of Jenkins' Ear is commemorated annually on the last Saturday in May at

3869:

Britain did not attempt any additional attacks on Spanish possessions. In 1745,

3284: 9879: 9792: 9676: 9428: 9251: 9236: 9137: 9111: 9096: 8977: 8572: 8566: 8470: 8237: 8151: 8101: 7979: 7933: 7884: 7613: 7535: 7493: 7487: 7475: 7163: 6719: 6621: 6077: 5762: 5309: 4625:, Saturday 23 October 1739, Vol. 9, October 1739, p. 551; accessed 13 May 2010. 4576:"Second Parliament of George II: Fourth session (6 of 9, begins 15 March 1738)" 4052: 3918: 3757: 3687: 3578: 3542: 3479: 3329: 3152: 2931: 2884: 2861: 2744: 2520: 2464: 2365: 2282: 2094: 2023: 1786: 1704: 1648: 992: 565: 452: 180: 158: 146: 97: 8384: 5742: 3979:

The eventual diplomatic resolution formed part of the wider settlement of the

2903: 2400:, a contract issued by Spain to British merchants granting them permission to 10308: 9443: 8293: 8210: 8019: 7890: 7866: 7764: 7758: 7656: 7024: 6910: 6880: 6526: 6505: 5756: 5340:

Lodge, Richard (1933). "Presidential Address: The Treaty of Seville (1729)".

5042: 3898: 3835: 3783: 3691: 3645: 3460: 3424: 3090: 3010: 2991: 2987:

Destruction of the fortress of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres (22–24 March 1740)

2960: 2876: 2650: 2456: 2357: 2118: 1664: 1323: 870: 240: 228: 93: 10339: 10215: 10205: 9934: 9473: 9327: 9152: 8668: 8444: 8126: 7974: 7734: 7577: 7451: 7102: 7072: 6855: 6713: 6510: 5794: 5229: 4048: 3910: 3814:

Keys—4 miles (6.4 km) east of Puerto Cabello—captains of the detached

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gave British merchants access to markets in Spanish America, including the

2475: 2268: 366: 342: 216: 9526: 7397: 4195: 4151: 3941:, in neutral Portugal, to try to arrange a peace settlement. The death of 3104:. But, the new governor-designate, Lieutenant General of the Royal Armies 9116: 8942: 8511: 8389: 7854: 7499: 7295: 7229: 7036: 6886: 5083:

Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 1713–1783 (A General History of Europe)

3449: 3399:

On the evening of 19 April, the British mounted an assault in force upon

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In 1742, the Spanish launched an attempt to seize the British colony of

9980: 8714: 7994: 7301: 7223: 6934: 6771: 6631: 6500: 6054: 5970: 5466:"England vs. Spain in America, 1739–1748: the Spanish Side of the Hill" 5361: 4967:

The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748

4040: 3874: 3665: 3404: 3193: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3109: 2955: 2951: 2935: 2581: 2386:

Response to the incident was tepid until opposition politicians in the

1583: 5727:. New York: Pegasus Books, Ltd., distributed by Simon & Schuster. 5301: 3964: 3831: 3288:

British operations in the Caribbean Sea during the War of Jenkins' Ear

8947: 8704: 8604: 8379: 8281: 8215: 7716: 7469: 7289: 5717:

The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire

5658:

Britannia's Glories: The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain

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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of North America

5353: 3497:

was sent to try and intercept a Spanish army being transported from

3168: 3132: 9121: 7999: 7445: 6536: 5262:

Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy: The Spanish Experience of Sea Power

4750:, Vol. 1, pp. 18–19 Osprey Men-at-Arms #366, Osprey Publishing 2002 4237: 4235: 4075: 4021: 3574: 3509: 3416: 3337: 3297: 3277: 3137:

In May, Vernon returned to Cartagena de Indias aboard the flagship

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Trade map of the West Indies and North America during the war, 1741

5178:

Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: America and West Indies

4947:

Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift

4282:

Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift

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Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century

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in armour, one hand gestures to fortifications and a burning ship

3472: 3325: 2684: 2658: 1973: 4232: 3727:. Manuel de Montiano commanded 2,000 troops, who were landed on 2628:

and it was at this point that the incident became widely known.

2496:, permitting two ships a year to sell 500 tons of goods each in 9216: 8770: 8765: 8542: 5443:

Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; et al., eds. (1997).

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On 7 March 1740, in a more direct approach, Vernon undertook a

2588:

Tensions increased after the founding of the British colony of

2509: 2501: 2428: 1552: 5542:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

3508:

survived the yellow fever outbreak, and eventually retired to

2761: 10365:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

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raided the Venezuelan coast, on 2 March 1743 attacking newly

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and returned to England, where he gave an accounting to the

3153:

Third attack on Cartagena de Indias (13 March – 20 May 1741)

2887:. In the longer term, the Spanish replaced the twice yearly 2490:, a monopoly to supply 5,000 slaves a year. Another was the 8600: 8515: 4949:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004, p. 4. 4767: 4509: 4413: 4284:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004, p. 4. 4017: 2688: 2573: 2552: 2373: 8493: 5524:. War College Series (2015 ed.). War College Series. 5011: 4401: 4302:

Naval History (1680–1850), edited by Richard Harding, 2006

4225:

Carlyle discusses Jenkins' Ear in several passages of his

4473: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4155:

Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia

4051:, all of whom were on good terms with British Ambassador 3444:

Vernon carried on, successfully attacking the Spanish at

3411:. The British fought their way to the base of the fort's 4915: 4784: 4782: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4449: 3660:

for over a month before retreating, and abandoned their

2860:

The victory was widely celebrated in Britain; the song "

2661:

in early October. On 22 October, British ships attacked

4863: 4688: 4676: 4497: 4461: 4377: 4207: 2383:

while searching his ship for contraband in April 1731.

5832:"Proposals relating to the War in Georgia and Florida" 5142:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 4851: 4794: 4485: 4425: 4365: 4341: 4259: 3423:

Reversing the tide of battle, the Spanish initiated a

2899:

First attack on Cartagena de Indias (13–20 March 1740)

2802:

vessels would not have justified the loss of his men.

8248:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

5582:

Guerra del asiento o de la oreja de Jenkins 1739–1748

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Delphi Complete Works of Horace Walpole (Illustrated)

4003:

in which Britain agreed to renounce its claim to the

3893:

in the North American theatre), British forces under

3565:, allowing them to recuperate before he moved up the 5023: 4875: 4664: 4652: 4437: 4353: 4329: 4093: 3937:

From August 1746, negotiations began in the city of

2669:. Britain formally declared war on 23 October 1739. 5157:Dewald, Jonathan, ed. (2003). "History 1450–1789". 4628: 4593: 4317: 3383:Vernon ordered his forces to clear the port of all 3112:in order to get to his new post. Starting from the 3013:, near Portobelo. The fort was defended by Spanish 2364:. The name was coined in 1858 by British historian 5812:. Editorial Planeta Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia. 5803:The American People: Creating a Nation and Society 4927: 4887: 3308:, which took more lives than were lost in battle. 799: 5810:Don Blas de Lezo: defensor de Cartagena de Indias 5562:"Mercantilism as the Economic Side of Absolutism" 5333:Studies in Eighteenth Century Diplomacy 1740–1748 3133:Second attack on Cartagena de Indias (3 May 1740) 2743:The conflict was named by essayist and historian 10306: 4969:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2010, p. 6. 3850:had broken out in Europe. Principally fought by 2821:Ruins of the fortress of San Jeronimo, Portobelo 482: 8792: 5041: 4039:to cultivate Spain as an ally. A succession of 5193: 4241: 3673:, was also a part of the War of Jenkins' Ear. 2516:, acquired by the British government in 1720. 8437:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 7918: 6699: 5867: 5419:(2015 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4989:. Oxford: Trafford Publishing, 2007, p. 139. 4043:ministers were appointed in Spain, including 4004: 3994: 2702: 2640: 2528: 2491: 2483: 2379:, whose ear was allegedly severed by Spanish 2352:. The majority of the fighting took place in 2304: 1386: 785: 667: 468: 8112:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 5749:Norris, David A. "The War of Jenkins' Ear". 5342:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3690:when it was believed that a French fleet at 3589:, capturing more than a million gold coins. 2597: 2592:in 1732, which Spain considered a threat to 27:1739–1748 conflict between Britain and Spain 5493:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 4843:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3988: 2762:First attack on La Guaira (22 October 1739) 2733: 2665:and Puerto Cabello, principal ports of the 7925: 7911: 6706: 6692: 5874: 5860: 5137: 5035: 4812: 4213: 3292:The largest action of the war was a major 2806:Capture of Portobelo (20–22 November 1739) 2311: 2297: 1393: 1379: 792: 778: 674: 660: 475: 461: 10231:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 5579: 5481: 5436:The Oxford History of the American People 5414: 5219: 4742: 4694: 4682: 4467: 4407: 4371: 4138:A Diplomatic History of the United States 3743:Second attack on La Guaira (2 March 1743) 3348:, future President of the United States. 3324:. In preparation the British gathered in 3253:Learn how and when to remove this message 2919:in present-day Colombia. Both Vernon and 10236:Colonial universities in the Philippines 5761:Jenkins' Ear: A Narrative Attributed to 5655: 5617: 5559: 5519: 5446:Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837 5376: 5287: 5118: 5099: 5080: 4869: 4857: 4800: 4773: 4503: 4479: 4431: 4419: 4395: 4383: 4347: 4335: 4141:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 8. 3963: 3841: 3756: 3607:, was presumed lost in the storms round 3533: 3283: 3264: 2990: 2902: 2815: 2694:was boarded by a party from the Spanish 2551: 9227:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 5463: 5433: 5314:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 5288:Laughton, J.K (1889). "Jenkins's Ear". 5259: 5017: 5006: 4491: 4312: 4181: 3003:fortress of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres 2996:Fortress of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres 2408:, which is why the Spanish call it the 14: 10307: 10180: 5538: 5398:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 5278: 5175: 5159:Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World 4788: 4658: 4646: 4532: 4515: 4443: 4359: 4117:Hart House (Taylor's Bridge, Delaware) 3932: 3810:. Despite his orders to rendezvous at 3712: 3526:George Anson's voyage around the world 3467:. He learned that he had been elected 3420:opportunity, with devastating effect. 3020:At 3 pm on 22 March 1740, the British 2441:George Anson's voyage around the world 2040:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 681: 10179: 10075: 10074: 9198: 9076: 8791: 8650: 8618: 8555: 8492: 8407: 8330: 8270: 8184: 8173: 7945: 7944: 7906: 6687: 5855: 5808:Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M. (2002). 5598: 5490: 5395: 5339: 5330: 5308: 5029: 4933: 4921: 4881: 4670: 4634: 4599: 4455: 4323: 4253: 4134: 3777:with a plan to march the 45 miles to 3516:, in honour of his former commander. 2756: 773: 655: 456: 8508:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8000:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 6965:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 5789:Reportaje de la historia de Colombia 5636: 5184: 4893: 4268: 4112:List of conflicts in British America 3885:in 1748. A decade later, during the 3676: 3191:adding citations to reliable sources 3162: 2512:. These rights were assigned to the 2474:The 18th-century economic theory of 10211:Indochristian painting in New Spain 8331: 5753:(Aug/Sep 2015) 16#3 pp. 31–35. 4748:Colonial American Troops, 1610–1774 3802:After a fierce defence by Governor 3664:in the process. The failure of the 3644:launched an overland attack on the 3519: 2938:in command of a squadron including 2782:Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 2412:. The failed British attack at the 2189:Catalan declaration of independence 24: 9178:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 8651: 7932: 6008: 5778: 5675: 5560:Rothbard, Murray (23 April 2010). 5243:From Colonies to Country 1735–1791 5121:The War of the Austrian Succession 3559:Spain's possessions in the Pacific 3456:. In 1742, Vernon was replaced by 3129:several hundred veteran soldiers. 25: 10386: 8408: 8271: 8152:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 6714:Colonial conflicts involving the 5824: 5514:The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole 5194:Graboyes, EM; Hullar, TE (2013). 4743:Chartrand, René (25 April 2002). 3577:too late to intercept the yearly 3569:coast, raiding the small town of 2934:of the Spanish city. Vernon left 68:22 October 1739 – 18 October 1748 10263:Criollos in the colonial society 10191:Spanish missions in the Americas 9313:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 6596:Scottish 18th-century literature 5883: 5759:, Odell & Shepard, Willard. 4096: 3167: 2849:, the British attempted to take 2797:; they waited until the British 2549:, when Britain supported Spain. 2276: 2262: 1429: 1184: 402: 390: 378: 360: 348: 336: 318: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 192: 174: 152: 140: 50: 10335:Body parts of individual people 10290:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 8174: 6790:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 5415:McLachlan, Jean Olivia (1940). 4999: 4979: 4959: 4939: 4899: 4806: 4736: 4718: 4700: 4605: 4568: 4538: 4306: 4294: 4274: 3904: 3178:needs additional citations for 2679:Robert Jenkins (master mariner) 2639:as his share of profits on the 1982:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 10360:War of the Austrian Succession 8619: 8342:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8050:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 6893:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 6586:Romantic literature in English 5545:. W. W. Norton & Company. 5522:The Navy in the War of 1739–48 5434:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). 5279:Ibañez, Ignacio Rivas (2008). 4219: 4175: 4145: 4128: 3981:War of the Austrian Succession 3848:War of the Austrian Succession 3401:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas 3270:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas 2362:War of the Austrian Succession 1312:War of the Austrian Succession 803:War of the Austrian Succession 643:War of the Austrian Succession 109: 44:War of the Austrian Succession 13: 1: 10241:General Archive of the Indies 9502:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 9173:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 9158:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 8107:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 8060:War of the Spanish Succession 8025:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 7290:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 7134:Castle Hill convict rebellion 6013:Floral Badge of Great Britain 5290:The English Historical Review 5043:Urbina Carrasco, María Ximena 4907:A Half Century of Conflict II 4122: 3864:ambitious invasion of Britain 3796:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 3636:Siege of St. Augustine (1740) 3353:War of the Spanish Succession 3159:Battle of Cartagena de Indias 2768:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 2572:was stopped off the coast of 2446: 2419:Apart from minor fighting in 2414:Battle of Cartagena de Indias 1681:War of the Spanish Succession 1307:War of the Spanish Succession 1201:War of the Quadruple Alliance 9199: 8313:Captaincy General of Yucatan 8243:Union with Holy Roman Empire 8222:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 8137:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 5949:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 5706:Resources in other libraries 5660:. Royal Historical Society. 5236: 5212:10.1097/mao.0b013e31827c9f7a 5156: 4819:Fort Mose Historical Society 4815:"Bloody Battle of Fort Mose" 4550:U.K Parliament Archives: FAQ 4135:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1965). 3953: 3640:In 1740, the inhabitants of 3344:, the older half-brother of 3106:Sebastián de Eslava y Lazaga 2895:nearly two centuries later. 2812:Battle of Porto Bello (1739) 2547:War of the Polish Succession 1641:Colonisation of the Americas 7: 9077: 8793:Administrative subdivisions 7990:War of the League of Cognac 5903:Constitutional development 5767:(1951). Historical fiction. 5245:. Oxford University Press. 5161:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 4813:branmarc60 (13 June 2018). 4089: 3656:, the Governor of Georgia, 3598:First Lord of the Admiralty 2967:. Vernon next initiated an 1363:War of the Second Coalition 10: 10391: 10325:1739 in the British Empire 9507:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 9492:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 9394:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 8556: 8292:), Western United States ( 8185: 8055:Portuguese Restoration War 7807:Jewish revolt in Palestine 7452:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 7097:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 6989:American Revolutionary War 5618:Shinsuke, Satsuma (2013). 5520:Richmond, Herbert (1920). 5464:Ogelsby, J. C. M. (1970). 5438:. Oxford University Press. 5176:Davies, K.G., ed. (1994). 5074: 4242:Graboyes & Hullar 2013 3957: 3746: 3719:Invasion of Georgia (1742) 3716: 3633: 3629: 3523: 3394:Fort San Felipe de Barajas 3156: 2809: 2765: 2676: 2620:'s concerns over exposing 2179:2008–2014 financial crisis 1348:War of the First Coalition 1236:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 1221:American Revolutionary War 10275:Slavery in Spanish Empire 10186: 10175: 10081: 10070: 9968: 9862: 9855: 9740: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9562:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 9472: 9341: 9303:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 9265: 9209: 9205: 9194: 9163:Barcelona Trading Company 9130: 9087: 9083: 9072: 8976: 8928:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 8898: 8840: 8802: 8798: 8787: 8738: 8697: 8661: 8657: 8646: 8625: 8562: 8503: 8435:Venezuela, part of Guyana 8414: 8337: 8288:, Central United States ( 8277: 8191: 8180: 8169: 8020:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8005:Expulsion of the Moriscos 7951: 7940: 7641: 7578:Jameson Raid South Africa 7112: 6865: 6726: 6660: 6637:Proclamation of Rebellion 6609: 6573: 6552: 6519: 6065: 6020: 6006: 5896: 5836:vault.georgiaarchives.org 5701:Resources in your library 5656:Woodfine, Philip (1998). 5641:. Yale University Press. 5580:Sáez Abad, Rubén (2015). 5381:. London: Grafton Books. 5377:Longmate, Norman (1990). 5264:. Naval Institute Press. 5196:"The War of Jenkins' Ear" 5104:. Yale University Press. 4617:23 September 2015 at the 3985:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 3883:Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle 3594:circumnavigated the globe 3485:The new government under 3340:. The latter were led by 2433:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2372:, captain of the British 2111:Spain during World War II 1942:Regency of María Cristina 1810:Regency of María Cristina 1342:French Revolutionary Wars 1299:Second Hundred Years' War 811: 689: 639: 494: 415: 164: 133: 60: 49: 41: 36: 10216:Quito painting tradition 10206:Cusco painting tradition 9567:García López de Cárdenas 9557:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 9464:Felipe González de Ahedo 9384:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 7961:Conquest of the Americas 7789:Arab revolt in Palestine 7386:Second Anglo-Burmese War 7128:Second Anglo-Maratha War 7019:Australian frontier wars 5890:Kingdom of Great Britain 5791:, Bogotá: Planeta, 1989. 5539:Rodger, Brendan (2005). 5449:. Taylor & Francis. 5189:. Yale University Press. 4623:The Gentleman's Magazine 4182:Walpole, Horace (2015). 4158:. Taylor & Francis. 3753:Battle of Puerto Cabello 3686:. In 1740, there was an 3024:, composed of the ships 2845:During the 1727 to 1729 2166:1981 coup d'état attempt 1966:Spain during World War I 1545:Kingdom of the Visigoths 1231:Australian frontier wars 18:War of Jenkin's Ear 10001:Comuneros (New Granada) 9778:Balearic Islands (1558) 9497:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 9424:Ruy López de Villalobos 9379:Miguel López de Legazpi 9293:García de Toledo Osorio 8157:Western Sahara conflict 8147:Independence of Morocco 8087:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8030:Piracy in the Caribbean 8015:French Wars of Religion 7783:Second Mohmand campaign 7518:Third Anglo-Burmese War 7482:Second Anglo-Afghan War 7284:First Anglo-Burmese War 7260:Third Anglo-Maratha War 7091:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 7001:Second Anglo-Mysore War 6995:First Anglo-Maratha War 6652:Welsh Methodist revival 6591:Romanticism in Scotland 5988:Agricultural Revolution 5954:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 5687:War of Jenkins' Ear 5599:Simms, Brendan (2009). 5331:Lodge, Richard (1930). 5138:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 5119:Browning, Reed (1993). 5100:Browning, Reed (1975). 5081:Anderson, M.S. (1976). 4227:History of Friedrich II 3804:Gabriel José de Zuloaga 3694:and a Spanish fleet at 3619:, and murder among the 3108:had first to dodge the 2932:reconnaissance-in-force 2866:Portobello in Edinburgh 2750:History of Friedrich II 2672: 2150:Transition to democracy 1358:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1216:First Anglo-Maratha War 1149:Jacobite rising of 1745 427:20,000 dead and wounded 10246:Colonial Spanish Horse 9920:Colonia del Sacramento 9143:Spanish treasure fleet 8720:Royal Decree of Graces 7723:Third Anglo-Afghan War 7608:First Mohmand campaign 7332:First Anglo-Afghan War 7031:Third Anglo-Mysore War 6601:Blue Stockings Society 6014: 5937:American Revolutionary 5723:Gaudi, Robert (2021). 5637:Webb, Stephen (2013). 5584:(in Spanish). ALMENA. 5260:Harbron, John (1998). 5185:Gott, Richard (2005). 5123:. St. Martin's Press. 4612:"Historical Chronicle" 4580:British History Online 4026:Juan Fernández Islands 4005: 3995: 3989: 3976: 3974:Battle of Bloody Marsh 3766: 3658:besieged St. Augustine 3563:Juan Fernández Islands 3550: 3512:. He named his estate 3289: 3281: 2998: 2912: 2823: 2784:. The governor of the 2734: 2703: 2641: 2598: 2561: 2529: 2492: 2484: 2334: 2184:2017 Barcelona attacks 2016:Provisional Government 1887:Provisional Government 1760:Absolutist restoration 1712:Abdications of Bayonne 1285:Father Le Loutre's War 1226:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 815:Flanders and the Rhine 165:Commanders and leaders 123:Status quo ante bellum 10330:18th century in Spain 10320:1739 in Great Britain 9404:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 9364:Juan Sebastián Elcano 8679:Council of the Indies 8040:Spanish–Moro conflict 8010:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 7970:Treaty of Tordesillas 7380:Second Anglo-Sikh War 7037:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 6923:French and Indian War 6012: 5639:Marlborough's America 5491:Olson, James (1996). 5396:McKay, Derek (1983). 5102:The Duke of Newcastle 4911:Montcalm and Wolfe II 4518:, pp. 215, 215i. 4256:, pp. 1121–1122. 4104:British Empire portal 3967: 3958:Further information: 3891:French and Indian War 3842:Merger with wider war 3760: 3537: 3524:Further information: 3287: 3268: 3202:"War of Jenkins' Ear" 2994: 2906: 2819: 2786:Province of Venezuela 2715:, whom he accused of 2677:Further information: 2667:Province of Venezuela 2556:The establishment of 2555: 2171:Madrid train bombings 2048:1936 general election 1950:Reign of Alfonso XIII 1736:Constitution of Cádiz 1280:French and Indian War 1179:Wars of Great Britain 416:Casualties and losses 10375:Atlantic slave trade 10201:Mesoamerican Codices 9925:Comuneros (Paraguay) 9763:Siege of Castelnuovo 9349:Christopher Columbus 9168:Consulate of the Sea 9148:Casa de Contratación 8739:Titles and positions 8132:Spanish–American War 8122:Liberal constitution 7965:Asia and the Pacific 7542:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 7350:First Anglo-Sikh War 7326:Egyptian–Ottoman War 6000:Financial Revolution 5959:French Revolutionary 5379:Defending the Island 5241:. Vol. Book 3: 3945:had brought his son 3917:captured a valuable 3895:Lord Jeffrey Amherst 3794:controlled by Royal 3600:. One of his ships, 3187:improve this article 3009:on the banks of the 2907:Spanish Admiral Don 2725:Pennsylvania Gazette 2197:Coronavirus pandemic 2158:Current constitution 2143:Contemporary history 1958:Spanish–American War 1934:Reign of Alfonso XII 1826:Regency of Espartero 1803:Reign of Isabella II 1689:Nueva Planta Decrees 1537:Kingdom of the Suebi 1317:Forty-five Rebellion 1252:American Indian Wars 571:2nd Santiago de Cuba 529:1st Santiago de Cuba 10315:War of Jenkins' Ear 9930:Cartagena de Indias 9552:Diego de Mazariegos 9522:Pere Fages i Beleta 9389:Sebastián de Ocampo 8870:Provincias Internas 8842:Captaincies General 8756:Municipal president 8725:School of Salamanca 8496:Spanish East Indies 8475:Misiones Orientales 8347:Spanish West Indies 8311:, Central America ( 8258:Pyrénées-Orientales 8211:Union with Portugal 8102:Napoleonic invasion 8082:War of Jenkins' Ear 7795:Waziristan campaign 7729:Waziristan campaign 7422:Revolt of Rajab Ali 6899:War of Jenkins' Ear 6647:Speenhamland system 6095:Acts of Parliament: 6090:List of parliaments 5239:A History of the US 5237:Hakim, Joy (2002). 5187:Cuba: A new history 5020:, pp. 156–157. 4924:, pp. 202–207. 4776:, pp. 109–113. 4458:, pp. 138–140. 4422:, pp. 742–743. 4271:, pp. 396–398. 4244:, pp. 368–372. 3987:which restored the 3933:Lisbon negotiations 3858:over possession of 3771:attack against Cuba 3749:Battle of La Guaira 3713:Invasion of Georgia 3587:Cape Espiritu Santo 3506:Lawrence Washington 3403:. Three columns of 3342:Lawrence Washington 3320:for sailing to the 3314:Cartagena de Indias 3102:Cartagena de Indias 3089:, under command of 2963:for the purpose of 2917:Cartagena de Indias 2701:, commanded by the 2687:, when the British 2633:Convention of Pardo 2443:from 1740 to 1744. 2327:War of Jenkins' Ear 2072:Nationalist victory 1993:of Dámaso Berenguer 1879:Sexenio Democrático 1862:Glorious Revolution 1768:Sexenio Absolutista 1618:Early modern period 1517:Diocese of Hispania 1275:War of Jenkins' Ear 1129:Second Silesian War 1119:War of Jenkins' Ear 937:Bohemia and Moravia 524:Cartagena de Indias 486:War of Jenkins' Ear 355:Sebastián de Eslava 37:War of Jenkins' Ear 10226:Academia Antártica 10181:Other civil topics 9547:Pánfilo de Narváez 9449:Sebastián Vizcaíno 9414:Andrés de Urdaneta 9374:Juan Ponce de León 9359:Ferdinand Magellan 9333:Bernardo de Gálvez 9232:Indian auxiliaries 8730:Trial of residence 8710:Laws of the Indies 8494:Asia and Oceania ( 8355:Dominican Republic 7669:Bambatha Rebellion 7584:Anglo-Zanzibar War 7572:Chitral Expedition 7506:Anglo-Egyptian War 7278:Anglo-Ashanti wars 6983:Lord Dunmore's War 6941:Anglo-Cherokee War 6850:King William's War 6617:East India Company 6015: 5983:Panic of 1796–1797 5715:Finucane, Adrian. 4753:. Bloomsbury USA. 4732:on 18 August 2011. 4202:Newman et al. 1997 4032:in 1749 and 1750. 4030:Chonos Archipelago 3977: 3972:commemorating the 3879:Cape Breton Island 3871:William Pepperrell 3767: 3551: 3363:together with the 3290: 3282: 2999: 2969:amphibious assault 2913: 2824: 2790:Gabriel de Zuloaga 2757:Conduct of the war 2562: 2463:government led by 2410:Guerra del Asiento 2388:British Parliament 2335:Guerra del Asiento 2283:History portal 1853:Bienio progresista 1844:Second Carlist War 1744:Treaty of Valençay 1602:Christian kingdoms 1473:Carthaginian Spain 1448:Prehistoric Iberia 1353:Haitian Revolution 1154:First Carnatic War 1124:First Silesian War 683:Anglo-Spanish Wars 608:Mataró and Palamós 408:Gabriel de Zuloaga 385:Manuel de Montiano 181:Sir Robert Walpole 10345:Conflicts in 1739 10302: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10171: 10170: 10076:Spanish conquests 10066: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10054: 10053: 9851: 9850: 9532:Pedro de Alvarado 9517:Gaspar de Portolà 9512:Pedro de Valdivia 9487:Francisco Pizarro 9439:Nicolás de Ovando 9434:Alonso de Ercilla 9409:Alonso de Salazar 9242:Ships of the line 9190: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8614: 8613: 8571:Northern Africa ( 8567:Equatorial Guinea 8551: 8550: 8488: 8487: 8403: 8402: 8326: 8325: 8317:Spanish Caribbean 8290:Spanish Louisiana 8266: 8265: 8201:Crown of Castille 8165: 8164: 8142:Spanish Civil War 8117:Adams–Onís Treaty 8097:Nootka Convention 8045:Thirty Years' War 8035:Eighty Years' War 7956:Catholic Monarchs 7946:Timeline–immersed 7900: 7899: 7831:Malayan Emergency 7741:Malabar rebellion 7602:Siege of Malakand 7548:Anglo-Manipur War 7404:Anglo-Persian War 6953:Anglo-Spanish War 6905:King George's War 6826:King Philip's War 6802:Anglo-Spanish War 6681: 6680: 6642:South Sea Company 5932:French and Indian 5799:Julie Roy Jeffrey 5734:978-1-64313-819-0 5682:Library resources 5622:. Boydell Press. 5603:. Penguin Books. 5470:Historical Papers 5149:978-0-7864-7470-7 4905:Francis Parkman, 4746:Chartrand, Rene. 4482:, pp. 37–39. 4410:, pp. 91–93. 4037:Duke of Newcastle 3960:Congress of Breda 3943:Philip V of Spain 3909:The war involved 3846:By mid-1742, the 3684:ships of the line 3677:French neutrality 3491:Elisabeth Farnese 3417:scaling equipment 3409:naval bombardment 3346:George Washington 3322:Iberian Peninsula 3318:West Indian fleet 3294:amphibious attack 3263: 3262: 3255: 3237: 3146:ships of the line 3141:Princess Caroline 3005:, in present-day 2973:naval bombardment 2940:ships of the line 2855:ships of the line 2847:Anglo-Spanish War 2657:. Vernon reached 2631:The January 1739 2566:Treaty of Seville 2543:Anglo-Spanish War 2514:South Sea Company 2486:Asiento de Negros 2480:Treaty of Utrecht 2397:Asiento de Negros 2392:South Sea Company 2343: 2321: 2320: 2238:Religious history 1927:Restoration Spain 1903:Third Carlist War 1895:Reign of Amadeo I 1818:First Carlist War 1625:Catholic Monarchs 1530:Early Middle Ages 1468:Pre-Roman peoples 1403: 1402: 1270:King George's War 1211:Anglo-Mysore Wars 1162: 1161: 1144:King George's War 1134:Italian campaigns 767: 766: 649: 648: 451: 450: 129: 128: 16:(Redirected from 10382: 10177: 10176: 10143:Chibchan Nations 10072: 10071: 10041:Santiago de Cuba 9900:Guadalupe Island 9860: 9859: 9587: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9542:Diego de Almagro 9419:Antonio de Ulloa 9323:Ambrosio Spinola 9318:Pedro de Zubiaur 9288:Alfonso d'Avalos 9278:Antonio de Leyva 9222:Army of Flanders 9207: 9206: 9196: 9195: 9085: 9084: 9074: 9073: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8788: 8659: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8616: 8615: 8589:Peñón of Algiers 8553: 8552: 8490: 8489: 8405: 8404: 8328: 8327: 8310: 8268: 8267: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8170: 8092:Seven Years' War 8065:Queen Anne's War 7942: 7941: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7849:Cyprus Emergency 7675:Maritz rebellion 7663:Tibet expedition 7596:Benin Expedition 7416:Indian Rebellion 7410:Second Opium War 7392:Eureka Rebellion 7368:British Honduras 7344:New Zealand Wars 6929:Seven Years' War 6875:Queen Anne's War 6708: 6701: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6083:House of Commons 5976:Jacobite risings 5888: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5805:(8th ed., 2016). 5770:Rivas, Ignacio. 5751:History Magazine 5746: 5671: 5652: 5633: 5614: 5595: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5556: 5535: 5506: 5487: 5485: 5483:10.7202/030729ar 5460: 5439: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5373: 5336: 5327: 5305: 5284: 5275: 5256: 5233: 5223: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5153: 5134: 5115: 5096: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4983: 4977: 4963: 4957: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4821:. 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2368:, and refers to 2338: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2269:Spain portal 2267: 2266: 2265: 2233:Military history 2218:Economic history 2201: 2193: 2175: 2162: 2154: 2131: 2123: 2115: 2107: 2103:Republican exile 2099: 2076: 2068: 2060: 2056:1936 coup d'état 2052: 2044: 2036: 2028: 2020: 1997: 1986: 1978: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1915: 1907: 1899: 1891: 1866: 1858: 1848: 1840: 1830: 1822: 1814: 1791: 1783: 1773: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1720:Napoleonic Spain 1716: 1693: 1685: 1677: 1669: 1661: 1653: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1606: 1598: 1588: 1580: 1557: 1553:Byzantine Spania 1549: 1541: 1508: 1507:(218 BCE–472 CE) 1500: 1477: 1433: 1423: 1405: 1404: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1329:Seven Years' War 1260:Queen Anne's War 1206:Jacobite risings 1188: 1165: 1164: 806: 804: 794: 787: 780: 771: 770: 684: 676: 669: 662: 653: 652: 549:Gully Hole Creek 519:Anson expedition 489: 487: 477: 470: 463: 454: 453: 407: 406: 405: 395: 394: 393: 383: 382: 381: 365: 364: 363: 353: 352: 351: 341: 340: 339: 323: 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Plata 8410: 8399: 8333: 8332:Central America 8322: 8304: 8273: 8262: 8206:Crown of Aragon 8187: 8176: 8161: 8077:Bourbon Reforms 7947: 7936: 7931: 7901: 7896: 7837:Kenya Emergency 7643: 7637: 7632:Second Boer War 7626:Boxer Rebellion 7554:Pahang Uprising 7434:Ambela campaign 7356:Río de la Plata 7338:First Opium War 7320:Aden Expedition 7152:Río de la Plata 7114: 7108: 7079:Irish Rebellion 6971:First Carib War 6867: 6861: 6784:Confederate War 6778:Irish Rebellion 6728: 6722: 6712: 6682: 6677: 6656: 6627:Longitude prize 6605: 6569: 6548: 6515: 6061: 6016: 6004: 5942:Boston Massacre 5892: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5827: 5785:Tobias Smollett 5781: 5779:Other resources 5735: 5722: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5676:Further reading 5668: 5649: 5630: 5611: 5592: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5532: 5503: 5457: 5427: 5408: 5389: 5354:10.2307/3678662 5324: 5310:James, Lawrence 5296:(16): 741–749. 5272: 5253: 5169: 5150: 5131: 5112: 5093: 5077: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 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1835:Década moderada 1828: 1820: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1778:Trienio Liberal 1771: 1762: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1730: 1728:Cortes of Cádiz 1722: 1714: 1707: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1586: 1578: 1576:Muslim conquest 1571: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1532: 1522: 1521: 1506: 1498: 1491: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1463: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1421: 1414: 1399: 1370: 1369: 1302: 1290: 1289: 1255: 1243: 1242: 1196: 1174: 1163: 1158: 1115: 807: 802: 800: 798: 768: 763: 685: 682: 680: 650: 645: 635: 490: 485: 483: 481: 446: 444: 437: 435: 431: 430: 411: 403: 401: 391: 389: 379: 377: 361: 359: 349: 347: 337: 335: 319: 317: 311: 295: 293: 283: 281: 271: 269: 265:Charles Knowles 259: 257: 247: 245: 235: 233: 223: 221: 211: 209: 199:Lord Wilmington 193: 191: 175: 173: 151: 139: 117: 100: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10388: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10086:Canary Islands 10082: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9940:Túpac Amaru II 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9885:Bogotá savanna 9882: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9793:Spanish Armada 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9687:White Mountain 9684: 9682:Cape Celidonia 9679: 9677:English Armada 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9593: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9454:Juan Fernández 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9429:Diego Columbus 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9257:Army of Africa 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9237:Spanish Armada 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9203: 9202: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138:Manila galleon 9134: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8655: 8654: 8652:Administration 8644: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8573:Western Sahara 8569: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8471:Banda Oriental 8452: 8438: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8286:Coastal Alaska 8278: 8275: 8274: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7937: 7934:Spanish Empire 7930: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7777:Barzani revolt 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7614:Tirah campaign 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7524:Central Africa 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7494:First Boer War 7491: 7485: 7479: 7476:Anglo-Zulu War 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7164:Froberg mutiny 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6844:Williamite War 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6720:British Empire 6711: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6622:British Empire 6619: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6479:Prime Minister 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6078:House of Lords 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918:External wars 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5826: 5825:External links 5823: 5822: 5821: 5806: 5792: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5763:Horace Walpole 5754: 5747: 5733: 5720: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5667:978-0861932306 5666: 5653: 5648:978-0300178593 5647: 5634: 5629:978-1843838623 5628: 5615: 5610:978-0140289848 5609: 5596: 5591:978-8492714094 5590: 5577: 5557: 5552:978-0393060508 5551: 5536: 5531:978-1296326296 5530: 5517: 5516:Pimlico, 2008. 5510:Pearce, Edward 5507: 5501: 5488: 5476:(1): 147–157. 5461: 5455: 5440: 5431: 5426:978-1107585614 5425: 5412: 5407:978-0582485549 5406: 5393: 5387: 5374: 5337: 5335:. John Murray. 5328: 5322: 5306: 5285: 5276: 5271:978-0870216954 5270: 5257: 5251: 5234: 5206:(2): 368–372. 5191: 5182: 5173: 5167: 5154: 5148: 5135: 5130:978-0312094836 5129: 5116: 5111:978-0300017465 5110: 5097: 5092:978-0582486720 5091: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5034: 5032:, p. 381. 5022: 5010: 4998: 4978: 4958: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4898: 4886: 4884:, p. 278. 4874: 4872:, p. 146. 4862: 4850: 4805: 4793: 4791:, p. 239. 4778: 4766: 4759: 4735: 4717: 4714:. 9 June 1740. 4699: 4695:Sáez Abad 2015 4687: 4683:Sáez Abad 2015 4675: 4673:, p. 276. 4663: 4651: 4649:, p. 236. 4639: 4627: 4604: 4592: 4567: 4537: 4535:, p. 238. 4520: 4508: 4506:, p. 204. 4496: 4494:, p. 155. 4484: 4472: 4470:, pp. 94. 4468:McLachlan 1940 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4408:McLachlan 1940 4400: 4388: 4386:, p. 293. 4376: 4372:McLachlan 1940 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4305: 4293: 4273: 4258: 4246: 4231: 4218: 4206: 4204:, p. 744. 4194: 4174: 4164: 4144: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4091: 4088: 4078:Plantation in 4053:Benjamin Keene 3968:A monument in 3955: 3952: 3934: 3931: 3919:Manila galleon 3906: 3903: 3889:(known as the 3843: 3840: 3808:Puerto Cabello 3775:Guantánamo Bay 3744: 3741: 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3688:invasion scare 3678: 3675: 3646:fortified city 3634:Main article: 3631: 3628: 3579:Manila galleon 3543:Manila galleon 3539:George Anson's 3521: 3518: 3480:Robert Walpole 3446:Guantánamo Bay 3330:Spanish Armada 3261: 3260: 3175: 3173: 3166: 3157:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3134: 3131: 3120:, the vessels 3048:, the frigate 2988: 2985: 2977:Windsor Castle 2900: 2897: 2885:Gulf of Mexico 2862:Rule Britannia 2810:Main article: 2807: 2804: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2745:Thomas Carlyle 2713:Robert Jenkins 2674: 2671: 2651:Admiral Vernon 2608:and his uncle 2578:Robert Jenkins 2521:City of London 2469:Prime Minister 2465:Robert Walpole 2448: 2445: 2370:Robert Jenkins 2366:Thomas Carlyle 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2272: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2200:(2020–present) 2194: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2108: 2100: 2095:Spanish Maquis 2091: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2029: 2024:First Biennium 2021: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1979: 1971: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1911:First Republic 1908: 1900: 1892: 1883: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1849: 1841: 1831: 1823: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1787:Ominous Decade 1784: 1774: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1708: 1705:Peninsular War 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1670: 1662: 1654: 1646: 1638: 1630: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1589: 1581: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1496:Roman Conquest 1492: 1489:Roman Hispania 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1309: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030:Hohenfriedberg 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 939: 938: 934: 933: 928: 926:Rhine Campaign 923: 921:Bergen op Zoom 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 817: 816: 812: 809: 808: 797: 796: 789: 782: 774: 765: 764: 762: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 690: 687: 686: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 647: 646: 640: 637: 636: 634: 633: 628: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 588: 584: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 561:Puerto Cabello 558: 553: 552: 551: 546: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 499: 495: 492: 491: 480: 479: 472: 465: 457: 449: 448: 439: 438:407 ships lost 429: 428: 424: 418: 417: 413: 412: 410: 409: 399: 387: 375: 357: 345: 333: 314: 312: 310: 309: 291: 279: 267: 255: 243: 231: 219: 207: 189: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 159:Spanish Empire 149: 147:British Empire 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 119: 113: 112: 106: 102: 101: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10387: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221:Tapada limeña 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10178: 10174: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10073: 10069: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9813:Montes Claros 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753:Vienna (1529) 9751: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:Hernán Cortés 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9474:Conquistadors 9471: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Juan de Ayala 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Duke of Savoy 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9197: 9193: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9097:Dollar (Peso) 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9075: 9071: 9057: 9056:Santo Domingo 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:New Andalusia 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8880:Santo Domingo 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8804:Viceroyalties 8801: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8617: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8554: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8409:South America 8406: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8329: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8294:Spanish Texas 8291: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8272:North America 8269: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8253:Franche-Comté 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7765:Ikhwan revolt 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7640: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7212:Spice Islands 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7170:Santo Domingo 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6959:Pontiac's War 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6911:Carnatic Wars 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881:Tuscarora War 6879: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6704: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6527:Great Britain 6525: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Patriot Whigs 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Privy Council 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912:Union of 1801 5910: 5908: 5907:Union of 1707 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5820:. In Spanish. 5819: 5818:958-42-0326-6 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5502:0-313-29366-X 5498: 5495:. Greenwood. 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5456:0-8153-0396-3 5452: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400:. Routledge. 5399: 5394: 5390: 5388:0-586-20845-3 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5323:0-312-16985-X 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5252:0-19-515323-5 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200:Otol Neurotol 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5168:0-684-31200-X 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4995:9781425113834 4992: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4975:9781843835806 4972: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4955:9780826327949 4952: 4948: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4896:, p. 39. 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4870:Longmate 1990 4866: 4860:, p. 98. 4859: 4858:Browning 1993 4854: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4803:, p. 97. 4802: 4801:Browning 1975 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4774:Browning 1993 4770: 4762: 4760:9781841763248 4756: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4697:, p. 58. 4696: 4691: 4685:, p. 57. 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4661:, p. 23. 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4637:, p. 12. 4636: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 59. 4601: 4596: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4556:on 4 May 2016 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4504:Woodfine 1998 4500: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4480:Shinsuke 2013 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4446:, p. 18. 4445: 4440: 4434:, p. 92. 4433: 4432:Woodfine 1998 4428: 4421: 4420:Laughton 1889 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4396:Richmond 1920 4392: 4385: 4384:Anderson 1976 4380: 4373: 4368: 4362:, p. 16. 4361: 4356: 4350:, p. 21. 4349: 4348:Browning 1993 4344: 4337: 4336:Rothbard 2010 4332: 4326:, p. 61. 4325: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4290:9780826327949 4287: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4216:, p. 78. 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4165:9780815303961 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3899:General Wolfe 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3838:by 19 April. 3837: 3836:Santo Domingo 3833: 3830:proceeded to 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3784:Chaloner Ogle 3780: 3776: 3773:, landing in 3772: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650:St. Augustine 3647: 3643: 3637: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573:. He reached 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3545:, painted by 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:Chaloner Ogle 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3425:fixed bayonet 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3246: 3243:November 2015 3235: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: – 3203: 3199: 3198:Find sources: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3176:This section 3174: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3011:Chagres River 3008: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961:shore battery 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877:Patriot Whigs 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:North America 2454: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Caribbean Sea 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2119:Blue Division 2117: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1665:Iberian Union 1663: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1476:(575–206 BCE) 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461:Early history 1457: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1324:Carnatic Wars 1322: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 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Retrieved 5835: 5809: 5802: 5795:Gary B. Nash 5788: 5771: 5760: 5750: 5724: 5716: 5696:Online books 5686: 5657: 5638: 5619: 5600: 5581: 5569:. Retrieved 5565: 5541: 5521: 5513: 5492: 5473: 5469: 5445: 5435: 5416: 5397: 5378: 5348:(16): 1–43. 5345: 5341: 5332: 5313: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5261: 5242: 5238: 5203: 5199: 5186: 5177: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5061:. Retrieved 5056: 5050: 5037: 5025: 5018:Ogelsby 1970 5013: 5007:Ogelsby 1970 5001: 4986: 4981: 4966: 4961: 4946: 4941: 4936:, p. 8. 4929: 4917: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4827:. Retrieved 4823:the original 4818: 4808: 4796: 4769: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730:the original 4726:"ImageShack" 4720: 4711: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4622: 4607: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4579: 4570: 4558:. 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UCL. 5085:. Longman. 4789:Rodger 2005 4659:Rodger 2005 4647:Rodger 2005 4533:Rodger 2005 4516:Davies 1994 4444:Ibañez 2008 4360:Ibañez 2008 3617:cannibalism 3549:before 1772 3450:Panama City 3433:(primarily 3368:San Carlos, 3365:San Felipe, 2778:Porto Bello 2736:casus belli 2711:s captain, 2696:patrol boat 2655:West Indies 2534:profitable 2498:Porto Bello 2402:sell slaves 2354:New Granada 2153:(1975–1978) 2130:(1959–2011) 2122:(1941–1944) 2114:(1939–1945) 2106:(1939–1977) 2098:(1939–1965) 2067:(1936–1939) 2035:(1933–1936) 2027:(1931–1933) 1996:(1930–1931) 1991:Dictablanda 1985:(1923–1930) 1969:(1914–1918) 1953:(1886–1931) 1945:(1885–1902) 1937:(1874–1885) 1914:(1873–1874) 1906:(1872–1876) 1898:(1870–1873) 1890:(1868–1871) 1857:(1854–1856) 1847:(1846–1849) 1839:(1844–1854) 1829:(1840–1843) 1821:(1833–1840) 1813:(1833–1840) 1790:(1823–1833) 1782:(1820–1823) 1772:(1814–1820) 1731:(1810–1814) 1723:(1808–1813) 1692:(1707–1716) 1684:(1701–1714) 1676:(1700–1808) 1668:(1580–1640) 1660:(1556–1659) 1652:(1516–1700) 1644:(1492–1898) 1636:(1482–1492) 1633:Granada War 1628:(1479–1516) 1593:Reconquista 1569:Middle Ages 1420:History of 1334:Bourbon War 1139:Sea battles 1111:Kesselsdorf 1040:Hennersdorf 1005:Groß-Glogau 841:Wissembourg 836:Lauterbourg 618:Villafranca 445:4,500 dead 436:30,000 dead 116:Territorial 78:New Granada 10309:Categories 9833:Somosierra 9823:Manila Bay 9697:Nördlingen 9637:Gravelines 9117:Columnario 9089:Currencies 9006:Concepción 8978:Audiencias 8953:New Toledo 8918:La Florida 8751:Corregidor 8715:Papal bull 8620:Antarctica 8528:Micronesia 7985:Golden Age 7759:Pink's War 7651:Somaliland 7488:Basutoland 7242:Guadeloupe 7224:Xhosa Wars 7206:Seychelles 7188:Guadeloupe 7176:Martinique 7043:Rohilkhand 7007:Gold Coast 6977:Rohilkhand 6935:Bengal War 6772:Pequot War 6673:Royal arms 6632:Window tax 6574:Literature 6560:Queen Anne 6501:Whig Junto 6372:Elections: 6073:Parliament 6055:George III 5971:Jacobitism 5966:Whig plots 5842:20 January 5743:1272907990 5316:. Abacus. 5063:28 January 5030:Simms 2009 4934:Bemis 1965 4922:Lodge 1930 4882:Simms 2009 4671:Simms 2009 4635:Lodge 1933 4600:James 2001 4585:7 November 4456:McKay 1983 4324:James 2001 4254:Olson 1996 4123:References 4041:Anglophile 3875:Louisbourg 3824:Assistance 3761:Commodore 3666:Royal Navy 3557:to attack 3405:grenadiers 3213:newspapers 3126:San Carlos 3110:Royal Navy 3080:transports 3065:Cumberland 2956:topography 2944:fire ships 2936:Port Royal 2766:See also: 2719:(although 2699:La Isabela 2582:Port Royal 2447:Background 1657:Golden Age 1605:(718–1479) 1597:(711–1492) 1587:(711–1492) 1584:Al-Andalus 1441:Prehistory 1195:Other wars 1089:St. Pölten 1067:Ingolstadt 1057:Deggendorf 978:3rd Prague 968:2nd Prague 943:1st Prague 931:Maastricht 613:Cape Sicié 504:Portobello 442:1739–1748: 433:1741–1744: 422:1739–1741: 10138:Nicaragua 10116:Guatemala 10026:Pichincha 10011:Chacabuco 9950:Pensacola 9895:Mataquito 9875:Cajamarca 9856:New World 9828:Trafalgar 9732:Alhucemas 9612:Landriano 9597:Comuneros 9583:Old World 9527:Joan Orpí 9247:Royalists 9021:Guatemala 8948:New Spain 8885:Venezuela 8860:Guatemala 8817:New Spain 8812:Columbian 8705:Exequatur 8605:Cape Juby 8459:Argentina 8282:New Spain 8216:Gibraltar 7980:Habsburgs 7891:Falklands 7887:(1963–67) 7881:(1962–66) 7875:(1962–90) 7863:(1962–76) 7851:(1955–59) 7845:(1954–59) 7839:(1952–60) 7833:(1948–60) 7827:(1946–50) 7819:Indonesia 7815:(1945–46) 7813:Indochina 7809:(1944–48) 7797:(1936–39) 7791:(1936–39) 7779:(1931–32) 7773:(1930–31) 7767:(1927–30) 7749:(1922–24) 7747:Kurdistan 7731:(1919–20) 7707:(1916–17) 7687:Nyasaland 7683:(1914–15) 7677:(1914–15) 7665:(1903–04) 7659:(1901–02) 7653:(1900–20) 7616:(1897–98) 7610:(1897–98) 7592:(1896–97) 7562:(1893–94) 7526:(1886–89) 7502:(1881–99) 7496:(1880–81) 7490:(1880–81) 7484:(1879–80) 7472:(1875–76) 7458:Abyssinia 7454:(1866–71) 7448:(1864–65) 7436:(1863–64) 7428:Kagoshima 7424:(1857–58) 7418:(1857–59) 7412:(1856–60) 7406:(1856–57) 7400:(1854–56) 7398:Åland War 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9627:Mühlberg 9342:Mariners 9200:Military 9122:Doubloon 9107:Maravedí 9051:Santiago 8958:Paraguay 8684:Germania 8524:Caroline 8479:Malvinas 8463:Paraguay 8423:Colombia 8365:Trinidad 8232:Sardinia 8072:Bourbons 7879:Malaysia 7801:Ethiopia 7699:Peshawar 7464:Manitoba 7446:Duar War 6742:Virginia 6565:Georgian 6537:Scotland 6464:Monarchy 6066:Politics 6045:George I 5993:Scotland 5312:(2001). 5230:23444484 5052:Historia 5045:(2014). 4839:cite web 4615:Archived 4560:14 April 4090:See also 4080:Savannah 4076:Wormsloe 4028:and the 4022:Santiago 3626:s crew. 3575:Acapulco 3510:Virginia 3413:ramparts 3385:scuttled 3338:Virginia 3298:Colombia 3116:port of 3114:Galician 3061:Terrible 3057:Alderney 3039:Falmouth 3027:Stafford 3022:squadron 2979:and HMS 2946:, three 2840:Veracruz 2830:and the 2799:squadron 2721:Franklin 2709:Rebecca' 2637:Philip V 2610:Philip V 2606:Louis XV 2604:between 2506:Veracruz 2437:Americas 2356:and the 2250:Timeline 1673:Bourbons 1504:Hispania 1411:a series 1409:Part of 1171:a series 1169:Part of 1010:Mollwitz 973:2nd Eger 953:1st Eger 911:Lauffeld 886:Brussels 856:Fontenoy 851:Breisgau 626:campaign 624:Glorioso 498:Americas 325:Philip V 98:Atlantic 80:and the 73:Location 10280:Asiento 10251:Mustang 10111:Yucatán 10106:Chiapas 9986:Tucapel 9818:Passaro 9768:Algiers 9758:Preveza 9727:Tetouan 9722:Vitoria 9712:Bitonto 9652:Antwerp 9647:Lepanto 9602:Bicocca 9078:Economy 9001:Charcas 8996:Caracas 8890:Yucatán 8761:Regidor 8746:Alcalde 8674:Cabildo 8581:Tripoli 8520:Mariana 8467:Charcas 8443:(Peru, 8427:Ecuador 8390:Bonaire 8385:Curazao 8370:Jamaica 8298:Florida 7873:Sarawak 7825:Sarawak 7717:Nigeria 7705:Mohmand 7693:Nigeria 7644:century 7302:Malacca 7296:Jamaica 7254:Algiers 7194:Reunion 7140:Surinam 7115:century 7061:Grenada 7055:Jamaica 6947:Jamaica 6868:century 6808:Jamaica 6736:Ireland 6729:century 6716:English 6661:Symbols 6532:England 6040:Hanover 5897:History 5774:(2010). 5757:Shepard 5571:27 July 5362:3678662 5221:3711623 5180:. HMSO. 5075:Sources 4829:24 June 4084:Georgia 4069:Florida 4006:asiento 3996:asiento 3983:by the 3970:Georgia 3927:convoys 3860:Silesia 3856:Austria 3852:Prussia 3832:Curaçao 3820:Norwich 3816:Burford 3725:Georgia 3642:Georgia 3630:Florida 3567:Chilean 3473:Ipswich 3430:scuttle 3374:Dragón, 3371:África, 3361:Galicia 3326:Jamaica 3227:scholar 3122:Galicia 3076:Eleanor 3072:Success 3050:Diamond 3033:Norwich 2692:Rebecca 2685:Florida 2659:Antigua 2642:asiento 2622:Hanover 2590:Georgia 2570:Rebecca 2558:Georgia 2530:asiento 2425:Georgia 2421:Florida 2377:Rebecca 2346:Britain 2342: 2331:Spanish 1977:(–1927) 1974:Rif War 1083:Austria 1052:Simbach 1046:Bavaria 999:Silesia 983:Budweis 891:Antwerp 881:Ostende 861:Tournai 539:Georgia 118:changes 94:Pacific 90:Georgia 86:Florida 10258:Castas 10016:Boyacá 9991:Guiana 9981:Iguape 9905:Recife 9843:Mactan 9838:Annual 9803:Rocroi 9798:Leiden 9783:Djerba 9717:Bailén 9672:Ostend 9657:Azores 9252:Legión 9217:Tercio 9210:Armies 9112:Escudo 9041:Panamá 9036:Mexico 9031:Manila 8986:Bogotá 8771:Vecino 8766:Syndic 8597:Béjaïa 8557:Africa 8543:Tidore 8431:Panama 8395:Belize 8302:Mexico 8228:Sicily 8224:Naples 8186:Europe 7893:(1982) 7869:(1962) 7867:Brunei 7857:(1956) 7821:(1945) 7803:(1943) 7785:(1935) 7761:(1925) 7755:(1923) 7743:(1921) 7737:(1920) 7725:(1919) 7719:(1918) 7713:(1917) 7711:Quebec 7701:(1915) 7695:(1915) 7689:(1915) 7671:(1906) 7622:(1899) 7604:(1897) 7598:(1897) 7586:(1896) 7580:(1896) 7574:(1895) 7550:(1891) 7544:(1891) 7538:(1890) 7532:(1888) 7530:Hazara 7520:(1885) 7514:(1885) 7508:(1882) 7478:(1879) 7466:(1870) 7460:(1868) 7442:(1864) 7430:(1863) 7394:(1854) 7388:(1852) 7376:(1848) 7374:Ceylon 7364:(1847) 7362:Canton 7322:(1839) 7274:(1823) 7272:Guiana 7268:(1819) 7256:(1816) 7250:(1815) 7244:(1815) 7214:(1810) 7208:(1810) 7202:(1810) 7196:(1810) 7190:(1810) 7184:(1809) 7178:(1809) 7166:(1807) 7160:(1807) 7148:(1806) 7142:(1804) 7136:(1804) 7124:(1800) 7081:(1798) 7069:(1795) 7067:Ceylon 7051:(1795) 7045:(1794) 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