55:
35:
735:
747:
308:
353:
sp.), both found on
Sulawesi, among other islands. Maluku shares a number of similar species with Sulawesi, albeit with fewer total, given the differences in size between the two islands—Sulawesi has at least 4,000 recorded terrestrial plant and animal species, while Maluku has just over 1,000, by
455:
Endemism is higher among terrestrial vertebrate species; out of 1,142 species described there, almost half (529) were endemic. 45% of the region retains some sort of forest cover, though only 52,017 km (15%) is in a pristine state. Of
Wallacea's total 347,000 km-area, about 20,000 km are
264:
to the west of the line, including
Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a mammal fauna similar to that of East Asia, which includes tigers, rhinoceros, and apes; whereas the mammal fauna of Lombok and areas extending eastwards are mostly populated by marsupials and birds similar to those in
275:. Many species of birds, reptiles, and insects were better able to cross the straits, and many such species of Australian and Asian origin are found there. Wallacea's plants are predominantly of Asian origin, and botanists include Sundaland, Wallacea, and New Guinea as the
1167:
Pramono, I. B.; Pudjiharta, A. (1996). "Research experiences on
Eucalyptus in Indonesia". Reports submitted to the regional expert consultation on eucalyptus (Report). Vol. II. Food and Agriculture Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,
286:
Similarly, Australia and New Guinea to the east are linked by a shallow continental shelf, and were linked by a land bridge during the ice ages, forming a single continent that scientists variously call
268:
During the ice ages, sea levels were lower, exposing the Sunda shelf that links the islands of
Sundaland to one another and to Asia and allowing Asian land animals to inhabit these islands.
631:
Australia may be isolated by sea, but technically through
Wallacea, it can be zoologically extended. Australian Early-Middle Pliocene rodent fossils have been found in Chinchilla Sands and
931:
1055:"Pliocene colonization and adaptive radiations in Australia and New Guinea (Sahul): multilocus systematics of the old endemic rodents (Muroidea: Murinae)"
1110:
Moyle, R. G.; Oliveros, C. H.; Andersen, M. J.; Hosner, P. A.; Benz, B. W.; Manthey, J. D.; Travers, S. L.; Brown, R. M.; Faircloth, B. C. (2016).
464:
429:
777:
639:
rodents made it to
Australia earlier, maybe in the Miocene, over a forested archipelago, i.e. Wallacea, and evolved in Australia in isolation.
584:
433:
1179:
Hausdorf, B. (2019). "Beyond
Wallace's line – dispersal of Oriental and Australo-Papuan land-snails across the Indo-Australian Archipelago".
1007:
1209:
315:
Although the distant ancestors of
Wallacea's flora and fauna may have been from Asia or Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea is home to many
471:
271:
The islands of
Wallacea have few land mammals, land birds, or freshwater fish of continental origin, which find it difficult to
241:
is the midpoint, at which Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented. It follows the deepest
260:, who recorded the differences between mammal and bird fauna between the islands on either side of the line. The islands of
939:
1282:
1022:
611:
1272:
843:"Islands under the sea: a review of early modern human dispersal routes and migration hypotheses through Wallacea"
374:, and 288 bird species. Maluku has around 70 reptile and amphibian, 250 avian, and over 550 invertebrate species.
935:
591:
1277:
577:
555:
246:
112:
1262:
1252:
979:
913:
723:
in East Nusa Tenggara. For land snails Wallacea and Wallace's Line do not form a barrier for dispersal.
326:
and proportionately large numbers of endemics; the area is an important contributor to the overall mega-
1267:
1232:
642:
449:
202:
to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is 347,000 km (134,000 sq mi).
24:
632:
605:
559:
452:, Wallacea is home to over 10,000 plant species, of which approximately 1,500 (15%) are endemic.
507:
238:
210:
Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of
39:
1257:
909:
666:
399:
288:
257:
124:
1123:
1069:
792:
713:
662:
383:
8:
707:
292:
1127:
1073:
1032:
796:
421:
and marine ecosystems on earth, with the highest number of species, adding to the total
1223:
1144:
1111:
1028:
862:
816:
549:
529:
491:
776:
Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Mittermeier, C. G.; Da Fonseca, G. A; Kent, J. (2000).
320:
1247:
1149:
1085:
1018:
866:
842:
808:
497:
272:
127:
1054:
1008:"Patterns in the history of Australia's mammals and inferences about palaeohabitats"
1188:
1139:
1131:
1112:"Tectonic collision and uplift of Wallacea triggered the global songbird radiation"
1077:
884:
854:
820:
800:
739:
646:
479:
227:
75:
858:
1216:"Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions"
1053:
Rowe, K. C.; Reno, M. L.; Richmond, D. M.; Adkins, R. M.; Steppan, S. J. (2008).
885:"Neuroptera of Wallacea: a transitional fauna between major geographical regions"
719:
673:
567:
171:
28:
1192:
1081:
751:
650:
571:
437:
414:
291:, Meganesia, Papualand, or Sahul. Consequently, Australia, New Guinea, and the
962:
961:
Rhee, S.; Kitchener, D.; Brown, T.; Merrill, R.; Dilts, R.; Tighe, S. (eds.).
1241:
595:
537:
483:
338:
183:
42:
in blue has been used to separate Wallacea into a western part pertaining to
1153:
1089:
812:
654:
563:
541:
523:
487:
422:
375:
355:
334:
327:
276:
231:
223:
163:
108:
222:. Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a
984:
599:
519:
475:
363:
299:
mammals, land birds, and freshwater fish that are not found in Wallacea.
219:
215:
211:
191:
167:
63:
59:
54:
1135:
701:
418:
323:
199:
1227:
669:, are the westernmost representatives of the Australasian marsupials.
804:
775:
746:
693:
681:
511:
441:
395:
387:
379:
371:
359:
296:
261:
195:
155:
34:
20:
705:, a predominant genus of trees in Australia, are found in Wallacea:
166:, and many smaller islands. The islands of Wallacea lie between the
1215:
696:
similar to those from Australia inhabit Komodo Island in Wallacea.
689:
685:
445:
413:
A large portion of the waters surrounding Wallacea are part of the
349:
316:
131:
636:
635:
in Queensland, but a mix of ancestral and derived traits suggest
545:
515:
403:
367:
343:
280:
175:
139:
47:
658:
407:
242:
179:
143:
135:
116:
311:
A map of Wallacea, bordered by the Wallace and Lydekker lines.
234:(separating Wallacea from Sunda) defines its western border.
619:
615:
533:
391:
253:
151:
147:
676:
of Wallacea during the collision between Australia and Asia
1109:
501:
428:
Wallacea was originally almost completely forested, mostly
307:
187:
159:
120:
99:
96:
90:
43:
1015:
History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent
626:
81:
38:
Wallacea is the group of islands within the red area. The
963:
Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
1052:
840:
657:. Other mammals invaded from the east. Two species of
960:
841:
Kealy, Shimona; Louys, Julien; o'Connor, Sue (2015).
680:
23 million years ago allowed the global dispersal of
93:
78:
684:
birds from Australia across the Indonesian islands.
87:
778:"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities"
84:
1005:
920:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 23–30.
1220:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1166:
1017:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 80–103.
1239:
465:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
302:
892:Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
1006:Archer, M.; Hand, S. J.; Godthelp, H. (2017).
585:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
134:, the largest island in the group, as well as
847:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1172:
771:
769:
767:
354:comparison. Sulawesi is home to over 2,000
265:Australasia. Sulawesi shows signs of both.
902:
448:are common in coastal areas. According to
358:species (with over 1,000 known species of
1181:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1143:
878:
876:
764:
472:Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests
66:shelves. Wallacea is the area in between.
1214:George Gaylord Simpson (Apr. 29, 1977),
1178:
834:
306:
53:
33:
908:
692:must have somehow colonized Australia.
649:fauna and include various species from
627:Distribution between Asia and Australia
347:sp.), and the babirusa, or "deer-pig" (
1240:
873:
1222:, Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 107–120.
1062:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1210:Conservation International: Wallacea
410:are common throughout the region.
252:The Wallace Line is named after the
882:
436:. The higher mountains are home to
13:
386:. Smaller mammals, including some
111:designation for a group of mainly
46:and an eastern part pertaining to
14:
1294:
1203:
938:. 12 January 2011. Archived from
612:Timor and Wetar deciduous forests
745:
733:
645:make up much of the continent's
430:tropical moist broadleaf forests
74:
1160:
1103:
592:Lesser Sundas deciduous forests
417:, considered to be the richest
330:of the Indonesian Archipelago.
1046:
999:
972:
954:
924:
378:is particularly noted for its
1:
859:10.1080/15564894.2015.1119218
757:
677:
578:Sulawesi montane rain forests
556:Sulawesi lowland rain forests
459:
434:tropical dry broadleaf forest
303:Biota and conservation issues
980:"Observations - iNaturalist"
932:"Pleistocene Sea Level Maps"
319:species. There is extensive
205:
7:
1082:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.001
726:
362:, not including nearly 900
10:
1299:
450:Conservation International
18:
1283:Regions of Southeast Asia
1193:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly031
382:and birds, including the
1033:10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wrv.10
1013:. In Hill, R. S. (ed.).
115:separated by deep-water
19:Not to be confused with
1273:Maritime Southeast Asia
1233:Wallacea Research Group
968:(Report). pp. 3–2.
606:Sumba deciduous forests
190:) to the west, and the
910:Wallace, Alfred Russel
508:Halmahera rain forests
312:
247:Indonesian Archipelago
67:
51:
16:Biogeographical region
1116:Nature Communications
918:The Malay Archipelago
667:Sulawesi dwarf cuscus
432:, with some areas of
310:
258:Alfred Russel Wallace
57:
37:
1278:Regions of Indonesia
914:"Physical Geography"
740:Indonesia portal
663:Sulawesi bear cuscus
384:Moluccan king parrot
341:, or dwarf buffalo (
289:Australia-New Guinea
218:, but excluding the
130:. Wallacea includes
1136:10.1038/ncomms12709
1128:2016NatCo...712709M
1074:2008MolPE..47...84R
797:2000Natur.403..853M
708:Eucalyptus deglupta
643:Australia's rodents
333:Fauna includes the
128:continental shelves
1263:Ecoregions of Asia
1253:Australasian realm
883:New, T.R. (2002).
752:Oceania portal
594:(Lombok, Sumbawa,
550:Gorong archipelago
530:Seram rain forests
492:Barat Daya Islands
366:), 100 species of
313:
277:floristic province
226:boundary known as
113:Indonesian islands
68:
52:
1268:Indomalayan realm
791:(6772): 853–857.
711:on Sulawesi, and
699:A few species of
498:Buru rain forests
1290:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1122:(12709): 12709.
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1012:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
976:
970:
969:
967:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
942:on 17 March 2009
936:The Field Museum
928:
922:
921:
906:
900:
899:
889:
880:
871:
870:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
805:10.1038/35002501
782:
773:
750:
749:
738:
737:
736:
679:
647:placental mammal
480:Tanimbar Islands
425:of the region.
273:cross open ocean
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1238:
1237:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1010:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
978:
977:
973:
965:
959:
955:
945:
943:
930:
929:
925:
907:
903:
887:
881:
874:
839:
835:
825:
823:
780:
774:
765:
760:
744:
734:
732:
729:
674:tectonic uplift
651:stick-nest rats
629:
568:Sangihe Islands
560:Banggai Islands
462:
305:
245:traversing the
228:Lydekker's Line
224:zoogeographical
208:
172:Malay Peninsula
109:biogeographical
77:
73:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1212:
1205:
1204:External links
1202:
1199:
1198:
1171:
1159:
1102:
1045:
1023:
998:
971:
953:
923:
901:
872:
833:
762:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
742:
728:
725:
628:
625:
624:
623:
609:
603:
582:
581:
575:
572:Talaud Islands
553:
527:
505:
495:
461:
458:
415:Coral Triangle
304:
301:
207:
204:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:(1): 84–101.
1067:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:9781925261479
1020:
1016:
1009:
1002:
987:
986:
981:
975:
964:
957:
941:
937:
933:
927:
919:
915:
911:
905:
897:
893:
886:
879:
877:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:(3): 364–84.
852:
848:
844:
837:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
772:
770:
768:
763:
753:
748:
743:
741:
731:
730:
724:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Banda Islands
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
485:
484:Babar Islands
481:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
466:
457:
453:
451:
447:
444:forests, and
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:(such as the
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:lepidopterans
361:
357:
352:
351:
346:
345:
340:
339:mountain anoa
336:
331:
329:
325:
322:
321:autochthonous
318:
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
104:
72:
65:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
1258:Biogeography
1219:
1187:(1): 66–76.
1184:
1180:
1174:
1162:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1065:
1061:
1048:
1038:15 September
1036:. Retrieved
1014:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
983:
974:
956:
946:15 September
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
926:
917:
904:
898:(2): 217–27.
895:
891:
850:
846:
836:
826:15 September
824:. Retrieved
788:
784:
718:
714:E. urophylla
712:
706:
700:
698:
671:
655:hopping mice
641:
630:
583:
564:Sula Islands
542:Ambon Island
524:Bacan Island
488:Leti Islands
463:
454:
427:
423:biodiversity
412:
376:Seram Island
356:invertebrate
348:
342:
332:
328:biodiversity
314:
285:
270:
267:
251:
236:
232:Wallace Line
230:, while the
209:
70:
69:
1168:Bangladesh.
985:iNaturalist
633:Bluffs Down
558:(Sulawesi,
520:Obi Islands
476:Kai Islands
456:protected.
388:carnivorans
380:butterflies
295:share many
293:Aru Islands
256:naturalist
220:Philippines
192:Sahul Shelf
168:Sunda Shelf
1242:Categories
758:References
702:Eucalyptus
694:Cockatiels
598:, Flores,
580:(Sulawesi)
490:, eastern
460:Ecoregions
419:coral reef
396:marsupials
372:amphibians
324:speciation
239:Weber Line
200:New Guinea
194:including
125:Australian
40:Weber Line
867:129964987
690:megapodes
682:passerine
512:Halmahera
446:mangroves
442:subalpine
390:(such as
360:arthropod
350:Babyrousa
297:marsupial
262:Sundaland
206:Geography
196:Australia
156:Halmahera
119:from the
21:Wallachia
1248:Wallacea
1154:27575437
1095:19 April
1090:18313945
991:20 March
912:(1869).
813:10706275
727:See also
686:Bustards
665:and the
404:primates
368:reptiles
132:Sulawesi
71:Wallacea
29:Wallasea
25:Wallacia
1145:5013600
1124:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
821:4414279
793:Bibcode
720:E. alba
608:(Sumba)
546:Saparua
516:Morotai
438:montane
408:rodents
344:Bubalus
335:lowland
317:endemic
281:Malesia
243:straits
176:Sumatra
140:Sumbawa
117:straits
48:Oceania
1228:986523
1226:
1152:
1142:
1088:
1031:
1021:
865:
819:
811:
785:Nature
661:, the
659:cuscus
596:Komodo
400:cuscus
392:civets
186:, and
180:Borneo
144:Flores
136:Lombok
1224:JSTOR
1058:(PDF)
1029:JSTOR
1011:(PDF)
966:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
863:S2CID
817:S2CID
781:(PDF)
637:murid
620:Wetar
616:Timor
534:Seram
254:Welsh
216:Sahul
212:Sunda
170:(the
164:Seram
152:Timor
148:Sumba
121:Asian
107:is a
64:Sahul
60:Sunda
27:, or
1150:PMID
1097:2019
1086:PMID
1040:2019
1019:ISBN
993:2024
948:2019
828:2019
809:PMID
717:and
688:and
672:The
600:Alor
502:Buru
440:and
406:and
370:and
337:and
237:The
214:and
198:and
188:Bali
184:Java
160:Buru
123:and
62:and
58:The
44:Asia
1189:doi
1185:185
1140:PMC
1132:doi
1078:doi
855:doi
801:doi
789:403
653:to
402:),
394:),
279:of
1244::
1218:,
1183:.
1148:.
1138:.
1130:.
1118:.
1114:.
1084:.
1076:.
1066:47
1064:.
1060:.
1027:.
982:.
934:.
916:.
896:48
894:.
890:.
875:^
861:.
851:11
849:.
845:.
815:.
807:.
799:.
787:.
783:.
766:^
678:c.
618:,
587::
570:,
566:,
562:,
548:,
544:,
540:,
536:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
467::
283:.
249:.
182:,
178:,
174:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
91:eɪ
23:,
1195:.
1191::
1156:.
1134::
1126::
1120:7
1099:.
1080::
1072::
1042:.
995:.
950:.
869:.
857::
830:.
803::
795::
622:)
614:(
602:)
574:)
552:)
532:(
526:)
510:(
504:)
500:(
494:)
474:(
103:/
100:ə
97:i
94:s
88:l
85:ˈ
82:ɒ
79:w
76:/
50:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
