830:, based on palynological evidence. Using the modern distribution of primates, termites, rodents, and other species, other researchers infer that the extent of tropical forest contracted—replaced by savanna and open forest —during the last glacial period. Vegetation models using data from climate simulations show varying degrees of forest contraction; Bird et al. (2005) noted that although no single model predicts a continuous savanna corridor through Sundaland, many do predict open vegetation between modern Java and southern Borneo. Combined with other evidence, they suggest that a 50–150 kilometer wide savanna corridor ran down the Malay Peninsula, through Sumatra and Java, and across to Borneo. Additionally, Wurster et al. (2010) analyzed stable carbon isotope composition in bat guano deposits in Sundaland and found strong evidence for the expansion of savanna in Sundaland. Similarly, stable isotope composition of fossil mammal teeth supports the existence of the savanna corridor.
834:
obvious, incised meanders, which would have been maintained by trees on river banks. Pollen records from sediment cores around
Sundaland are contradictory; for example, cores from highland sites suggest that forest cover persisted throughout the last glacial period, but other cores from the region show pollen from savanna-woodland species increasing through glacial periods. And in contrast to previous findings, Wurster et al. (2017) again used stable carbon isotope analysis of bat guano, but found that at some sites rainforest cover was maintained through much of the last glacial period. Soil type, rather than long-term existence of a savanna corridor, has also been posited as an explanation for species distribution differences within Sundaland; Slik et al. (2011) suggest that the sandy soils of the now submerged seabed are a more likely dispersal barrier.
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751:. Snow was found much lower than at present (approximately 1,000 meters lower) and there is evidence that glaciers existed on Borneo and Sumatra around 10,000 years before present. However, debate continues on how precipitation regimes changed throughout the Quaternary. Some authors argue that rainfall decreased with the area of ocean available for evaporation as sea levels fell with ice sheet expansion. Others posit that changes in precipitation have been minimal and an increase in land area in the Sunda Shelf alone (due to lowered sea level) is not enough to decrease precipitation in the region.
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336:) has operated differently on each of the islands of Sundaland, and as a consequence, a different assemblage of mammals is found on each island. However, the current species assemblage on each island is not simply a subset of a universal Sundaland or Asian fauna, as the species that inhabited Sundaland before flooding did not all have ranges encompassing the entire Sunda Shelf. Island area and number of terrestrial mammal species are related, with the largest islands of Sundaland (Borneo and Sumatra) having the highest diversity.
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45:
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807:. However, researchers disagree on the spatial extent of savanna that was present in Sundaland. There are two opposing theories about the vegetation of Sundaland, particularly during the last glacial period: (1) that there was a continuous savanna corridor connecting modern mainland Asia to the islands of Java and Borneo, and (2) that the vegetation of Sundaland was instead dominated by tropical rainforest, with only small, discontinuous patches of savanna vegetation.
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In contrast, other authors argue that
Sundaland was primarily covered by tropical rainforest. Using species distribution models, Raes et al. (2014) suggest that Dipterocarp rainforest persisted throughout the last glacial period. Others have observed that the submerged rivers of the Sunda Shelf have
192:
from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago. When the sea level was decreased by 30–40 meters or more, land bridges connected the islands of Borneo, Java, and
Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and mainland Asia. Because the sea level was 30 meters or more lower throughout much of the last 800,000
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Genetic similarities were found between populations throughout Asia and an increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern latitudes. Although the
Chinese population is very large, it has less variation than the smaller number of individuals living in Southeast Asia, because the Chinese
754:
One possible explanation for the lack of agreement on hydrologic change throughout the
Quaternary is that there was significant heterogeneity in climate during the Last Glacial Maximum throughout Indonesia. Alternatively, the physical and chemical processes that underlie the method of inferring
762:
records may have operated differently in the past. Some authors working primarily with pollen records have also noted the difficulties of using vegetation records to detect changes in precipitation regimes in such a humid environment, as water is not a limiting factor in community assemblage.
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today. The changing sea levels would have caused these humans to move away from their coastal homes and culture, and farther inland throughout southeast Asia. This forced migration would have caused these humans to adapt to the new forest and mountainous environments, developing farms and
217:
runs through central
Sumatra and Borneo. Like elsewhere in the tropics, rainfall, rather than temperature, is the major determinant of regional variation. Most of Sundaland is classified as perhumid, or everwet, with over 2,000 millimeters of rain annually; rainfall exceeds
181:, a separate biogeographical region that is considered part of Australasia. The Wallace Line corresponds to a deep-water channel that has never been crossed by any land bridges. The northern border of Sundaland is more difficult to define in bathymetric terms; a
902:
The population migrations were most likely to have been driven by climate change — the effects of the drowning of an ancient continent. Rising sea levels in three massive pulses may have caused flooding and the submerging of the Sunda continent, creating the
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Wurster, Christopher M.; Rifai, Hamdi; Haig, Jordahna; Titin, Jupiri; Jacobsen, Geraldine; Bird, Michael (1 May 2017). "Stable isotope composition of cave guano from eastern Borneo reveals tropical environments over the past 15,000 cal yr BP".
253:
The high rainfall supports closed canopy evergreen forests throughout the islands of
Sundaland, transitioning to deciduous forest and savanna woodland with increasing latitude. The remaining primary (unlogged) lowland forest is known for giant
146:. In total, the area of Sundaland is approximately 1,800,000 km. The area of exposed land in Sundaland has fluctuated considerably during the past recent 2 million years; the modern land area is approximately half of its maximum extent.
894:
lineages, suggested that shared ancestry between Taiwan and
Southeast Asian resulted from earlier migrations. Population dispersals seem to have occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which may have resulted in migrations from the
328:, Bleeker 1858), which once thrived in a river system now called "North Sunda River" or "Molengraaff river". The fish is now found in the Kapuas River on the island of Borneo, and in the Musi and Batanghari rivers in Sumatra.
826:. Morley and Flenley (1987) and Heaney (1991) were the first to postulate the existence of a continuous corridor of savanna vegetation through the center of Sundaland (from the modern Malay Peninsula to Borneo) during the
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events. The modern islands of Borneo, Java, and
Sumatra have served as refugia for the flora and fauna of Sundaland during multiple glacial periods in the last million years, and are serving the same role at present.
848:
colonized
Sundaland from mainland Asia. Later fauna included tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, and Indian elephant, which were found throughout Sundaland; smaller animals were also able to disperse across the region.
1608:
Slik, J. W. Ferry; Breman, Floris; Bernard, Caroline; van Beek, Marloes; Cannon, Charles H.; Eichhorn, Karl A. O.; Sidiyasa, Kade (2010). "Fire as a selective force in a Bornean tropical everwet forest".
2853:
Mohd, Azlan J.; Maryanto, Ibnu; Kartono, Agus P.; Abdullah, MT. (2003). "Diversity, Relative Abundance and Conservation of Chiropterans in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia".
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Slik, J. W. Ferry; Aiba, Shin-Ichiro; Bastian, Meredith; Brearley, Francis Q.; Cannon, Charles H.; Eichhorn, Karl A. O.; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Kartawinata, Kuswata; Laumonier, Yves (26 July 2011).
197:, and the exposed area of Sundaland was smaller than what is observed at present. Sundaland was partially submerged starting around 18,000 years ago and continuing until about 5000 BC. During the
740:
evidence from Sumatra suggests that temperatures were cooler during the late Pleistocene; mean annual temperatures at high elevation sites may have been as much as 5 °C cooler than present.
842:
Before Sundaland emerged during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (~2.4 million years ago), there were no mammals on Java. As sea level lowered, species such as the dwarf elephantoid
193:
years, the current status of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra as islands has been a relatively rare occurrence throughout the Pleistocene. In contrast, the sea level was higher during the late
814:
biogeographic region; emergence of a savanna corridor during glacial periods and subsequent disappearance during interglacial periods would have facilitated speciation through both
241:(ENSO), particularly in January when it is a major heat source to the atmosphere. ENSO also has a major influence on the climate of Sundaland; strong positive ENSO events result in
2846:
Hall LS, Gordon G. Grigg, Craig Moritz, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, Wahab Marni, Abdullah MT. 2004. Biogeography of fruit bats in Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal LX(81):191–284.
1731:
1124:
de Bruyn, Mark; Stelbrink, Björn; Morley, Robert J.; Hall, Robert; Carvalho, Gary R.; Cannon, Charles H.; van den Bergh, Gerrit; Meijaard, Erik; Metcalfe, Ian (1 November 2014).
1200:
Bird, Michael I.; Taylor, David; Hunt, Chris (1 November 2005). "Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period: a savanna corridor in Sundaland?".
732:; though there is evidence for several periods of drier conditions, a perhumid core persisted in Borneo. The presence of fossil coral reefs dating to the late Miocene and early
649:
that was the result of repeated flooding events as ice caps melted, with the peneplain becoming more perfect with each successive flooding event. Molengraaff also identified
2195:
Russell, James M.; Vogel, Hendrik; Konecky, Bronwen L.; Bijaksana, Satria; Huang, Yongsong; Melles, Martin; Wattrus, Nigel; Costa, Kassandra; King, John W. (8 April 2014).
297:, sea levels were lower and all of Sundaland was an extension of the Asian continent. As a result, the modern islands of Sundaland are home to many Asian mammals including
668:. The ancient drainage systems described by Molengraaff were verified and mapped by Tjia in 1980 and described in greater detail by Emmel and Curray in 1982 complete with
1743:
266:, where tree fruiting is synchronized at unpredictable intervals resulting in predator satiation. Higher elevation forests are shorter and dominated by trees in the
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The presence of a savanna corridor—even if fragmented—would have allowed for savanna-dwelling fauna (as well as early humans) to disperse between Sundaland and the
2155:
Wang, XiaoMei; Sun, XiangJun; Wang, PinXian; Stattegger, Karl (15 July 2009). "Vegetation on the Sunda Shelf, South China Sea, during the Last Glacial Maximum".
2703:
van den Bergh, Gert D.; de Vos, John; Sondaar, Paul Y. (15 July 2001). "The Late Quaternary palaeogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago".
2434:
van den Bergh, Gert D.; de Vos, John; Sondaar, Paul Y. (15 July 2001). "The Late Quaternary palaeogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago".
1401:
Bintanja, Richard; Wal, Roderik S.W. van de; Oerlemans, Johannes (2005). "Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years".
2042:
Newsome, J.; Flenley, J. R. (1988). "Late Quaternary Vegetational History of the Central Highlands of Sumatra. II. Palaeopalynology and Vegetational History".
942:, also known by its unofficial Portuguese name of Formosa; on this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are found, among the families of the native
2120:
De Deckker, P; Tapper, N. J; van der Kaars, S (1 January 2003). "The status of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and adjacent land at the Last Glacial Maximum".
262:; after logging, forest structure and community composition change to be dominated by shade intolerant trees and shrubs. Dipterocarps are notable for
2332:
Raes, Niels; Cannon, Charles H.; Hijmans, Robert J.; Piessens, Thomas; Saw, Leng Guan; Welzen, Peter C. van; Slik, J. W. Ferry (25 November 2014).
345:
2917:
1238:
Wang, Pinxian (15 March 1999). "Response of Western Pacific marginal seas to glacial cycles: paleoceanographic and sedimentological features".
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in bat guano from caves, as well as species distribution models, phylogenetic analysis, and community structure and species richness analysis.
2761:
Higham, C.F.W.; Guangmao, Xie; Qiang, Lin (2015). "The prehistory of a Friction Zone: First farmers and hunters-gatherers in Southeast Asia".
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Morley, RJ; Flenley, JR (1987). "Late Cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay archipelago". In Whitmore, TC (ed.).
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populations of the Maritime Southeast Asia and adjacent regions are believed to have migrated southward, from the East Asia mainland to
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Yan, Xiao-Hai; Ho, Chung-Ru; Zheng, Quanan; Klemas, Vic (1992). "Temperature and Size Variabilities of the Western Pacific Warm Pool".
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2264:"The current refugial rainforests of Sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance"
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Hanebuth, Till; Stattegger, Karl; Grootes, Pieter M. (2000). "Rapid Flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A Late-Glacial Sea-Level Record".
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suggests that, as the Indian monsoon grew more intense, seasonality increased in some portions of Sundaland during these epochs.
451:
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Earl of Cranbrook; Cranbrook, Earl of (2009). "Late quaternary turnover of mammals in Borneo: the zooarchaeological record".
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877:(though not necessarily the Express Train Out of Taiwan model) is accepted by the vast majority of professional researchers.
321:. The flooding of Sundaland separated species that had once shared the same environment. One example is the river threadfin (
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advanced the idea of a "Great Asiatic Bank", based in part on common features of mammals found in Java, Borneo and Sumatra.
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Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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Moore, Gregory F.; Curray, Joseph R.; Emmel, Frans J. (1982). "Sedimentation in the Sunda Trench and forearc region".
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869:. An alternative theory points to the now-submerged Sundaland as the possible cradle of Austronesian languages: thus
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873:. However, this view is an extreme minority view among professional archaeologists, linguists, and geneticists. The
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trees characteristic of modern Southeast Asian tropical rainforest have been present in Sundaland since before the
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The warm and shallow seas of the Sunda Shelf (averaging 28 °C or more) are part of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool/
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Explorers and scientists began measuring and mapping the seas of Southeast Asia in the 1870s, primarily using
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Karim, C., A.A. Tuen, Abdullah MT. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234.
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Phillipps's Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo and Their Ecology: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan
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2638:"Soils on exposed Sunda Shelf shaped biogeographic patterns in the equatorial forests of Southeast Asia"
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Heaney, Lawrence R. (1984). "Mammalian Species Richness on Islands on the Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia".
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Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
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645:, a Dutch geologist, postulated that the nearly uniform sea depths of the shelf indicated an ancient
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134:. In addition to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra, it includes the
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The Historical Works of Arnold H.L. Heeren: Politics, intercourse and trade of the Asiatic nations
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The climate and ecology of Sundaland throughout the Quaternary has been investigated by analyzing
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Heaney, Lawrence R. (1991). "A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in southeast Asia".
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Heaney, Lawrence R. (1991). "A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast Asia".
123:, a tectonically stable extension of Southeast Asia's continental shelf that was exposed during
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Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: Shorelines, river systems and time durations
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2334:"Historical distribution of Sundaland's Dipterocarp rainforests at Quaternary glacial maxima"
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The western and southern borders of Sundaland are clearly marked by the deeper waters of the
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domestication, and becoming the predecessors to future human populations in these regions.
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1773:"Niches, body sizes, and the disassembly of mammal communities on the Sunda Shelf islands"
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Hall, LS; Richards, GC; Abdullah, MT (2002). "The bats of Niah National Park, Sarawak".
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the sea level fell by approximately 120 meters, and the entire Sunda Shelf was exposed.
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1126:"Borneo and Indochina are Major Evolutionary Hotspots for Southeast Asian Biodiversity"
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1675:"Forest contraction in north equatorial Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period"
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1453:"Island-hopping study shows the most likely route the first people took to Australia"
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in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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290:, based on similarities in their flora, which is predominantly of Asian origin.
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Contributions to the Physical Geography of South-Eastern Asia and Australia ...
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According to the most widely accepted theory, the ancestors of the modern-day
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2529:"Environmental drivers of megafauna and hominin extinction in Southeast Asia"
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vegetation, particularly in now submerged areas of Sundaland, throughout the
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transition at approximately 9ºN is considered to be the northern boundary.
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Sundaland, and in particular Borneo, has been an evolutionary hotspot for
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Cannon, Charles H.; Morley, Robert J.; Bush, Andrew B. G. (7 July 2009).
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2197:"Glacial forcing of central Indonesian hydroclimate since 60,000 y B.P"
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The extent of the Sunda Shelf is approximately equal to the 120-meter
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The name "Sundaland" for the peninsular shelf was first proposed by
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Greater portions of Sundaland were most recently exposed during the
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2740:"Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia"
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expansion occurred fairly recently, from the mid to late-Holocene.
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630:, written around 150 AD. In an 1852 publication, English navigator
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corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the
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Islands to as far north as Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.
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Eden in the East : the drowned continent of Southeast Asia
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and South China Seas and the thousands of islands that make up
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Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition
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2707:. Quaternary Environmental Change in the Indonesian Region.
2438:. Quaternary Environmental Change in the Indonesian Region.
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in Sundaland and its upper regions. From the standpoint of
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1092:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
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Perhumid climate has existed in Sundaland since the early
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that drained the area during periods of lower sea levels.
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Review of Oppenheimer's Eden in the East, about Sundaland
2331:
1896:"Modern Deep-Sea Research in the East Indian Archipelago"
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1528:. Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Wurster, Christopher; Bird, Michael; Bull, Ian (2010).
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during periods when sea levels were lower. It includes
1933:
Tija, H.D. (1980). "The Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia".
620:
The name "Sunda" goes back to antiquity, appearing in
107:, and their surrounding small islands, as well as the
2599:
2154:
1771:
Okie, Jordan G.; Brown, James H. (17 November 2009).
1526:
On the Forests of Tropical Asia: Lest the memory fade
26:"Sundas" redirects here. For the Greater Sundas, see
2865:
1400:
177:. The islands east of the Wallace line are known as
165:
as the eastern boundary of the range of Asia's land
2760:
2737:
2527:Louys, Julien; Roberts, Patrick (15 October 2020).
2797:
2514:Biogeographical evolution of the Malay archipelago
1742:
1087:
695:and pollen from cores drilled into the ocean bed,
270:. Botanists often include Sundaland, the adjacent
2836:Abdullah MT. 2003. Biogeography and variation of
2705:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2603:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2436:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2157:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
37:For the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, see
4314:
2261:
1978:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1975:
1548:
346:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
2642:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2338:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2268:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2201:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1777:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1679:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1672:
243:droughts throughout Sundaland and tropical Asia
2041:
1199:
743:Most recent research agrees that Indo-Pacific
3847:
3091:
2911:
2511:
1088:Phillipps, Quentin; Phillipps, Karen (2016).
153:– some of the deepest in the world – and the
2526:
1476:
1893:
1233:
1231:
547:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
157:. The eastern boundary of Sundaland is the
3854:
3840:
3098:
3084:
2918:
2904:
2516:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 50–59.
787:
747:were at most 2-3 °C lower during the
3985:Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
2679:
2661:
2560:
2375:
2357:
2305:
2287:
2238:
2220:
1814:
1796:
1770:
1700:
1690:
1353:
1141:
476:Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
442:Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests
2019:The physical geography of Southeast Asia
1228:
651:ancient, now submerged, drainage systems
43:
4177:Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre
3105:
2795:
1063:
452:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
4315:
2468:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2076:
2037:
2035:
1861:
1859:
1837:
1766:
1764:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1523:
1470:
1331:
664:in 1949, based on his research during
368:Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests
119:The area of Sundaland encompasses the
56:today. The area in between is called "
16:Biogeographic region of Southeast Asia
3835:
3079:
2899:
2327:
2325:
1889:
1887:
1838:Heeren, Arnold Herman Ludwig (1846).
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
222:throughout the year and there are no
4297:
4122:Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre
2831:Selected faunal references in Borneo
1932:
1865:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1271:
1269:
1237:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:Irwanto, Dhani (29 September 2015).
169:fauna, and thus the boundary of the
4182:Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve
2183:
2032:
1856:
1761:
1661:
1445:
852:
13:
2322:
2012:
1884:
1504:
1106:
226:like elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
14:
4364:
4172:Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
2882:
1320:
1266:
1166:
1076:
615:
566:Montane grasslands and shrublands
486:Sumatran freshwater swamp forests
462:Peninsular Malaysian rain forests
382:Western Java montane rain forests
248:
204:
4296:
4287:
4286:
3810:
3809:
3787:
3305:
3290:
3275:
3260:
3222:
3207:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3147:
3132:
779:due to repeated immigration and
3980:Kinabalu montane alpine meadows
3633:Possible future supercontinents
2789:
2754:
2731:
2696:
2629:
2593:
2520:
2505:
2462:
2427:
2392:
2255:
2148:
2113:
2070:
1969:
1926:
1831:
1736:
1725:
1601:
1542:
1222:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.04.004
887:Molecular Biology and Evolution
573:Kinabalu montane alpine meadows
233:and an important driver of the
209:All of Sundaland is within the
4259:Greater North Borneo languages
4137:Danum Valley Conservation Area
1935:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
1894:Molengraaff, G. A. F. (1921).
1394:
1057:
554:Sumatran tropical pine forests
354:Eastern Java–Bali rain forests
1:
4152:Kayan Mentarang National Park
4132:Bukit Perai Protection Forest
2796:Stephen, Oppenheimer (1999).
2725:10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00255-3
2456:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00255-3
2401:Biodiversity and Conservation
2142:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00089-9
1998:10.1144/gsl.sp.1982.010.01.16
1866:Earl, George Windsor (1853).
1783:(Supplement 2): 19679–19684.
1744:"Polydactylus macrophthalmus"
1571:10.1126/science.258.5088.1643
1298:10.1126/science.288.5468.1033
1260:10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00172-8
1050:
871:the "Out of Sundaland" theory
837:
799:. There is also evidence for
679:
514:Sumatran montane rain forests
496:Sumatran lowland rain forests
432:Mentawai Islands rain forests
339:
127:of the last 2 million years.
30:. For the Lesser Sundas, see
4081:1997 Indonesian forest fires
4033:Geological history of Borneo
3411:Other prehistoric continents
2738:Dr. Martin Richards (2008).
2623:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.029
2177:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.04.008
977:List of islands of Indonesia
332:(in some cases resulting in
239:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
7:
4142:Gunung Berau Nature Reserve
3970:Borneo montane rain forests
3965:Borneo lowland rain forests
2122:Global and Planetary Change
1483:. ANU E Press. p. 36.
949:
658:Reinout Willem van Bemmelen
524:Sumatran peat swamp forests
412:Borneo montane rain forests
402:Borneo lowland rain forests
10:
4369:
4066:Deforestation in Indonesia
3861:
1202:Quaternary Science Reviews
926:locates the origin of the
865:, and then to the rest of
766:
723:
610:
36:
25:
18:
4282:
4251:
4230:
4199:
4127:Borneo Orangutan Survival
4114:
4106:2019 Southeast Asian haze
4101:2017 Southeast Asian haze
4096:2016 Southeast Asian haze
4091:2015 Southeast Asian haze
4086:2006 Southeast Asian haze
4076:1997 Southeast Asian haze
4061:Deforestation in Malaysia
4048:
4003:
3975:Borneo peat swamp forests
3957:
3869:
3779:
3537:
3533:
3332:
3328:
3249:
3245:
3121:
3117:
3055:
3029:
3013:
2997:
2974:
2958:
2950:Seychelles Microcontinent
2937:
2775:10.1017/S0003598X00067922
2553:10.1038/s41586-020-2810-y
2413:10.1007/s10531-009-9686-3
1631:10.1007/s00442-010-1764-4
845:Sinomastodon bumiajuensis
422:Borneo peat swamp forests
392:Western Java rain forests
231:Western Pacific Warm Pool
114:
4162:Kulamba Wildlife Reserve
3820:Chronology of continents
1900:The Geographical Journal
1872:H. Bailliere. p. 40
1844:. H.G. Bohn. p. 430
1070:Atlantis in the Java Sea
972:Father Tongue hypothesis
745:sea surface temperatures
19:Not to be confused with
4274:Languages of Kalimantan
4187:Usun Apau National Park
4167:Lamandau Nature Reserve
4056:Deforestation in Borneo
3990:Sundaland heath forests
2663:10.1073/pnas.1103353108
2359:10.1073/pnas.1403053111
2289:10.1073/pnas.0809865106
2222:10.1073/pnas.1402373111
2044:Journal of Biogeography
2021:by Avijit Gupta, 2005,
1955:10.1127/zfg/24/1884/405
1798:10.1073/pnas.0901654106
1692:10.1073/pnas.1005507107
867:Maritime Southeast Asia
788:Savanna corridor theory
534:Sundaland heath forests
224:predictable dry seasons
111:on the Asian mainland.
3581:Great Australian Bight
2868:Sarawak Museum Journal
2855:Sarawak Museum Journal
1748:fishbase.sinica.edu.tw
1524:Ashton, Peter (2014).
957:Austronesian languages
936:Austronesian languages
932:historical linguistics
662:Geography of Indonesia
142:, and portions of the
85:last 2.6 million years
61:
4353:Prehistoric Indonesia
4323:Historical continents
3995:Sunda Shelf mangroves
2838:Cynopterus brachyotis
1477:Bellwood, P. (2007).
1143:10.1093/sysbio/syu047
1027:Greater Sunda Islands
992:Australia (continent)
940:main island of Taiwan
820:allopatric speciation
592:Sunda Shelf mangroves
163:Alfred Russel Wallace
47:
28:Greater Sunda Islands
3805:Continental fragment
3800:Regions of the world
2927:Submerged continents
1208:(20–21): 2228–2242.
1032:Lesser Sunda Islands
797:Last Glacial Maximum
749:Last Glacial Maximum
264:mast fruiting events
199:Last Glacial Maximum
32:Lesser Sunda Islands
4333:Continental shelves
3762:Indian Subcontinent
3552:Submerged continent
3037:Dampier Archipelago
2717:2001PPP...171..385V
2654:2011PNAS..10812343F
2648:(30): 12343–12347.
2615:2017PPP...473...73W
2545:2020Natur.586..402L
2483:1991ClCh...19...53H
2448:2001PPP...171..385V
2350:2014PNAS..11116790R
2344:(47): 16790–16795.
2280:2009PNAS..10611188C
2274:(27): 11188–11193.
2213:2014PNAS..111.5100R
2169:2009PPP...278...88W
2134:2003GPC....35...25D
2091:1991ClCh...19...53H
1990:1982GSLSP..10..245M
1947:1980ZGm....24..405T
1789:2009PNAS..10619679O
1685:(35): 15508–15511.
1623:2010Oecol.164..841S
1563:1992Sci...258.1643Y
1557:(5088): 1643–1645.
1423:10.1038/nature03975
1415:2005Natur.437..125B
1346:1984Oecol..61...11H
1290:2000Sci...288.1033H
1284:(5468): 1033–1035.
1252:1999MGeol.156....5W
1214:2005QSRv...24.2228B
1018:, named after Sunda
875:Out of Taiwan model
828:last glacial period
805:last glacial period
755:precipitation from
643:Gustaaf Molengraaff
632:George Windsor Earl
295:last glacial period
190:last glacial period
175:Australasian realms
4338:Historical geology
4217:History of Sarawak
3896:Central Kalimantan
3543:
3338:
3255:
3127:
2491:10.1007/bf00142213
2099:10.1007/bf00142213
1364:10.1007/BF00379083
1130:Systematic Biology
944:Formosan languages
934:, the home of the
330:Selective pressure
284:floristic province
235:Hadley circulation
220:evapotranspiration
62:
4343:Indomalayan realm
4310:
4309:
4269:Malayic languages
4207:History of Brunei
4195:
4194:
4071:Mega Rice Project
3829:
3828:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3591:Kerguelen Plateau
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3073:
3072:
2966:Kerguelen Plateau
2811:978-0-7538-0679-1
2742:. Oxford Journals
2539:(7829): 402–406.
2207:(14): 5100–5105.
1535:978-1-84246-475-5
1409:(7055): 125–128.
1099:978-0-691-16941-5
892:mitochondrial DNA
884:and published in
4360:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4264:Barito languages
4212:History of Sabah
4046:
4045:
3916:North Kalimantan
3901:South Kalimantan
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3813:
3812:
3794:World portal
3792:
3791:
3729:
3678:
3635:
3563:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3413:
3351:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3294:
3279:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3226:
3211:
3196:
3181:
3166:
3151:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3057:Transcontinental
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2875:
2862:
2824:
2823:
2803:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2769:(328): 529–543.
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2711:(3–4): 385–408.
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2564:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2442:(3–4): 385–408.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2361:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2224:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2030:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1800:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1694:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1357:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1121:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1061:
882:Leeds University
853:Human migrations
775:since the early
706:from caves, and
676:and backswamps.
436:Mentawai Islands
161:, identified by
140:Gulf of Thailand
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4278:
4247:
4226:
4191:
4147:Heart of Borneo
4110:
4044:
3999:
3953:
3906:East Kalimantan
3891:West Kalimantan
3871:
3865:
3860:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3786:
3771:
3766:
3752:Eastern Siberia
3742:Central America
3730:
3723:
3717:
3712:Terra Australis
3679:
3663:
3657:
3653:Pangaea Proxima
3636:
3631:
3625:
3564:
3560:microcontinents
3549:
3525:
3520:
3466:East Antarctica
3414:
3409:
3403:
3352:
3348:supercontinents
3344:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3113:
3104:
3074:
3069:
3051:
3025:
3009:
2993:
2970:
2954:
2933:
2924:
2885:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2794:
2790:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2701:
2697:
2634:
2630:
2598:
2594:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2471:Climatic Change
2467:
2463:
2432:
2428:
2397:
2393:
2330:
2323:
2260:
2256:
2193:
2184:
2153:
2149:
2118:
2114:
2079:Climatic Change
2075:
2071:
2056:10.2307/2845436
2040:
2033:
2017:
2013:
1974:
1970:
1931:
1927:
1912:10.2307/1781559
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1769:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1671:
1662:
1606:
1602:
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1536:
1522:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1399:
1395:
1355:10.1.1.476.4669
1330:
1321:
1274:
1267:
1236:
1229:
1198:
1167:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1006:Plate tectonics
952:
855:
840:
790:
769:
726:
682:
618:
613:
543:
470:Malay Peninsula
466:Anambas Islands
456:Malay Peninsula
446:Malay Peninsula
342:
251:
207:
183:phytogeographic
144:South China Sea
125:glacial periods
117:
109:Malay Peninsula
77:biogeographical
42:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4283:
4280:
4279:
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4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4222:British Borneo
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
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4001:
4000:
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3992:
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3961:
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3903:
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3893:
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3807:
3802:
3797:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Eastern Africa
3744:
3739:
3734:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
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3628:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
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3578:
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3527:
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3508:
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3428:
3423:
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3406:
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3371:
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3356:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3303:
3301:
3288:
3286:
3273:
3271:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3218:
3205:
3203:
3190:
3188:
3175:
3173:
3160:
3158:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
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3059:
3053:
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3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
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3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2883:External links
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2863:
2850:
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2844:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2810:
2788:
2753:
2730:
2695:
2628:
2592:
2519:
2504:
2477:(1–2): 53–51.
2461:
2426:
2407:(2): 373–391.
2391:
2321:
2254:
2182:
2163:(1–4): 88–97.
2147:
2128:(1–2): 25–35.
2112:
2085:(1–2): 53–61.
2069:
2050:(4): 555–578.
2031:
2011:
1984:(1): 245–258.
1968:
1941:(4): 405–427.
1925:
1883:
1855:
1830:
1760:
1735:
1724:
1660:
1617:(3): 841–849.
1600:
1541:
1534:
1503:
1489:
1469:
1444:
1393:
1319:
1265:
1240:Marine Geology
1227:
1165:
1136:(6): 879–901.
1105:
1098:
1075:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
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1034:
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1008:
1003:
1001:Oceanic trench
998:
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994:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
948:
854:
851:
839:
836:
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681:
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639:depth sounding
617:
616:Early research
614:
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581:
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439:
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399:
389:
379:
365:
350:
349:
348:
341:
338:
326:macrophthalmus
250:
249:Modern ecology
247:
206:
205:Modern climate
203:
116:
113:
81:Southeast Asia
73:Sundaic region
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4365:
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4260:
4257:
4256:
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4250:
4244:
4243:Banjar people
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:ethnic groups
4229:
4223:
4220:
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4213:
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4157:Kinabalu Park
4155:
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4053:
4051:
4049:deforestation
4047:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
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3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
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3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:East Malaysia
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:
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3909:
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3899:
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3727:
3726:Subcontinents
3722:
3721:
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3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
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3691:Kumari Kandam
3689:
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3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
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3599:
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3517:
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3509:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
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3229:South America
3225:
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3214:North America
3210:
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3195:
3189:
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3141:
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3112:
3108:
3101:
3096:
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3089:
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3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
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3038:
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3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:North America
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2963:
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2957:
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2894:
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2877:
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2869:
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2856:
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2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
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2655:
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2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:
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2546:
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2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:0-19-924802-8
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:(2): 95–118.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1492:
1490:9781921313127
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:(1–4): 5–39.
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:Sunda Islands
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Austronesians
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
900:
898:
893:
889:
888:
883:
880:A study from
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
847:
846:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
785:
782:
778:
774:
764:
761:
759:
752:
750:
746:
741:
739:
738:Palynological
735:
731:
721:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:
623:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
544:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
509:
508:Bangka Island
505:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:(also called
66:
59:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
29:
22:
4328:Biogeography
4238:Dayak people
4115:conservation
4037:
4011:Biodiversity
3929:
3922:
3878:
3785:
3724:
3710:
3674:hypothesised
3664:
3632:
3550:
3481:Kazakhstania
3456:Congo Craton
3410:
3346:Prehistoric
3345:
3304:
3289:
3274:
3267:Afro-Eurasia
3259:
3221:
3206:
3191:
3176:
3161:
3146:
3131:
2981:
2893:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2837:
2799:
2791:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2733:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2562:10072/402368
2536:
2532:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2341:
2337:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2204:
2200:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2043:
2018:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1903:
1899:
1874:. Retrieved
1868:
1846:. Retrieved
1840:
1833:
1780:
1776:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1727:
1682:
1678:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1525:
1494:. Retrieved
1479:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1340:(1): 11–17.
1337:
1333:
1281:
1277:
1243:
1239:
1205:
1201:
1133:
1129:
1089:
1069:
1059:
1044:Sunda Trench
967:Biogeography
922:
918:
901:
890:, examining
885:
879:
859:Austronesian
856:
844:
841:
832:
824:geodispersal
809:
791:
773:biodiversity
770:
757:
753:
742:
727:
715:
708:
697:
690:
686:foraminifera
683:
670:river deltas
666:World War II
661:
655:
636:
626:
619:
604:Riau Islands
324:Polydactylus
322:
292:
282:in a single
252:
228:
208:
187:
159:Wallace Line
155:Indian Ocean
151:Sunda Trench
148:
129:
118:
72:
68:
64:
63:
4004:environment
3958:eco-regions
3648:Novopangaea
3516:South China
3496:North China
3042:Sahul Shelf
3021:Grand Banks
2987:Sunda Shelf
2804:. Phoenix.
1066:"Sundaland"
1039:Sunda Shelf
987:Australasia
924:Oppenheimer
913:Philippines
812:Indochinese
793:Dipterocarp
704:speleothems
674:floodplains
293:During the
272:Philippines
256:dipterocarp
171:Indomalayan
121:Sunda Shelf
54:Sunda Shelf
50:Sahul Shelf
39:Sunda Shelf
4317:Categories
3880:Kalimantan
3784:See also:
3686:Hyperborea
3676:continents
3611:Seychelles
3596:Madagascar
3576:Doggerland
3471:Euramerica
3426:Asiamerica
3154:Antarctica
3107:Continents
3005:Doggerland
2959:Antarctica
2931:lost lands
2874:: 255–282.
2861:: 251–265.
2029:, page 403
1876:2 December
1848:2 December
1753:19 October
1051:References
1016:Sundadonty
897:Philippine
838:Paleofauna
816:vicariance
781:vicariance
680:Data types
641:. In 1921
340:Ecoregions
334:extinction
319:rhinoceros
280:New Guinea
268:oak family
260:orangutans
258:trees and
79:region of
21:Sunderland
4252:languages
4038:Sundaland
3911:Nusantara
3885:Indonesia
3872:divisions
3870:political
3757:Greenland
3621:Zealandia
3586:Jan Mayen
3571:Cathaysia
3491:Laurentia
3486:Laramidia
3476:Kalaharia
3431:Atlantica
3364:Kenorland
3184:Australia
3047:Zealandia
2982:Sundaland
2783:162768159
2763:Antiquity
2746:1 January
2672:0027-8424
2609:: 73–81.
2587:222217295
2571:1476-4687
2499:154779535
2368:0027-8424
2298:0027-8424
2231:0027-8424
2107:154779535
2006:130052162
1963:131985735
1807:0027-8424
1611:Oecologia
1350:CiteSeerX
1334:Oecologia
1152:1063-5157
1011:Sunda Arc
962:Banda Arc
909:Indonesia
647:peneplain
627:Geography
585:Mangroves
538:Indonesia
299:elephants
105:Indonesia
65:Sundaland
4292:Category
3815:Category
3681:Atlantis
3666:Mythical
3601:Mauritia
3566:Beringia
3451:Cimmeria
3446:Chilenia
3436:Avalonia
3416:Amazonia
3399:Vaalbara
3384:Pannotia
3369:Laurasia
3359:Gondwana
3354:Columbia
3282:Americas
3065:Beringia
2945:Mauritia
2820:45755929
2690:21746913
2579:33029012
2421:25993622
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2316:19549829
2249:24706841
1825:19805179
1719:13598147
1711:20660748
1647:20811911
1639:40926702
1595:35015913
1587:17742536
1496:9 August
1462:9 August
1457:phys.org
1431:16136140
1380:28311380
1314:10807570
1160:25070971
950:See also
911:and the
734:Pliocene
276:Wallacea
237:and the
195:Pliocene
179:Wallacea
136:Java Sea
69:Sundaica
58:Wallacea
52:and the
4348:Malesia
4302:Commons
4200:history
4026:Mammals
3947:Sarawak
3701:Meropis
3696:Lemuria
3511:Siberia
3461:Cuyania
3441:Baltica
3421:Arctica
3389:Rodinia
3379:Pangaea
3312:Oceania
3297:Eurasia
3030:Oceania
2713:Bibcode
2681:3145692
2650:Bibcode
2611:Bibcode
2541:Bibcode
2479:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2377:4250149
2346:Bibcode
2307:2708749
2276:Bibcode
2240:3986195
2209:Bibcode
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2130:Bibcode
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2064:2845436
1986:Bibcode
1943:Bibcode
1920:1781559
1816:2780945
1785:Bibcode
1702:2932586
1655:9545174
1619:Bibcode
1579:2882071
1559:Bibcode
1551:Science
1439:4347450
1411:Bibcode
1388:4810675
1372:4217198
1342:Bibcode
1306:3075104
1286:Bibcode
1278:Science
1248:Bibcode
1210:Bibcode
982:Oceania
938:is the
801:savanna
777:Miocene
767:Ecology
730:Miocene
724:Climate
660:in his
622:Ptolemy
611:History
600:Sumatra
558:Sumatra
528:Sumatra
518:Sumatra
500:Sumatra
490:Sumatra
303:monkeys
288:Malesia
215:equator
211:tropics
132:isobath
101:Sumatra
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71:or the
3937:Labuan
3924:Brunei
3863:Borneo
3737:Arabia
3732:Alaska
3672:, and
3643:Aurica
3638:Amasia
3501:Pampia
3199:Europe
3139:Africa
2998:Europe
2938:Africa
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596:Borneo
577:Borneo
480:Borneo
426:Borneo
416:Borneo
406:Borneo
317:, and
315:tapirs
311:tigers
213:; the
167:mammal
138:, the
115:Extent
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93:Borneo
4021:Fauna
4016:Flora
3942:Sabah
3616:Sunda
3606:Sahul
3556:lands
3506:Sahul
3111:Earth
2779:S2CID
2583:S2CID
2495:S2CID
2417:S2CID
2103:S2CID
2060:JSTOR
2002:S2CID
1959:S2CID
1916:JSTOR
1715:S2CID
1651:S2CID
1635:JSTOR
1591:S2CID
1575:JSTOR
1435:S2CID
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1368:JSTOR
1302:JSTOR
3670:lost
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3169:Asia
2975:Asia
2929:and
2816:OCLC
2806:ISBN
2748:2011
2686:PMID
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2575:PMID
2567:ISSN
2382:PMID
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2312:PMID
2294:ISSN
2245:PMID
2227:ISSN
2023:ISBN
1878:2017
1850:2017
1821:PMID
1803:ISSN
1755:2019
1707:PMID
1643:PMID
1583:PMID
1530:ISBN
1498:2018
1485:ISBN
1464:2018
1427:PMID
1376:PMID
1310:PMID
1156:PMID
1148:ISSN
1094:ISBN
905:Java
713:and
504:Nias
396:Java
386:Java
376:Bali
372:Java
362:Bali
358:Java
307:apes
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